B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC M TP.

HCM KHOA CNG NGH SINH HC

ti

CNG NGH SN XUT RU NP TRUYN THNG

GVHD: ThS.Nh Xun Thin Chn Nhm thc hin: Dng Th Thanh Tuyn - 0953010828 Khng Tng Nh Nguyn Minh Tun Nguyn Minh Nht - 0953010500 - 0953010815 - 0953010503

H Ch Minh, thng 03 - 2012 1

MC LC
A. B.

S lc v ru Quy trnh sn xut ru Nguyn liu sn xut ru np

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I.

1.1 Go np 1.1.1 Thnh phn go np 1.1.2 Tnh cht go np 1.2 Bnh men thuc bc 1.2.1 Men thuc bc 1.2.2 H vi sinh vt trong bnh men 1.2.3 Quy trnh sn xut bnh men II. Quy trnh sn xut ru np truyn thng 2.1 X l nguyn liu 2.2 Nu 2.3 Lm ngui 2.4 Trn 2.5 Ln men chnh 2.6 Ln men ph 2.7 Lc 2.8 Chng ct III. So snh mt s quy trnh sn xut ru 3.1 Quy trnh sn xut ru np than 3.2 Quy trnh sn xut ru cn

IV. Thit b dng trong quy trnh 4.1 Thit b chng ct 4.2 Nguyn tc hot ng thit b chng ct n gin Ti liu tham kho

27 27 28 31

A. S LC V RU
Ru l ung cha cn, c sn xut t qu trnh ln men, c hoc khng chng ct t tinh bt ca cc loi ng cc, dch ng ca cc loi cy v hoa qu. Ru l mt loi thc ung c t lu i, thng thc ru trong cc dp l hi, sinh hot vn ha l mt phn khng th thiu ca hu ht cc nc trn th gii. Ru c bit n, xut hin t thi . cc nc phng ng thi thng c, ngi dn bit lm ru: Trung Quc lm ru t ng cc, Nht lm ru sake cch y 1700 nm, Ru tng i nguyn cht c tm thy hi gio trong thi k ch Khalip, thi k Abbasid ( rp) bi nhng nh gi kim thut. cho n nm 1796, ru nguyn cht c xut hin nh vo phng php lc ru chng ct qua than ci ca Johann Tobia Lowitz. Thnh phn chnh ca ru l ru etylic, nc, cc cu t khc ty vo cch sn xut, kinh nghim, nguyn liu s dng,m to nn nt c trng ring ca tng loi ru, tng a phng sn xut ru. Ru Vit Nam Ngnh cng nghip sn xut ru nc ta xut hin v hot ng t lu. Nhiu lng ngh lm ru truyn thng ni ting khp c nc. Trc khi ngi Php n Vit Nam trong nhng nm h, ngnh ngh sn xut ru theo phng php c truyn c t rt lu i v ngi vit Nam rt ph bin tp qun ung ru. Nm 1858, vn cha c loi ru c sn xut theo quy m cng nghp, tuy chnh ph bo h c khuyn khch vic kinh doanh, sn xut ru nhng hin tng trn thu, khai man tri lan. Cho n khi nn cng nghip ru c nhng bc u pht trin th vic cung cp giy php sn xut kinh doanh, ch duy tr mt s lng ngh tp trung ca chnh quyn, ban hnh sc lnh cm mnh m. Tuy nhin, cng v vy m bt u xut hin hin tng mt s ni sn xut ru lu, ung hay bn. Nm 1933, tnh trng sn xut lu ngy cng tng, chnh quyn d c nhng bin php kim sot rt cht ch nhng vn khng th ngn chn. Hn na, do s i ln ca x hi, yu cu s dng ru cng nhiu dn n nn sn xut ru theo quy m nh cng khng th p ng ht.
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V gii quyt nhiu bt li trc mt nh th trng, nguyn liu v tnh kinh t m chnh ph Php u t vo nn sn xut ru theo quy m cng nghip Vit Nam. V cho n ngy nay, nc ta vn tn ti theo hai cch sn xut l th cng v truyn thng, sn phm ru ca ta vn rt c a chung, ngy cng c ci tin v c chp nhn trn th trng quc t, khng nh cht lng ru Vit Nam. Vit nam l nc c truyn thng nng nghip lu i, v vy nguyn liu c th s dng lm ru cng rt phong ph, ch yu l nguyn liu cha nhiu tinh bt nh go, np, sn, ng, khoai m,to ra sn phm rt thm ngon, mi l. C nhiu nghin cu khoa hc cng cho thy nhng li ch ca cc sn phm ln men, hm lng protein cao, cc vitamine c bo tn c tc dng tt n sc khe. Hnh thc ln men ru l v k v vng no cng c cng thc ring ch bin, nhng tm li cng thc a phn t thc vt, trong ngi ta c th dng ht ng cc, c ni dng tri cy chn men v thm ch nm ln men t ht to men trc tip. chnh l iu gii thch v sao c s a dng trong v v mi ca ru trn th gii. Tuy nhin, cho n hin nay, th loi ru c lm t tinh bt, c bit l go np vn c a chung v s dng rng ri nht. Mt phn do qu trnh sn xut rt d thc hin, c th thc hin theo quy m nh, ti gia vi phng php th cng. Mt mt, sn phm to ra mang hng v c trng truyn thng. Nguyn liu chnh lm ru np l go np v men. tng vng min s c tng kinh nghim lm ru khc nhau, do , hin nay, c rt nhiu loi ru np, ch yu c gi theo tn nguyn liu nh ru np cm, ru np Ci Hoa vng, ru np thm, ru np hnghay theo tn vng min sn xut nh ru np Kinh Bang, ru np Kim Long, ru np Lng T, ru np G en,

B. QUY TRNH SN XUT RU NP I. Nguyn liu sn xut ru np

1.1 Go np

La np c trng Bangladesh, Trung Quc, Nht Bn, Triu Tin, Lo, Indonesia v Vit Nam. c tnh 85% sn lng la go ca Lo l go np v xut hin cch y t nht 1.100 nm. Ngy nay, hn 70% din tch la sng M Kng trng loi la ny. Vit Nam, la np chim 10% sn lng la, c gi cao hn la thng. Theo cun Ph Bin Tp Lc ca L Qu n, trong 70 ging la c truyn th c 29 ging la np, mt s loi nh np Ci, np Ci Hoa vng, np Tm Xun, np K Ln, np Hng Bu, np Ht Cau,v vn cn nhiu ging c trng cho n ngy nay. Trong , np Ci Hoa vng l mt c sn. y l ging la c trng rt rng ti vng ng bng v trung du Bc B. Go c, do, thm nn rt c a chung. 1.1.1 Thnh phn go np

Go np, mt sn phm ca ging la, c tn khoa hc l Oryza sativa L. hay cn gi theo cc tn khc nh nhu m, giang m, tu m, nguyn m, o m, Bng 1. Thnh phn trong 100g go np Thnh phn Glucid Protid Lipid Nc Xenlulose Tro Canxi Khi lng 74,9 8,6 1,5 14 0,6 0,8 32 n v g g g g g g mg

Photpho St

98 1,2

mg mg

Tinh bt l thnh phn chim s lng nhiu nht v quyt nh gi tr cm quan ca go. Tinh bt c hai dng l amylose v amylopectin. Amylose l dng mch thng, chui di t 500 20000 n v glucose, lin kt vi nhau bi lin kt -1,4 glycoside. Amylopectin l polyme mch nhnh, ngoi mch chnh c lin kt -1,4 glycoside cn c nhnh lin kt vi mch chnh bng lin kt -1,6 glycoside. Chiu di ca mch nhnh ny khong 25 30 n v glucose. Phn t amylopectin c th cha ti 100000 n v glucose.

Hnh 1. Cu trc amylose v amylopectin

Hm lng amylose quyt nh gi tr cm quan ca cm. Hm lng amylose cng t, cm cng t do cao. c bit trong go np thnh phn amylose ch c rt t hay khng ng k, nhng ngc li hm lng amylose rt cao (gn 100%) v th cm rt do v dnh.

Ngoi ra, protein go np gm albumine, globuline, prolamine v glutein, trong glutein chim 75 85%.

Bng 2. Hm lng cc vitamin c trong go np Loi vitamine Hm lng trung bnh (mg/kg cht kh) Go lt Vitamine tan trong cht bo Vitamine A Vitamine E Vitamine tan trong nc Vitamine B1(thiamine) Vitamin B2 (riboflavine) Vitamine B12 Acid pantothenic Niacin Acid folic 2,4 4,5 0,35 0,86 9,4 11,2 14,6 18,6 0,20 0,0005 1,4 1,26 0,11 1,37 0,37 6,2 0,034 0,06 1,16 0,00016 13,1 0,13 Go xt

Bng 3. Hm lng khong cht c trong go np Cht khong Hm lng trung bnh (mg/kg cht kh) Go lt Ca Cl Fe Mg P K Si Na Mn Zn 135 - 213 203 273 26 - 46 379 1170 2520 3830 1240 2470 280 1900 31 69 13 42 15 - 22 Go xt 73 185 163 238 1,8 13,6 239 374 1110 1850 577 1170 140 370 22 51 9,9 13,6 12 - 51

1.1.2 Tnh cht ca go np Theo y hc c truyn, go np c nhiu c tnh nh v ngt, tnh m, d tiu ha, lm m bng. Go np c dng cha: Cc bnh v suy nhc c th, tiu chy do t v h nhc, Cc bnh v ng tiu ha nh au d dy, t trng, rut h hn, Cc bnh gy ri loi bi tit m hi, ri lon tin nh,

 bo qun go np trc khi s dng cho qu trnh sn xut cng phi cn trng. Go phi c bc trong bao hay thng cha bng g, kim loi trnh cn trng gy nh hng cht lng go. go ni kh ro, thong mt, khng tip xc trc tip vi nn nh v trnh cho nguyn liu b m mc, vi sinh vt c th phn hy cht bo v tinh bt trong go, nh th go s b vng, mc. Trnh ni c nhit cao v nh nng trc tip v d lm go mt cht lng thnh phm, hm lng dinh dng cng gim. 1.2 Bnh men thuc bc

Bnh men thuc bc l mt loi men ru c ch bin theo phng php th cng. Nguyn liu chnh l mt go, men ging, cc v thuc bc. 1.2.1 Men thuc bc

Men thuc bc c trn cc v thuc bc vi bt go. Bt go nghin nh, bt thuc bc nghin nh, trn n vi bt bnh men theo t l thuc bc, bt go l 1 : 10. Ty theo kinh nghim ca ngi lm ru, m t l ny c th thay i cht lng ru tt hn, mi v khng qu nng. Ngoi ra, c th dng cc bi thuc bc y ti 24 v, thng dng 8 10 v . Vai tr ca thuc bc l to tnh khng khun chng cc tp khun, to cho ru c mi c trng. Hn na, b sung cc v thuc bc cng c ngha cung cp thm dinh dng v ng thi l cht kch thch sinh trng cho nm men.

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Mt s bi thuc bc s dng trong nm men Bi 10 v bc 1. Nhc u khu 2. Bch trut 3. Nhc qu 4. Tho qu 5. Cam tho 6. Bc h 7. T tn 8. Ut kim 9. Tiu hi 10. Khung cng 3g 2g 2g 2g 2g 2g 3g 2g 2g 2g

Bi 8 v bc 1. Nhc u khu 2. Bch trut 3. Nhc qu 4. Tho qu 5. Cam tho 6. Bc h 7. T tn 8. Tiu hi 1.2.2 H vi sinh vt trong bnh men 3g 2g 2g 3g 3g 2g 2g 3g

Trong bnh men c rt nhiu ging vi sinh vt: nm men, nm mc, vi khun. Nm men Mi gam bnh men c khong 100 300x106 t bo. Chng gm c hai chi: Endomycopsis (ch yu l Endo. Fibuligenes) Saccharomyces (ch yu l S. cerevisiae)

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Saccharomyces cerevisiae c im: Cc ni ln men ru ca nm men cn phi c mt s tnh cht sau: C sc pht trin mnh khi tin hnh ln men. C th tit ra h enzyme nhiu ln men nhanh chng. C kh nng chu c cn cao trong qu trnh ln men. Chu c mi trng c acid cao. C th ln men nhit tng i cao.

Saccharomyces l loi nm men ln men ni, c hnh dng ch yu l hnh cu, ovan, Kch thc ca nm men n bo l 4 - 8m, nm men dng si l 5 - 10m. Hnh thc sinh sn theo kiu ny chi, phn i, bo t. Loi nm men k kh khng bt buc, ty theo tng iu kin Trong iu kin c oxy, nm men s pht trin sinh khi. Trong iu kin khng c oxy, chuyn ng thnh ru.

Saccharomyces cerevisae c kh nng ln men rt nhiu loi ng khc nhau nh glucose, saccharose, maltose, fructose, galactose. Chng p ng c yu cu cn thit ca chng nm men trong ru, c ngha l chng c kh nng chu c acid v kh nng ln men ru nhit cao khong 36 40oC. Trong khi , nhit ln men thch hp l 28 32oC. c trng nht l nm men c kh nng chu c thuc st trng (Na2SiF6) vi nng 0,02 0,025%. Endomycopsis T bo c dng hnh di ni tip nhau thnh si gi l khun ty, c hnh thc sinh sn ny chi. Khi trng thnh c h si gi cng vi bo t nh nhiu chi. Endomycopsis c kh nng ng ha v ru ha. Enzyme ca chng hot ng pH l 4,8 v nhit l 50oC.
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Endomycopsis fibulligenes l loi nm men rt giu enzyme amylase, glucoamylase. Chng cn c gi l gi nm men. Ngoi ra, enzyme ca ch phm Endomycopsis khng c mi mc lm hng v ru to nn s thm ngon hn. Nm mc Nm mc trong nm men, c rt nhiu loi nm mc pht trin nh Aspergillus, Mucor, Rhizopus, Penicillium. Trong , Mucor v Rhizopus pht trin mnh hn. Aspergillus Cc ging nm mc thuc Aspergillus awamorii v Aspergillus usami to ra nhiu glucoamylase. Hai loi ny sinh bo t mu en, nhn thy c bng mt thng, s xut hin ca chng trong bnh men l rt ph bin. Aspergillus oryzae Nm c mu vng ng nn c gi l mc vng hoa cau. Khi nm mi pht trin, h si c mu trng sau chuyn sang mu lc v khi gi h si s c mu vng. Kh nng sinh enzyme rt mnh, ch yu l amylase, protease, maltase. Nhit ti u pht trin khong 30 32oC.

Aspergillus niger Cn c tn gi khc l mc en. Bo t tng i ln v rt en. Khi mi pht trin, si nm mu trng, sau sm li nhng khng hon ton en. T mt si u tin, sau chng phn nhnh to ra 2- 4 nhnh nh, pht trin thnh nhng bo t c mu en tuyn. Nm ny c kh nng to rt nhiu enzyme amylase, ng thi n c th to ra acid citric t dch ng, lm nh hng n mu sc thnh phm.
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Enzyme protease t nm mc ny hot ng pH l 2,5 3,5 v nhit thch hp pht trin l 30 -33oC.

Mucor v Rhizopus Hai loi ny c hnh dng ging nhau, ch khc phn h si c cht. Rhizopus c mu trng xm, r gi mu vng, bc bo t hnh cu. Bo t kn v phn nhnh. Mucor mu trng, c dng si hnh ng, nhung hay len, khng c thn b, cung bc bo t dng ng, tn cng bng bc bo t dng n hay phn nhnh. C Mucor v Rhizopus n c kh nng sinh enzyme amylase v protease. Mt s chng Mucor c kh nng sn sinh hai h enzyme diastase ng ha tinh bt v ln men ru t ng. Do , chng c kh nng ln men trc tip tinh bt thnh ru. Hn th, c hai loi nm mc ny khi ln men ru
Rhizopus Mucor

u gip to hng thm cho sn phm.

Ngoi ra cn c Penicillium l ging nm mc to bo t mu xanh. Loi ny c kh nng to ra h enzyme gip qu trnh ng ha mng nhng li gy mi kh chu trong sn phm.

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 Vi khun Trong bnh men thuc bc cng c rt nhiu loi vi khun pht trin, ch yu l vi khun lactic v vi khun acetic. Cc loi vi khun thng lm chua mi trng. cc vi khun ny thng xut hin vo giai on u qu trnh ln men. 1.2.3 Quy trnh sn xut bnh men thuc bc
Go

Ngm

Ro nc

Xay

Phi trn

Men thuc bc

nh hnh

Phi

Bnh men 15

Go dng lm bnh men l loi go xay nhng cha k. Ngm nc khong 1 n 2 gi th vi go ra. Sau go tht ro nc cng on tip theo l xay go, go s mn, khng b vn cc. Bt mn xay xong, em trn vi men thuc bc. C th trn vi men thng nhng bnh men sau khi hon thnh cht lng khng tt do d nhim khun l khng mong mun. V th s dng men c thm thuc bc tng mi v, hiu sut sn phm. n giai on nh hnh, nn bnh thnh hnh trn, ng knh khong 3 -5 cm. Bt go xay, phai c mt m thch hp, khong 50 55%. Cn c m thch hp, khi nh hnh bnh, bnh men khng b chy nc hay ti bt. Nu m qu cao, cc vi sinh vt nm men v nm mc pht trin km, thay vo vi khun li c c hi pht trin mnh. Sau khi nn bnh xong, xp tng bnh ln trn mt lp tru, y bnh men bng nong. Thi gian khong 2 3 ngy. Nu kim tra thy bnh men phng ln, c cc chm en do nm mc pht trin th em phi kh, nhit trong khong 30 35oC, khng nn nng qu. Sau khong 1 thng, bnh men c th em ra s dng sn xut ru.

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II.

Quy trnh sn xut ru np truyn thng

Go np

X l nguyn liu

Nu chn

Bnh men

Lm ngui

Nghin mn

Trn

Ln men chnh

Ln men ph

Lc

B hm

Chng ct

Ru np

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 Thuyt minh quy trnh

2.1 X l nguyn liu

Thc np sau khi c lm sch, phi kh s c a vo my xay bong ht v tru, cn ht go vn c bao bc bng lp bt cm. Sau , em nghin nh nhm ph v cu trc mng t bo, gip cho tinh bt gii phng khi m v mt s cht kh khc d ha tan trong qu trnh nu. Gip rt ngn thi gian h ha. Ngoi ra, khi chn go, phi chn loi go c cht lng tt nh to, trn, ht u c th to ra c nhiu tinh bt. Trong qu trnh nghin, nguyn liu chu tc ng ca ba lc c hc l: lc nn p, lc va p v lc ct x. Lc va p l lc tc ng ch yu trong qu trnh ny. Yu cu Do nu nhit v p sut thng nn yu cu cn thit nht l bt phi c nghin mn nu khng s nh hng n qu trnh tip theo. V khi , hiu sut thu hi sn phm cao, cng vi hm lng tinh bt ng k. mn ca bt nghin ln hn 85% lt qua ry c kch thc l l 1001 /cm2. 2.2 Nu

Mc ch ca qu trnh nu l lm ht tinh bt trng n v gii phng amylose v amylopectin, chuyn ht tinh bt t trng thi khng tan thnh trng thi ho tan trong nc nhm to iu kin cho enzyme amylase d dng tn cng amylose v amylosepectin. Bn cht qu trnh nu l qu trnh h ho. Nguyn l ca qu trnh l dng enzyme nu chn nguyn liu. Bt np c phi trn vi nc theo t l 1:4. Sau qu trnh h ho l qu trnh ng ho. Nhit ph v v chuyn tinh bt t trng thi c mc oxy ha ging nhau thnh dung dch c kt dnh gi l nhit h ha. la np, nhit h ha trong khong 55 79oC, ty theo iu kin canh tc v ging. Khi tin hnh nu, , mt s bin i trong qu trnh h ha nh sau: Ht tinh bt trng ln. Trng thi ny l do ngm tinh bt vo nc, khi gia nhit, ht t bo n ra cc i, th tch ht tng do hp th nc nn trng phng.

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Tng trong sut. Tng nht. Cc phn t mch thng v nh ha tan, sau t ln men vi nhau.

Sau khi h ha, gia nhit tip ln n 100oC, lm cho nc trong ht tinh bt bc h, ph v cu trc ht, s amylose v amylosepectin s bung ra, cc phn t gii phng dng ring l. Khi , nht gim. Qu trnh ny gi l dch ha. Trong qu trnh nu cng cn ch : Cn ch trnh nu qu nho hay qu kht v phi nu chn u gip to mi trng ln men tt sau ny. Khi un si khng c trn ra ngoi. Phi c ngi ng quan st, ch v nhit v thi gian, tinh bt b thy phn hon ton. Nu khng chn, khng nc, go tr thnh khi c st. 2.3 Lm ngui Hn hp sau khi thu phn tinh bt c nhit kh cao, nhit cao s lm bnh men rt kh pht trin. Trong khi nm men pht trin tt nhit 30-330C. V vy ta phi lm ngui hn hp xung to mi trng thun li cho nm men pht trin. Cm sau khi nu chn c tri u lm ngui.

2.4

Trn

Sau khi lm ngui xung cn 30oC, m 80 85% th rc bt men. Rc men thuc bc, c 28 30 gam men cho 1kg nguyn liu. Bnh men c trn bng cch bp nh, rc u ln b mt cm. Sau cho vo khp, ban u khng y np trong 4 gi. Thi gian cung cp oxy cho qu trnh tng sinh khi ca vi sinh vt ri y kn tin hnh qu trnh ln men.
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2.5

Ln men chnh

Tin hnh ln men nhit thng, thi gian ny c hai qu trnh xy ra song song vi cc mc khc nhau, l qu trnh tng sinh khi ca nm men v qu trnh ru ho, ngoi ra cn c qu trnh ng ho nhng xy ra rt chm v khng hon ton, c bit l vi tinh bt khng ho tan (amylose, amylopectin). Cho nm men vo dch sau khi lc cho nm men pht trin sinh khi trong khong 4 gi. Sau trch dch nm men pht trin cho vo cc h cha dch np tin hnh ln men. Thi gian ln men khong 4 ngy. 2.6 Ln men ph

Ru np c ln men nhit cao li khng qua chng ct, nn sau khi ln men xong s cn nhiu ru bc cao v cc andehyde gy c cho c th ngi. V th, cn phi c thi gian di cho cc sn phm ph ny chuyn ha v n nh ru. Ngoi ra, y cng l giai on s ng ha xy ra gn nh hon ton, cng ko di thi gian ln men ph th cng gia tng hiu sut ca qu trnh ln men. Tuy nhin, ty theo tiu chun ca nh sn xut v sn phm m s ln men, nng ng ca dch ng ha, phng php ln men s to ra mt quy trnh sn xut ring bit vi cht lng v thnh phn mong mun. Thi gian ln men ph t nht l 6 thng. Cc qu trnh chuyn ha cc cht trong giai on ln men Qu trnh tng sinh khi L qu trnh sinh sn v sinh trng ca vi sinh vt. Qu trnh ny xy ra rt nhanh giai on u ln men, khi cho nm men vo nguyn liu. S pht trin mnh ca cc vi khun giai on ny ko theo s to thnh mt s acid hu c. Kt qu l pH mi trng gim xung to iu kin thun li cho cc loi nm mc pht trin, tuy tc hi yu. Rt kh phn chia giai on pht trin ca vi khun, nm mc, nm men mt cch r rng. V thc cht, s pht trin ca cc loi vi sinh vt trong dch ln men din ra ng thi. Ch c iu l s pht trin thng khng ng mc . S pht trin ca vi khun, nm mc th cn mt lng oxy nht nh. Chnh v th, cc loi vi sinh vt ny pht trin mnh giai on u. Nm men cng cn oxy tng sinh khi. Tuy nhin, mc khng cao nh nm mc.
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Mt khc, nm men cn nhiu ng nn phi c thi gian nm mc to ra ng. Do cc giai on sau, nm men pht trin mnh hn nm mc v vi khun. Cc qu trnh sinh ha Qu trnh chuyn ha ng v cc thnh phn khc thnh cc acid hu c c bn: Qu trnh to acid acetic. Qu trnh to acid lactic.

Qu trnh to acid lactic mnh hn qu trnh to acid acetic, tuy nhin c hai qu trnh ny u xy ra vi cng khng mnh v giai on u lng ng to thnh trong khi ln men cha cao. Qu trnh ng ha Do s pht trin ca nm men, c bit l Endomycopsis, tinh bt c chuyn thnh ng. Cc loi nm mc v nm men trong qu trnh pht trin to ra rt nhiu enzyme amylase, glucoamylase l cc enzyme cm ng. Cc enzyme ny hot ng rt thun li trong giai on u v c ko di trong cc giai on sau.

Qu trnh ng ha

im quan trng l cc enzyme ny chu s iu khin ca sn phm cui, glucose. Bnh thng glucose c ch phn ng thy phn tinh bt, nhng cc loi nm mc (Mucor rouxi, Rhizopus delmar) v nm men (Endomycosis) va c kh nng tng hp amylase, glucoamylase, va c kh nng chuyn ng thnh ru. V chng tch cc chuyn ha glucose, kt qu lng

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glucose to thnh mt phn tr thnh mi trng cho vi sinh vt pht trin. Do , trong khi ln men ny thng khng xy ra c ch km hm ngc li bi glucose. Qu trnh ru ha Qu trnh ny c thc hin bi Saccharomyces ng vai tr c bn, cn c s tham gia ca Mucor, Rhizopus v Endomycopsis. Song song vi qu trnh ny l cc qu trnh ng ha, to cc acid hu c thnh cc sn phm ph khc. c bit: cc qu trnh chuyn ha ny xy ra xen k nhau, h tr nhau v to nn mt qu trnh chung hi ha to ra sn phm khng ch c nc, ru m cn l mt hn hp sn phm gm nhiu thnh phn khc nhau, nh m tao nn hng v c trng v gi tr cm quan rt ring ca ru np. 2.7 Lc

y l qu trnh lm sch v nng cao cht lng ca sn phm. L qu trnh phn ring hn hp khng ng nht qua lp vi lc, b c gi li trn lp lc, dung dch i xuyn qua mng lc di p sut d so vi p sut pha bn di vt ngn.
Thit b lc ru

Sau khi lc dung dch trong sut hn, tng tnh cm quan sn phm v hu nh khng thay i thnh phn ho hc, tuy nhin c mt s thay i: Cht lng sn phm tng do t tp cht. Thay i trng thi v mu sc, dung dch thu c trong hn. Hao ht vt cht. Loi c mt s vi sinh vt. B hm c lc ra em i ch bin, lm thc n cho gia sc. 2.8 Chng ct

Sau thi gian ln men dch ru c a i chng ct s c loi ru np trng truyn thng. Qu trnh ny ch yu phn tch hn hp ru v nc c nhit si khc nhau nhm thu c ru c cn cao hn.

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Phng php c tin hnh bng cch un si hn hp, hi bay ln c dn qua ng dn v c lm lnh bng cch cho qua bn nc ngng t. iu kin cho qu trnh chng ct : p sut thng, ru si v bc hi 78oC, cn nc l 100oC. Trong chng ct ru, ngi ta chia lm ba t: t u thu c ru c cn 55-65 c gi l ru gc. Ru ny thng c hm lng andehyde cao. t sau thu c ru c cn 35-45 c gi l ru gia v ngi nu ru thng ly ru ny lm sn phm cung ng cho ngi tiu dng. Phn ru chng ct cn li gi l ru ngn, thp , c v chua, mi khng cn thm. C th pha vi ru gc chng ct li ln na ly ru thnh phm m sn xut. Cht lng ru trng truyn thng tuy vn cn nhiu to cht nhng cht lng cm quan ca sn phm t kh cao v mu sc, trong, mi v.

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III.
3.1

So snh mt s quy trnh sn xut ru

Quy trnh sn xut ru np than

Go np than

Nu chn

Bnh men thuc bc

Lm ngui

Nghin mn

Phi trn

Ln men

Lm nhuyn

Hm cn

Ru np than

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Ru np than l loi nc ung c cn, c sn xut th cng t loi go c bit l go np than. Loi go ny trng nhiu vng Nam B, bao gm bn loi : Np cm c Ha Np en Khnh Vnh Np than Long t La nc np cm

Ngoi ra go np than c mu sc khc nhau, sn phm ru s mang mu rt c trng. Qu trnh ln men ca ru np than khc vi ln men ru np truyn thng 3 giai on: Nguyn liu go: go np than c mu en, c gi tr dinh dng rt cao.

Bng 4. Thnh phn ha hc go np than

Thnh phn Nc Protein Lipid Glucide Acid hu c Tro

Hm lng (%) 14 8,2 1,5 74,9 0,6 0,8

Giai on chng ct : im khc bit y, l sn phm ru np than khng qua giai on chng ct. Mun s dng, ch dng dung dch ru tch ra (loi trong), cn b vn c th c gi li dng sau khi lm nhuyn (loi c).

Giai on hm cn: trong qu trnh ln men ru np truyn thng, khng cn c cng on ny. Sau khi ln men ru np than, hm lng cn t c rt thp, ch trong khong 7 -10% V rt d dng b oxy ha to CO2 v nc. Do , cht lng ru

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khng cao v kh bo qun. V th, phi cho thm cn tinh khit tng hm lng ru v tng kh nng bo qun (trnh kh nng ru b oxy ha bi vi khun). 3.2 Quy trnh sn xut ru cn

Ru cn l loi ru mang bn sc c o ca ngi dn min ni. l loi ru ln men t cc ngun nguyn liu cha glucid khc nhau. Qu trnh lm ru cn cng gn ging nh ru np truyn thng nhng vn c s khc bit. Nguyn liu: trc y nguyn liu s dng l la cn, nhng n sau ny, ngun nguyn liu phong ph hn, c th thay bng sn, bp. Ru cn khng c cng on chng ct, hm cn v sn phm cui cng cng khng s dng b. i vi bnh men dng trong sn xut ru np l loi bnh men thuc bc. Trong sn xut ru cn, cng s dng phng php ln men bng bnh men, nhng thay v thuc bc, ngi dn tc s dng loi bnh men l, gm c: men mt l, men hai l, men ba l. Bt u quy trnh, go ngm nc, ro, trn vi tru sch, em nu chn v lm ngui. Loi tru no ngm nc nhng khng chm s c loi b, loi cn li em i hong kh v trn vi cm va lm ngui. sau , bnh men cng s c rc u ht (3 bnh men trn vi 5kg nguyn liu). hn hp ny chuyn vo gi, di y c lt mt lp tru sch. em qua mt m v i mng ra n khi thy c mc. Tip , mang hn hp vo tip trong thi gian 1 2 thng ni thong mt. Cch ung ru cn cng rt c bit, khi ung u thm nc, nn dng nc un si ngui hay nc sui sch.

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 Quy trnh sn xut ru cn

Nguyn liu

X l

Nu chn

Ln men

Bnh men l

To hng

Thm nc

Ru cn

IV. 4.1

Thit b dng trong quy trnh Thit b chng ct

Chng ct l qu trnh dng nhit tch mt hn hp lng thnh cc cu t trong hn hp cng mt nhit , v th, ta thu c cht tinh khit hn. Bn cht ca chng ct l phng php tch hn hp cht lng thnh cc cu t ring bit da vo s khc nhau v bay hi (nhit si) ca chng bng cch lp li nhiu ln qu trnh bay hi v ngng t.
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Mc ch ca qu trnh: C 3 mc ch Chun b: Phng php ny th ch, lm sch cc tp cht th ln trong ru trong quy trnh sn xut. Khai thc v thu nhn sn phm. Nng cao cht lng sn phm. C 3 phng php chng ct hin nay c s dng: chng ct n gin, chng ct bng hi nc trc tip v chng luyn. Chng ct bng hi nc c s dng tch cu t khng tan trong nc khi ti cht khng bay hi. Sn phm ngng s phn lp thnh cu t bay hi v nc. Trong phng php ny, hi nc c phun qua lp cht lng, trong qua trnh tip xc gia hi nc v cht lng, cu t cn chng khuyc tn vo hi. Hn hp ngng t v tch thnh sn phm. Chng luyn l cho sn phm cui quay tr li v hi lu mt phn sn phm. Thng thng, chng luyn c tin hnh nhiu ln. i vi sn xut ru truyn thng, theo quy m gia nh hay quy m sn xut nh hin nay, ngi sn xut s dng phng php chng luyn n gin. 4.2 Nguyn tc hot ng thit b chng ct n gin

Thit b chng ct n gin 1. Ni chng 2. Thit b ngng t lm lnh 3. Thng cha

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Nguyn tc ca chng ct n gin l hi c ly ra ngay v cho i ngng t. Vt liu c np vo ni chng (1), y, cung cp nhit n nhit si v tip tc cung cp nhit n nhit bay hi. B phn un nng c th l trc tip bng than ci hay gin tip trong cc b phn truyn nhit ( i vi sn xut theo kiu c truyn s dng than, ci). hi bc ln, ngng t trong thit b lm lnh (2), thng l ng xon rut gi, nc lm ngui t ngoi ng. Sn phm thu c vo thng cha (3). Tuy nhin, mt s vng thit b chng ct, h thng lm lnh l ng ng, c hai l thng cho nc nng i ra, nc lnh i vo. Thnh phn trong nc chng giu cu t bay hi, cht lng trong ni ngho cu t bay hi, cht lng cn li ngho cu t d bay hi. Do qu trnh chuyn khi ch mt ln nn nng nc chng c s gim dn. Hn hp n mt thi gian nng xc nh th tho ra ngoi. Trong thc t, ngi ta thng s dng phng php chng ct hi lu, u im ca phng php ny l: Tng s tinh khit ca sn phm. Hn ch s gim nng sn phm. Tng hiu sut thu hi.

Trong trng hp ny, hi lu mt phn nc chng ngng t tr li ni lm giu cu t d bay hi trong ni. Pha hi trong ni i ln tip xc vi cht lng mi hi lu, qua thit b ngng t, thc hin qu trnh chuyn khi lm giu cu t d bay hi trong pha hi i ln. Do , tinh khit sn phm cn chng (ru) tng.

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 Cu to thit b chng ct hi lu

Thit b chng ct hi lu

1. Ni chng 2. Thit b ngng t hi lu 3. Thit b ngng t lm lnh

Mt s thit b chng ct c s dng cc vng min khc nhau:

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TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Lng c Phm (2006), Nm men cng nghip, Nh xut bn Khoa Hc v K Thut. 2. Bi i (2005), Cng ngh ln men ng dng trong cng ngh thc phm, Nh xut bn i hc Bch Khoa, thnh ph H Ch Minh. 3. Nguyn Th Hin (2006), Cng ngh sn xut m chnh v cc sn phm ln men c truyn, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K Thut. 4. Trn Th Luyn (1995), C s k thut ln men, Nh xut bn i hc thy sn Nha Trang. 5. Trn Trung Kin (2010), iu tra hin trng sn xut ru truyn thng Bn Lc Long an v xut gii php nng cao cht lng sn phm, n mn hc chuyn ngnh, Trng i hc Bch khoa, thnh ph H Ch Minh. 6. http://baigiang.violet.vn/ 7. http://www.scribd.com/doc/20976983/San-Xuat-Ruou 8. http://www.ruoudegoden.com/page/quytrinh/quy-trinh-nau-ruou.html?l=vn

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