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TT LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T

MT S CNG THC KINH NGHIM DNG GII NHANH BI TON HO HC


CHEMISTRY CLUB - HOAHOC.ORG NG XUN QUNH
Mi thc mc v thi V cc vn lin quan ti b mn Ho hc xin vui lng lin h vi mr. QUNH
theo 09798.17.8.85 09367.17.8.85 (ngoi gi hnh chnH) WEB: HOAHOC.ORG - E mail: ADMIN@HOAHOC.ORG
n thi
i hc
HA I CNG

I. TNH pH
1. Dung dch axit yu HA: pH =
1
2
(log K
a
+ logC
a
) hoc pH = log( C
a
) (1)
vi : l in li
K
a
: hng s phn li ca axit
C
a
: nng mol/l ca axit ( C
a
>0,01 M )
V d 1: Tnh pH ca dung dch CH
3
COOH 0,1 M 25
0
C . Bit K
CH
3
COOH
= 1,8. 10
-5
Gii
pH = -
2
1
(logK
a
+ logC
a
) = -
2
1
(log1,8. 10
-5
+ log0,1 ) = 2,87
V d 2: Tnh pH ca dung dch HCOOH 0,46 % ( D = 1 g/ml ). Cho in li ca HCOOH trong dung dch l = 2 %
Gii
Ta c : C
M
=
M
C D % . . 10
=
46
46 , 0 . 1 . 10
= 0,1 M => pH = - log ( . C
a
) = - log (
100
2
.0,1 ) = 2,7
2. Dung dch m (hn hp gm axit yu HA v mui NaA): pH = (log K
a
+ log
a
m
C
C
) (2)
V d : Tnh pH ca dung dch CH
3
COOH 0,1 M v CH
3
COONa 0,1 M 25
0
C.
Bit K
CH
3
COOH
= 1,75. 10
-5
, b qua s in li ca H
2
O.
pH = - (logK
a
+ log
m
a
C
C
) = - (log1,75. 10
-5
+ log
1 , 0
1 , 0
) = 4,74
3. Dung dch baz yu BOH: pH = 14 +
1
2
(log K
b
+ logC
b
) (3)
vi K
b
: hng s phn li ca baz
C
a
: nng mol/l ca baz
V d : Tnh pH ca dung dch NH
3
0,1 M . Cho K
NH
3
= 1,75. 10
-5
pH = 14 +
2
1
(logK
b
+ logC
b
) = 14 +
2
1
(log1,75. 10
-5
+ log0,1 ) = 11,13

II. TNH HIU SUT PHN NG TNG HP NH
3
:
H% = 2 2
X
Y
M
M
(4)
3
X
NH trong Y
Y
M
%V = ( - 1).100
M
(5)
- (X: hh ban u; Y: hh sau) K: t l mol N
2
v H
2
l 1:3
V d : Tin hnh tng hp NH
3
t hn hp X gm N
2
v H
2
c t khi hi so vi H
2
l 4,25 thu c hn hp Y c t khi
hi so vi H
2
l 6,8. Tnh hiu sut tng hp NH
3
.
Ta c : n
N
2
: n
H
2
= 1:3
H% = 2 - 2
Y
X
M
M
= 2 - 2
6 , 13
5 , 8
= 75 %
TT LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T
MT S CNG THC KINH NGHIM DNG GII NHANH BI TON HO HC
CHEMISTRY CLUB - HOAHOC.ORG NG XUN QUNH
Mi thc mc v thi V cc vn lin quan ti b mn Ho hc xin vui lng lin h vi mr. QUNH
theo 09798.17.8.85 09367.17.8.85 (ngoi gi hnh chnH) WEB: HOAHOC.ORG - E mail: ADMIN@HOAHOC.ORG
n thi
i hc
HA V C

I. BI TON V CO
2

1. Tnh lng kt ta khi hp th ht lng CO
2
vo dung dch Ca(OH)
2
hoc Ba(OH)
2
iu kin:
+
s
2
CO
n n Cng thc:
+
-
2
CO
OH
n = n - n (6)
V d : Hp th ht 11,2 lt CO
2
(ktc ) vo 350 ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
1M. Tnh kt ta thu c.
Ta c : n
CO
2
= 0,5 mol
n
Ba(OH)
2
= 0,35 mol => n
OH


= 0,7 mol
n
kt ta
= n
OH

- n
CO
2
= 0,7 0,5 = 0,2 mol
m
kt ta
= 0,2 . 197 = 39,4 ( g )

2. Tnh lng kt ta khi hp th ht lng CO
2
vo dung dch cha hn hp gm NaOH v Ca(OH)
2
hoc Ba(OH)
2

iu kin: s
2-
2
3
CO
CO
n n Cng thc:
2- -
2
3
CO
CO OH
n = n - n (7)
(Cn so snh
2-
3
CO
n vi n
Ca
v n
Ba
tnh lng kt ta)
V d 1 : Hp th ht 6,72 lt CO
2
( ktc) vo 300 ml dung dch hn hp gm NaOH 0,1 M v Ba(OH)
2
0,6 M. Tnh khi
lng kt ta thu c .
n
CO
2
= 0,3 mol n
NaOH
= 0,03 mol n
Ba(OH)2
= 0,18 mol
=>

n
OH

= 0,39 mol
n
CO
2
3
= n
OH

- n
CO
2

= 0,39- 0,3 = 0,09 mol
M n
Ba
+ 2

= 0,18 mol nn n
kt ta
= n
CO
2
3
= 0,09 mol
m
kt ta
= 0,09 . 197 = 17,73 gam
V d 2 : Hp th ht 0,448 lt CO
2
( ktc) vo 100 ml dung dch hn hp gm NaOH 0,06 M v Ba(OH)
2
0,12 M thu c
m gam kt ta . Tnh m ? ( TSH 2009 khi A )
A. 3,94 B. 1,182 C. 2,364 D. 1,97
n
CO
2
= 0,02 mol n
NaOH
= 0,006 mol n
Ba(OH)2
= 0,012 mol
=>

n
OH

= 0,03 mol
n
CO
2
3
= n
OH

- n
CO
2

= 0,03 - 0,02 = 0,01 mol
M n
Ba
+ 2

= 0,012 mol nn n
kt ta
= n
CO
2
3
= 0,01 mol
m
kt ta
= 0,01 . 197 = 1,97 gam

3. Tnh th tch CO
2
cn hp th ht vo dung dch Ca(OH)
2
hoc Ba(OH)
2
thu c lng kt ta theo yu cu (Dng
ny c 2 kt qu)
Cng thc:
+ 2
CO
n = n (8)
hoc
+ 2 -
OH
CO
n = n - n (9)
V d : Hp th ht V lt CO
2
( ktc) vo 300 ml dung dch v Ba(OH)
2
1 M thu c 19,7 gam kt ta . Tnh V ?
Gii
- n
CO
2
= n
kt ta
= 0,1 mol => V
CO
2
= 2,24 lt
- n
CO
2
= n
OH

- n
kt ta
= 0,6 0,1 = 0,5 => V
CO
2
= 11,2 lt
II. BI TON V NHM KM
1. Tnh lng NaOH cn cho vo dung dch Al
3+
thu c lng kt ta theo yu cu (Dng ny c 2 kt qu)
Cng thc:

+ OH
n = 3n (10)
hoc
3+
+ -
OH
Al
n = 4n - n (11)
TT LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T
MT S CNG THC KINH NGHIM DNG GII NHANH BI TON HO HC
CHEMISTRY CLUB - HOAHOC.ORG NG XUN QUNH
Mi thc mc v thi V cc vn lin quan ti b mn Ho hc xin vui lng lin h vi mr. QUNH
theo 09798.17.8.85 09367.17.8.85 (ngoi gi hnh chnH) WEB: HOAHOC.ORG - E mail: ADMIN@HOAHOC.ORG
n thi
i hc
V d : Cn cho bao nhiu lt dung dch NaOH 1M vo dung dch cha 0,5 mol AlCl
3
c 31,2 gam kt ta .
Gii Ta c hai kt qu :
n
OH


= 3.n
kt ta
= 3. 0,4 = 1,2 mol => V = 1,2 lt
n
OH


= 4. n
Al
+ 3
- n
kt ta
= 4. 0,5 0,4 = 1,6 mol => V = 1,6 lt
2. Tnh lng NaOH cn cho vo hn hp dung dch Al
3+

v H
+
thu c lng kt ta theo yu cu (Dng ny c 2
kt qu)

+
- +
min
OH H
n = 3n + n (12)
3+
+
- +
max
OH H Al
n = 4n + n - n (13)
V d : Cn cho bao nhiu lt dung dch NaOH 1M ln nht vo dung dch cha ng thi 0,6 mol AlCl
3
v 0,2 mol HCl
c 39 gam kt ta .
Gii
n
OH

( max )
= 4. n
Al
+ 3
- n
kt ta
+ n
H
+

= 4. 0,6 - 0,5 + 0,2 =2,1 mol => V = 2,1 lt
3. Tnh lng HCl cn cho vo dung dch Na[Al(OH)
4
] (hoc NaAlO
2
) thu c lng kt ta theo yu cu
(Dng ny c 2 kt qu)
Cng thc:
+
+ H
n = n (14)
hoc
2

+ +
H
AlO
n = 4n - 3n (15)
V d : Cn cho bao nhiu lt dung dch HCl 1M vo dung dch cha 0,7 mol NaAlO
2
hoc Na| |
4
) (OH Al thu c 39
gam kt ta .
Gii Ta c hai kt qu :
n
H
+

= n
kt ta
= 0,5 mol => V = 0,5 lt

n
H
+

= 4. n
AlO

2
- 3. n
kt ta
= 4.0,7 3.0,5 = 1,3 mol => V = 1,3 lt
4. Tnh lng HCl cn cho vo hn hp dung dch NaOH v Na[Al(OH)
4
] (hoc NaAlO
2
) thu c lng kt ta theo
yu cu (Dng ny c 2 kt qu)
Cng thc:
+
+
+
-
H OH
n = n n (16)
hoc
2

+
+
+
H
AlO OH
n = 4n - 3n n (17)
V d : Cn cho bao nhiu lt dung dch HCl 1M cc i vo dung dch cha ng thi 0,1 mol NaOH v 0,3 mol NaAlO
2

hoc Na| |
4
) (OH Al thu c 15,6 gam kt ta .
Gii Ta c hai kt qu :
n
H
+
(max)
= 4. n
AlO

2
- 3. n
kt ta
+ n
OH

= 4.0,3 3.0,2 + 01 = 0,7 mol => V = 0,7 lt
5. Tnh lng NaOH cn cho vo dung dch Zn
2+
thu c lng kt ta theo yu cu (Dng ny c 2 kt qu):
+
-
OH
n = 2n (18)
hoc
+
- 2+
OH Zn
n = 4n - 2n (19)
V d : Tnh th tch dung dch NaOH 1M cn cho vo 200 ml dung dch ZnCl
2
2M c 29,7 gam kt ta .
Gii
Ta c n
Zn
+ 2

= 0,4 mol n
kt ta
= 0,3 mol
p dng CT 41 .
n
OH

( min )
= 2.n
kt ta
= 2.0,3= 0,6 =>V
ddNaOH
= 0,6 lt
n
OH

( max )
= 4. n
Zn
+ 2
- 2.n
kt ta
= 4.0,4 2.0,3 = 1 mol =>V
ddNaOH
= 1lt

III. BI TON V HNO
3

1. Kim loi tc dng vi HNO
3
d
a. Tnh lng kim loi tc dng vi HNO
3
d: . . =
KL KL spk spk
n i n i (20)
- i
KL
=ha tr kim loi trong mui nitrat - i
sp kh
: s e m N
+5
nhn vo (Vd: i
NO
=5-2=3)
TT LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T
MT S CNG THC KINH NGHIM DNG GII NHANH BI TON HO HC
CHEMISTRY CLUB - HOAHOC.ORG NG XUN QUNH
Mi thc mc v thi V cc vn lin quan ti b mn Ho hc xin vui lng lin h vi mr. QUNH
theo 09798.17.8.85 09367.17.8.85 (ngoi gi hnh chnH) WEB: HOAHOC.ORG - E mail: ADMIN@HOAHOC.ORG
n thi
i hc
- Nu c Fe d tc dng vi HNO
3
th s to mui Fe
2+
, khng to mui Fe
3+

b. Tnh m
mui nitrat
thu c khi cho hn hp kim loi tc dng vi HNO
3
d (Sn phm khng c NH
4
NO
3
)
Cng thc: m
Mui
= m
Kim loi
+ 62n
sp kh
. i
sp kh
= m
Kim loi
+ 62
( )
2 2 2
NO NO N O N
3n +n + 8n +10n (21)
c. Tnh lng m
mui nitrat
thu c khi cho hn hp st v oxit st t/d vi HNO
3
d (Sn phm khng c NH
4
NO
3
)
m
Mui
=
( )
hh spk spk
242
m + 8 n .i
80
=
2 2 2
) ( + +

hh NO NO N O N
242
m + 8(3n +n 8n 10n
80
(22)
+) Cng thc tnh khi lng mui thu c khi cho hn hp st v cc oxt st t/d vi HNO
3
long d gii phng kh NO.
m
Mui
=
80
242
( m
hn hp
+ 24 n
NO
)
V d : Ha tan ht 11,36 gam cht rn X gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
trong dung dch HNO
3
long d thu c m gam mui
v 1,344 lt kh NO ( ktc ) l sn phm kh duy nht . Tm m ?.
Gii
m
Mui
=
80
242
( m
hn hp
+ 24 n
NO
) =
80
242
( 11,36 + 24 .0,06 ) = 38,72 gam
+) Cng thc tnh m
mui
thu c khi ha tan ht hn hp st v cc oxt st bng HNO
3
c nng, d gii phng kh NO
2
.
m
Mui
=
80
242
( m
hn hp
+ 8 n
NO
2
)
V d : Ha tan ht 6 gam cht rn X gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
trong HNO
3
c nng, d thu c 3,36 lt kh NO
2
(ktc).
C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan.
m
Mui
=
80
242
( m
hn hp
+ 8 n
NO
2
) =
80
242
( 6 + 8 .0,15 ) = 21,78 gam
d. Tnh s mol HNO
3
tham gia:

3 2 2 2 4 3
HNO NO NO N N O NH NO
= n .(i +s N ) =
spk sp kh trong sp kh
n 4n +2n +12n +10n +10n (23)
2. Tnh khi lng kim loi ban u trong bi ton oxh 2 ln
R + O
2
hn hp A (R d v oxit ca R)
+

3
HNO
R(NO
3
)
n
+ SP Kh + H
2
O
m
R
=
( )
.
hh spk spk
M
m + 8. n i
80
R
= ) ( + +
2 2 4 3 2
hh NO NO N O NH NO N
M
m + 8(n 3n 8n + 8n +10n
80
R
(24)
+) Cng thc tnh khi lng st dng ban u, bit oxi ha lng st ny bng oxi c hn hp rn X . Ha tan ht X
vi HNO
3
c , nng ,d gii phng kh NO
2
.
m
Fe
=
80
56
( m
hn hp
+ 8 n
NO
2
)
V d : t m gam st trong oxi thu c 10 gam hn hp cht rn X . Ha tan ht X vi HNO
3
c nng, d gii phng
10,08 lt kh NO
2
( ktc) . Tm m ?
Gii
m
Fe
=
80
56
( m
hn hp
+ 24 n
NO
2
) =
80
56
( 10 + 8. 0,45 ) = 9,52 gam
+) Cng thc tnh khi lng st dng ban u, bit oxi ha lng st ny bng oxi c hn hp rn X . Ha tan ht X
vi HNO
3
long d gii phng kh NO.
m
Fe
=
80
56
( m
hn hp
+ 24 n
NO
)
V d : t m gam st trong oxi thu c 3 gam cht rn X . Ha tan ht X vi HNO
3
long d gii phng 0,56 lt kh NO (
ktc). Tm m ?
Gii
m
Fe
=
80
56
( m
hn hp
+ 24 n
NO
) =
80
56
( 3 + 0,025 ) = 2,52 gam
+) Cng thc tnh m
mui
thu c khi ha tan ht hn hp st v cc oxt st bng HNO
3
d gii phng kh NO v NO
2
.
m
Mui
=
80
242
( m
hn hp
+ 24. n
NO
+ 8. n
NO
2
)
TT LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T
MT S CNG THC KINH NGHIM DNG GII NHANH BI TON HO HC
CHEMISTRY CLUB - HOAHOC.ORG NG XUN QUNH
Mi thc mc v thi V cc vn lin quan ti b mn Ho hc xin vui lng lin h vi mr. QUNH
theo 09798.17.8.85 09367.17.8.85 (ngoi gi hnh chnH) WEB: HOAHOC.ORG - E mail: ADMIN@HOAHOC.ORG
n thi
i hc
V d : Ha tan ht 7 gam cht rn X gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
trong HNO
3
d thu c 1,792 lt (ktc ) kh X gm NO
v NO
2
v m gam mui . Bit d
X/H
2
= 19. Tnh m ?
Ta c : n
NO
= n
NO
2
= 0,04 mol
m
Mui
=
80
242
( m
hn hp
+ 24 n
NO
+ 8 n
NO
2
) =
80
242
( 7+ 24.0,04 + 8.0,04 )= 25,047 gam

IV. BI TON V H
2
SO
4

1. Kim loi tc dng vi H
2
SO
4
c, nng d
a. Tnh khi lng mui sunfat m
Mui
=
96
m + n .i
KL spk spk
2
= m + 96(3.n +n +4n )
KL S SO H S
2 2
(25)
a. Tnh lng kim loi tc dng vi H
2
SO
4
c, nng d: . . =
KL KL spk spk
n i n i (26)
b. Tnh s mol axit tham gia phn ng:
2

2 4 2 2
H SO S SO H S
i
sp kh
= n .( +s S ) =
spk trong sp kh
n 4n +2n +5n (27)
2. Hn hp st v oxit st tc dng vi H
2
SO
4
c, nng d
m
Mui
=
400
160
| |
|
\ .
2
2
H S
m + 8.6n +8.2n +8.8n
hh S SO
(28)
+ Cng thc tnh m
mui
thu c khi ha tan ht hn hp Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
bng H
2
SO
4

c, nng, d
gii phng kh SO
2
.
m
Mui
=
160
400
( m
hn hp
+ 16.n
SO
2
)
V d : Ha tan ht 30 gam cht rn X gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
bng H
2
SO
4
c nng, d thu c 11,2 lt kh SO
2

(ktc). C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan.
Gii
m
Mui
=
160
400
( m
hn hp
+ 16.n
SO
2
) =
160
400
( 30 + 16.0,5 ) = 95 gam
3. Tnh khi lng kim loi ban u trong bi ton oxh 2 ln
R + O
2
hn hp A (R d v oxit ca R)
2 4
+

dac
H SO
R(SO
4
)
n
+ SP Kh + H
2
O
m
R
=
( )
.
hh spk spk
M
m + 8. n i
80
R
= 6 10 ) ( + +
2 2
hh SO S H S
M
m + 8(2n n n
80
R
(29)
- n gin: nu l Fe: m
Fe
= 0,7m
hh
+ 5,6n
e trao i
; nu l Cu: m
Cu
= 0,8.m
hh
+ 6,4.n
e trao i
(30)
V. KIM LOI (R) TC DNG VI HCl, H
2
SO
4
TO MUI V GII PHNG H
2

tng (gim) khi lng dung dch phn ng (A m) s l:
2
KL H
m= m - m

(31)
Kim loi R (Ha tr x) tc dng vi axit thng: n
R
.x=2
2
H
n (32)
1. Kim loi + HCl Mui clorua + H
2

2
clorua KLp H muoi
m = m + 71.n (33)
2. Kim loi + H
2
SO
4
long Mui sunfat + H
2

2
sunfat KLp H muoi
m = m + 96.n (34)
VI. MUI TC DNG VI AXIT: (C th chng minh cc CT bng phng php tng gim khi lng)
1. Mui cacbonat + ddHCl Mui clorua + CO
2
+ H
2
O
2
CO muoi clorua muoi cacbonat
m = m + (71- 60).n (35)
2. Mui cacbonat + H
2
SO
4
long Mui sunfat + CO
2
+ H
2
O
2
CO muoi sunfat muoi cacbonat
m = m +(96 - 60)n (36)
3. Mui sunfit + ddHCl Mui clorua + SO
2
+ H
2
O
2
SO muoi clorua muoi sunfit
m = m +(80- 71)n (37)
4. Mui sunfit + ddH
2
SO
4
long Mui sunfat + SO
2
+ H
2
O
2
SO muoi sunfat muoi sunfit
m = m +(96 - 80)n (38)
VII. OXIT TC DNG VI AXIT TO MUI + H
2
O:
c th xem phn ng l: [O]+ 2[H] H
2
O
2
O/ oxit O/ H O H
1
n = n = n
2
(39)
TT LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T
MT S CNG THC KINH NGHIM DNG GII NHANH BI TON HO HC
CHEMISTRY CLUB - HOAHOC.ORG NG XUN QUNH
Mi thc mc v thi V cc vn lin quan ti b mn Ho hc xin vui lng lin h vi mr. QUNH
theo 09798.17.8.85 09367.17.8.85 (ngoi gi hnh chnH) WEB: HOAHOC.ORG - E mail: ADMIN@HOAHOC.ORG
n thi
i hc
1. Oxit + ddH
2
SO
4
long Mui sunfat + H
2
O
2 4
oxit H SO muoi sunfat
m = m +80n (40)
2. Oxit + ddHCl Mui clorua + H
2
O
2
oxit H O oxit HCl muoi clorua
m = m + 55n = m + 27, 5n (41)
VIII. CC PHN NG NHIT LUYN
1. Oxit tc dng vi cht kh
TH 1. Oxit + CO : R
x
O
y
+ yCO xR + yCO
2
(1) R l nhng kim loi sau Al.
Phn ng (1) c th vit gn nh sau: [O]
oxit
+ CO CO
2

TH 2. Oxit + H
2
: R
x
O
y
+ yH
2
xR + yH
2
O

(2) R l nhng kim loi sau Al.
Phn ng (2) c th vit gn nh sau: [O]
oxit
+ H
2
H
2
O
TH 3. Oxit + Al (phn ng nhit nhm) : 3R
x
O
y
+ 2yAl 3xR + yAl
2
O
3
(3)
Phn ng (3) c th vit gn nh sau: 3[O]
oxit
+ 2Al Al
2
O
3

C 3 trng hp c CT chung:
n = n = n = n =n
[O]/oxit CO H CO H O
2 2 2
m = m - m
R oxit [O]/oxit
(42)
2. Th tch kh thu c khi cho hn hp sn phm sau phn ng nhit nhm (Al + Fe
x
O
y
) tc dng vi HNO
3
:
( )
x y
spk
kh Al Fe O
i
n = [3n + 3x - 2y n ]
3
(43)
3. Tnh lng Ag sinh ra khi cho a(mol) Fe vo b(mol) AgNO
3
; ta so snh:
3a>b n
Ag
=b 3a<b n
Ag
=3a (44)
TT LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T
MT S CNG THC KINH NGHIM DNG GII NHANH BI TON HO HC
CHEMISTRY CLUB - HOAHOC.ORG NG XUN QUNH
Mi thc mc v thi V cc vn lin quan ti b mn Ho hc xin vui lng lin h vi mr. QUNH
theo 09798.17.8.85 09367.17.8.85 (ngoi gi hnh chnH) WEB: HOAHOC.ORG - E mail: ADMIN@HOAHOC.ORG
n thi
i hc
HA HU C

1. Tnh s lin kt ca C
x
H
y
O
z
N
t
Cl
m
:
i i
2 + n .(x - 2) 2 + 2x + t - y - m
k = =
2 2
(n: s nguyn t; x: ha tr) (45)
k=0: ch c lk n k=1: 1 lk i = 1 vng k=2: 1 lk ba=2 lk i = 2 vng
2. Da vo phn ng chy:
S C =
2
CO
A
n
n
S H=
2
H O
A
2n
n

2 2
Ankan(Ancol) H O CO
n = n - n
2 2
Ankin CO H O
n = n - n (46)

* Lu : A l C
x
H
y
hoc C
x
H
y
O
z
mch h, khi chy cho:
2 2
CO H O A
n - n = k.n th A c s = (k+1)

3. Tnh s ng phn ca:
- Ancol no, n chc (C
n
H
2n+1
OH): 2
n-2
(1<n<6) (47)
V d : S ng phn ca ancol c cng thc phn t l :
a. C
3
H
8
O = 2
3-2
= 2
b. C
4
H
10
O = 2
4-2
= 4
c. C
5
H
12
O = 2
5-2
= 8
- Anehit n chc, no (C
n
H
2n
O) : 2
n-3
(2<n<7) (48)
V d : S ng phn ca anehit n chc no, mch h c cng thc phn t l :
a. C
4
H
8
O = 2
4-3
= 2
b. C
5
H
10
O = 2
5-3
= 4
c. C
6
H
12
O = 2
6-3
= 8
- Axit no n chc, mch h C
n
H
2n
O
2
2
n 3

(2<n<7) (49)
V d : S ng phn ca axit cacboxylic n chc no, mch h c cng thc phn t l :
a. C
4
H
8
O
2
= 2
4-3
= 2
b. C
5
H
10
O
2
= 2
5-3
= 4
c. C
6
H
12
O
2
= 2
6-3
= 8
- Este no, n chc (C
n
H
2n
O
2
): 2
n-2
(1<n<5) (50)
V d : S ng phn ca este n chc no, mch h c cng thc phn t l :
a. C
2
H
4
O
2
= 2
2-2
= 1 b. C
3
H
6
O
2
= 2
3-2
= 2 c. C
4
H
8
O
2
= 2
4-2
= 4
- Amin n chc, no (C
n
H
2n+3
N): 2
n-1
(1<n<5) (51)
V d : S ng phn ca anin n chc no, mch h c cng thc phn t l :
a. C
2
H
7
N = 2
2-1

= 1 b. C
3
H
9
N = 2
3-1

= 3 c. C
4
H
12
N = 2
4-1

= 6
- Ete n chc, no (C
n
H
2n+2
O):
2
) 2 ).( 1 ( n n
(2<n<5) (52)
V d : S ng phn ca ete n chc no, mch h c cng thc phn t l :
a. C
3
H
8
O =
2
) 2 3 ).( 1 3 (
= 1 b. C
4
H
10
O =
2
) 2 4 ).( 1 4 (
= 3 c. C
5
H
12
O =
2
) 2 5 ).( 1 5 (
= 6
- Xeton n chc, no (C
n
H
2n
O):
2
) 3 ).( 2 ( n n
(3<n<7) (53)
V d : S ng phn ca xeton n chc no, mch h c cng thc phn t l :
a. C
4
H
8
O =
2
) 3 4 ).( 2 4 (
= 1 b. C
5
H
10
O =
2
) 3 5 ).( 2 5 (
= 3 c. C
6
H
12
O =
2
) 3 6 ).( 2 6 (
= 6
4. S Trieste to bi glixerol v n axit bo
( )
2
1
2
n n +
(54)
TT LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T
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CHEMISTRY CLUB - HOAHOC.ORG NG XUN QUNH
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theo 09798.17.8.85 09367.17.8.85 (ngoi gi hnh chnH) WEB: HOAHOC.ORG - E mail: ADMIN@HOAHOC.ORG
n thi
i hc
Loi trieste Cng thc (s loi tri este)
Trieste cha 1 gc axit ging nhau = n
Trieste cha 2 gc axit khc nhau = 4.C
2
n

Trieste cha 3 gc axit khc nhau = 3.C
2
n

Cng thc chung (tng s trieste) = n + 4.C
2
n
+ 3. C
3
n
(n 3)

V d : un nng hn hp gm glixerol vi 2 axit bo l axit panmitic v axit stearic ( xc tc H
2
SO
4 c
) th thu c bao
nhiu trieste ?
S trieste =
2
) 1 2 ( 2
2
+
= 6
5. Tnh s n peptit ti a to bi x amino axit khc nhau x
n
(55)
V d : C ti a bao nhiu ipeptit, tripeptit thu c t hn hp gm 2 amino axit l glyxin v alanin ?
S ipeptit = 2
2
= 4 S tripeptit = 2
3
= 8
6. Tnh s ete to bi n ancol n chc:
2
) 1 ( + n n
(56)
V d : un nng hn hp gm 2 ancol n chc no vi H
2
SO
4 c
140
0
c c hn hp bao nhiu ete ?
S ete =
2
) 1 2 ( 2 +
= 3
7. S nhm este =
NaOH
este
n
n
(57)
8. Amino axit A c CTPT (NH
2
)
x
-R-(COOH)
y

HCl
A
n
x =
n

NaOH
A
n
y =
n
(58)

9. Cng thc tnh s C ca ancol no, ete no hoc ca ankan da vo phn ng chy :
S C ca ancol no hoc ankan =
2 2
2
CO O H
CO
n n
n


( Vi n
H
2
O
> n
CO
2
) (59)
V d 1 : t chy mt lng ancol no n chc A c 15,4 gam CO
2
v 9,45 gam H
2
O . Tm cng thc phn t ca A ?
S C ca ancol no =
2 2
2
CO O H
CO
n n
n


=
35 , 0 525 , 0
35 , 0

= 2 => Vy A c cng thc phn t l C


2
H
6
O
V d 2: t chy hon ton mt lng hirocacbon A thu c 26,4 gam CO
2
v 16,2 gam H
2
O . Tm cng thc phn t
ca A ?
( Vi n
H
2
O
= 0,7 mol > n
CO
2
= 0,6 mol ) => A l ankan
S C ca ankan =
2 2
2
CO O H
CO
n n
n


=
6 , 0 7 , 0
6 , 0

= 6 => Vy A c cng thc phn t l C


6
H
14
10. Cng thc tnh khi lng ancol n chc no hoc hn hp ankan n chc notheo khi lng CO
2
v khi lng H
2
O :

m
ancol
=
2
H O
m
-
11
2
CO
m

(60)
V d : Khi t chy hon ton m gam hn hp hai ancol n chc no, mch h thu c 2,24 lt CO
2
( ktc ) v 7,2 gam
H
2
O. Tnh khi lng ca ancol ?
m
ancol
=
2
H O
m
-
11
2
CO
m

= 7,2

-
11
4 , 4

= 6,8
11. Cng thc tnh khi lng amino axit A( cha n nhm -NH
2
v m nhm COOH ) khi cho amino axit ny vo dung dch
cha a mol HCl, sau cho dung dch sau phn ng tc dng va vi b mol NaOH.
TT LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T
MT S CNG THC KINH NGHIM DNG GII NHANH BI TON HO HC
CHEMISTRY CLUB - HOAHOC.ORG NG XUN QUNH
Mi thc mc v thi V cc vn lin quan ti b mn Ho hc xin vui lng lin h vi mr. QUNH
theo 09798.17.8.85 09367.17.8.85 (ngoi gi hnh chnH) WEB: HOAHOC.ORG - E mail: ADMIN@HOAHOC.ORG
n thi
i hc
m
A
= M
A

m
a b
(61)
V d : Cho m gam glyxin vo dung dch cha 0,3 mol HCl . Dung dch sau phn ng tc dng va vi 0,5 mol NaOH.
Tm m ? ( M
glyxin
= 75 )
m = 75
1
3 , 0 5 , 0
= 15 gam
12. Cng thc tnh khi lng amino axit A( cha n nhm -NH
2
v m nhm COOH ) khi cho amino axit ny vo dung dch
cha a mol NaOH, sau cho dung dch sau phn ng tc dng va vi b mol HCl.
m
A
= M
A

n
a b
(62)
V d : Cho m gam alanin vo dung dch cha 0,375 mol NaOH . Dung dch sau phn ng tc dng va vi 0,575 mol
HCl . Tm m ? ( M
alanin
= 89 )
m
A
= 89
1
375 , 0 575 , 0
= 17,8 gam
13. Cng thc xc nh cng thc phn t ca mt anken da vo phn t khi ca hn hp anken v H
2
trc v sau khi
dn qua bt Ni nung nng.
Anken ( M
1
) + H
2

c t Ni
o
,
A (M
2
) ( phn ng hiro ha anken hon ton )
S n ca anken (C
n
H
2n
) =
) ( 14
) 2 (
1 2
1 2
M M
M M

(63)
V d : Cho X l hn hp gm olefin M v H
2
, c t khi hi so vi H
2
l 5 . Dn X qua bt Ni nung nng phn ng xy
ra hon ton c hn hp hi Y c t khi so vi H
2
l 6,25 .
Xc nh cng thc phn t ca M.
M
1
= 10 v M
2
= 12,5
Ta c : n =
) 10 5 , 12 ( 14
10 ) 2 5 , 12 (

= 3
M c cng thc phn t l C
3
H
6
14. Cng thc xc nh cng thc phn t ca mt ankin da vo phn t khi ca hn hp ankin v H
2
trc v sau khi dn
qua bt Ni nung nng.
Ankin ( M
1
) + H
2

c t Ni
o
,
A (M
2
) ( phn ng hiro ha ankin hon ton )
S n ca ankin (C
n
H
2n-2
) =
) ( 14
) 2 ( 2
1 2
1 2
M M
M M

(64)
15.Cng thc tnh hiu sut phn ng hiro ha anken: H% = 2- 2
My
Mx
(65)
16.Cng thc tnh hiu sut phn ng hiro ha anehit no n chc: H% = 2- 2
My
Mx
(66)
17.Cng thc tnh % ankan A tham gia phn ng tch: %A =
X
A
M
M
- 1 (67)
18.Cng thc xc nh phn t ankan A da vo phn ng tch: M
A
=
X
A
hhX
M
V
V
(68)

TT LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T
MT S CNG THC KINH NGHIM DNG GII NHANH BI TON HO HC
CHEMISTRY CLUB - HOAHOC.ORG NG XUN QUNH
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theo 09798.17.8.85 09367.17.8.85 (ngoi gi hnh chnH) WEB: HOAHOC.ORG - E mail: ADMIN@HOAHOC.ORG
n thi
i hc
------------------------
Trong nhng nm qua, cc k thi quc gia: tt nghip THPT, tuyn sinh H & C, mn ha hc thi theo hnh
thc trc nghim khch quan i hi th sinh phi gii quyt s lng cu hi v bi tp tng i ln. Trong
bi tp ha hc nh lng chim mt t l khng nh vi khong thi gian tng i ngn: trung bnh 1,5 n 2
pht/cu. Do vic tm nhanh ra cc phng php gip gii nhanh bi ton ha hc c ngha ht sc quan
trng. gip cc bn hc sinh cng nh cc thy c gio trong trng c thm ngun t liu n tp ha gii
cc bi tp nh lng trc nghim hiu qu trong thi gian nhanh nht. Bng kinh nghim luyn thi nhiu nm,
ca bn thn, t tp san s 2 ny, xin gii thiu vi cc thy c gio, cng cc em hc sinh 27 iu cn nh
trc khi i thi. Hi vng y s l ti liu hu ch phc v cho cc em hc sinh trong cc k thi ti. Mc d rt
c gng nhng kh c th trnh khi sai st ngoi mun. Rt mong c s ng gp xy dng qu bu t
bn c. Mi kin xin gi v ban bin tp tp san YP2. Chc cc bn c mt ma thi thnh cng!

iu 1: 32 cng thc gii nhanh
Vic nm cc cng thc ny s gip gii nhanh cc bi ton nh lng thng gp trong cc k thi, m nu gii
theo cch thong thng s mt rt nhiu thi gian.
I. C s xy dng h thng cng thc:
Cc phn ng ha hc xy ra u tun th nghim ngt theo h thng cc nh lut bo ton: Khi lng,
nguyn t, electron, in tch,
1 Bo ton khi lng:
Tng khi lng cc cht trc phn ng = tng khi lng cc cht sau phn ng.
Tng qut: A + B C + D
mA + mB = mC + mD md nu c
hoc: mA p + mB p = mC ms + mD ms
V d: Cho m gam Fe tc dng vi oxi, sau mt thi gian thu c 12g hn hp gm FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3 v Fe
d. Th:


2. nh lut bo ton nguyn t
Tng s mol nguyn t ca 1 nguyn t trc v sau phn ng lun c bo ton:


V d: Ha tan hn hp gm a mol Fe2O3, b mol Fe3O4, c mol FeO v d mol Fe trong dung dch HCl c dung
dch B. Cho NaOH d vo dung dch B, lc ly kt ta nung ngoi khng kh n khi lng khng i c m
gam Fe2O3. Tnh m theo a, b, c, d.





TT LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T
MT S CNG THC KINH NGHIM DNG GII NHANH BI TON HO HC
CHEMISTRY CLUB - HOAHOC.ORG NG XUN QUNH
Mi thc mc v thi V cc vn lin quan ti b mn Ho hc xin vui lng lin h vi mr. QUNH
theo 09798.17.8.85 09367.17.8.85 (ngoi gi hnh chnH) WEB: HOAHOC.ORG - E mail: ADMIN@HOAHOC.ORG
n thi
i hc
n y bn c t tnh c ri!
3. nh lut bo ton electron
Trong phn ng oxi ha kh lun c: Tng s mol e cht kh cho = tng s mol e cht oxi ha nhn.



V d: x mol Fe, y mol Cu tc dng vi HNO3 d thu c a mol NO v b mol NO2.
Ta c qu trnh cho v nhn e:
Qu trnh cho e Qu trnh nhn e
Fe Fe3+ + 3e N+5 + 3e N+2 (NO)
x 3x 3a a
Cu Cu2+ + 2e N+5 + 2e N+4 (NO2)
x 2x 2b b
Suy ra: 3x + 2y = 3a + b
Ch : Khi tnh s mol e ch cn quan tm n s oxi ha u v cui ca nguyn t tham gia qu trnh oxi ha
kh. c bit cn lu n bo ton nguyn t.
V d: Fe3O4 3 Fe3+; 2N+5 + 8e N2O.
4. nh lut bo ton in tch
Tng s mol ion dng = tng s mol ion m
Tng qut: Dung dch A cha x mol Al3+, y mol Fe2+, a mol SO42-, b mol Cl- v d mol NO3- th ta c:
3x + 2y = 2a + b + d
Mi nh lut trn s c phng php gii i cng, iu ny s c ng trong cc s tip theo.
II. H thng cng thc
Trong s ny, xin gii thiu mt s cng thc lin quan n bi ton CO2 tc dng vi dung dch kim. Bi ton
ny chng ta gp c trong cc bi tp v c ln bi tp hu c.
1. Cng thc tnh lng kt ta xut hin khi hp th ht lng CO2 vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 hoc
Ba(OH)2
(1)
iu kin:
V d: Hp th ht 7,84lit CO2 (ktc) vo 300ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 1M. Tnh lng kt ta thu c.
Hng dn gii:



Lu : nn kt qu trn ph hp. Ta cn kim tra li kt qu v nu Ba(OH)2 d, khng ph thuc vo lng
OH-.
2. Cng thc tnh lng kt ta xut hin khi hp th ht mt lng CO2 vo dung dch hn hp cha
NaOH v Ca(OH)2 hoc NaOH v Ba(OH)2 (C th thay NaOH bng KOH).
(2)
Sau phi so snh vi s mol Ca2+ (hoc Ba2+) xem cht no phn ng ht. S mol OH- c tnh bng
cng thc:
V d: Hp th ht 6,72 lit CO2 (ktc) vo 300ml dung dch hn hp gm NaOH 0,1M v Ba(OH)2 0,06M. Tnh
khi lng kt ta thu c.
TT LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T
MT S CNG THC KINH NGHIM DNG GII NHANH BI TON HO HC
CHEMISTRY CLUB - HOAHOC.ORG NG XUN QUNH
Mi thc mc v thi V cc vn lin quan ti b mn Ho hc xin vui lng lin h vi mr. QUNH
theo 09798.17.8.85 09367.17.8.85 (ngoi gi hnh chnH) WEB: HOAHOC.ORG - E mail: ADMIN@HOAHOC.ORG
n thi
i hc
Hng dn gii:


Tng t nh cng thc (1), gia s mol CO32- v s mol CO2 c s rng buc:
3. Tnh th tch CO2 cn hp thu vo mt lng dung dch Ca(OH)2 hoc Ba(OH)2 thu c lng kt
ta theo yu cu.
Dng ton ny c 2 kt qu:
(3)
V d: Hp th ht V lit CO2 (ktc) vo 300mol dung dch Ba(OH)2 1M c 19,7 gam kt ta. Tnh V.
Hng dn gii:


4. Tnh th tch dung dch NaOH cn cho vo dung dch cha Al3+ xut hin mt lng kt ta theo
yu cu.
Dng ny c hai kt qu:
(4)
V d: Cn cho bao nhiu th tch dung dch NaOH 1M ln nht l bao nhiu vo dung dch cha 0,6mol AlCl3 v
0,2mol HCl thu c 3g kt ta.
Hng dn gii:



Bn c th l gii ti sao bi ton ny ch c 1 kt qu!
5. Tnh th tch dung dch HCl cn cho vo dung dch cha AlO2- xut hin mt lng kt ta theo yu
cu.
Dng ny c hai kt qu:
(5)
V d: Cn bao nhiu lit dung dch HCl 1M cn cho vo 700ml dung dch NaAlO2 1M thu c 39g kt ta.
TT LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T
MT S CNG THC KINH NGHIM DNG GII NHANH BI TON HO HC
CHEMISTRY CLUB - HOAHOC.ORG NG XUN QUNH
Mi thc mc v thi V cc vn lin quan ti b mn Ho hc xin vui lng lin h vi mr. QUNH
theo 09798.17.8.85 09367.17.8.85 (ngoi gi hnh chnH) WEB: HOAHOC.ORG - E mail: ADMIN@HOAHOC.ORG
n thi
i hc
Hng dn gii:


BT p dng: Tnh th tch dung dch HCl 1M cc i cn cho vo dung dch cha ng thi 0,1mol NaOH v
0,3mol NaAlO2 thu c 15,6g kt ta.
6. Tnh khi mui nitrat thu c khi cho kim loi hay hn hp kim loi tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 d
(khng to mui NH4NO3)


Ch : khng to kh no th s mol kh bng 0.
V d: Ha tan hon ton 10g hn hp Mg, Al, Zn trong dung dch HNO3 d thu c dung dch cha m gam
mui nitrat v 5,6lit NO (ktc, sn phm kh duy nht). Tnh m
Hng dn gii:



BT p dng: Ha tan ht 10,71g hn hp Al, Zn, Fe trong 4lit dung dch HNO3 va thu c dung dch A v
1,792lit hn hp kh (ktc) gm N2O v N2 c s mol bng nhau. C cn dung dch A thu c m gam mui
khan. Tnh m
7. Tnh khi lng mui sunfat thu c khi cho hn hp cc kim loi tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 c
nng d to thnh SO2
(6)
Ch : SO2 l sn phm kh duy nht.
V d: Ha tan hon ton 10g hn hp gm Mg, Al, Cu bng dung dch H2SO4 c, nng d thu c dung dch
cha m gam mui sunfat v 10,08lit SO2 (ktc, sn phm kh duy nht). Tnh m
Hng dn gii:


8. Tnh khi lng mui thu c khi ha tan hn hp gm Fe v cc oxit ca Fe bng dung dch H2SO4
c nng hoc HNO3
(7)
Ch : SO2, NO l sn phm kh duy nht.
Bn c hy th chng minh hai cng thc trn s thy rt th v.
V d 1: Ha tan 30g hn hp gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 bng dung dch H2SO4 c nng thu c dung
dch cha m gam mui sunfat v 11,2lit SO2 (ktc, sn phm kh duy nht).
Hng dn gii:


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n thi
i hc

V d 2: t mt lng bt Fe trong khng kh mt thi gian thu c 12g hn hp rn gm Fe v 3 oxit ca Fe.
Ha tan ht hn hp ny trong dung dch HNO3 thy thot ra 2,24lit kh NO (ktc, sn phm kh duy nht) v
dung dch X. Tnh khi lng mui khan thu c khi c cn dung dch X.
Hng dn gii:



(xem tip cc s sau)

BBT: Trn y l mt s cng thc tnh nhanh m qua rt nhiu nm luyn thi thy hiu trng ca chng ta
c kt li. H thng cng thc ny rt hu ch cho vic gii nhanh cc cu bi tp trong cc thi quc gia.
BBT s tip tc ng h thng cc iu cn li trong cc s sau.
9. Tnh khi lng mui thu c khi ha tan hn hp gm (Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
) bng dung dch HNO
3

c nng gii phng NO
2
:
m
mui
= (8)
p dng: Ha tan ht 6g hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe
3
O
4
v Fe
2
O
3
trong dung dch HNO
3
d thu c 3,36lit
NO
2
(ktc, sn phm kh duy nht). C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c m gam mui khan. Tnh m
S: 21,78g
10. Tnh khi lng mui thu c khi cho hn hp Fe, FeO, Fe
3
O
4
v Fe
2
O
3
tc dng vi dung dch
HNO
3
thu c hn hp NO v NO
2
.
m
mui
= (9)
p dng: Dn lung kh CO qua ng ng Fe
2
O
3
nung nng thu c 9g hn hp rn X. Ha tan X trong dung
dch HNO
3
d thu c 6,72lit hn hp kh Y gm NO v NO
2
c m
Y
=10,6g. Tnh khi lng mui khan thu
c trong dung dch sau phn ng.
S: 18,4g
Ch :
Trong bi ton ny, hn hp X khng nht thit phi c c 4 cht: Fe, FeO, Fe
3
O
4
v Fe
2
O
3
m c th
ch c 2 hoc 3 cht.
HNO
3
phi cho l d v nu cho HNO
3
va th s c th pht sinh trng hp Fe kh Fe
3+
v
Fe
2+
.
11. Phn ng oxit kim loi tc dng vi axit c gc axit khng c tnh oxi ha: HX, H
2
SO
4
long, H
3
PO
4

TQ: M
x
O
y
+ 2yH
+
xM
+2y/x
+ y H
2
O
TT LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T
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n thi
i hc
Ta c:
Hay (10)
p dng 1: Cho m gam hn hp 3 kim loi tc dng vi oxi d thu c (m+4,8) gam hn hp 3 oxit. Ha tan
hon ton hn hp oxit ny cn V lit dung dch hn hp cha HCl 1M v H
2
SO
4
0,5M. Tnh V
S: 300ml
Hng dn:


p dng 2: X l oxit ca mt kim loi c cha 27,586% khi lng l oxi. ha tan 37,12g X cn bao nhiu ml
dung dch HCl 1M?
S: 1280ml
Hng dn: m
oxit
v %O m
O
n
O
n
H
+
12. Phn ng kim loi + axit HCl d
2M + 2nHCl 2MCl
n
+ nH
2

Pt ion: 2M + 2nH
+
2M
n+
+ nH
2

Vi M l kim loi ng trc H, ta c:
(11)
Ch :
Nu M l kim loi tc dng c vi nc nhit thng (IA, Ca, Ba, Sr) th khi cho vo dung dch axit
n phn ng vi axit trc, ht H
+
ca axit nu cn d M n s phn ng vi H
2
O cng sinh ra H
2

V d: K + dd HCl:
2K + 2HCl 2KCl + H
2

TT LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T
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n thi
i hc
Ht HCl m cn K, s c phn ng:
2K + 2H
2
O 2KOH + H
2

Do m
rn
= m
KL
+ m
gc axit
+ m
OH-

Khi H
2
gii phng trong phn ng ca kim loi + axit dn qua ng s ng oxit kim loi ng sau Al th khi
lng ng s gim chnh bng khi lng oxi trong oxit kim loi phn ng:



p dng 1: Ha tan 14,8g hn hp bt gm Al, Zn, Fe bng dung dch HCl 0,5M va thu c dung dch A
v V lit kh (ktc). Dn ton b kh thu c qua ng s ng CuO nung nng, sau phn ng khi lng ng s
gim 5,6g. C cn dung dch A thu c m gam mui. Tnh V, m v th tch dung dch HCl dng.
Hng dn:




p dng 2: Cho 7,8g hn hp bt gm mt s kim loi tan ht trong dung dch HCl d. Sau khi kt thc phn
ng thy khi lng dung dch tng 7 gam. Tnh khi lng mui trong dung dch thu c.
Hng dn:


p dng 3: Ha tan 9,14g hp kim Mg-Al-Cu bng dung dch HCl d thu c 7,84lit kh (ktc), dung dch A v
2,54g cht rn khng tan. C cn dung dch A thu c m gam mui khan. Tnh m
S: 31,45g
p dng 4: Cho 3,9g K vo 100ml dung dch HCl x M thu c dung dch A. C cn dung dch A th thu c
6,525g cht rn khan. Tnh x
TT LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T
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n thi
i hc
Hng dn:
Nu HCl phn ng vi K tc: K KCl th m
KCl
= 0,1.74,5=7,45g>6,525g, tri vi gii thit. Nn HCl khng
phn ng vi K v c nc phn ng, cht rn sau phn ng l KCl v KOH.
6,525 = m
K
+ m
Cl
-
+ m
OH
-

t s mol KOH l y ta c h:

(Bn c t gii tip)
13. Phn ng ca KL + H
2
SO
4
long d
xM + yH
2
SO
4
M
x
(SO
4
)
y
+ yH
2

Vi M l kim loi ng trc H. Ta c:
(12)
(Xem chi tit cng thc 12)
p dng 1: Ha tan ht 11,1g hn hp bt 3 Kl trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
d thu c dung dch A v 8,96lit H
2

(ktc). Tnh khi lng mui c trong dung dch A.
S: 49,5g
p dng 2: Cho 13,33g hn hp Mg, Al, Cu tc dng vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
long d thu c dung dch A; 6,4g
cht rn khng tan v 7,728lit H
2
(ktc). Tnh lng mui tan trong A.
Hng dn:
14. Phn ng KL + HNO
3

NO
2

NO
M + HNO
3
M(NO
3
)
n
+ H
2
O + N
2
O
N
2

NH
4
NO
3

c im sn phm kh:
NO
2
Kh mu nu
NO Kh khng mu, ha nu trong
TT LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T
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n thi
i hc
khng kh
N
2
O Kh khng mu
N
2
Kh khng mu
NH
4
NO
3
Dung dch
iu kin:
M Au, Pt
n: Ha tr ca kim loi.
Al, Fe, Cr, Ni, Co th ng ha khng tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3
c ngui.
M c tnh kh cng mnh, N
+5
b kh xung cng su.
(13)

= s e trao i


Cch biu din:


TT LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T
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theo 09798.17.8.85 09367.17.8.85 (ngoi gi hnh chnH) WEB: HOAHOC.ORG - E mail: ADMIN@HOAHOC.ORG
n thi
i hc



Khi HNO
3
tham gia phn ng vi kim loi ni ring v vi cht kh ni chung th HNO
3
va ng vai tr l cht
oxi ha va ng vai tr cht mi trng. V:
= s e nhn.s mol sp kh


p dng 1: Cho 1,35g hn hp bt Al, Mg, Cu tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3
thu c hn hp kh gm 0,01mol
NO v 0,04mol NO
2
. Tnh khi lng mui thu c.
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n thi
i hc
Hng dn:


p dng 2: Ha tan ht m gam hn hp cc kim loi trong dung dch HNO
3
thu c dung dch A v hn hp
kh gm 0,12mol NO; 0,08mol N
2
O; 0,06mol N
2
. Cho NaOH d vo dung dch A thy c 3,36lit NH
3
(ktc) thot
ra. Tnh s mol HNO
3
phn ng
Hng dn:

15. Phn ng ca H
2
SO
4
c nng vi kim loi
M+H
2
SO
4 c nng
M
2
(SO
4
)
n
+H
2
O+SO
2
/S/H
2
S
M Au, Pt
n l s oxi ha cao nht ca M
(14)

=1/2(n
sp kh
.s e nhn)
= n
nguyn t S trong sp kh


Cch biu din:


TT LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T
MT S CNG THC KINH NGHIM DNG GII NHANH BI TON HO HC
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n thi
i hc

p dng 1: Cho 15,82g hn hp Fe, Al, Cu tc dng ht vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
c nng thu c dung dch A v
9,632lit SO
2
(ktc). C cn dung dch A thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan.
S: 57,1g
Hng dn:

p dng 2: Cho 13,248g kim loi M tan trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
c nng d, thu c V lit H
2
S (ktc) v dung
dch A. Khi lng mui khan trong A c khi lng l 66,24g. Tnh V.
S: 3,0912
Hng dn:

66,24=13,248+96x x = 0,55
V = 0,55/4.22,4=3,0912(lit)
17. Phn ng kh oxit kim loi bng CO
M
x
O
y
+ yCO xM + yCO
2

(M l kim loi ng sau nhm)
(15)
p dng 1: X l hn hp gm Fe
2
O
3
, FeO, Al
2
O
3
v MgO. Dn kh CO i qua ng s nung nng ng 42,4g X,
thu c 41,6g cht rn v hn hp kh. Cho hn hp kh ny qua dung dch Ba(OH)
2
d thy to ra m gam kt
ta. Tnh m.
S: 9,85g
Hng dn:
TT LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T
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n thi
i hc

p dng 2: Kh m gam hn hp gm MgO, FeO, CuO bng CO nhit cao, sau phn ng thu c 21,6g
hn hp rn A v hn hp kh B. Cho B qua dung dch Ba(OH)
2
thu c 19,7g kt ta, dung dch C. Dung dch
C, un nng dung dch C li thu c 19,7g kt ta na. Tnh m
S: 26,4g
Hng dn:

17. Khi t chy mt hidrocacbon A thu c CO
2
v H
2
O
a) Nu A l ankan v:
(16)
Sn phm dn vo bnh ng Ca(OH)
2
hoc Ba(OH)
2
d:
(17)
p dng 1: t chy hon ton mt hidrocacbon A cn dng 38,4g O
2
, thu c 16,8lit CO
2
(ktc). Khi cho A tc
dng vi Cl
2
(askt, 1:1) ch thu c 1 sn phm th monoclo. Gi tn A
Hng dn:



TT LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T
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n thi
i hc
A l ankan


A l C
5
H
12

p dng 2: t chy hon ton m gam hn hp gm CH
4
, C
2
H
6
, C
4
H
10
thu c 3,3g CO
2
v 4,5g H
2
O. Tnh m.
Hng dn:

p dng 3: t chy hon ton V lit hn hp X gm 1 s hidrocacbon thuc cng dy ng ng. Hp th ton
b sn phm chy vo bnh ng Ca(OH)
22
ban u 14,4g. Tnh V d thy c 45g kt ta to ra v khi lng
dung dch gim so vi khi lng dung dch Ca(OH)
Hng dn:


X l hn hp cc ankan.

b) Nu th A l anken hoc xicloakan.
A l anken th mch C mch h: C
n
H
2n
(n2).
A l xicloankan th mch C l mch vng v C
n
H
2n
(n3).
c) Nu hoc v hoc th A l ankin hay
ankaien.
18. bt bo ha ca hp cht hu c cho bit s lin kt hay s vng trong phn t

i: s nguyn t ca nguyn t trong phn t
TT LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T
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n thi
i hc
n
i
: ha tr ca nguyn t
Dng bt bo ho bin lun xc nh CTPT hp cht hu c.
p dng: Xc nh CTPT ca cc cht c cng thc n gin:
a) anehit no: (C
2
H
3
O)
n

b) axit cacboxylic no: (C
3
H
4
O
3
)
n

c) Ancol no: (C
3
H
8
O
2
)
n

Hng dn:
a) (C
2
H
3
O)
n
= C
2n
H
3n
O
n

V l andehit no nn s lin kt = = s nguyn t O trong phn t.

Tng t, b, c bn c t gii
19. S ng phn ancol n chc no ng vi cng thc C
n
H
2n+2
O l: 2
n-6
vi n6.
p dng: C
3
H
8
O c 2 ng phn; C
4
H
10
O c 4 ng phn, C
5
H
12
O c 8 ng phn.
20. S ng phn anehit no, n chc ng vi cng thc C
n
H
2n
O l: 2
n-3

vi n7.
p dng: Vit v tnh s ng phn ca cc anehit c cng thc: C
4
H
8
O, C
5
H
10
O, C
6
H
12
O
21. S ng phn axit no, n chc ng vi cng thc C
n
H
2n
O
2
l: 2
n-3
vi n<7
p dng: Vit v tnh s ng phn ca cc anehit c cng thc: C
4
H
8
O
2
, C
5
H
10
O
2

22. S ng phn este no, n chc ng vi cng thc C
n
H
2n
O
2
l: 2
n-2
vi n<7
p dng: Vit v tnh s ng phn ca cc anehit c cng thc: C
4
H
8
O
2
, C
3
H
6
O
2

23. S ng phn amin no, n chc ng vi cng thc C
n
H
2n+3
N l: 2
n-1
vi n<5
p dng: Vit v tnh s ng phn ca cc anehit c cng thc: C
2
H
7
N, C
3
H
9
N, C
4
H
11
N.
24. S ng phn trieste to bi glixerol v hn hp n axit bo:

p dng: Khi cho C
3
H
5
(OH)
3
tc dng vi hn hp hai axit C
17
H
35
COOH v C
17
H
33
COOH, tnh s trieste to ra.
25. S ng phn ete n chc no ng vi cng thc C
n
H
2n+2
O (2<n<5) l:
TT LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T
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n thi
i hc

p dng: Vit cc ng phn ete ca C
3
H
8
O (1); C
5
H
12
O (3)
26. S ng phn xeton n chc no ng vi cng thc C
n
H
2n
O (3<n<7):

p dng: Vit cc ng phn xeton ng ca C
4
H
8
O; C
6
H
12
O.
27. Tnh hiu sut phn ng (H)
Xt phn ng: A + B sn phm
TQ1: H = 100%
y l trng hp gi nh l tng, khi t nht mt trong hai cht ht:
+ A v B va ht (phn ng va )
+ A ht, B d
+ A d, B ht
TQ2: H < 100%
y l trng ph bin trong thc t, sau phn ng ngoi cht mi to thnh cn c c A v B d. Vic tnh hiu
sut trong trng hp ny c thc hin theo 1 trong 2 cch sau:
Cch 1: Tnh theo lng cht tham gia

n
ttpu
: s mol thc t phn ng
n
bd
: s mol ban u
+ n
ttpu
<n
bd

+ n
ttpu
thng cho trong bi hoc tnh qua phng trnh phn ng theo cht sn phm bit.
+ n
ttpu
v n
bd
u c ly cng mt cht v phi cng n v o.
+ Cht thiu l cht s ht trng khi H = 100%
V d 1: Cho 0,5mol H
2
tc dng vi 0,45mol Cl
2
thu c 0,6mol HCl. Tnh hiu sut phn ng
Gii
TT LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T
MT S CNG THC KINH NGHIM DNG GII NHANH BI TON HO HC
CHEMISTRY CLUB - HOAHOC.ORG NG XUN QUNH
Mi thc mc v thi V cc vn lin quan ti b mn Ho hc xin vui lng lin h vi mr. QUNH
theo 09798.17.8.85 09367.17.8.85 (ngoi gi hnh chnH) WEB: HOAHOC.ORG - E mail: ADMIN@HOAHOC.ORG
n thi
i hc
H
2
+ Cl
2
2HCl
nn Cl
2
thiu

Nu tnh theo H
2
, H = 60% (sai)
V d 2: un nng 28,5g etanol vi H
2
SO
4
c 170
0
C, ton b sn phm kh v hi thu c dn ln lt
quan bnh 1 ng CuSO
4
khan, d; bnh 2 ng NaOH c; bnh 3 ng nc brom d trong dung mi CCl
4
.
Sau th nghim thy khi lng bnh 3 tng 10,5g. Tnh hiu sut phn ng oxi ha to sn phm oxi ha bnh
3.
Hng dn

Khi lng bnh 3 tng chnh l khi lng C
2
H
4


T d dng tnh c H.
Cch 2: Tnh theo sn phm

n
th te tt
: lng thc t to thnh, thng cho trong
n
tt ly thuyet
: lng to ra tnh theo l thuyt, thng c tnh theo phng trnh phn ng theo lng cht thiu
trong phn ng.
V d 1: Nung 1kg vi cha 80% CaCO
3
thu c 112 dm
3
kh (ktc). Tnh hiu sut phn ng
Hng dn

Khi lng CaCO
3
trong 1kg vi:

TT LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T
MT S CNG THC KINH NGHIM DNG GII NHANH BI TON HO HC
CHEMISTRY CLUB - HOAHOC.ORG NG XUN QUNH
Mi thc mc v thi V cc vn lin quan ti b mn Ho hc xin vui lng lin h vi mr. QUNH
theo 09798.17.8.85 09367.17.8.85 (ngoi gi hnh chnH) WEB: HOAHOC.ORG - E mail: ADMIN@HOAHOC.ORG
n thi
i hc
CaCO
3
CaO + CO
2

S mol CO
2
thu c theo l thuyt:

Hiu sut phn ng

Ch : C th tnh hiu sut ca qu trnh gm nhiu phn ng lin tip, th d

Hiu sut chung ca qu trnh A D:
H = H
1
%.H
2
%.H
3
%.100%
V d 1: Trong th chin th gii th 2, ngi ta phi iu ch cao su buna t tinh bt theo s sau
Tinh bt glucoz ancol etylic butan-1,3-ien cao su buna. T 1 tn khoai cha 80% tinh bt iu ch
c bao nhiu tn cao su buna, bit hiu sut ca c qu trnh l 60%?
S: 1,6 tn
V d 2: T t n cha 90% CaC
2
ngi ta iu ch anilin theo s

Tnh khi lng t n cn dng iu ch 50kg anilin c nguyn cht 98%
S: 217,49kg
28. Khi ru no, n chc mt nc to ete t
0
<=140
0
C, c mt H
2
SO
4
c
2ROH R
2
O + H
2
O

Nu hn hp n ru th to ra ete; trong c n ete i xng. c bit khi s mol cc ete bng nhau
th s mol cc ru trong phn ng bng nhau
TT LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T
MT S CNG THC KINH NGHIM DNG GII NHANH BI TON HO HC
CHEMISTRY CLUB - HOAHOC.ORG NG XUN QUNH
Mi thc mc v thi V cc vn lin quan ti b mn Ho hc xin vui lng lin h vi mr. QUNH
theo 09798.17.8.85 09367.17.8.85 (ngoi gi hnh chnH) WEB: HOAHOC.ORG - E mail: ADMIN@HOAHOC.ORG
n thi
i hc
p dng: un nng 132,8g hn hp 3 ancol n chc vi H
2
SO
4
c 140
0
C cho n khi phn ng hon ton
thu c 111,2g hn hp cc ete c s mol bng nhau. Tnh s mol mi ete.
Hng dn

s: 0,2mol
Ch : ru A sn phm hu c B
+ Nu th B l ete
+ Nu th B l anken
29. Khi 1 cht hu c A tham gia phn ng trng gng vi Ag
+
/NH
3
d to Ag kt ta vi H = 100%:
- Nu n
Ag
= 2n
A
th A l anehit n chc hay HCOOH; HCOOR
+ Nu n
Ag
= 4n
A
th A l HCHO hay anhit hai chc R(CHO)
2

Ch : Nu bi cho Ag
+
dng va m n
Ag+
>n
Ag
khi H = 100% th A ngoi c chc CHO, phn gc R cn c
ni ba u mch:
CH C-R(CHO)
x

p dng: Cho 4,2g anehit A mch h phn ng vi lng d AgNO
3
/NH
3
. Ton b lng Ag thu c ha tan
ht trong HNO
3
c, nng d thu c 3,792lit NO
2
27
0
C v 740mmHg. Xc nh CTCT ca A bit
Hng dn:



Theo bi M
A
< 4.28 hay 56x<4.28
Nn x < 2. Suy ra x = 1.
TT LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T
MT S CNG THC KINH NGHIM DNG GII NHANH BI TON HO HC
CHEMISTRY CLUB - HOAHOC.ORG NG XUN QUNH
Mi thc mc v thi V cc vn lin quan ti b mn Ho hc xin vui lng lin h vi mr. QUNH
theo 09798.17.8.85 09367.17.8.85 (ngoi gi hnh chnH) WEB: HOAHOC.ORG - E mail: ADMIN@HOAHOC.ORG
n thi
i hc
RCHO = 56 R = 27 (C
2
H
3
-)
30. Khi gii ton este A tc dng vi dung dch NaOH hay KOH:
Nu: n
A
=n
NaOH pu
=n
muoi
=n
ancol

Th este l este n chc.
Ch : Cht rn khan thu c khi c cn dung dch sau phn ng x phng ha ngoi mui ca axit hu c
cn c th c kim d.
V d: X l hn hp 2 este ng phn ca nhau A v B. X phng ha hon ton 66,6g X cn dng va ht
900ml dung dch NaOH 1M. C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c 65,4g hn hp hai mui khan. Xc nh
CTCT ca A v B, bit rng khi ha hi 66,6g X thu c th tch bng th tch ca 28,8g O
2
cng iu kin
nhit , p sut.
31. Khi trng hp, ng trng hp hay trng ngng hoc ng trng ngng:

X thng l H
2
O
H s polime ha:
V nu H=100% th:
m
polime
= m
monome

m
polime
= m
monome
-m
X
(phn ng trng ngng)
p dng: Tnh s mt xch ca mt mch t nilon-6,6 v on t capron. Bit khi lng ca mi on polime
trn tng ng l 27346u v 17176u
Hng dn:
PTK 1 mt xch t nilon-6,6: 226u
PTK 1 mt xch t capron: 113u
Nn:

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