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TI: Nng cao hiu qu kinh doanh nghip v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin cng ty c phn bo him Petrolimex

Ging vin hng dn : Nguyn Th Chnh Sinh vin thc hin : Bi Vn Khoa

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LI M U..................................................................................................3 NI DUNG......................................................................................................5 CHNG I : NHNG VN CHUNG V BO HIM HNG HO XUT NHP KHU VN CHUYN BNG NG BIN...................5 CHNG II: THC TRNG TRIN KHAI NGHIP V BO HIM HNG HO XUT NHP KHU VN CHUYN BNG NG BIN PJICO..............................................................................................29 Bng 3: Bo him hng ho nhp khu ton th trng t 1995-2000.....35 CHNG III. NHNG GII PHP NHM NNG CAO HIU QU KINH DOANH NGHIP V BO HIM HNG HO XUT NHP KHU VN CHUYN BNG NG BIN PJICO TRONG THI GIAN TI......................................................................................................89 KT LUN....................................................................................................98

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LI M U
Sau khi chuyn i nn kinh t t c ch k hoch ho tp trung sang nn kinh t nhiu thnh phn vn ng theo c ch th trng c s qun l v m ca nh nc nh hng x hi ch ngha, nn kinh t Vit Nam c nhng bc pht trin mnh m. u t trc tip nc ngoi tng nhanh ho nhp vi nn kinh t ton cu ang tin theo hng hi nhp mc cao. n ht thng 3 nm 2000 trn c nc c 2.405 d n cn hiu lc, vn ng k trn 35,959 t USD v vn thc hin t trn 16 t USD. Vn u t nc ngoi tng nhanh qua cc nm: Nu nh thi k 1991 - 1995 chim 24,44% t 1996 n nay chim khong 23,92% tng vn u t x hi, ng gp ng k vo tng trng kinh t v l ngun b p quan trng cho thm ht cn cn vng lai, gp phn ci thin cn cn thanh ton quc t. Nhp tng trng tng sn phm quc ni (GDP) t mc tng i cao: T nm 1992-1997 tc tng trng bnh qun l 8,5%, nm 1997 l 8,2%, nm 1998 gim t ngt xung cn 5,8%, nm 1999 gim ch cn 4,8%, mc tiu nm 2000 l 5,5%-6% nhng qua tng qu vt ch tiu v c nm t sp x 6,7%. Lm pht gim lin tc t ba con s xung cn mt con s hin nay. Cng vi s m ca ca nn kinh t, cc quan h thng mi quc t cng ngy cng c m rng, hot ng xut nhp khu hng ho cng ngy mt gia tng. Nu nh kim ngch xut khu nm 1999 t 11,523 t USD v kim ngch nhp khu t 11,636 t USD th sang nm 2000 kim ngch xut khu t 14,3 t USD tng 24,1% v kim ngch nhp khu t 15,2 t USD tng 30,63% so vi nm 1999. Do hot ng xut nhp khu tng nhanh nn nhu cu bo him i vi hng ho xut nhp khu ngy cng ln v do hot ng bo him hng ho xut nhp khu tr thnh tp qun trong hot ng ngoi thng nn nghip v ny vn l nghip v quan trng trong hot ng kinh doanh ca mi doanh nghip bo him. Mt khc, trao i bun bn hng ho xut nhp khu hin nay vn c vn chuyn ch yu bng ng bin (khong 80% khi lng hng ho) do u im ca loi hnh vn chuyn ny. V vy, vic pht trin v hon thin cc vn v nghip v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin l mt yu cu quan trng trong s pht trin ca mi doanh nghip bo him ni ring v trong ton ngnh bo him ni chung, nht l trong iu kin th trng trong nc v quc t c s cnh tranh gay gt nh hin nay. Nghip v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin c ra i, trin khai t rt sm v rt pht trin nhiu nc trn th gii. Song Vit Nam hin nay khi trin khai nghip v bo him ny cn gp rt nhiu kh khn v nhiu vn t ra cn phi gii quyt c bit l v vn nng cao hiu qu kinh doanh nghip v. Vy lm th no gii quyt nhng
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vn ? Ni dung ca chuyn ny s b sung thm mt s gii php tch cc nhm hon thin, pht trin v nng cao hiu qu trong qu trnh kinh doanh nghip v bo him ny. Trong thi gian thc tp ti cng ty c phn bo him Petrolimex (PJICO) c s nh hng ca cc thy c gio trong b mn bo him cng vi s ng vin khuyn khch ca cc cn b cng ty PJICO, em mnh dn chn ti: Nng cao hiu qu kinh doanh nghip v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin cng ty c phn bo him Petrolimex lm lun vn tt nghip ca mnh. Kt cu ca ti ngoi phn m u v kt lun bao gm ba chng: Chng I : Nhng vn chung v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin. Chng II : Thc trng trin khai nghip v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin cng ty c phn bo him Petrolimex (PJICO). Chng III : Nhng gii php nhm nng cao hiu qu kinh doanh nghip v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin PJICO trong thi gian ti. Em xin chn thnh cm n c gio CN-Nguyn Th Chnh trc tip hng dn ti, cc thy c trong b mn bo him cng ton th cc cn b cng nhn vin cng ty bo him PJICO gip , to iu kin thun li cho em hon thnh lun vn ny mt cch tt p. L mt sinh vin nm cui, mc d c trang b nhng kin thc c bn song do trnh nhn thc cng nh kinh nghim thc t cn nhiu hn ch nn lun vn khng trnh khi c nhng thiu st. Em rt mong nhn c kin ng gp chn thnh ca cc thy c cng ton th cc bn lun vn ny c hon thin hn ./.

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NI DUNG
CHNG I : NHNG VN CHUNG V BO HIM HNG HO XUT NHP KHU VN CHUYN BNG NG BIN
I. S RA I V PHT TRIN CA BO HIM HNG HO XUT NHP KHU VN CHUYN BNG NG BIN

1. Trn th gii: Bo him hng hi c lch s rt lu i. N ra i v pht trin cng vi s pht trin ca hng ho v ngoi thng. Khong th k V trc cng nguyn, vn chuyn hng ho bng ng bin ra i v pht trin ngi ta bit trnh tn tht ton b mt l hng bng cch chia nh, phn tn chuyn ch trn nhiu thuyn khc nhau. y c th ni l hnh thc s khai ca bo him hng ho. n th k th XII thng mi v giao lu hng ho bng ng bin gia cc nc pht trin. Nhiu tn tht ln xy ra trn bin v khi lng v gi tr ca hng ho ngy cng tng, do thin tai, tai nn bt ng, cp bin... gy ra lm cho gii thng nhn lo lng nhm i ph vi cc tn tht nng n c kh nng dn ti ph sn h i vay vn bun bn kinh doanh. Nu hnh trnh gp phi ri ro gy ra tn tht ton b th cc thng nhn c xo n, nu hnh trnh may mn thnh cng th ngoi vn vay h cn phi tr ch n mt khon tin li vi li sut rt cao. Li sut cao v nng n ny c th coi l hnh thc ban u ca ph bo him. Nm 1182 Lomborde - Bc , hp ng bo him hng ho ra i, trong ngi bn n ny cam kt vi khch hng s thc hin ni dung ghi trong n. T hp ng bo him, ngi bo him ra i vi t cch nh l mt ngh ring c lp. Nm 1468 ti Venise nc o lut u tin v bo him hng hi ra i. S pht trin ca thng mi hng hi dn n s ra i v pht trin mnh m ca bo him hng hi v hng lot cc th l, cng c, hip c quc t lin quan n thng mi v hng hi nh: Mu hp ng bo him ca Lloyd's 1776 v Lut bo him ca Anh nm 1906 (MiA - Marine insurance Act 1906), cng c Brucxen nm 1924, Hague Visby 1986, Hmbua nm 1978, Incoterms 1953,1980,1990,2000 ... Cc iu khon v bo him hng hi cng ra i v ngy cng hon thin . Ni v bo him hng hi khng th khng ni ti nc Anh v Lloyd's. Nc Anh l mt trong nhng nc c s pht trin hin i v thng mi v hng hi ln nht trn th gii. C th ni lch s pht trin ca ngnh hng hi v thng mi th gii gn lin vi s pht trin ca nc Anh, th k XVII nc Anh c nn ngoi thng pht trin vi i tu bun mnh nht th gii v tr thnh trung tm thng mi v hng hi ca th gii. Do nc Anh
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cng l nc sm c nhng nguyn tc, th l hng hi v bo him hng hi. Nm 1779, cc hi vin ca Lloyd's thu thp tt c cc nguyn tc bo him hng hi v quy thnh mt hp ng chung gi l hp ng Lloyd's. Hp ng ny c Quc hi Anh thng qua v c s dng nhiu nc cho n 1982.T ngy 1/1/1982, n bo him hng hi mu mi c Hip hi bo him London thng qua v c s dng hu ht cc nc trn th gii hin nay. Khng ch ring bo him hng hi, cng vi s pht trin mnh m ca nn kinh t th gii, cc loi hnh bo him cng pht trin ht sc mnh m p ng yu cu pht trin kinh t v mi mt ca i sng x hi, vn ho v giao lu quc t. 2. Vit Nam: Thi k u, nh nc giao cho mt cng ty chuyn mn trc thuc B Ti chnh kinh doanh bo him l cng ty Bo him Vit Nam nay l Tng cng ty Bo him Vit Nam (gi tt l Bo Vit). Cng ty Bo him Vit Nam c thnh lp ngy 17/12/1964 theo Quyt nh s 179/CP v chnh thc i vo hot ng ngy 15/1/1965. Trc nm 1964 Bo Vit ch lm i l bo him hng ho xut nhp khu cho cng ty Bo him nhn dn Trung Quc trong trng hp mua theo gi FOB, CF v bn theo gi CIF vi mc ch l hc hi kinh nghim. T nm 1965 - 1975 Bo Vit mi trin khai ba nghip v bo him i ngoi trong c bo him hng ho xut nhp khu. T sau 1970 Bo Vit c quan h ti bo him vi Lin X (c), Ba Lan, Triu Tin. Trc Bo Vit ch c quan h ti bo him vi Trung Quc. T nm 1975 - 1992 Bo Vit trin khai thm nhiu nghip v v m rng phm vi hot ng. T ch ch c quan h ti bo him vi mt s nc x hi ch ngha c th trong thi k ny Bo Vit c quan h i l, gim nh, ti bo him vi hn 40 nc trn th gii. Nm 1965 khi Bo Vit i vo hot ng, B Ti chnh ban hnh quy tc chung v Bo him hng ho vn chuyn bng ng bin. Gn y, ph hp vi s pht trin thng mi v ngnh hng hi ca t nc, B Ti chnh ban hnh quy tc chung mi - Quy tc chung 1990 (QTC-1990) cng vi Lut Hng hi Vit Nam. Quy tc chung ny l c s php l ch yu iu chnh cc vn v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin. Trong bi cnh nn kinh t Vit Nam ang c nhng bc pht trin mnh m, xut pht t yu cu bo m cho nn kinh t pht trin n nh thu ht vn u t nc ngoi th vic a dng ho cc loi hnh kinh doanh bo him l mt i hi thit thc. p ng yu cu cp bch trn, Ngh nh 100/CP ca
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chnh ph v hot ng kinh doanh bo him c ban hnh ngy 18/12/1993 to iu kin cho nhiu cng ty bo him ra i v pht trin. Hin nay vi s gp mt ca 10 cng ty bo him gc trong c nc, th trng bo him Vit Nam bt u pht trin vi s cnh tranh gay gt gia cc cng ty, nghip v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn l mt nghip v truyn thng m cc nh bo him Vit Nam vn duy tr v pht trin vi cc bin php, chin lc, sch lc ginh thng li trong cnh tranh.
II. S CN THIT, TC DNG V VAI TR CA BO HIM HNG HO XUT NHP KHU VN CHUYN BNG NG BIN

1. Khi nim : Ta c th nh ngha: Bo him chnh l mt s cam kt bi thng ca ngi bo him i vi ngi c bo him v nhng thit hi, mt mt ca i tng bo him do nhng ri ro tho thun gy ra vi iu kin ngi c bo him gp cho ngi bo him mt khon tin gi l ph bo him. Trong nghip v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu th ngi c bo him c th l ngi mua hoc ngi bn tu theo iu kin thng mi v iu kin c s giao hng quy nh trong hp ng mua bn m hai bn tho thun vi nhau. i tng bo him y chnh l hng ho c mua bo him. 2. S cn thit v tc dng ca bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin : Ngnh bo him ra i do c s tn ti khch quan ca cc ri ro m con ngi khng th khng ch c. Nu c nhng ri ro xy ra m khng c cc khon b p thit hi kp thi ca cc nh bo him, c bit l nhng ri ro mang tnh thm ho gy ra tn tht rt ln th ch tu v ch hng gp rt nhiu kh khn v ti chnh trong vic khc phc hu qu do cc ri ro gy ra. V vy, s ra i v vic tham gia bo him cho hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin tr thnh mt nhu cu rt cn thit v n c nhng tc dng sau: Th nht, gim bt ri ro cho hng ho do hn ch tn tht nh tng cng bo qun kim tra ng thi kt hp cc bin php phng v hn ch tn tht. Th hai, bo him hng ho xut nhp khu cng em li li ch cho nn kinh t quc dn, gp phn tit kim v tng thu ngoi t cho nh nc. Khi cc n v kinh doanh xut nhp khu nhp hng theo gi FOB, CF, xut theo gi CIF, CIP s to ra kh nng cnh tranh ca bo him trong nc vi nc ngoi. Nh c hot ng bo him trong nc cc ch hng khng phi mua bo him nc ngoi, ni cch khc l khng phi xut khu v hnh. Th ba, khi cc cng ty c tn tht hng ho xy ra s c bi thng mt s tin nht nh gip h bo ton c ti chnh trong kinh doanh. S tin chi
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bi thng ca cc cng ty hng nm l rt ln chim khong 60%-80% doanh thu ph bo him. Th t, ngha v v quyn li ca mi bn tham gia bo him tr thnh nguyn tc th l v tp qun trong thng mi quc t. Nn khi hng ho xut nhp khu gp ri ro gy ra tn tht cc bn tham gia s c cng ty bo him gip v mt php l khi xy ra tranh chp vi tu hoc cc i tng c lin quan. 3. Vai tr ca bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin : Do c im ca vn ti bin tc ng n s an ton cho hng ho c chuyn ch l rt ln. V vy vai tr ca bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin cng c khng nh r nt : Mt l, hng ho xut nhp khu phi vt qua bin gii ca mt hay nhiu quc gia, ngi xut khu v nhp khu li xa nhau v thng khng trc tip p ti c hng ho trong qu trnh vn chuyn do phi tham gia bo him cho hng ho. y, vai tr ca bo him l ngi bn ng hnh vi ngi c bo him. Hai l, vn ti ng bin thng gp nhiu ri ro tn tht i vi hng ho do thin tai, tai nn bt ng gy nn nh: mc cn, m va, m chm, chy n, mt cp, cp bin, bo, lc, sng thn.... vt qu s kim sot ca con ngi. Hng ho xut nhp khu ch yu li c vn chuyn bng ng bin c bit nhng nc qun o nh Anh, Singapore, Nht, Hng Kng... do phi tham gia bo him hng ho xut nhp khu. Ba l, theo hp ng vn ti ngi chuyn ch ch chu trch nhim v tn tht ca hng ho trong mt phm vi v gii hn nht nh. Trn vn n ng bin, rt nhiu ri ro cc hng tu loi tr khng chu trch nhim, ngy c cc cng c quc t cng quy nh mc min trch nhim rt nhiu cho ngi chuyn ch (Hague, Hague Visby, Hamburg....).V vy cc nh kinh doanh phi tham gia bo him hng ho xut nhp khu. Bn l, hng ho xut nhp khu thng l nhng hng ho c gi tr cao, nhng vt t rt quan trng vi khi lng rt ln nn c th gim bt thit hi do cc ri ro c th xy ra, vic tham gia bo him hng ho xut nhp khu tr thnh mt nhu cu cn thit. Nm l, bo him hng ho xut nhp khu c lch s rt lu i do vic tham gia bo him cho hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin tr thnh mt tp qun, thng l quc t trong hot ng ngoi thng. Nh vy, vic tham gia bo him cho hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin l rt quan trng v ngy cng khng nh vai tr ca n trong thng mi quc t.
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III. NHNG NI DUNG C BN CA BO HIM HNG HO XUT NHP KHU VN CHUYN BNG NG BIN

1. c im v trch nhim ca cc bn lin quan trong qu trnh xut nhp khu hng ho vn chuyn bng ng bin : 1.1. c im qu trnh xut nhp khu hng ho vn chuyn bng ng bin. - Vic xut nhp khu hng ho thng c thc hin thng qua hp ng gia ngi mua v ngi bn vi ni dung v: s lng, phm cht, k m hiu, quy cch ng gi, gi c hng ho, trch nhim thu tu v tr cc ph, ph bo him, th tc v ng tin thanh ton... - Trong qu trnh xut nhp khu hng ho c s chuyn giao quyn s hu l hng ho xut nhp khu t ngi bn sang ngi mua. - Hng ho xut nhp khu thng c vn chuyn qua bin gii quc gia, phi chu s kim sot ca hi quan, kim dch... tu theo quy nh, thng l ca mi nc. ng thi vn chuyn ra (hoc vo) qua bin gii phi mua bo him theo tp qun thng mi quc t. Ngi tham gia bo him c th l ngi mua hng (ngi nhp khu) hay ngi bn hng (ngi xut khu). Hp ng bo him th hin quan h gia ngi bo him v ngi mua bo him i vi hng ho c bo him. Nu ngi bn hng mua bo him th phi chuyn nhng li cho ngi mua hng, khi hng v n nc nhp, nu b tn tht c th khiu li i ngi bo him bi thng. - Hng ho xut nhp khu thng c vn chuyn bng cc phng tin khc nhau theo phng thc vn chuyn a phng tin, trong c tu bin. Ngi vn chuyn hng ho ng thi cng l ngi giao hng cho ngi mua. V vy ngi chuyn ch l bn trung gian phi c trch nhim bo v, chm sc hng ho ng quy cch, phm cht, s lng t khi nhn ca ngi bn n khi giao cho ngi mua hng. Qu trnh xut nhp khu hng ho c lin quan n nhiu bn, trong c bn bn ch yu l: ngi bn (bn xut khu), ngi mua (bn nhp khu), ngi vn chuyn v ngi bo him. V vy, cn phi phn nh r rng trch nhim ca cc bn lin quan v khi tin hnh xut nhp khu hng ho cc bn lin quan phi thc hin y cc ngha v ca mnh. 1.2. Trch nhim ca cc bn lin quan. Hot ng xut nhp khu hng ho thng c thc hin thng qua ba loi hp ng: -Hp ng mua bn
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-Hp ng vn chuyn -Hp ng bo him Ba hp ng ny l c s php l phn nh trch nhim ca cc bn lin quan v trch nhim ny ph thuc iu kin giao hng ca hp ng mua bn. Theo cc iu kin thng mi quc t INCOTERMS 2000 (International Commercial Tearms) c mi ba iu kin giao hng c phn chia thnh bn nhm E, F, C, D c s khc nhau v c bn nh sau: Th nht l nhm E- quy c ngi bn t hng ho di quyn nh ot ca ngi mua ngay ti xng ca ngi bn (iu kin E- giao ti xng); Th hai l nhm F- quy c ngi bn c yu cu giao hng ho cho mt ngi chuyn ch do ngi mua ch nh (nhm iu kin F: FCA, FAS v FOB); Th ba l nhm C- quy c ngi bn phi hp ng thu phng tin vn ti, nhng khng chu ri ro v mt mt hoc h hi i vi hng ho hoc cc ph tn pht sinh thm do cc tnh hung xy ra sau khi gi hng v bc hng ln tu (nhm iu kin C: CFR, CIF, CPT v CIP); Th t l nhm D- quy c ngi bn phi chu mi ph tn v ri ro cn thit a hng ho ti a im quy nh (nhm iu kin D: DAF, DES, DEQ, DDU, DDP). Trong thng dng nht l iu kin FOB, CFR v CIF. Trong cc iu kin giao hng, ngoi phn gi hng, tu theo tng iu kin c th m c thm cc ph vn chuyn v ph bo him. C nhng iu kin giao hng m ngi bn khng c trch thu tu vn chuyn v mua bo him cho hng ho. Nh vy, tuy bn c hng nhng dch v vn chuyn v bo him s do ngi mua m nhn (iu kin FOB). C trng hp giao hng theo iu kin m ngoi vic xut khu c hng ho, ngi bn cn c trch nhim thu tu vn chuyn v mua bo him cho hng ho (iu kin CIF). Thc t, cc tp on kinh t hot ng trn nhiu lnh vc sn xut, vn chuyn, bo him ... khi giao hng theo iu kin nhm C v D, bn cnh vic bn hng cn ginh cho h dch v vn chuyn v bo him cho s hng . V vy, nu nhp khu hng theo iu kin FOB, hay iu kin CFR th s gi c dch v vn chuyn v bo him, hay ch dch v bo him. Nu trong hot ng nhp khu, bn hng theo ga CIF, ngi bn cng gi c dch v vn chuyn v bo him. Nh vy s gp phn thc y s pht trin ca ngnh vn ti ng bin v ngnh bo him ca quc gia . Ni chung, trch nhim ca cc bn lin quan c phn nh nh sau: - Trch nhim ca ngi bn (bn xut khu): phi chun b hng ho theo ng hp ng trong mua bn ngoi thng v s lng, cht lng, quy cch,
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loi hng, bao b ng gi ...v tp kt hng n cng ti ngy nhn, thng bo tu n nhn chuyn ch, giao hng cho tu khi qua lan can an ton mi ht trch nhim v nhng ri ro tai nn i vi hng ho. Ngoi ra, ngi bn phi lm cc th tc hi quan, kim dch, ly giy chng nhn kim nh phm cht, ng gi bao b phi chu c iu kin vn chuyn bc d thng thng. Cui cng, ngi bn phi ly c vn ti n sch. Nu bn hng theo iu kin CIF ngi bn cn c trch nhim mua bo him cho l hng ho sau k hu vo n bo him chuyn nhng quyn li bo him cho ngi mua. - Trch nhim ca ngi mua (bn nhp khu): nhn hng ca ngi chuyn ch theo ng s lng, cht lng... ghi trong hp ng vn chuyn v hp ng mua bn ngoi thng, ly giy chng nhn kim m, bin bn kt ton giao nhn hng vi ch tu, bin bn hng ho h hng v do tu gy ln (nu c), nu c sai lch v s lng hng nhp khc vi hp ng mua bn nhng ng vi hp ng vn chuyn th ngi mua bo lu quyn khiu ni i vi ngi bn. nu phm cht, s lng hng ho c nhn c sai lch vi vn ti n th ngi mua cn c vo bin bn trn bo lu quyn khiu ni vi ch phng tin chuyn ch. Ngoi ra, ngi mua cn c trch nhim mua bo him cho hng ho nu mua hng theo gi CF v mua bo him, thu tu tr cc ph vn chuyn hng ho nu mua hng theo ga FOB hay nhn li chng t bo him do ngi bn chuyn nhng nu mua hng theo gi CIF. -Trch nhim ca ngi vn chuyn: chun b phng tin chuyn ch theo yu cu k thut thng mi v k thut hng hi, giao nhn hng ng quy nh theo hp ng vn chuyn. Theo tp qun thng mi quc t th tu ch hng bt buc phi tham gia bo him thn tu v P and I. Ngi vn chuyn cn c trch nhim cp vn n cho ngi gi hng. Vn n (Bill of Loading) l mt chng t vn chuyn hng hi trn bin do ngi vn chuyn cp cho ngi gi hng nhm ni ln mi quan h php l gia ngi vn chuyn, ngi gi hng v ngi nhn hng. C nhiu loi vn n, nhng y ch quan tm n hai loi c bn l: vn n hon ho (Clean B/L) hay cn gi l vn n sch v vn n khng hon ho (Unclean B/L). Ngi vn chuyn phi chu trch nhim vi nhng ri ro xy ra i vi hng ho theo quy nh v phi c trch nhim bo v, chm sc cho l hng ho chuyn ch trong hnh trnh t cng i n cng ch. - Trch nhim ca ngi bo him: c trch nhim vi nhng ri ro c bo him gy ra cho l hng ho tham gia bo him, ngi bo him cng c trch nhim kim tra cc chng t lin quan n hng ho, hnh trnh vn chuyn v bn thn tu chuyn ch. Khi xy ra tn tht thuc phm vi trch nhim ca
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bo him, ngi bo him c trch nhim tin hnh gim nh, bi thng tn tht v i ngi th ba nu h gy ra tn tht ny. 2. Cc loi ri ro v tn tht trong bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin. 2.1. Ri ro trong bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin. Ri ro trong bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin l nhng tai nn, tai ho, s c xy ra mt cch bt ng ngu nhin hoc nhng mi e do nguy hi, khi xy ra s gy ln tn tht cho i tng c bo him. V d nh : tu m, hng mt, hng b v, h hng... Ri ro trong xut nhp khu hng ho vn chuyn bng ng bin c nhiu loi, cn c vo ngun gc pht sinh c th phn ri ro thnh nhng loi sau: * Thin tai : Thin tai l nhng hin tng t nhin m con ngi khng th chi phi c nh : bin ng, bo, gi lc, st nh, thi tit xu, sng thn... * Tai ho ca bin: l nhng tai ho xy ra i vi con tu ngoi bin nh : tu b mc cn, m va, m chm, chy n, tu b lt p, mt tch... nhng ri ro ny c gi l nhng ri ro chnh. * Cc tai nn bt ng khc: l nhng thit hi do cc tc ng ngu nhin bn ngoi, khng thuc nhng tai ho ca bin ni trn. Tai nn bt ng khc c th xy ra trn bin nhng nguyn nhn khng phi l mt tai ho ca bin, c th xy ra trn b, trn khng trong qu trnh vn chuyn, xp d hng ho, giao nhn, lu kho, bo qun hng nh : hng ho b v, lt, hp hi, thiu ht, mt trm, mt cp, khng giao hng ... nhng ri ro ny c gi l nhng ri ro ph. * Ri ro do bn cht hoc do tnh cht c bit ca i tng bo him hoc nhng thit hi m nguyn nhn trc tip l chm ch. Theo nghip v bo him th nhng ri ro ca hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin c th c chia thnh cc loi sau y: * Ri ro thng thng c bo him: l nhng ri ro c bo him mt cch bnh thng theo cc iu kin bo him gc. y l nhng ri ro mang tnh bt ng ngu nhin xy ra ngoi mun ca ngi c bo him nh: thin tai, tai ho ca bin, tai nn bt ng khc tc l bao gm c ri ro chnh v ri ro ph. * Ri ro bo him ring: l nhng ri ro m mun c bo him th phi tho thun ring, tho thun thm ch khng c bi thng theo cc iu kin bo him gc. Loi ri ro ny gm : ri ro chin tranh, nh cng, khng b c bo him theo iu kin ring.

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* Ri ro khng c bo him: l nhng ri ro khng c ngi bo him nhn bo him hoc khng c ngi bo him bi thng trong mi trng hp. l cc ri ro ng nhin xy ra, chc chn xy ra hoc cc thit hi do ni t, bn cht ca hng ho, do li ca ngi c bo him, thit hi m nguyn nhn trc tip l chm tr, ri ro c tnh cht thm ho m con ngi khng lng trc c, quy m, mc v hu qu ca n. Tm li, cc ri ro c bo him phi l nguyn nhn trc tip gy ra tn tht. Vic phn nguyn nhn trc tip hay nguyn nhn gin tip c vai tr rt quan trng xc nh ri ro gy ra tn tht c phi l ri ro c bo him hay khng. Nhng tn tht no c nguyn nhn trc tip l ri ro c bo him gy ra mi c bi thng. 2.2. Tn tht trong bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin: Tn tht trong bo him hng ho xut nhp khu l nhng h hng, thit hi ca hng ho c bo him do ri ro gy ra. Cn c vo quy m, mc tn tht c hai loi tn tht l tn tht b phn v tn tht ton b: * Tn tht b phn l tn tht m mt phn ca i tng c bo him theo mt hp ng bo him b mt mt, h hng, thit hi. Tn tht b phn c th l tn tht v s lng, trng lng, th tch hoc gi tr. * Tn tht ton b tc l ton b i tng bo him theo hp ng bo him b mt mt, h hng, thit hi hoc b bin cht, bin dng khng cn nh lc mi bo him na. Mt tn tht ton b c th l tn tht ton b thc t hay tn tht ton b c tnh: - Tn tht ton b thc t l ton b i tng bo him b mt mt, h hng hay b ph hu ton b, khng ly li c nh lc mi bo him na. Trong trng hp ny, ngi bo him phi bi thng ton b gi tr bo him hoc s tin bo him. - Tn tht ton b c tnh tc l thit hi, mt mt ca i tng bo him cha ti mc tn tht ton b nhng i tng bo him b t b mt cch hp l v tn tht ton b thc t xt ra l khng th trnh khi hoc nhng chi ph phng, phc hi tn tht ln hn gi tr ca hng ho c bo him. Khi i tng l hng ho b t b, s hu v hng ho s chuyn sang ngi bo him v ngi bo him c quyn nh ot v hng ho . Khi , ngi c bo him c quyn khiu ni i bi thng tn tht ton b. Cn c vo tnh cht tn tht v trch nhim bo him th tn tht c chia lm hai loi l tn tht chung v tn tht ring:

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* Tn tht chung l nhng hy sinh hay chi ph c bit c tin hnh mt cch c v hp l nhm mc ch cu tu v hng ho ch trn tu thot khi mt s nguy him chung, thc s i vi chng. Khi xy ra tn tht chung ch hng v ngi bo him phi in vo Bn cam oan, Giy cam oan ng gp vo tn tht chung. Bn cam oan, Giy cam oan ny c xut trnh cho ch hng hoc thuyn trng khi nhn hng. Ni dung ni chung khi xy ra tn tht chung ngi c bo him phi bo cho cng ty bo him bit cng ty hng dn lm th tc khng t k vo Bn cam oan. * Tn tht ring: l tn tht ch gy ra thit hi cho mt hay mt s quyn li ca cc ch hng v ch tu trn mt con tu. Nh vy, tn tht ring ch lin quan n tng quyn li ring bit. Trong tn tht ring, ngoi thit hi vt cht cn pht sinh cc chi ph lin quan nhm hn ch nhng thit hi khi tn tht xy ra, gi l tn tht chi ph ring. Tn tht chi ph ring l nhng chi ph bo qun hng ho gim bt thit hi hoc khi h hi thm, bao gm chi ph xp, d, gi hng, ng gi li, thay th bao b... bn khi hnh v dc ng. Chi ph tn tht ring lm hn ch v gim bt tn tht ring, tn tht ring c th l tn tht b phn hoc l tn tht ton b. Tn tht ring c c ngi bo him bi thng hay khng ph thuc vo ri ro c c tho thun trong hp ng bo him hay khng ch khng nh tn tht chung. 3. iu kin bo him trong bo him hng ha xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin. iu kin bo him l nhng iu quy nh phm vi trch nhim ca ngi bo him i vi nhng ri ro tn tht ca i tng bo him. V vy, phm vi trch nhim ca ngi bo him ph thuc vo cc iu kin bo him m cc bn tho thun trong hp ng. Trch nhim ca ngi bo him i vi hng ho theo cc iu kin bo him gc ca Vit Nam c quy nh theo bn Quy tc chung v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin nm 1990 do B Ti chnh ban hnh. Quy tc ny c xy dng trn c s iu khon ICC ngy 1/1/1982 ca Vin nhng ngi bo him London (Institute of London Underwriters - ILU). V cc iu kin ny c p dng hu ht cc nc trn th gii thay th cc iu kin c ICC-1963 v tr thnh tp qun thng dng quc t. N bao gm cc iu kin sau: - Institute cargo clauses C (ICC-C) - iu kin bo him C
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- Institute cargo clauses B (ICC-B) - iu kin bo him B - Institute cargo clauses A(ICC-A) - iu kin bo him A - Institute war clauses - iu kin bo him chin tranh - Institute strikes clauses - iu kin bo him nh cng 3.1. iu kin bo him C (ICC- C). 3.1.1. Ri ro c bo him : - Chy hoc n; - Tu hay x lan b mc cn, m hoc lt p; - Tu m va nhau hoc tu, x lan hay phng tin vn chuyn m v phi bt k vt th g bn ngoi khng k nc hoc b mt tch; - D hng ti cng lnh nn; - Phng tin vn chuyn ng b b lt hoc b trt bnh; - Hy sinh v tn tht chung; - Nm hng khi tu. 3.1.2. Nhng tn tht, chi ph v trch nhim khc: - Tn tht chung v chi ph cu h c iu chnh hay xc nh bng hp ng vn ti hoc theo lut l v tp qun hin hnh; - Nhng chi ph v tin cng hp l cho vic d hng lu kho v gi tip hng ho c bo him ti cng dc ng hay cng lnh nn do hu qu ca mt ri ro thuc phm vi hp ng bo him; - Nhng chi ph m ngi c bo him hoc i l ca h chi nhm phng trnh hoc gim nh tn tht cho hng ho c bo him hoc nhng chi ph kin tng i ngi th ba bi thng; - Phn trch nhim m ngi c bo him phi chu theo iu khon " hai bn cng c li" ghi trong hp ng vn ti. 3.1.3. Ri ro loi tr : Tr khi c tho thun khc, ngi bo him khng chu trch nhim i vi nhng mt mt, h hng hay chi ph gy ra bi: - Chin tranh, ni chin, cch mng, khi ngha hoc hnh ng th ch; - Vic chim, bt gi, cm gi ti sn hoc kim ch v hu qu ca chng; - Mn, thu li, bom hay nhng v kh chin tranh khc ang tri dt; - nh cng, cm xng, ri lon lao ng hoc bo ng; - Ngi nh cng, cng nhn b cm xng, ngi gy ri lon lao ng hoc bo ng, k khng b hay hnh ng v ng c chnh tr;

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-Vic s dng cc v kh chin tranh c dng n nng lng nguyn t, ht nhn hoc cht phng x; - Khuyt tt vn c tnh cht c bit ca hng ho bo him; - Hnh ng c hay c ca bt c ngi no. Trong mi trng hp, ngi bo him khng chu trch nhim i vi nhng mt mt, h hng v chi ph do: - Vic lm xu c ca ngi c bo him; - Chm ch l nguyn nhn trc tip; - Tu hay x lan khng kh nng i bin v do tu, x lan, phng tin vn chuyn hoc container khng thch hp cho vic chuyn ch hng ho m ngi c bo him hay ngi lm cng cho h bit v tnh trng vo thi gian bc xp hng ho ; - Bao b khng y hoc khng thch hp; - Hao ht t nhin, hao mn t nhin, d chy thng thng; - Ch tu, ngi qun l tu hoc thu tu khng tr c n hoc thiu thn v mt ti chnh gy ra. 3.2. iu kin bo him B (ICC- B). 3.2.1. Ri ro c bo him: Nh iu kin C v m rng thm mt s ri ro sau: - ng t, ni la phun, st nh; - Nc cun khi tu; - Nc bin, nc sng chy vo tu, x lan, hm hng, phng tin vn chuyn, container hoc ni cha hng; - Tn tht ton b ca bt k kin hng no do ri khi tu hoc ri trong khi xp hng ln hay ang d hng khi tu hoc x lan. 3.2.2. Nhng tn tht, chi ph v trch nhim khc: Nh iu kin C. 3.2.3. Ri ro loi tr: Nh iu kin C. 3.3. iu kin bo him A (ICC- A). 3.3.1. Ri ro c bo him: Theo iu kin ny, ngi bo him chu trch nhim v mi ri ro gy ra mt mt h hng cho hng ho bo him tr nhng ri ro c loi tr. Ri ro c bo him theo iu kin bo him ny bao gm c ri ro chnh (tu mc cn, m, chy, m va nhau, m va phi nhng vt th khc, mt tch...) v
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nhng ri ro ph( h hng, v, cong, bp, g, hp hi, thiu ht, trm cp, khng giao hng ...) do tc ng ngu nhin bn ngoi trong qu trnh vn chuyn, xp d, giao nhn, bo qun, lu kho hng ho. 3.3.2.Nhng tn tht, chi ph v trch nhim khc: Nh iu kin B, C. 3.3.3.Ri ro loi tr: Nh iu kin B, C; loi tr thit hi do hnh ng c gy ra. 3.4. iu kin bo him chin tranh: Theo iu kin ny, ngi bo him phi bi thng nhng mt mt, h hng ca hng ho do: - Chin tranh, ni chin, cch mng, ni lon, khi ngha hoc xung t dn s xy ra t nhng bin c hoc bt k hnh ng th ch no; - Chim ot, bt gi, kim ch hoc cm gi; - Mn, thu li, bom hoc cc v kh chin tranh khc; - Tn tht chung v chi ph cu nn. Phm vi khng gian v thi gian bo him i vi ri ro chin tranh hp hn cc ri ro thng thng. Bo him bt u c hiu lc khi hng ho c xp ln tu bin v kt thc khi c d khi tu ti cng cui cng hoc khi ht hn 15 ngy k t na m ngy tu n cng d cui cng, tu theo iu kin no xy ra trc. Nu c chuyn ti, bo him vn tip tc c hiu lc cho n khi ht hn 15 ngy k t na m ngy tu n tu n cng chuyn ti. i vi ri ro mn v ng li trch nhim ca ngi bo him c m rng ra c khi hng ho cn trn x lan vn chuyn ra tu hoc t tu vo b nhng khng vt qu 60 ngy k t ngy d hng khi tu, tr khi c tho thun c bit khc. 3.5. iu kin bo him nh cng: Theo iu kin bo him ny, ch bo him cho nhng mt mt, h hng ca hng ho c bo him do: - Ngi nh cng, cng nhn b cm xng hoc nhng ngi tham gia gy ri lon lao ng, bo ng hoc ni dy; - Hnh ng khng b hoc v mc ch chnh tr; - Tn tht chung v chi ph cu nn. Ngi bo him ch bi thng nhng tn tht do hnh ng trc tip ca nhng ngi nh cng m khng chu trch nhim v nhng thit hi do hu qu ca nh cng gy ra.

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3.6. Trch nhim ca bo him v mt khng gian v thi gian: Bo him ny bt u c hiu lc k t khi hng di khi kho hay ni cha hng ti a im c ghi trn hp ng bo him bt u vn chuyn, tip tc c hiu lc trong qu trnh vn chuyn bnh thng v kt thc ti mt trong cc thi im sau: * Khi giao hng vo kho hay ni cha hng cui cng ca ngi nhn hng hoc mt ngi no khc ti ni nhn c ghi tn trong hp ng bo him; * Khi giao hng cho bt k kho hay ni cha hng no khc, d trc khi ti hay ti ni nhn hng ghi trong hp ng bo him m ngi c bo him dng lm: - Ni chia hay phn phi hng hoc - Ni cha hng ngoi hnh trnh vn chuyn bnh thng. * Khi ht hn 60 ngy k t khi hon thnh vic d hng khi tu bin ti cng d cui cng ghi trn n bo him. Trong qu trnh vn chuyn ni trn nu xy ra chm ch ngoi s kim sot ca ngi c bo him, tu i chch hng d hng bt buc, chuyn ti ngoi l hoc thay i hnh trnh th hp ng bo him vn gi nguyn hiu lc vi iu kin ngi c bo him phi thng bo cho ngi bo him bit v vic xy ra v phi tr thm ph bo him nu c yu cu. 4. Hp ng bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin. 4.1. Khi nim: Hp ng bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin l mt vn bn trong ngi bo him cam kt s bi thng cho ngi tham gia bo him cc tn tht ca hng ho theo cc iu kin bo him k kt, cn ngi tham gia bo him cam kt tr ph bo him. 4.2. Cc loi hp ng: Trong hp ng bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin ngi ta chia ra lm hai loi hp ng bo him l hp ng bo him chuyn v hp ng bo him bao: * Hp ng bo him chuyn: l hp ng bo him cho mt chuyn hng c vn chuyn t a im ny n mt a im khc ghi trong hp ng bo him. Ngi bo him ch chu trch nhim v hng ho trong phm vi mt chuyn. Hp ng bo him chuyn thng c trnh by di hnh thc n bo him hay giy chng nhn bo him do ngi bo him cp. n bo him chnh l mt hp ng bo him chuyn y . Ni dung gm hai phn: mt trc v mt sau ca n bo him. Mt trc thng ghi cc chi tit v hng,
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tu, hnh trnh. Mt sau thng ghi cc iu l hay cc quy tc bo him ca cng ty bo him. Ni dung ca hp ng bo him chuyn ch yu bao gm: - Ngy cp n bo him v ni k kt hp ng bo him; - Tn, a ch, s ti khon ca ngi bo him v ngi c bo him; - Tn hng ho c bo him, quy cch, s lng, chng loi ...; - Tn tu, s hiu, c, dung tch ca tu vn chuyn...; - Cng khi hnh, cng ch, cng chuyn ti (nu c); - Gi tr bo him, S tin bo him, ph bo him; - Gim nh vin v phng thc bi thng. ...v...v... Hp ng bo him chuyn c th l hp ng hnh trnh, hp ng thi gian, hp ng hn hp, hp ng nh gi hoc hp ng khng nh gi. Hp ng bo him chuyn thng dng bo him cho nhng l hng nh, l t, khng c k hoch chuyn ch nhiu ln. * Hp ng bo him bao (Hp ng bo him m): l hp ng bo him trong ngi bo him nhn bo him cho mt khi lng hng vn chuyn trong nhiu chuyn k tip nhau trong mt thi gian nht nh (thng l mt nm) hoc nhn bo him cho mt khi lng hng ho vn chuyn nht nh khng k n thi gian. Tt c cc chuyn hng thuc phm vi bo him ca hp ng bo him bao u c bo him mt cch t ng, linh hot v ph bo him thng c tr theo thi gian tho thun, thng l theo thng. Ni dung ca hp ng bo him bao gm cc vn chung nht, c tnh nguyn tc nh: nguyn tc chung, phm vi trch nhim, vic ng gi hng, loi phng tin vn chuyn, Gi tr bo him, S tin bo him, ph bo him v phng thc thanh ton ph, gim nh, bi thng...Trong hp ng phi c ba iu kin c bn sau: - iu kin xp hng tu c thu chuyn ch hng ho s c bo him - iu kin v gi tr bo him - iu kin v quan h trn tinh thn thin ch. Hp ng bo him bao c li ch cho c ngi bo him v ngi c bo him. Ngi bo him m bo thu c mt khon ph bo him trong thi hn bo him. Ngi c bo him vn c ngi bo him chp thun bo him ngay c khi hng xp ln tu vn chuyn ri m cha kp thng bo bo him. Hp ng bo him bao dng bo him cho hng ho xut nhp khu thng xuyn khi lng ln vn chuyn lm nhiu chuyn. iu khon hu b
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hp ng bo him quy nh cho php mt bn c th hu b hp ng hoc bt k mt phn no ca hp ng vi iu kin phi thng bo trc (thng l 30 ngy). 4.3. Ni dung ca hp ng bo him. Hp ng bo him c in sn thnh mu thng bao gm 2 mt: mt trc gm cc thng tin v ngi bo him, ngi c bo him v i tng bo him; mt sau in sn cc quy nh c bn v bo him. Mu ca cc nc khc nhau c th khc nhau song hin nay hu ht cc nc, cc cng ty u s dng mu n bo him ca Hip hi bo him London t thng 4 nm 1982 theo quy nh ca ICC-1982. Ni dung ca hp ng bo him bao gm: - Tn, a ch, s hiu ti khon ngn hng ca ngi bo him v ngi c bo him. - Tn hng ho c bo him, s lng, trng lng, loi bao b, cch ng gi... - Loi tu chuyn ch: tn tu, tui tu, c tu, trng ti, dung tch... Cc xp hng ln tu Ni i, ni n, ni chuyn ti Ngy gi hng Thi gian khi hnh v thi gian c hnh trnh iu kin bo him, gi tr bo him, s tin bo him Ni gim nh tn tht, ni thanh ton bi thng K tn, ng du.

Nhng ni dung trn c ghi tm tt trn n bo him cp cho mi chuyn hng tham gia bo him. Ngoi ra, hp ng bo him cn ghi cc iu khon v quyn v trch nhim ca mi bn. trong c mt s ni dung c bn nh sau: 4.3.1. Gi tr bo him . Gi tr bo him l gi tr thc t ca l hng.Gi tr thc t ca l hng c th l gi hng ho (gi FOB) cng c th bao gm: gi hng ho, cc ph vn chuyn, ph bo him v cc chi ph lin quan khc. Cng thc xc nh: V=C+I+F Trong : V- l gi tr bo him ca hng ho C- l gi hng ti cng i (gi FOB) I- l ph bo him
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F- l cc ph vn ti Ngoi ra m bo quyn li ca mnh, ngi c bo him c th bo him thm c khon li d tnh do vic xut nhp khu mang li. Khi xut nhp khu theo gi CIF hoc CIP th theo tp qun gi tr bo him s tnh thm 10% li d tnh. Nh vy khi xut nhp khu theo gi CIF th: V = 110% * CIF hoc xut theo gi CIP th: V = 110% * CIP
C I F C+ F = 1 R

Trong : R - t l ph bo him .
4.3.2. S tin bo him: S tin bo him l ton b hay mt phn gi tr bo him do ngi c bo him yu cu v c bo him. V nguyn tc, S tin bo him ch c th nh hn hoc bng gi tr bo him. Nu s tin bo him ln hn gi tr bo him th phn ln hn s khng c bo him. Ngc li, nu s tin bo him nh hn gi tr bo him tc l ngi c bo him t bo him ly mt phn th ngi bo him cng ch bi thng trong phm vi s tin bo him c ghi trong hp ng. Nu i tng bo him c bo him trng, tc l cng mt ri ro, mt gi tr bo him nhng li c bo him nhiu cng ty bo him khc nhau th trch nhim ca tt c cc cng ty bo him cng ch gii hn trong phm vi s tin bo him. Trong xut nhp khu nu s tin bo him ch bng gi tr ho n hay gi FOB hoc gi CFR th ngi c bo him cha bo him y gi tr hay ni cch khc l bo him di gi tr. 4.3.3. Ph bo him, t l ph bo him: Ph bo him l mt khon tin m ngi c bo him phi tr cho ngi bo him c bi thng khi c tn tht do cc ri ro tho thun gy ln. Ph bo him thng c tnh ton trn c s xc sut ca nhng ri ro gy ra tn tht hoc trn c s thng k tn tht ca nhiu nm trn mt loi hng ho c bo him nhm m bo trang tri tin bi thng v c li. Nh vy ph bo him c tnh ton trn c s t l ph bo him v ph thuc vo s tin bo him hoc gi tr bo him. lp cng thc tnh ph bo him cn c cc ch tiu sau: R : l t l ph bo him
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I : l ph bo him A : l s tin bo him V : l gi tr bo him Th : Hoc I = R * A (nu A < V) I = R * V (nu A = V)

i vi hng ho nhp khu vo Vit Nam hin nay th ph bo him c tnh theo cng thc sau: I = R * CIF Do CIF = C + I + F = C + ( R * CIF ) + F Nn :
C I F C+ F = 1 R

i vi hng xut khu t Vit Nam theo gi CIF v mua bo him trong nc th:
C + F A = *( 1 + a ) 1 R

Trong : a l phn trm li d tnh v thng bng 10% ca s tin bo him hoc gi tr bo him. Ngoi ra, lp bng cho ph ngi bo him cn phi tnh n cc yu t khc nh: -Loi hng ho: hng ho d b tn tht nh d v, d b mt cp... th t l ph bo him cao hn -Loi bao b, phng thc ng gi hng ho -Phng tin vn chuyn: xem xt mt s chi tit lin quan n tu vn chuyn nh tn tu, quc tch, loi tu, tui tu... -Hnh trnh vn chuyn v cc thit b cng ti cc cng tu cp bn -iu kin bo him cng rng th ri ro cng nhiu do ph bo him tng ln. T l ph bo him thng xuyn c xem xt, iu chnh li mt cch nh k trn c s nhng hu qu tn tht cu ngi c bo him trong k trc cng nh tnh hnh thc t. iu ny c gi l nh ph theo kt qu, v vy gi c t l ph thp vic phng v hn ch ri ro gy ra tn tht l rt quan trng. Hp ng bo him ch c hiu lc ngay sau khi ph bo him c tr, ngi bo him c quyn hu b hp ng bo him nu ngi c bo him khng thc hin ng ngha v tr ph bo him hoc c quyn t chi bi thng khi ri ro xy ra.
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5. Khiu ni i bi thng trong bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin. 5.1. Ngha v ca ngi c bo him khi xy ra tn tht. Khi phng tin chuyn ch b tai nn v e do n s an ton cho hng ho ca ngi c bo him th ngi c bo him phi c trch nhim thng bo cho cc c quan chc nng ni gn nht nh c quan hng hi, c quan bo him ... cc c quan ny c bin php phi hp theo di, phng b cho tu v hng ho. Nu c thng tin hay pht hin thy thc t hng ho b tn tht th ngi c bo him cn lm ngay cc cng vic sau: -Thng bo cho ngi bo him bit v nu thy tnh hnh hng ho tn tht hoc nghi ng c tn tht th cn lm giy yu cu ngh ngi gim nh ngay. Vic gim nh hng ho c bo him b tn tht phi do ngi bo him tin hnh theo n ngh ca ngi c bo him. Nu v tn tht khng c gim nh vin ca ngi bo him gim nh th s khng c chp nhn bi thng. - Thc hin cc bin php phng v hn ch tn tht. Thc ra, vic phng v hn ch tn tht cho hng ho ni chung trong hp ng bo him l ch nhng trng hp hng ho b ri ro (thuc phm vi bo him nh: chy, n, mc cn...) e do tu khi tu ch hng ang trn ng hnh trnh hoc neo u ti bn cng dc ng. - Bo lu quyn khiu ni cho ngi bo him tc l n khiu ni ngay bn gy ra tn tht hng ho v gi l khiu ni ngi th ba, ngi ng ngoi hp ng bo him. y cn lu nu ngi th ba l ch tu, ngi chuyn ch hoc ch kho hng u c quy nh ring v thi gian cho php khiu ni theo lut trong nc, lut quc t hay cc vn bn di lut. Vic bo v ti sn trc nhng tnh hung c nguy c thuc phm vi trch nhim ca hp ng bo him u i hi s n lc ca c hai bn v khi cha cn xt n bin php gii quyt bi thng ca ngi bo him. Xut pht t nhng c im ny, ngi bo him c quy nh vic ngi bo him tham gia vo cc bin php cu h v bo v hng ho u khng th coi l du hiu ca s khc t hay chp nhn vic t b hng ho. 5.2. Th tc khiu ni i bi thng. Khiu ni l s thnh cu hay yu cu ngi bo him bi thng trn c s nhng chng c do ngi c bo him a ra. H s khiu ni i ngi bo him bi thng gm nhiu loi giy t khc nhau nhng phi chng minh c: - Ngi khiu ni c li ch bo him;
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- Hng ho c bo him; - Tn tht thuc mt ri ro c bo him; - Mc tn tht; - Thc hin nguyn tc th quyn ngi bo him c th i c ngi th ba bi thng. H s khiu ni i bi thng phi bao gm cc loi giy t sau y: 1- n bo him hoc giy chng nhn bo him (bn gc) 2- Vn n ng bin (bn gc) v hp ng thu tu (nu c) 3- Ho n thng mi 4- Ho n v cc chi ph khc (nu c) 5- Giy chng nhn trng lng, s lng 6- Bin bn kt ton nhn hng vi tu 7- Phiu ng gi 8- Vn bn, giy t lin quan ti vic i ngi th ba bi thng v tr li (nu c) 9- Khng ngh hng hi hoc nht k hng hi 10- Th khiu ni c ghi r s tin yu cu bi thng 11- Bin bn bt thng v hng ho vn chuyn 12- Bin bn gim nh . Sau khi kim tra chng t v thanh ton bi thng, mi khon khiu ni v quyn khiu ni ca ngi c bo him i vi ngi th ba u c chuyn cho ngi bo him m gii hn l s tin bi thng. Ngi c bo him mun khiu ni tn tht ton b c tnh cho hng ho c bo him, phi gi thng bo t b hng cho ngi bo him.Thng bo phi a ra khng chm tr, vi mc ch cho ngi bo him c c hi gim thiu hay ngn nga tn tht (nh bn hng dc ng). Thng bo t b hng phi lm thnh vn bn v trong mi trng hp phi cho bit nh ca ngi c bo him l t b khng iu kin mi quyn li v hng ho c bo him cho ngi bo him. Nu ngi bo him chp nhn thng bo t b hng ngha l ngi bo him chp nhn trch nhim bi thng nh bi thng tn tht ton b thc t v c quyn s hu phn cn li ca hng ho. Vic t b hng khng c thay i sau khi ngi bo him chp nhn thng bo t b hng. Tuy nhin, trc khi ngi bo him chp nhn thng bo t b hng, ngi c bo him phi c nhng bin php tch cc nhm ngn nga v hn ch tn tht. Nu ngi bo him khng chp nhn t b hng, cc quyn li ca ngi c bo him trong hp ng bo him vn khng thay i.

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Thi hn khiu ni vi ngi bo him l hai nm k t ngy c tn tht hoc pht hin tn tht. Tuy nhin, b h s khiu ni phi gi n cng ty bo him trong vng 9 thng k t khi c tn tht ngi bo him cn thc hin quyn truy i cc bn c lin quan n v tn tht. 6. Gim nh v bi thng tn tht trong bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin. 6.1 Gim nh tn tht: Gim nh tn tht l vic lm ca cc chuyn vin gim nh ca ngi bo him hoc ca cc cng ty gim nh c ngi bo him u quyn, nhm xc nh mc v nguyn nhn ca tn tht lm c s cho vic bi thng. Gim nh tn tht c tin hnh khi hng ho b tn tht, h hng, v, thiu ht, gim phm cht cng n hoc trn ng hnh trnh v do ngi c bo him yu cu. Nhng tn tht do mt hng, giao thiu hng hoc khng giao hng th khng cn phi gim nh v cng khng th gim nh c. Do , ngi c bo him phi c ngha v a ra nhng bng chng chng minh v nguyn nhn v mc ca nhng tn tht ny. Sau khi gim nh, ngi gim nh s cp chng th gim nh. Chng th gim nh gm hai loi: Bin bn gim nh v giy chng nhn gim nh c gi cho ngi c bo him trong vng 30 ngy. Ngi c bo him c th tham gia kin vi gim nh vin thng nht v t l tn tht hng ho. Trong trng hp i bn khng nht tr c th c mi mt bn trung gian lm gim nh vin c lp. Bin bn gim nh l chng th quan trng trong vic i bi thng, v vy khi hng n cng n c tn tht phi yu cu gim nh ngay (khng mun hn 60 ngy k t ngy d hng khi tu). C quan gim nh phi l c quan c ch nh trong hp ng bo him hoc c quan c ngi bo him u quyn. 6.2. Bi thng tn tht.
6.2.1. Nguyn tc: Cc cng ty bo him ca Vit nam tnh ton v bi thng

tn tht trn c s cc nguyn tc sau: - Bi thng bng tin ch khng phi bng hin vt. ng tin bi thng l ng tin c tho thun trong hp ng, nu khng c tho thun th np ph bng ng tin no s c bi thng bng ng tin . - V nguyn tc, trch nhim ca ngi bo him ch gii hn trong phm vi s tin bo him. Tuy nhin, khi cng tin tn tht vi cc chi ph: cu h, gim nh, nh gi v bn li hng ho b tn tht, chi ph i ngi th ba bi thng, tin ng gp vo tn tht chung th d c vt qu s tin bo him ngi bo him vn bi thng da trn quy nh trong iu khon tho thun ca hp ng bo him.
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- Khi thanh ton tin bi thng, ngi bo him c th khu tr nhng khon thu nhp ca ngi c bo him trong vic bn hng v i ngi th ba. 6.2.2. Cch tnh ton bi thng tn tht: * i vi tn tht chung: Khi c tn tht chung xy ra ch tu c quyn ch nh mt cng ty hay mt chuyn vin gim nh tnh ton tn tht chung, phn b tn tht chung cho cc quyn li trn tu. Cc quyn li, li ch trn tu bao gm: tu, hng v cc ph. Nhim v ca chuyn vin tnh tn tht chung l trn c s chng t giy t c lin quan xc nh nhng hy sinh v nhng chi ph no c cng nhn l tn tht chung tnh ton phn b cho ch tu, cc ch hng,cc ph ng gp trn c s "Bng phn b tn tht chung". Cch tnh ton v phn b tn tht chung tin hnh nh sau: -Xc nh t l ng gp (ch s phn b) vo tn tht chung : Tng gi tr tn tht chung Tng gi tr chu phn b

T l ng gp =

Trong : Tng gi tr tn tht chung l tng nhng hy sinh v chi ph c cng nhn l tn tht chung. Tng gi tr chu phn b l tng gi tr cc li ch trn tu vo thi im hnh ng tn tht chung xy ra, tc l bao gm cc gi tr c tn tht chung cu thot v nhng gi tr hy sinh v an ton chung. N c xc nh trn c s gi tr thc t ca ti sn ti ni kt thc hnh trnh. -Tnh s tin phi ng gp ca tng quyn li: Mc ng Gi tr chu phn b T l phn b = * gp ca mi bn tn tht chung S tin ng gp vo tn tht chung s c ngi bo him bi hon cho cc ch hng nu c bo him m khng ph thuc vo iu kin bo him. Nu s tin bo him thp hn gi tr ng gp th ngi bo him ch chu trch nhim bi thng theo t l gia s tin bo him v gi tr ng gp. * i vi tn tht ring: Tn tht ring c th l tn tht ton b hay tn tht b phn: - Nu l tn tht ton b thc t th ngi bo him s bi thng ton b s tin bo him hay gi tr bo him. Khi s tin bi thng bng s tin bo him hoc gi tr bo him.
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-Nu l tn tht ton b c tnh, khi ngi c bo him thng bo t b hng cng vi cc th tc cn thit m ngi bo him chp thun th s c bi thng ton b v ngc li nu ngi c bo him khng thng bo t b hng hay ngi bo him khng chp thun th ch c bi thng nh tn tht b phn. -Tn tht b phn: V nguyn tc th s tin bo him c tnh nh sau: S tin bi = thng = T l tn tht * S tin bo him

Tng gi tr tn tht ti cng d hng * STBH Tng gi tr hng ho Vi cch tnh nh vy, c bi thng s m bo tnh chnh xc trong trng hp gi c hng ho c bin ng ln (tng hoc gim) k t lc bt u bo him cho n khi hng n cng n. Tuy nhin trong thc t, khi tnh ton bi thng tn tht, cc cng ty bo him Vit Nam hu nh khng tnh n yu t bin ng v gi c trn th trng hay ni cch khc coi nh gi c khng bin ng k t lc bt u bo him cho n khi tnh ton bi thng tn tht. Vic tnh ton bi thng tn tht b phn Vit nam thng xy ra cc trng hp sau: Bi thng tn tht do v, h hng, thiu ht, gim phm cht... c bin bn gim nh chng minh. Trong trng hp ny s tin bi thng l: STBT = T l tn tht * S tin bo him T l tn tht y chnh l mc gim gi tr thng mi ghi trn bin bn gim nh. Nu bin bn gim nh khng ghi mc gim gi tr thng mi m ch ghi trng lng, s lng hng ho b thiu ht:
STBH =

Trng lng(S lng) hng ho thiu ht * STBH Trng lng(S lng) hng ho theo H

Bi thng mt nguyn kin: Bi thng mt nguyn kin thng xy ra trong cc trng hp nh: tu giao thiu hng hoc khng giao hng, cc kin hng b tn tht ton b trong khu xp d, vn chuyn... trong trng hp ny nu cc kin hng c n gi th: STBT = S kin hng b mt * n gi Nu cc kin hng khng c n gi th bi thng nh trng hp tn tht v s lng, trng lng nh trn. Bi thng cc chi ph: cc chi ph c ngi bo him bi thng bao gm: Chi ph t tng, chi ph phng v hn ch tn tht - l chi ph c
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chi ra nhm ngn nga hoc lm gim tn tht hoc bo v quyn li ca hng ho c bo him hoc nhng chi ph lin quan ti vic i bi thng ca ngi th ba; Chi ph gim nh tn tht thuc trch nhim bo him . 6.3. Min gim bi thng: * Min gim bi thng l mt hnh thc t chi bi thng trn c s mt s tin c ch nh theo t l phn trm trong tng gi tr bi thng. Min gim bi thng c hai loi: -Min gim khng khu tr: Tc l khi tn tht xy ra, nu mc tn tht t t l phn trm quy nh th ngi bo him bi thng ton b tn tht . -Min gim c khu tr: Tc l ngi bo him s khu tr khng bi thng mt t l nht nh khi tn tht t mc trn quy nh. * Mc ch ca vic min gim bi thng l: - Ngi bo him khng phi bi thng nhng tn tht qu nh so vi tng gi tr bo him, s tin bi thng khi c th khng tng xng cho vic khiu ni v gii quyt bi thng v thi gian v chi ph. - Loi tr nhng tn tht ca cc loi hng ho c tnh cht c bit thng d b hao ht trong qu trnh vn chuyn. - Dnh mt t l khng bi thng ngi c bo him khi xy ra tn tht s coi nh cng ngi bo him c trch nhim gnh vc mt phn tn tht. Hin nay, do c s cnh tranh gay gt trn th trng bo him nn cc cng ty bo him t khi s dng quy nh min gim bi thng gi khch hng v ch p dng trong nhng trng hp hng ho mang tnh cht c bit v thng xuyn b tn tht.

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CHNG II: THC TRNG TRIN KHAI NGHIP V BO HIM HNG HO XUT NHP KHU VN CHUYN BNG NG BIN PJICO
I . KHI QUT V PJICO V TH TRNG BO HIM HNG HO XUT NHP KHU VN CHUYN BNG NG BIN VIT NAM

1. Khi qut v PJICO. 1.1. Qu trnh hnh thnh: Xut pht t quan im i mi ca ng, ch trng pht trin nn kinh t nhiu thnh phn vn ng theo c ch th trng c s qun l v m ca Nh nc. ng thi cng xut pht t chnh sch m ca pht trin th trng bo him Vit nam, cng ty c phn bo him Petrolimex gi tt l PJICO (PETROLIMEX JOINT-STOCK INSURANCE COMPANY) c thnh lp theo: Giy chng nhn tiu chun v iu kin kinh doanh bo him s 06-TC/GCN ngy 27/05/1995 ca B Ti chnh; Giy php thnh lp s 1873/GP-UB ngy 08/06/1995 ca U ban nhn dn Thnh ph H Ni v Giy chng nhn ng k kinh doanh s 060256 ngy 15/06/1995 ca u ban k hoch (nay l S k hoch v u t) Thnh ph H Ni. PJICO l cng ty c phn bo him u tin c thnh lp ti Vit Nam, vi tng s vn gp ban u l 55 t VND do 7 c ng sng lp v mt c ng tham gia gp vn (Lin hip ng st Vit Nam), ngoi ra mt phn do pht hnh c phiu trn th trng: Bng 1: Vn gp ca cc c ng vo cng ty c phn bo him Petrolimex nm 1995 Stt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 n v Tng cng ty xng du Vit Nam Ngn hng ngoi thng Vit Nam Cng ty Ti BH quc gia Vit Nam Tng cng ty thp Vit Nam (VSC) Cng ty vt t v thit b ton b Cng ty in t H ni (Hanel) Cng ty TNHH thit b an ton C nhn Tng T trng (%) 51 10 8 6 3 2 Vn gp S c phiu (triuVND) 28.050 14.025 5.500 4.400 3.300 1.650 1.100 2.750 2.200 1.650 852 550

0.5 275 138 19.5 10.275 5.362 100 55.000 27.500 Ngun s liu: Phng t chc cn b

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PJICO c thnh lp ngy 27/05/1995 v chnh thc i vo hot ng t ngy 15/06/1995 vi thi gian hot ng l 22 nm k t ngy cp giy php, ht thi hn s c php xin gia hn. Nh vy, cng ty c phn bo him Petrolimex ra i nh du mt bc ngot rt quan trng, to ln trong ch trng a dng ho cc thnh phn kinh t ni chung ca ng v Nh nc ta, ng thi minh chng cho s chuyn i mt cch c bn th trng bo him Vit Nam t c quyn sang t do cnh tranh c s qun l v m ca Nh nc v cng chnh t y th trng bo him Vit Nam chuyn sang mt giai on mi. 1.2. C cu t chc. Ngay sau khi c cp giy php thnh lp v ng k kinh doanh, cng ty nhanh chng trin khai pht trin b my t chc, mng li kinh doanh bo him ti khu vc H Ni v trn phm vi c nc. Ban u, t 8 cn b cng nhn vin ti tr s H Ni n cui nm 1995 cng ty thnh lp 6 phng ban ti vn phng cng ty v 3 chi nhnh ti Hi Phng, Nng, TP H Ch Minh. n nay cng ty xy dng c mt i ng gm hn 200 CBCNV lm vic ti 10 phng ban, 6 vn phng i din khu vc trn a bn thnh ph H Ni, 9 chi nhnh ti cc tnh, thnh ph nh: TP H Ch Minh, Cn Th, Hi Phng, Nng, Ngh An, Khnh Ho, Qung Ninh, Tha Thin Hu, Qung Bnh cng 8 vn phng i din ti cc tnh, thnh ph: H Tnh, Qung Nam, Kin Giang, An Giang, C Mau, Thanh Ho, H Ty, c Lc Ngoi ra cn hng trm cc tng i l, i l v cng tc vin bo him trn ton quc.Vi mng li t chc kinh doanh nh vy, PJICO trong nhng nm qua khng ngng pht trin: Doanh thu tng, th phn m rng, uy tn ngy cng c nng cao, i sng CBCNV ngy cnh c ci thin... T gp phn vo qu trnh pht trin v hi nhp th trng bo him Vit Nam vi th trng bo him th gii.

S t chc b my hot ng cng ty bo him PJICO


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(B my qun l ca PJICO c t chc theo c cu trc tuyn - chc nng):

HI NG QUN TR

TNG GIM C

PH TG

PH TG

P. Tsn-

H hon P. phi H hi VP KVI VP KV II VP KV III VP KV IV VP KV V VP KV VI

CN Qung ninh

P. K ton P.t td & ttck

P.TC Cn b
Ban Ttra -P ch

P. Tng hp

CN T.Thin hu

CN Hi phng

P.QL NV&TT P. Hng hi P. Ti BH

CN nng
P.BH Qung nam

P.BH Thanh ho CN Ngh an


P.BH H tnh

CN Khnh ho CN Si gn CN Cn th
P.BH Kin giang

CN Qung bnh

P.BH An giang P.BH C mau

CC TNG I L, I L V CNG TC VIN BO HIM

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Trong qu trnh hot ng kinh doanh bo him, vi mt c cu t chc b my cht ch, gn nh, linh hot lm vic t hiu qu cao, ngoi vic khai thc pht trin khch hng, lin kt hp tc vi cc cng ty bo him trong nc PJICO cn khng ngng cng c v m rng mi quan h hp tc vi cc t chc, cc cng ty bo him v ti bo him trn ton th gii. iu c th hin thng qua vic PJICO l thnh vin chnh thc ca Hip hi bo him Vit Nam, c quan h vi cc tp on bo him, ti bo him ln nh: Munich Re, Swiss Re, Hartfort Re, Cologue Re, West of England... cng ty gim nh Willis Coroon - London v nhiu nc trn th gii. 1.3. Mt s kt qu m PJICO t c t khi thnh lp. Ngay sau khi ra i, PJICO nhanh chng trin khai kinh doanh cc nghip v bo him gc c v chiu rng v chiu su. S lng nghip v ngy cng tng thm v a dng ho. Ti nay, cng ty thc hin trn 40 nghip v p ng nhu cu a dng v bo him ca khch hng. V kinh doanh bo him gc trong nhng nm u, cng ty hu nh ch tin hnh bo him cho cc khch hng trong c ng, n nay trn 70% doanh thu ph ca cng ty l t cc khch hng ngoi c ng. Cng ty bo him v ng bo him nhiu cng trnh ln c gi tr hng trm triu la M nh khch sn DAEWOO, to nh HITC, cc cng trnh cu ng (cu ung, cu Rng, cu Hm Rng, ng quc l 1, ng quc l 5, ng H Ch Minh, ng cao tc xuyn ...), cng trnh thu in Sng Hinh... Sau hn 5 nm hot ng PJICO t c mt s thnh tu c th hin bng s liu di y:
- V doanh thu: c s ng h nhit tnh ca cc khch hng trong c

ng cng vi s ch trng c bit trong khu khai thc khch hng mi ngoi c ng nn doanh thu qua cc nm tng nhanh v n nh vi tc tng trng bnh qun nm khong 39%. i tng phc v ca PJICO l cc c nhn, tp th, cc t chc c quan doanh nghip thuc mi thnh phn kinh t. Hin nay i tng phc v l cc khch hng ngoi c ng chim t trng ln (trn 70% doanh thu ph bo him gc). iu chng t rng PJICO to c nim tin v c uy tn vi khch hng. T khng ngng cng c v m rng mi quan h hp tc lu di, bn vng trong kinh doanh. - Li nhun v chi tr c tc: K t khi thnh lp tnh n ngy 31/12/2000 cng ty to ra c gn 60 t ng tin li nhun trc thu v trn 30 t ng tin li nhun sau thu. C th ni rng, y l d n c tnh kh thi cao,
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p ng c s mong mi ca cc c ng tham gia gp vn. Hng nm, sau khi np thu y cho nh nc, cng ty chia c tc cho cc c ng mc n nh bnh qun mc 1,2%/ thng cao gp 1,2 - 2 ln li sut tin gi ngn hng. Tng s tin c tc chia trong nhng nm qua khong 26 t ng tng ng vi trn 70% vn c phn m cc c ng ng gp. D kin nm 2001 s thu hi li c ton b s vn gp ban u. - Bo ton v pht trin vn: S tng trng ca PJICO khng ch th hin thng qua li nhun m cn th hin thng qua s tch lu vn trong hn 5 nm hot ng va qua. ngun vn ch s hu c bo ton v pht trin. Vn kinh doanh khng ngng c b xung thm bng cc qu d phng nghip v. n ngy 31/12/2000 s d lu k cc qu d phng l trn 70 t ng v nng vn kinh doanh ca cng ty ln gn 130 t ng, gp hn 2 ln vn gp ban u ca cc c ng. - Thu np ngn sch : Cng ty bo him PJICO lun thc hin y v lm tt ngha v np ngn sch i vi nh nc. Mc d mi ra i v cng khng c hng s u i no ca nh nc nhng sau 6 nm hot ng cng ty ng gp cho ngn sch nh nc gn 40 t ng. - L mt doanh nghip tr, li hot ng di m hnh hon ton mi mcng ty c phn, tham gia vo lnh vc kinh doanh y kh khn- kinh doanh bo him, th trng cn nh, mang nng tnh cht c quyn nh nc v s bao cp. Nhng vi tr t lc t cng, quyt tm phn u ca ton th cn b cng nhn vin cng vi s gip ca cc ban ngnh, PJICO khng ngng vn ln nhm chim gi th phn, nng cao uy tn ca mnh. S ra i v hot ng ca cng ty to ra cng n vic lm cho hng trm lao ng ti khu vc H Ni v ti a bn cng ty c chi nhnh. i sng cn b cng nhn vin khng ngng c chm lo v ci thin. Thu nhp bnh qun ca cn b cng nhn vin trong ton cng ty nm sau cao hn nm trc v ti nay t khong trn 1,7 triu ng/ ngi/thng. Vi tt c nhng kt qu t c nh trn ta c th khng nh rng: Vic thnh lp cng ty c phn bo him Ptrolimex- mt d n u t di hn ca cc c ng - cho ti nay va t hiu qu ti chnh va t hiu qu kinh t x hi. 2. Vi nt v th trng bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin Vit Nam hin nay. Nn kinh t Vit Nam cng nh trong khu vc, trong nm va qua c du hiu phc hi v pht trin tc ng tch cc i vi ton ngnh bo him Vit Nam. Cc doanh nghip bo him Vit Nam tng cng bm st khch
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hng hn, tch cc khai thc nhng khch hng quen thuc v nhng khong trng ca th trng. Trong thi gian qua trnh ca cc nhn vin bo him Vit Nam c nng ln r rt qua nhiu kho o to, bi dng nghip v trong nc cng nh nc ngoi, bt kp vi trnh chung ca khu vc v trn th gii, do vy vic t vn gip khch hng la chn tham gia bo him cng nh khai thc dch v thun li hn. S hp tc gip ln nhau gia cc doanh nghip bo him Vit Nam c nhiu chuyn bin tch cc, vai tr ca hip hi bo him Vit Nam c khng nh. Vic tuyn truyn qung co c cc doanh nghip ch trng hn trc rt nhiu trong hnh thc hi ngh khch hng vn c nh gi l hnh thc tuyn truyn qung co mang li hiu qu nht. Th trng c 10 doanh nghip bo him phi nhn th, mt s doanh nghip tin hnh khai thc thm cc nghip v v tch cc trin khai cc sn phm bo him mi (nghip v Bo him thit b in t, bo him trch nhim dn s ch doanh nghip...). V vy, nn th trng bo him Vit Nam trong thi gian va qua hot ng tng i a dng v si ng. Tt c cc yu t trn tc ng tch cc ti th trng bo him Vit Nam: Tng doanh thu ph bo him trn ton th trng t khong 2.934 t VND, c tnh c nm 2000 chim 0,66% GDP tng 41,89% so vi cng k nm trc. y l mc cao nht trong nhng nm qua, trong tng ph bo him phi nhn th t 1.827 t VND tng 14,69% so vi nm 1999, cc nghip v c tc tng trng mnh nh bo him hng ho xut nhp khu, chy v ri ro c bit, thm d v khai thc du kh, xy dng - lp t, vi mc tng khong 15%-20% so vi nm 1999. Tng ph bo him nhn th t 1.117 t VND tng 230,78% so vi nm 1999, hin c nm cng ty vi trn 10.000 nhn vin v i l cng vi 40 loi hnh nghip v khc nhau. Cc doanh nghip bo him phi nhn th u c doanh thu ph cao hn nm trc, mt s doanh nghip c mc tng trng tng i cao nh Bo Minh tng 21,5%, PJICO tng 21%, PTI tng 57,8%... Cng vi s tng trng ca nn kinh t, th trng bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin trong nm 2000 t tc tng trng tng i tt so vi nm 1998, 1999. Kim ngch tham gia bo him ca ton th trng tng khong 85% trong khi ph bo him tng gn 30% so vi nm 1999 trong bo him hng ho nhp khu tng 29,20%, bo him hng ho xut khu tng 35,92%. S ra tng kim ngch bo him v ph bo him trong thi gian qua l do nhiu yu t nh: Kim ngch xut nhp khu ca c nc tng, ch yu cc mt hng nhp khu nh xng du, st thp, my mc thit b ... v xut khu du th, hng dt may, giy dp, hi sn, ch... Trong khai thc bo him hng ho, s cnh tranh gia cc nh bo him tuy din ra gt nhng cc doanh nghip bo him nng cao cht lng dch v v nhiu mt
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nhm p ng tt nht yu cu ca khch hng trong c nc v phn no to lng tin trn th trng nn kt qu th phn kim ngch xut nhp khu tham gia bo him tng ng k, c th trong nm 2000 kim ngch hng ho xut nhp khu tham gia bo him t t l gn 20% tng kim ngch xut nhp khu hng ho ca c nc (tng kim ngch xut nhp khu hng ho nm 2000 t 29,5 t USD) cao hn so vi giai on t 1995-1998 bnh qun ch chim gn 14% tng kim ngch hng ho xut nhp khu hng ho. Bng 3: Bo him hng ho nhp khu ton th trng t 1995-2000 Stt 1 2 Nm
KN NK (Tr.USD)

1995 8.155 1.916 -

1996 11.144 36,35 2.370 23,71

1997 11.478 3,00 2.132 -10,04

1998 -0,77 2.188 2,66

1999 0,97 2.200 5,10

2000 32,17 4.362 98,27

11.390 11.500 15.200

-Tc tng (%)


KN NK c BH (Tr.USD)

-Tc tng(%) T l kim ngch NK c BH (%)


DTph BH(1000$)

23,48

21,26

18,57

19,21

19,13

28,70

7.048,48 8.874,84 7.108,89 7.874,03 6.239 25,91 8.774 -19,90 9.346 10,76 9.202

8.500 10.892 7,95 29,20

-Tc tng(%) KN NK khng c BH ti VN (Tr.USD) -T l (%)

9.300 10.838

76,52 78,74 81,43 80,79 80,87 71,30 Ngun s liu: Bo co tng kt BHHH ton th trng - VINARE

Bng 4: Bo him hng ho xut khu ton th trng t 1995-2000 Stt 1 Nm KN XK(Tr.USD) -Tc tng(%) KN XK c BH (Tr.USD) -Tc tng(%) T l kim ngch XK c BH
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1995 5.449 178.97 3,28

1996 7.256 33,16 220.68 23,71 3,04

1997 9.145 26,.03 271.82 23,17 2,97

1998 9.361 2,36 357.50 31,52 3,82

1999 11.250 20,18 528.75 47,91 4,7

2000 14.300 27,11 909.45 72 6,36

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(%) DT phBH(1000$) -Tc tng(%)

905.39 1.323,65 46,20

1.527,61 2.668,06 14,41 74,66

3.034,65 13,74

4.124,7 35,92

KNXK khng 5.270,03 7.035,32 8.873,18 9.003,5 10.721,25 13.390,5 c BH ti VN (Tr.USD) 96,72 96,96 97,03 96,18 95,3 93,64 -T l (%) Ngun s liu: Bo co tng kt BHHH ton th trng - VINARE T bng s liu ta thy, t l kim ngch hng ho tham gia bo him tng cao hn so vi tc tng trng v ph bo him do nhiu yu t nh hng nh: c cu mt hng xut nhp khu, s la chn iu kin bo him ca khch hng bo him hng ho ca mnh, s cnh tranh ca cc cng ty bo him...v d: Trong 6 thng u nm 2000 kim ngch nhp khu xng du l rt ln chim t trng 13,25% tng kim ngch nhp khu (do gi xng du th gii tng cao), vi mt hng ny thng ch bo him theo iu kin (iu khon) ch du di, mt vi doanh nghip cn bo him ri ro thiu ht nhng t l ph bo him p dng rt thp trung bnh ch khong 0,09% hay go xut i Phillipin t l ph bo him ch bng 50% ph i Iraq... Bo him hng ho xut nhp khu l mt trong nhng nghip v truyn thng ca hu ht cc cng ty kinh doanh bo him phi nhn th trn th trng bo him Vit Nam. Hin nay vi s tham gia kinh doanh nghip v ny ca mi cng ty lm cho qu trnh cnh tranh din ra ht sc si ng v gay gt. Hin tng cnh tranh khng lnh mnh trn th trng khng nhng gim mnh m cc cng ty cn khng ngng nng cao cht lng dch v cho khch hng, vi vai tr l ngi t vn v l nh bo him cho khch hng tham gia bo him. Hu ht cc cng ty bo him hin nay u rt coi trng vic gi li s lng khch hng tham gia bo him c thng qua ti tc hp ng hng nm ng thi tch cc ch ng tm kim v khai thc khch hng mi trong mi lnh vc, mi thnh phn kinh t. Trnh , nng lc nghip v ca cn b cng nhn vin bo him ngy mt nng cao gip cho qu trnh t vn, phn tch nh gi ri ro, a ra cc bin php phng v hn ch tn tht c hiu qu. Bo him hng ho xut nhp khu thng bo him l hng ho c gi tr rt ln v vy vic ti bo him l v cng quan trng. Gn y cc cng ty kinh doanh nghip v ny phn tch c rt kinh nghim trong cng tc tnh ton mc gi li v nhng ti hp l. H chn ra c th trng ti bo him v cc nh nhn ti bo him c uy tn trn th gii nh: Munich Re, Swiss Re hay mt s th trng ti bo him ca Nht Bn v London. Do vy uy tn cc cng ty bo him gc ca Vit Nam ngy cng tng v to c s tn nhim, tin cy ca khch hng tham gia bo him.
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Tuy nhin, tnh hnh cnh tranh vn din ra rt quyt lit, ngun dch v t cc khch hng l i tc xut nhp khu ca cc tng cng ty v cc cng ty ln vn l nhng "im nng" cho d trong qa trnh khai thc hay ti tc hp ng, cc doanh nghip bo him vn ang phi chu nhng sc p v nhiu kha cnh t pha khch hng nh: yu cu gim t l ph, h mc khu tr, m rng phm vi bo him ngoi thng l, p dng cc mu n khc vi tp qun th trng hoc a thm nhiu iu khon b sung, thm ch c nhng iu khon ri ro bo him c th thuc vo mt n bo him hon ton ring bit cho loi hnh bo him khc... C nhng trng hp dch v c ti tc nhng c nhiu doanh nghip bo him cng mi cho vi cc bng cho ph khc nhau gy ra kh khn chung cho ton b th trng v s la chn ca khch hng. Mt s dch v khi ti tc thay i ngi bo him cn mt s dch v li c khch hng la chn theo phng thc ng bo him nhm tn dng u th ca tnh cnh tranh v phn ln l mua bo him ca cc cng ty bo him nc ngoi. T bng s liu ta thy, hng ho nhp khu do cc doanh nghip bo him Vit Nam khai thc c ch chim t trng nh, bnh qun t 1995-2000 khong 21,7% tng kim ngch hng nm, lng hng ho ch yu tham gia bo him ti nc ngoi. Nu ch tnh ph bo him bnh qun theo kim ngch bo him ti Vit Nam cc nm qua v nu 100% tng kim ngch nhp khu c bo him th trong 6 nm t nm 1995-2000 ph bo him hng nhp ri vo tay cc nh bo him nc ngoi khong 200 triu USD, bnh qun 33,3 triu USD/nm. Tng t nh trn ta thy gi tr kim ngch hng ho xut khu c bo him ti Vit Nam cn qu nh b, bnh qun giai on 1995-2000 khong 4,03% tng kim ngch hng nm- s cn li 95,97% hay bnh qun 9,08% t USD kim ngch xut khu hng nm c bo him nc ngoi vi s ph bo him khong 35-40 triu USD/ nm. Nhng hn ch trn nh hng khng nh n hiu qu kinh doanh ca ngnh v s ng gp ca ngnh i vi Ngn sch Nh nc bi v ph bo him hng ho xut nhp khu tht thu bnh qun l khong 70 triu USD nm dn n lm tht thu thu i vi nh nc gn 2,8 triu USD/ nm ng thi mt ngun chi qun l, d tr bi thng khong 14 triu USD v mt i ngun vn u t ln t cc doanh nghip bo him cho nn kinh t x hi. Bng 5: Tnh hnh bi thng nghip v BHHHXNK ca cc DNBHVN n v: 1.000 USD
Nm nghip v Tng STBH T l ph Tng ph bnh bo him qun(%) Bi thng T l bi thng (%)

tr

Cng

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1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Cng

2.094.970

7.953,87

0,379 0,394 0,359 0,414 0,423 0,287

3.806,3 8.172 4.985,2 5.298,4 7.129 2.476,2

793,4 1.654,3 545,6 2.526,3

4.599,7 9.826,3 5.530,8 7.824,7

57,83 96,35 64,06 74,35 89,92 69,76 77,74

2.590.680 10.198,49 2.403.820 8.636,5

2.545.500 10.542,09 2.728.750 11.534,65 5.271.450 17.635.170 15.106,7 63.972,3

4.281,1 11.410,1 8.071,2 10.538,4 49.730

0,376 31.858,1 17.871,9

Ngun : Bo co tng kt BHHH ton th trng ca VINARE Tng s tin bi thng Tng ph bo him Tnh hnh tn tht hng ho c bo him vn tip tc gia tng mc d cc nh bo him gc lun lun p dng nhiu bin php phng v hn ch tn tht. T l bi thng trung bnh giai on 1995-2000 theo nm nghip v ln ti 77,79% ring nm 1999 xp x 90% v ngay trong 6 thng u nm 2000 lin tip xy ra nhng v tn tht rt ln cho hng ho nh: tn tht chung ca tu APEX trn hnh trnh t BOTANG v TP. HCM thng 04/2000 b hng my tr gi khong 700.000 USD, hng ho trn tu EVELYN b m tu ti lu vc Aden ngy 19/05/2000 trn hnh trnh t cng Novorossiysk (Bin en) v cng TP. HCM tr gi khong 1 triu USD, tn tht trn tu HAIRONG b m ti Trung quc ngy 12/06/2000 do m va vi tu JOINT MIRIAN trn hnh trnh t Trung Quc v TP. HCM tr gi khong 1.018.375 triu USD. Vi ba v tn tht trn c tnh tng s tnh c th phi bi thng chim 40%-45% ph bo him khai thc c trong 6 thng u nm 2000. Mt khc, nhng tn tht thng xuyn xy ra i vi hng ho c bo him thng thng chim khong 30%-35% ph bo him, nh vy kt qu kinh doanh v nghip v thi gian qua ca ton b th trng khng my kh quan. T l bi thng v tn tht hng ho lun lun mc cao ch yu do nh hng ca cc v tn tht ln nh tu ch hng b chy, mc cn, m va, mt tch... Nu nh cc nh bo T l bi thng =
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him gc vn tip tc khng c nhng bin php phng v hn ch tn tht cht ch hn na trong khu khai thc (nh gi v phn tch ri ro) trong thi gian ti th kt qu kinh doanh nghip v rt kh c th c nng ln. Bc sang nm 2001 kt qu kinh doanh nghip v t hiu qu tt cc doanh nghip cn dng mi bin php ngn nga tn tht hng ho v tng cng khai thc thm dch v. D kin ph bo him hng ho ca th trng nm 2001 tng khong 15%-20% so vi nm 2000.
II. THC TRNG TRIN KHAI NGHIP V BO HIM HNG HO XUT NHP KHU VN CHUYN BNG NG BIN CNG TY C PHN BO HIM PTROLIMEX (PJICO)

1. Cng tc khai thc bo him hng ha xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin PJICO. Hot ng khai thc l mt khu quan trng trong hot ng kinh doanh bo him ni chung v lnh vc kinh doanh bo him hng ha xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin ni ring. Tuy cn nhiu hn ch so vi cc cng ty bo him nc ngoi v mt s doanh nghip bo him Vit Nam rt ln mnh nh Bo Vit, Bo Minh nhng cng ty bo him PJICO trong thi gian qua n lc c gng vt qua nhng kh khn trong iu kin hu ht cc mi quan h vi khch hng mi c thit lp v cn t ngoi s ng h nhit tnh ca cc khch hng trong c ng. Cc khch hng ln v lu nm cn cha c hoc nu c th ch nhn c bo him phn no trong tng gi tr hng ho trong ngoi thng. Vic xy dng v pht trin mt th trng bo him hng ho xut nhp khu n nh, lu di chnh l mc tiu c t ra trong hot ng khai thc ca PJICO. Hot ng khai thc phi c k hoch, chin lc ht sc c th v cht ch. N phi c da trn c s cc s liu, ch tiu v kim ngch xut nhp khu ca cc mt hng cng nh k hoch xut nhp khu ca tng n v kinh doanh xut nhp khu hng ho. i vi khch hng c, cng ty lun lun phi m bo gi uy tn, thuyt phc ti tc hp ng hng dn mua bo him ng thi hn v bo him hng nhp theo ga FOB, CF hay kim ngch hng xut theo gi CIF. Cc khch hng c m c t ri ro xy ra tn tht, tng cng cc bin php phng v hn ch tn tht th PJICO c th iu chnh li t l ph cho ph hp nhm thit lp mi quan h lu di vi h. i vi khch hng tim nng PJICO s c cc phng php cho ph ring di nhiu hnh thc nhm khuyn khch, thu ht h tham gia bo him ti cng ty. Ngoi ra cht lng phc v khch hng v cht lng qun l cng c PJICO khng ngng nng cao lm tng thm uy tn ca mnh vi th trng bo him trong nc. Cng tc nghin cu th trng, m rng v pht trin i l, cng tc vin cng c ch
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trng nhm nm bt c cc thng tin t khch hng, t th trng, t c k hoch khai thc mt cch hiu qu v trit . Quy trnh khai thc bo him hng ho xut nhp khu ca PJICO - ban hnh km theo quyt nh ca Tng gim c PJICO s 113/BH-HH/95 ngy 15/07/1995 bao gm 2 khu c bn. - Mt l : Qu trnh khai thc bo him. - Hai l : Qu trnh cp n bo him. 1.1. Qu trnh khai thc bo him: Qu trnh khai thc c chia ra lm 2 bc: Bc 1: Xy dng k hoch thu ph v k kt hp ng vi khch hng: Trc ht l phi nm vng kim ngch cc mt hng v s lng hng ho nhp khu hng nm t cc ngun vn xut nhp khu ca cc n v xut nhp khu (ngun vn trung ng, a phng, vin tr, t c, vay n ...) xy dng k hoch thu ph trong nm, c th l u nm thng qua cc n v xut nhp khu nm s liu k hoch xut nhp khu ca tng n v. Trn c s xc nh s kim ngch s qua bo him xy dng k hoach thu ph bo him trong nm ca tng kkhch hng theo mt hng. Trong s kim ngch xut khu ca khch hng cn tch ring kim ngch ca tng khu vc theo gi CIF, CF v FOB lp k hoch thu ph st vi thc t. Sau chun b hp ng bo him k kt vi khch hng hng nm. Bc 2: Theo di tnh hnh thc hin k hoch: Tng qu c s liu hng nhp v ca tng khch hng qua i chiu kim ngch qua bo him nm c khi lng hng v thc t nhm kp thi iu chnh k hoch thu ph u nm xy dng. n c khch hng mua bo him theo ng thi hn quy nh v mua bo him ht phn kim ngch hng nhp v theo gi FOB v CF hay kim ngch hng xut i theo gi CIF. Thng xuyn quan h vi khch hng khai thc nhng ngun hng nhp hoc k hoch nhp b xung hoc ngoi k hoch nhm tranh th bo him v chun b ti liu cho ph. Phi i su tm hiu r tnh cht v quy cch ng gi thch hp ca cc l hng xut nhp khu p dng cc iu kin bo him thch hp theo tp qun v quy nh, Nm vng cc mt hng c t trng ln trong kim ngch nhp qua phn tch nh hng ca cc nhn t i vi s ph thu. Thu thp y v nghin cu cc thng tin v bo him nh cc quy tc, t l ph, iu khon bo him ca th trng nc ngoi khi cn c th ngh cc vn bn ca ta hoc gii thch v s dng chnh nhng iu khon khi c yu cu ca khch hng. Kt hp vi b phn bi thng tnh c kt qu bo him i vi tng khch hng theo nm nghip v kp thi xut kin iu chnh t l ph cho thch hp nhm p ng yu cu ca cng tc kinh doanh v ph hp vi tng i tng
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bo him. Cui nm chun b y s liu hp khch hng thng bo tnh hnh tham gia bo him, nu nhng u nhc im trong nm qua v nhng vn cn khc phc cho nm ti ca tng khch hng nhm hn ch c nhm ln, sai st v tn tht cho hng ho, qua gip PJICO lm tt cng tc gim nh, phng v hn ch tn tht, bi thng i vi hng ho c bo him v i ngi th ba. Phi hp cht ch vi cc phng lin quan nh Ti v, Ti bo him, phi hp gii quyt kp thi cc vng mc trong khu thu ph bo him, phn tn ri ro lin quan n nghip v gc v iu chnh k hoch thu ph bo him trong nm . Xy dng vn bn, th l gim nh bo him, khuyn mi v bi thng tn tht. 1.2. Qu trnh cp n bo him: qu trnh cp n bo him PJICO c s khc nhau i vi hng ho nhp khu v hng ho xut khu. 1.2.1. i vi hng ho nhp khu, bao gm 4 bc sau: Bc 1: Kim tra chng t lin quan. Khi nhn c giy yu cu bo him ca khch hng (giy ny lm theo hnh thc mt n bo him) phi c kim tra xem chng t c hp l khng? Mt giy yu cu bo him c coi l hp l phi c nhng yu cu sau: Trn giy yu cu phi k khai r rng tt c cc mc in sn trn n. Trong trng hp khai thiu nhng mc nh: s B/L, k m hiu, trng lng, s kin (do cha c thng bo y ) th vn chp nhn cp n nhng yu cu khch hng phi b sung ngay khi nhn c thng bo. Nu thiu mt trong nhng mc c bn nh: s tin bo him (tr gi hng FOB hoc C&F), tn tu vn chuyn, ngy khi hnh, cng i v iu kin bo him th giy yu cu coi nh cha hp l cn tr li cho khch hng ng thi gii thch r yu cu ca bo him h k khai y mi cp n bo him. Phi xem xt k tnh cht v phng thc xp d ca tng mt hng c ph hp vi iu kin bo him m khch hng la chn khng gii thch v yu cu khch hng iu chnh li cho thch hp vi mt hng . Trn giy yu cu bo him phi i hi khch hng tr li c cc ni dung yu cu ca phng K ton- ti v quy nh nhm gip phng lm cc th tc thu ph mt cch nhanh chng. Lu : Giy yu cu bo him phi c y tn, du v ch k ca khch hng. Giy chng nhn bo him phi nh my 08 bn. cn xem k tn tu vn chuyn (nu l tu vn chuyn), phi yu cu khch hng k khai quc tch tu, tui tu. Nu l tu gi phi thu thm ph nh quy nh trong biu ph bo him. Trng hp tr gi hng bo him cao trn mc quy nh phn cp ca

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cng ty, trc khi cp n cn thng bo v trao i kin vi phng ti bo him c k hoch phn tn ri ro. Bc 2 : Vo s cp n, ly s n v xp chuyn tu: Sau khi kim tra xong cc chng t lin quan nu hp l th vo s cp n theo tng danh mc ghi trong s. S n bo him ly theo s th t trong s cp n. Xp chuyn tu theo s th t trong s ng k s tu. Lu : Thng thng lung Chu i trong khong 20-30 ngy lm mt chuyn. Lung Chu u tu i trong khong 2-4 thng lm 1 chuyn. S n bo him v s chuyn tu ghi r trong n, s chuyn ghi trc v s n bo him ghi sau. V d: S n bo him l 100, s tu l 8 th ghi: 8/100 Bc ba: Tnh ph bo him sa i v hu n bo him. Trc khi tnh ph bo him phi xc nh s tin bo him. S tin bo him c tnh theo cng thc: C+F 1-R Trong : C- l gi tr hng ho theo gi FOB CIF = F- l cc ph vn chuyn R- l t l ph bo him Trong trng hp khch hng nhp theo gi FOB, nu h khng xc nh r c ph vn ti th bo him c tnh nh sau: i vi lung Chu cc ph vn ti F=5% gi FOB v lung Chu u l F=10% gi FOB. R p dng cho tng mt hng tu theo tng iu kin bo him. R=R 1+R2 trong R1 bao gm t l ph chnh + t l ph theo lung. R2 l t l ph ph - t l ph ph c cng thm khi khch hng mua thm cc iu kin bo him ph nh bo him chin tranh, bo him nh cng, thiu nguyn kin, thiu ht trng lng... Lu : Mi mt mt hng c t l ph bo him khc nhau tu theo tng iu kin bo him. Do , khi tnh ph phi xem xt k tnh cht ca tng mt hng, iu kin bo him m khch hng la chn c ph hp vi quy nh ca bo him i vi mt hng khng, trn c s xc nh t l ph cho chnh xc. Ph bo him c tnh trn c s s tin bo him v t l ph bo him: I = CIF * R Trong trng tu gi khi tnh ph bo him s tnh nh sau: CIF = C+F 1-R
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I = CIF * R/ R=R1+R2 R/=R1+R2+R3 Trong R3 l t l ph tu gi. Trng hp khch hng xin iu chnh tr gi bo him nh iu chnh gi FOB, CF, cc ph vn ti v iu kin bo him th phi tnh li gi CIF v ph bo him bng hnh thc cp cho khch hng 4 giy sa i b sung v thu l ph sa i n. Phn chnh lch tng ngh khch hng thanh ton thm ph, phn chnh lch gim bo him s hon li ph cho khch hng. Tr trng hp iu chnh s B/L, trng lng. Lu : Trc khi lm sa i b sung phi yu cu khch hng gi li ton b n bo him cp iu chnh. Sau khi lm xong giy sa i b sung phi ghi r trn n cc giy t sa i b phn bi thng d xem xt. Sau gi tr li n ca khch hng km theo giy sa i. Nu khch hng yu cu hu n phi xem xt r l do, sau cp cho khch hng giy sai: Hu n, hon tr li cho khch hng ton b s ph thu v tr l ph hu n ng thi thu hi li ton b n gc cp hu b i. n thu li phi hu ngay trnh nhm ln. Giy sa i b sung in ra thnh 06 bn (1 bn lu km theo cng vn yu cu sa i ca khch hng, 1 bn gi cho Ti bo him, 1 bn tr khch hng). Trng hp: - Yu cu khch hng thanh ton thm ph: a Ti v 3 bn - Hon ph v hu n: a Ti v 2 bn - iu chnh tn tu: a Ti v mt bn Sau khi lp n, kim tra li v ng du thu ph bo him bng ngoi t hoc thu ph bo him bng ng Vit Nam ln n theo yu cu thanh ton ph ca khch hng. Bc 4: Giao chng t cho cc b phn lin quan: Sau khi thc hin 3 bc trn, nh my, trnh k v ng du xong chng t c phn ra nh sau: bn gc vit tay (bn u tin) lu phng Nghip v, 3 bn lu phng Ti v, 1 bn gi Ti bo him, nu chi nhnh cp n th gi 1 bn cho cng ty cn li tr cho khch hng. i vi hng ho xut khu: bao gm 4 bc sau: Bc 1: Kim tra chng t- tng t nh bc 1 i vi hng ho nhp khu.

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Lu : - i vi hng ho xut khu ch bo him bng ngoi t khng bo him bng ng Vit Nam. - n bo him hng ho xut khu v giy sa i b sung phi nh my bng ting Anh hoc ting Php. - Phi ch n iu kin bo him do khch hng ngh. Nu theo tn dng th (L/C- Letter of credits) th phi lm ng tn dng th m, nhng nu iu kin ngh c nhng im bt hp l hoc vt qu phm vi trch nhim thng thng ca cng ty th phi sa li (nu vic sa li khng mu thun vi th tn dng v c bn) hoc hi li ngi mua hng nc ngoi. - i vi hng xut t nhn ca cc i s qun phi yu cu khch hng cung cp bn k chi tit hng ho v tr gi tin ca mi loi. Ch bo him theo iu kin mi ri ro cho cc loi hng ho mi, i vi hng c bo him theo iu kin C. Trc khi chp nhn bo him phi yu cu khch hng cho xem c th hng ho v bao b xc nh tr gi hng ho v iu kin bo him. Giy chng nhn bo him ch cn in 06 bn l . Bc 2: Vo s cp n Sau khi kim tra cc chng t c lin quan, nu hp l th vo s cp n theo tng danh mc ghi trong s. S n bo him c in sn trn n nu ch cn nh my thm k hiu ca a phng nghip v tin theo di. V d: n do chi nhnh TP. HCM cp, s n bo him l 1580 th ghi nh sau:1580-HX/HCM/95 Bc 3: Tnh ph bo him v hu b n bo him S tin bo him hng ho xut khu chnh l gi CIF m khch hng k khai trn giy yu cu bo him cng thm 10% li d tnh hay 10%CIF. V vy ph bo him c tnh theo cng thc (CIF + 10%CIF)* R trong R l t l ph bo him c tnh theo tng lung, theo tng iu kin bo him v chng loi hng ho. Lu :- i vi hng xut ca i s qun cc nc ng ti Vit Nam, s tin bo him chnh l gi tr hng ho m khch hng k khai cng thm 10%. - Trng hp khch hng xin iu chnh gi tr bo him, iu kin bo him th phi tnh li gi CIF v ph bo him bng hnh thc cp cho khch hng 1 giy sa i b sung. - iu chnh s B/L, trng lng v hu n cch thc tng t nh hng nhp bc 3.

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Bc 4: Giao chng t cho cc b phn lin quan Sau khi thc hin 3 bc trn, np n trnh k v khng cn ng du trn, chng t c phn ra nh sau: 3 bn u giao cho khch hng, 1 bn lu Nghip v, 3 bn giao cho Ti v, 1 bn giao cho Ti bo him. Lu : - i vi hng xut ca i s qun cc nc t ti Vit Nam th chng t a sang Ti v ch cn 1 bn theo di tin v. - Khi giao chng t cho cc b phn lin quan phi ghi vo s giao chng t v c k nhn. - i vi hng xut 3 bn u giao cho khch hng khng c ghi t l ph bo him v ph bo him ch cn ghi gi CIF l . - n giao cho ti bo him a qua b phn thng k ca phng vo s thng k sau mi a sang ti bo him. - Bn nghip v gi lu theo tng chi nhnh v phn theo tng tu. Mi cn b nghip v cui thng/qu/nm phi nm c s ph thu ca tng khch hng m mnh ph trch v tng kim ngch hng nhp v xut qua bo him trong thng ca khch hng phn tch, nh gi c tnh hnh kinh doanh. L cng ty c phn u tin trong ngnh bo him, PJICO c th mnh l cc c ng c lng hng ho xut nhp khu hng nm kh ln (Tng cng ty xng du Vit Nam - Petrolimex, Tng cng ty thp Vit Nam - VSC). V vy ngay t nm u tin hot ng (thng 06/1995) nghip v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin chim t trng ln trong tng doanh thu hot ng kinh doanh ca PJICO v t ti nay nghip v ny khng ngng tng trng v pht trin c v chiu rng v chiu su. Nh c s ng h, tr gip ca cc B, Ngnh lin quan, cc t chc kinh t, s ch o ng n kp thi ca cc cp lnh o PJICO v c bit l s c gng phn u n lc ca ton th cn b nhn vin cng ty, sau hn 6 nm hot ng trong th trng cnh tranh, nghip v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin ca PJICO t c lng doanh thu ph kh ln. T trng trung bnh chim t 15%-20% trong tng doanh thu ph bo him ca ton cng ty v chim khong hn 2% tng doanh thu ph bo him ca ton th trng. C th ta c:

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phn tch mt cch c th v chi tit, ta tnh mt s ch tiu sau: Bng 7: Bng ch tiu nh gi kt qu hot ng khai thc bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin PJICO t 1995-2000. Ch tiu 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

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1.S tin BH bnh qun mt n cp(Triu:VND) 2.Tc tng DT ph BH (%) 3.Tc tng KNHH tham gia BH (%) 4.Tc tng (gim) t l ph BH bnh qun (%)

1.146 -

1.159 204,2 180 8,7

1.588 55,7 70,8 (8,9)

1.546 66,0 49,8 10,7

1.586 26,1 22,7 2,7

2.296 15,3 54,6 (25,5)

Qua bng s liu trn ta c th nhn xt rng hot ng khai thc bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin PJICO t kt qu tng i cao. Trc ht l s n cp hng nm tng nhanh, nu nh 6 thng nm 1995 ch khai thc c 427 n cp th n nm 2000 con s ny t ti 2.896 n. Cng vi s bin ng v t l ph bo him trn ton th trng ni chung v ca cng ty ni ring th s tin bo him bnh qun mt n cp c xu hng tng dn qua cc nm, iu ny c th hin: nm 1995 s tin bo him bnh qun mt n cp l 1.146 triu nhng n nm 2000 s tin bo him trong mt n cp t ti 2.296 triu ln gp 2 ln nm 1995, iu chng t PJICO ngy cng thu ht c nhiu hp ng bo him c gi tr cao ca cc khch hng ln. Mt khc ta thy tc tng doanh thu ph bo him v tc tng kim ngch hng ho tham gia bo him u c xu hng gim dn v tc tng doanh thu ph bo him bnh qun 1995/2000(1) li nh hn tc tng kim ngch hng ho tham gia bo him bnh qun trong cng thi k (2)nhng s chnh lch ny l tng i nh. Nguyn nhn ca s chnh lch ny l do PJICO iu chnh t l ph bo him ph hp vi s bin ng ca th trng. Qu trnh iu chnh t l ph lm cho t l ph c xu hng chung l gim xung t 1995/2000 (t 0,3795% xung cn 0,3187%). Nhn vo bng ch tiu nh gi ta c th thy rng chin lc khai thc ca PJICO l ht sc linh hot v c hiu qu c bit l vic iu chnh t l ph bo him qua cc nm cho ph hp vi tnh hnh chung ca ton th trng bo him. iu chnh t l ph ln 1 nm 1997 gim 8,9% so vi nm 1996 do nhiu nguyn nhn, c bn l do hai nguyn nhn sau: ch quan l do chin lc pht trin ca cng ty v khch quan l do cuc khng hong ti chnh tin t khu vc Chu . nh hng n ton b nn kinh t trong nc, khu vc v trn th gii. Mc d t l ph gim song doanh thu ph bo him khng nhng khng gim xung m cn tng 55,7% so vi nm 1996. C s tng ln ca tng doanh thu ph trong khi t l ph gim xung l do
(1) (2

trong :73,46% ) l 75,58%

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tng kim ngch hng ho tham gia bo him tng ln (70,8%) v do tc tng ny ln hn nn c th b p c phn doanh thu gim i do gim t l ph bo him. iu chnh gim t l ph ln hai nm 2000 so vi nm 1999 xung cn 0,3187 nm 2000 do c s cnh tranh gay gt gia cc cng ty bo him trn th trng v do t l tn tht nm 1998, 1999 gim xung dn n t l bi thng gim theo. V cng tng t ln 1 mc du t l ph bo him bnh qun gim mnh song tng doanh thu ph bo him tng ln 15,3% tc l tng thm 2.750 triu ng. C s tng ln ca doanh thu ph bo him ny l do s iu chnh t l ph bo him thu ht thm c ng o khch hng tham gia bo him ti cng ty lm cho kim ngch hng ho tham gia bo him tng 54,6% b p c phn doanh thu ph gim do t l ph bo him gim do t l ph gim. Li ly v d qu trnh iu chnh t l ph bo him nm 1998 tng 10,7% so vi nm 1998, t l thu ph tng ln do rt nhiu nguyn nhn nhng trong ch yu do tnh hnh tn tht nm 1996, 1997 l rt ln dn n t l bi thng rt cao. Mc d t l ph bo him tng nhng kim ngch tham gia bo him khng nhng khng gim m cn tng 49,8%, ko theo tng doanh thu ph bo him tng ti 66% b p c cc khon chi ph kinh doanh trong c khon chi chnh l bi thng tn tht, ngoi ra cn c cc khon chi khc nh chi qu d phng, phng v hn ch tn tht, chi qun l... iu ng ni y l tng doanh thu ph bo him nm 1998 tng ln khng hon ton l v t l ph bo him tng m ch yu l do kim ngch hng ho trong bo him tng rt nhanh 49,48% cao hn rt nhiu so vi tc tng ca t l ph 10,7%. T s phn tch trn ta c th nhn nh rng biu ph m PJICO tnh ton a ra l rt linh hot, ph hp vi nhu cu ca khch hng cng nh s bin ng a dng ca th trng bo him v ca ton b nn kinh t. Do gp phn lm tng doanh thu t ph bo him hay ni cch khc s lng hng ho xut nhp khu c bo him ti PJICO ngy cng nhiu, uy tn ca cng ty i vi khch hng ngy cng cao. Tuy nhin bn cnh nhng thnh tu t c, PJICO cn rt nhiu tn ti v kh khn trong qu trnh thc hin chin lc khai thc ca mnh. Trc ht ta thy rng tng kim ngch xut nhp khu ca c nc ang tng dn qua cc nm, hot ng ngoi thng ang c xu hng pht trin mnh, y nhanh tin trnh hi nhp nn kinh t vo nn kinh t khu vc v kinh t th gii trong xu th khu vc ho, ton cu ho ang din ra ht sc mnh m v si ng nh hin nay. Mc d nghip v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu ca PJICO c tng trng v pht trin song t l kim ngch xut nhp khu hng ho tham

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giam bo him PJICO so vi tng kim ngch xut nhp khu hng ho li rt thp ch khong 2%. iu ny khng ch t ra i vi ring PJICO m ang l vn chung ca ton th trng bo him Vit Nam hin nay, ngoi s lng khch hng trong c ng l nhng khch hng truyn thng ch yu quen thuc i vi PJICO l cc tng cng ty, mt s n v nh nc kinh doanh xut nhp khu hng ho, trong c cu mt hng c bo him cha a dng ch yu l hng lng thc thc phm, hng tiu dng... v vy gi tr bo him khng cao v ri ro tn tht rt ln. PJICO cha thc s hp dn i vi cc doanh nghip, n v kinh doanh xut nhp khu c vn u t nc ngoi v vy h ch yu tham gia bo him cc cng ty nc ngoi c kh nng ti chnh ln uy tn v cht lng cao. Mt khc PJICO cha thc s tuyn truyn bm st khch hng cha thm nhp c vo qu trnh m phn cc hp ng vay n, lin doanh u t vi nc ngoi u tranh ginh li quyn li cho pha mnh. S phi hp gia PJICO vi cc doanh nghip bo him khc khai thc m rng th trng, thu ht khch hng cn hn ch cha thng nht nh gi c cc tn ti cn khc phc v cn phi ci thin hn na ca ngnh bo him. Cha nghin c tham mu cho cc c quan qun l c nhng ch trng, gii php gip hoc t chc hi ngh phi kt hp vi cc ch hng, ch doanh nghip c bit trong lnh vc xut khu (c nhng trn a cn b trng nh mt hng du th kim ngch xut khu hn 1 t USD hng nm vn bo him 100% nc ngoi). Nhng kh khn tn ti trn PJICO mt phn cng l kh khn ca ton b th trng bo him v ton b nn kinh t do v th nn kinh t nc ta trn thng trng quc t cha cao nn trong quan h ngoi thng ta thng phi chu sc p nhp khu theo gi CIF v xut khu theo gi FOB hay CF, hng ho ca Vit Nam ang trong qu trnh xm nhp th trng, sc cnh tranh hn ch nn th ca ta cha p i tc nc ngoi dnh quyn mua bo him cho pha Vit Nam. Ngoi ra do lng hng ho nhp theo chng trnh ODA ( gii ngn) chim khong 3-5% tng kim ngch nhp khu khng khai thc c do bn vin tr u t thu xp bo him v hng ho nhp khu t ngun vn u t nc ngoi chim 23%, mt khc trnh nghip v ca cc khai thc vin bo him i hi thc t v bo him ca khch hng trong nn kinh t ang pht trin nh hin nay ca nc ta. Cng tc thng k nghip v, qun l v nh gi ri ro, xc nh t l ph, iu kin, iu khon p dng cn c nhng hn ch, do vy m n chnh l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm cho cng tc khai
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thc ca PJICO hin nay cha t c kt qu cao. Chnh v vy trong nhng nm ti PJICO cn phi a ra cc bin php chin lc khai thc bo him hng ho xut nhp khu ph hp mi m v thc hin mt cch tch cc trit nhm t c kt qu cao hn v gp phn vo s pht trin ca cng ty ni ring v th trng bo him ni chung d kin ph bo him xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin ca PJICO nm 2001 tng khong 15%-20% so vi nm 2000. 2. Quy trnh gim nh hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin PJICO. Gim nh tn tht l vic lm ca cc chuyn vin gim nh ca ngi bo him hoc cng ty gim nh c ngi bo him u quyn nhm xc nh mc v nguyn nhn ca tn tht lm c s cho vic bi thng ng thi qua vic gim nh kp thi xut cc bin php bo qun v phng nga thit hi cho hng ho. Qu trnh gim nh tn tht c tt c cc cng ty bo him Vit Nam quy nh rt cht ch theo mt quy trnh gim nh nhm tin hnh nh gi, gim nh tn tht xy ra cho hng ho mt cch chnh xc t tn km nht, ng thi m bo quyn li cho c hai bn: khch hng v cng ty bo him. Khi c tn tht xy ra, cc cng ty bo him phi xem xt tn tht c thuc phm vi, trch nhim bo him ca mnh hay khng v nu c th mc tn tht l bao nhiu? thng thng cc nguyn tc chung ca cc cng ty bo him khi tin hnh gim nh l: - Bo m gim nh kp thi, y , trung thc, khch quan m bo tt cho vic xt bi thng sau ny. - Cng ty bo him c th trc tip gim nh hoc c th ch nh i l gim nh ca mnh trong nc hay quc t hoc thu cc cng ty gim nh trong v nc ngoi nh: Vinacontrol, Davidcontrol, FCC, Craw Ford (cng ty tnh ton tn tht ln nht Chu ca M)...y l xu hng ph bin ca cc cng ty bo him hin nay. - Tr trng hp c bit nhim v chnh ca gim nh hng ho l gim nh v thc hin cng tc phng v hn ch tn tht hng ho c bo him. PJICO, quy trnh gim nh hng ho xut nhp khu b tn tht c ban hnh km theo quyt nh s 113/BH-HH ngy 15/07/1995 ca Tng gim c PJICO. Nhn chung, khi tin hnh mt v gim nh hng ho vn chuyn b tn tht gim nh vin cn thc hin cng vic theo trnh t sau: - Chp nhn yu cu gim nh - Tin hnh gim nh
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- Lp bin bn gim nh - Cung cp bin bn gim nh v thu ph gim nh 2.1. Chp nhn yu cu gim nh Khi xy ra tn tht ngi c bo him phi gi ngay yu cu gim nh n cng ty bo him bng bt k hnh thc no nhng sau buc phi bng vn bn lu tr h s gim nh. Giy yu cu gim nh ny l th tc c bn v cn thit cho vic thc hin mt v gim nh v l cn c ngh ngi yu cu gim nh thanh ton ph gim nh. Thng thng giy yu cu gim nh bao gm cc ni dung sau: - Tn, a ch ngi hoc t chc yu cu gim nh - Tn hng - S lng, khi lng hng ho cn gim nh - Ni dung yu cu gim nh - Thi gian, a im yu cu gim nh Gim nh bo him ch c chp nhn yu cu gim nh trong nhng trng hp xy ra tai nn, c tn tht, thuc phm vi trch nhim bo him. V vy, i vi nhng trng hp pht hin khng thuc phm vi trch nhim bo him cn c kin ngay ngi nhn hng c th nhanh chng yu cu c quan gim nh ngoi thng gim nh, bo m vic i bi thng ngi bn hng hoc ngi th ba c trch nhim trc tip. Vi nhng trng hp thuc phm vi trch nhim bo him c th yu cu gim nh khi xt thy c iu kin sau y: Cc chng t ngi yu cu gim nh phi xut trnh: - Vn ti n ng bin (B/L) - Giy chng nhn bo him (c bit i vi trng hp hng do ngi nc ngoi bo him ) - Ho n thng mai - Giy k chi tit hng ho (Packing list, Specification) - Cc chng t giao nhn hng ho gia tu v cng, COR, hoc bin bn giao nhn ngi chuyn ch. Tu tng trng hp, cn yu cu cung cp hoc tm kim cc giy t lin quan nh sau: - Giy chng nhn hng ho h hng - Th d khng (th t khiu ni ngi th ba) - Bo co hi s hoc trch sao nht k hng hi (Sea-protest).

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Khi s dng cc giy t cn cn nhc i chiu cc giy t vi thc hng, i chiu gia cc loi giy t trnh nhm ln trong mi v gim nh v cng l c thm iu kin xc nh nguyn nhn c chnh xc hn (v s lng, loi hng, trch nhim ngi bn, trch nhim ngi vn ti, tm kim nhng ghi ch trn vn ti n) Cng tc chun b hin trng cn xt ti: - Thi gian v a im yu cu gim nh. - Yu cu sn sng gim nh (hng xu hng ring hay cn ln vi hng tt) - S c mt ca cc bn lin quan Tu tnh hnh c im ca mi cng trong nc, tu tng cng ty bo him s c nhng quy nh c th lm vic c thun li i vi i din ngi c bo him, nhng nht thit khng c tri vi nhng nguyn tc sau y: - Ch gim nh nhng trng hp tn tht xy ra thuc phm vi bo him v trong khi hp ng bo him ang cn hiu lc. - Hng b h hng, mt mt cn c gim nh ngay m khng da vo thi hiu bo him chm tr yu cu gim nh. - Hng c tn tht sau khi d khi tu phi c gim nh ngay ti cng d hng, hoc ti kho cui cng nu trc khi di chuyn t tu v kho cui cng c bin bn k kt vi tu, vi cng, ghi r s lng v trng thi hng ho b tn tht. - nh ngha v kho cui cng khng c tri vi quy tc chung v bo him hng ho vn chuyn bng ng bin ca cng ty bo him hoc i kin trong n bo him ca nc ngoi trong trng hp lm vic vi danh ngha i l gim nh cho cng ty bo him nc ngoi. - i tng gim nh l hng ho c bo him c tn tht r rt hoc c hin tng nghi vn tn tht ch khng phi l hng ho nguyn ai, nguyn kin, c nghi vn v s lng hoc phm cht khng do nh hng ca nhng ri ro t bn ngoi tc ng vo. - Gim nh bo him l gim nh i ch gia ngi bo him v ngi c bo him hoc tu trng hp c th c mt ca ngi th ba c trch nhim i vi tn tht (i din cho ngi chuyn ch). Ngi mua hng ca ngoi thng (ch hng ni a) khng c quyn cn tr hoc tranh chp nhng vn c lin quan ti cng vic gim nh bo him.
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2.2. Tin hnh gim nh: Sau khi nhn yu cu gim nh v nghin cu k cc giy t c lin quan, ng ngy hn gim nh vin cn c mt ti a im nh nu trn thc hin cng vic gim nh. Gim nh vin cn mang theo cc dng c cn thit phc v cho vic gim nh (cn, thc do, my nh, my tnh, nhit k) Cng vic gim nh cn c tin hnh khn trng, kin ca gim nh vin a ra phi m bo tnh cht chnh xc, hp l v nht qun. Vi nhng trng hp phi gim nh ko di ngy, gim nh vin phi bm st hin trng. Do khng th c mt thng xuyn trong khi theo di gim nh nhng l hng ho ln ti cc kho hng hoc trn tu bin, gim nh vin cn phi bit chia v chn thi gan thch hp nht kim tra ng lc bo m uc tnh hnh v mc tn tht tiu biu cho mi v. Mun lm tt c vic ny, ti mi cng c hng nhp v, cc chi nhnh cn ra nhng nguyn tc c th v phi hp cht ch vi cc c quan lin quan nh: cng, i din cho ngi c bo him , cc ch hng ni a, i l tu bin n nh qu trnh tin hnh gim nh v m bo tnh cht trung thc trong cc khu giao nhn, kim m v bo qun hng ho c bo him. Phi c bin php gii quyt dt im. Trong mi v gim nh cn ch ti cc mt sau y trong mi bc kim tra: * Kim tra bao b cn ch : - Xem li bao b v cc m hiu ngoi xc nh c ng i tng gim nh. - K hiu phng tn tht ngoi bao b (pht hin kh nng tn tht c nguyn nhn do thiu loi k hiu ny) - Quy cch v cht lng bao b ph hp vi yu cu vn chuyn bng ng bin (hng hng do khuyt tt ca bao b khng) - Bao b c/ mi (c ph hp vi tp qun v iu kin mua bn, vn chuyn khng) - Vt liu lm bao b (hng hng c phi do khuyt im ca nguyn liu bao b khng). - V cc cht liu khc cn pht hin tm ra kh nng tn tht l do bao b hng ho hay cn do nhng nguyn nhn no khc. - Nu bao b c nim phong kp ch th cn kim tra k xem c khc g vi s miu t trong chng t vn chuyn khng. * Kim tra bn trong kin hng cn ch : - Cch sp xp v bao b hng ho bn trong kin hng cng nh vt chn, lt (c ph hp vi tnh cht hng ho khng). - Tnh cht hng ho.
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- Pht hin cc vt t, mc, ch trng, vt l. - V cc hin tng kh nghi khc tm ra nguyn nhn tn tht c th do bao b, chn lt bn trong, kh nng mt mt, ng thiu hoc nhm hng. * Phn loi tn tht v xc nh mc tn tht: Sau khi pht hin cc du vt kh nghi bn ngoi v trong kin hng, cn phn loi v xc nh mc tn tht, kh phn loi v xc nh c th tham kho kin ca cc chuyn vin mt hng c mi tham d gim nh. Vic xc nh mc tn tht phi chnh xc, hp l v thit thc xc nh ring s lng tng loi hng thiu, xc nh ring hng hng vi mc thit hi khc nhau tu theo hin trng hng ho. Cn nhc gi tr s dng v c tnh gi bn hng km phm cht trnh hin tng gim gi khng ph hp. Cn xc nh mc tn tht v mc gim gi ring kho hng ho hng do nhng nguyn nhn khc nhau, thuc cc bn chu trch nhim khc nhau v cn c s tho thun ca ngi yu cu gim nh. Trng hp c tn tht ln v phc tp d gy ra tranh chp khi xc nh mc tn tht cn ly mu hng ho (mu hng tt, mu hng hng cc loi). Tu tng trng hp c th ly mu mt ln hoc nhiu ln c khong cch v thi gian thch hp. Ngoi vic xc nh mc thit hi cc lai hng ho cn phi xc nh cc loi ph tn ca hng, chnh l, sa cha v thay th nu cn trn c s tnh ton hp l. Khi phn loi v xc nh mc tn tht cn ch : + Vi trng hp thiu s lng: - Xc nh trn c s (s liu) ghi trong giy ng gi v ho n bn hng. - Ch r kch c, th loi mt hng thiu ht so vi giy ng gi. - Xt kh nng ng thiu hng hoc ng nhm hng t kin ny sang kin kia. - Vi cc mt hng nh xe c, my mc cn xt kh nng c nhng b phn ngi khch hng khng gi km theo hng ho . + Vi trng hp thiu trng lng: - Xt ti hao ht t nhin, thu phn v hp cht. - Xc nh thiu ht trn c s giy chng nhn ca ngi bn hoc trng lng trung bnh ca mi kin hng tnh theo s liu ghi trn ho n hay vn ti n. - Hng ho c trng lng ng u hay c chnh lch gia cc bao, kin. - Bao b c trng lng ng u hay c chnh lch gia cc thng, kin hng ca mi l hng. - Kim tra cn v s dng c khi gim nh.
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+ Vi trng hp hng b h hng: - Xc nh s lng v trng lng ca hng hng. - Xt ti gi tr s dng theo ng th loi hng v kh nng a vo s dng vic khc. - Hng c thay th b phn, chnh l, sa cha theo yu cu ca gim nh vin s c tnh gim gi sau khi chnh l, thay th b phn hoc sa cha. - Khi mc ri ro ca hng ho trong cng mt l hng c khc nhau th nh mc ring cho tng loi v nu cn ly mu ring ca tng loi. - Vi cc mt hng thit b my mc, cn xt ti nh hng ca cng sut v bn ca hng ha. - Xt ti trng hp ca tn tht b phn nh hng ti ton b c my. - C bin php tch cc khc phc tnh trng xc nh t l gim gi mi ln mt khc cc v c dng tn tht khc nhau. - Phi c kin tp th lnh o trc khi tha nhn tn tht ton b. - T l gim gi c xc nh trn c s gi tr cn li ca hng ho b tn tht (t l gi bn hng tn tht v nguyn vn trn th trng). Cc mt hng my mc, thit b, t th ch xc nh tn tht thc t. * Xc nh nguyn nhn tn tht : Xc nh nguyn nhn tn tht tc l xc nh ngui chu trch nhim gy ra tn tht cho hng ho. xc ng ng nguyn nhn gy ra tn tht cn tm hiu, xem xt k hin trng, thu thp y chng t v nghi nhn y cc vn lin quan ngay t khi bt u ti khi kt thc gim nh. C th xc nh nguyn nhn tn tht trn c s sau: - Tnh cht hng ho v bao b hng ho. - c im phng tin chuyn ch v hnh trnh ca hng ho. - Dng tn tht. - Tnh hnh bc d, cht xp, lu kho, chuyn ti. - Tnh hnh giao nhn ca cc bn lin quan. Khi kt lun khng c vi v, ch quan v tu tin, thiu c s thc tin, thiu khoa hc. Cn hn ch n mc thp nht vic s dng nhng cu ch chung chung, khng qui c ss trch nhim ring l ca tng trng hp, gy kh khn cho vic xem xt gii quyt sau ny. Cn thit phi ch r hng, mt mt. Nh vy l do thiu st v phn bao b hng ho, do kho tng, bc d chuyn ch c th qui c phn trch nhim l do: Ngi bn hng, ngui vn ti, kho hng hay do chnh ngi c bo him gy thit hi cho hng ho.

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2.3. Lp bin bn gim nh. Sau khi gim nh xong, gim nh vin suy ngh v cht lc nhng chi tit c bn phn nh ton b nhng iu c chng kin ti hin trng vo mt bn gi l "Bin bn gim nh". Bin bn gim nh ny l ti liu chnh xt duyt bi thng cho ngi c bo him v s dng khiu ni i bi thng i vi ngi th ba. V vy, ni dung bin bn phi m bo tnh trung thc, chnh xc, r rng, c th. Cc s liu phi ph hp vi trng thi v khng mu thun khi i chiu vi cc ti liu do chnh ni dung bin bn dn chng. Vi mt s mt hng xut nhp khu thng xuyn v khi b tn tht thng hay gp nhng dng ging nhau th khng cn thit phi m t di dng. Nhng vi nhng trng hp c tn tht ln, nhng trng hp lin quan n nhiu tnh tit phc tp th cn c m t mt cch y v tht c th ngi gii quyt khiu ni c th thng qua bin bn m c th hnh dung c nguyn nhn v mc tn tht, thun li cho vic quyt nh bi thng hay t chi trch nhim bi thng. V vy, ngoi yu cu tr li y nhng mc in sn trong bin bn gim nh c c s liu v tnh hnh c th v trng thi hng ho, phng tin vn chuyn cng nh cc chng ng vn chuyn th cn ch lin h ti cc im sau y: - Ti liu s dng tham kho, i chiu hoc dn chng - Nhng pht hin ring ca gim nh vin trn c s hin vt ngoi hin trng i n kt lun v mc thit hi v nguyn nhn gy ra tn tht - kin ca cn b chuyn mn v mt hng (chuyn vin, cn b k thut) - Dn chng bng ti liu kim nghim (chng nhn, phn tch) - Dn chng bng nh chp ngoi hin trng. Vi nhng trng hp s dng k thut vin trong vic kim tra phm cht hng ho h hng ti phng th nghim hoc qua kim tra chi tit my xc nh tn tht, gim nh vin c th a kt qu gim nh vo ni dung bin bn gim nh. Nhng vi trng hp kim nghim hoc kim tra quan trng, cn c nhng phn tch t m v phc tp th phi c ring giy chng nhn kim nghim phm cht hoc bo co kim tra k thut km theo bin bn. Trong mi trng hp khi ch nh c quan hoc c nhn lm cng vic kim tra k thut, gim nh vin pi chu trch nhim theo di cho ti khi c y nhng kt qu kim nghim hoc kim tra hp l. Trong qu trnh gim nh phi xut kin v hng dn khch hng thc hin mi bin php nhmg ngn nga v hn ch tn tht. ng thi theo
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yu cu gim nh, gim nh vin c th ghi thm cc chi ph v lao ng thc hin trong qu trnh phc v gim nh vo bin bn. Tuy nhin, nhng kin v cc chi ph ni trn c thc hin trong qu trnh gim nh cng khng c ngha l ngoi bo him c chp nhn tn tht xy ra thuc trch nhim ca bo him v chp nhn cc chi ph phc v trn. Vi nhng v tn tht ln, quan trng v phc tp cn phi c kin ca tp th v lnh o trc khi ln bin bn gim nh. 2.4. Cung cp bin bn gim nh v thu ph gim nh. Sau khi lp bin bn gim nh, gim nh vin cn tun th nhng quy nh sau: - Theo nguyn tc, bin bn gim nh lm ra ch cp pht cho nhng ngi yu cu gim nh. Khng tit l mt ni dung gim nh no cho cc c quan hoc c nhn khc ngoi c quan hay c nhn yu cu gim nh, t trng hp c ngi yu cu gim nh tho thun hoc lnh o cng ty bo him cho php. - Nhng chng t ti liu lin quan ti mi v gim nh phi c lu tr cng vi bin bn gim nh, tr khi l ti liu mn phi tr sau khi hon thnh cng tc gim nh. Vi nhng ti liu cn s dng lm bng chng th trc khi tr cn sao chp li lu tr. - Vic cp thm bin bn gim nh cho bt k ngi no khc phi c s tho thun hay u quyn ca ngi yu cu gim nh bng vn bn v s tnh thm ph nu cn. - Vic chnh l bin bn gim nh hoc s liu theo yu cu ca ngi yu cu gim nh phi c xem xt cn thn. Nu vic chnh l ny l do li ca bn thn gim nh vin tnh ton hoc nh my sai trong bin bn gim nh th vic chnh l ny l vic lm ng nhin v gim nh vin phi chnh l li cho khch hng. Nu vic chnh l ny lin quan ti vn kt lun nguyn nhn ca tn tht hoc t l gim gi thng mi th gim nh vin quyt ng n. Trn c s cc chng t m gim nh vin c cung cp khi gim nh cng ty bo him v khch hng c th gp nhau thng lng nhng im cn chnh l. Nu hai bn khng thng nht kin vi kt qu ca bin bn gim nh mi th c th cng thu c quan gim nh khc tin hnh gim nh v bn khng tho mn vi kt qu gim nh ca cng ty bo him s t chu chi ph. Kt qu gim nh mi ny c th l chng c a vo h s khiu ni i bo him bi thng sau ny. - Gim nh vin phi tin hnh thu ph gim nh theo quy nh v hng dn ca ngnh. - nh k, gim nh vin phi c bo co thng k tnh hnh tn tht v gim nh. C gng tm ra nhng nguyn nhn chnh v thng xuyn xy ra
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t xut cc bin php phng v hn ch tn tht cho cc l hng sau nhm gim chi ph bi thng. c trng ri ro gy ra tn tht trong bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin l thng xy ra ht sc phc tp, trn mt pham v rng ln, tn tht mt lng gi tr hng ho cao, c lin quan n nhiu ch th, lnh vc v nhiu thng l, b lut ca nhiu quc gia trn th gii nn cng tc gim nh gp rt nhiu kh khn tr ngi. y khng phi l vn ring c PJICO m l vn t ra i vi ton b cc cng ty bo him trn th trng bo him. T khi chnh thc i vo hot ng ngy 17/06/ 1995, PJICO c nhiu c gng trong vic nng cao hiu qu ca cng tc gim nh ni chung v ca nghip v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin ni ring. Nhng do cng vic ny i hi ngi thc hin phi c trnh , kinh nghim thc tin v c bit l do cha nh gi ng vai tr ca cng tc ny cho nn nhng nm u i vo hot ng, s h tr ca cng tc gim nh i vi cc khu khc trong hot ng kinh doanh bo him cha nhiu, bn thn cng tc gim nh vn cn nhiu hn ch. Trong nhng nm gn y, c s ch o ng n ca cc cp lnh o ca cng ty, s n lc ca cn b gim nh nn cng tc gim nh PJICO c nhiu chuyn bin tch cc v ngy cng khng nh c vai tr ca n trong hot ng kinh doanh bo him. Thi gian qua cng tc gim nh hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin PJICO ang ngy cng c hon thin v t c nhng kt qu ng khch l, th hin r qua bng s liu sau: Bng 8: Chi ph gim nh hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin PJICO t 1995- 2000 n v: Nghn VND Ch tiu Nm 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
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Ph gim nh t lm 0 75.485 92.617 165.588 159.712 238.642

Ph gim nh thu ngoi 65.8573 164.192 181.795 127.682 102.374 77.593

Ph gim nh c u thc 0 0 0 17.215 20.175 33.656

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Ngun s liu: Phng Gim nh bi thng- PJICO. Bng s liu trn cho thy: Chi ph gim nh t lm ca nghip v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin PJICO khng ngng tng ln qua cc nm. Nm 1995 do mi i vo hot ng trong vng 6 thng cui nm, nn vic b tr cn b lm gim nh vin cha thng nht v mt s gim nh vin cn ang c c i o to nng cao trnh trong cng tc gim nh, chnh v vy cng tc gim nh hng ho b tn tht hon ton u quyn li cho cc cng ty gim nh trung gian, chi ph ny l 65.873 nghn ng. T nm 1996 hot ng kinh doanh i vo n nh, tuy nhin phng Gim nh bi thng vn cha c thit lp thc hin chuyn trch nhim v, chc nng ca mnh trong c cu t chc ca cng ty m cc cn b phng Hng hi v mt s phng ban chc nng phi kim nhim cng tc gim nh bi thng hng ha xut nhp khu b tn tht. Mc d cng tc gim nh hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin PJICO t c kt qu rt kh quan th hin ph gim nh t lm, ph gim nh c u thc lun c xu hng tng dn qua cc nm v ph gim nh thu ngoi c xu hng gim dn, nhng vic thit lp phng chc nng chuyn trch cng tc gim nh bi thng PJICO l rt cp bch v cn thit. Ngay khi i vo hot ng kinh doanh, PJICO tch cc chun b v mi mt: nhn lc, trang thit b k thut gim nh, cc chng trnh o to, hun luyn thc t v ti nm 2000 phng Gim nh bi thng ca cng ty chnh thc c thnh lp v thc hin chc nng ca mnh do cc chuyn vin gim nh m nhn. Kt qu ca cng tc gim nh nm 2000 th hin c vai tr to ln ca phng: ph gim nh t lm t 283.642 nghn ng gp 3,2 ln so vi nm 1996; ph gim nh thu ngoi gim mnh qua cc nm, nu nh nm 1996 ph gim nh thu ngoi chim 68,5% tng ph gim nh th n nm t l ny ch khong 22,2% v ph gim nh c u thc t 33.656 nghn ng cao nht t khi thnh lp cng ty n nay. Hot ng kinh doanh bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin cng nh cc nghip v bo him khc PJICO thng c tin hnh theo cc khu: khai thc, gim nh, phng v hn ch tn tht, bi thng, i ngi th ba. Mi khu ng mt vai tr nht nh trong ton b qu trnh kinh doanh bo him. ng thi cht lng, hiu qu hot ng ca tng khu c nh hng trc tip n cc khu cn li cng nh nh hng n kt qu v hiu qu kinh doanh ca cng ty. V vy, nhng tc ng tch cc hay nh ca cng tc gim nh hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng
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bin n cc khu cn li ca qu trnh kinh doanh nghip v cng nh i vi kt qu v hiu qu kinh doanh bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin PJICO trong thi gian qua l rt ln, khng th lit k chi tit bng cc con s hay s liu. Vi kt qu t c, cng tc gim nh ang ngy cng khng nh c vai tr to ln ca n trong vic nng cao hiu qu kinh doanh bo him ni chung v hot ng bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin ni ring. Tuy nhin, do tnh cht phc tp ca cng vic nn cho n nay cng tc gim nh hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin PJICO vn cn tn ti nhiu hn ch cn phi tch cc hon thin hn na: - Vic tin hnh gim nh PJICO cn gp nhiu kh khn do h thng cc chi nhnh, i l ca cng ty cha hon chnh. n thi im ny PJICO ch c 9 chi nhnh cng ty mt s tnh, thnh ph trong c nc: TP. H Ch Minh, Hi Phng, Nng, Cn Th, Qung Ninh, Qung Bnh, Tha Thin Hu, Ngh An, Khnh Ho, v ch cc chi nhnh cng ty ny mi c thm quyn v c cn b lm cng tc gim nh. V vy, khi c ri ro xy ra cc khu vc khc th cc chi nhnh vn cha c s phi hp cht ch vi nhau trong cng tc gim nh nhm t hiu qu ti u. - Gim nh l mt cng vic ht sc phc tp c bit l trong nghip v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu, i tng gim nh l nhng l hng ho xut nhp khu c gi tr rt ln, chng loi hng ho rt a dng, vic xc nh nguyn nhn v mc tn tht rt kh khn, ri ro gy ra tn tht li thng xuyn xy ra i hi ngi thc hin phi c trnh chuyn mn cao, am hiu nhiu lnh vc. Mt khc do cng ty mi i vo hot ng nn trnh v kinh nghim ca cc gim nh vin cn hn ch v vy cng tc ny vn cha p ng c nhu cu trong qu trnh kinh doanh nghip v ca cng ty. - Cng tc gim nh hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin PJICO trong nhng nm qua mc d t c nhiu kt qu to ln nhng vn cn mt s vn t ra cn phi khc phc v hon thin trong thi gian ti. Ph gim nh m PJICO thu c do bn ngoi u thc cn qu thp v hu nh khng c. Nm 1995 - 1997 cng ty khng thu c mt ng no t khon ph ny, t nm 1998 - 2000 cng ch thu c vi chc triu ng, thp hn nhiu so vi Bo Vit thu hng t ng v Bo Minh thu hng trm triu ng mt nm. - Mc d vic u thc cho cc t chc gim nh trung gian, c lp thc hin cng tc gim nh khi c ri ro gy ra tn tht cho hng ho ang c xu hng ngy cng gia tng khng ch ring i vi PJICO m cn i vi hu ht
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cc cng ty bo him ca Vit Nam hin nay, nhng vic u t mua sm cc trang thit b phc v cho cng tc gim nh, hay vic ch trng bi dng nng cao trnh cho cc gim nh vin l rt cn thit v quan trng nhm pht huy ni lc nng cao hiu qu kinh doanh nghip v ni chung. - c bit trong trng hp cng ty u thc cho t chc gim nh nc ngoi. PJICO khng nhng phi chu sc p v ph gim nh cao m cn phi chu hu qu ca s thiu tinh thn trch nhim, thiu kp thi ca gim nh vin nc ngoi trong qu trnh gim nh cng nh trong vic t vn cho khch hng tham gia bo him thc hin cc bin php phng v hn ch tn tht c hiu qu. - Cng tc qun l v kim tra s hot ng ca gim nh vin cn cha cht ch, khng thng xuyn, trong cng tc gim nh rt d xy ra cc hin tng tiu cc nhm trc li bo him gy thit hi cho cng ty. - Ch i ng cho gim nh vin cha thc s c quan tm ng mc, cha c s khen thng tho ng, kp thi cho nhng gim nh vin c thng tch tt. Chnh v vy cha to ra c nhng n by khuyn khch h hng hi lm vic, hon thnh tt nhim v c giao. 3. Gii quyt khiu ni i bi thng trong bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin PJICO. Nhm m bo nguyn tc tng cng quyn hn v trch nhim cho cc chi nhnh ng thi nhm mc ch phc v khch hng mt cch nhanh chng v hiu qu, PJICO ban hnh quy nh phn cp bi thng. i vi cc chi nhnh cng ty, hn mc phn cp bi thng m chi nhnh c php chi tr trong nghip v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu l 15.000 USD hoc tnh ra VND tng ng/ mt v. Vi cc h s trn phn cp, chi nhnh phi thu thp y h s bi thng theo quy nh, khn trng lm bo co v c kin ca n v gi v cng ty xem xt gii quyt bi thng. Trong mt s trng hp, mc d h s di phn cp, thuc phm vi trch nhim v quyn hn ca chi nhnh cng ty c php gii quyt bi thng nhng trong qu trnh ny c nhng tnh tit phc tp th chi nhnh phi xin kin ca cp lnh o cng ty ri mi c xem xt gii quyt bi thng. Qu trnh gii quyt khiu ni i bi thng PJICO c tin hnh theo trnh t sau: 3.1. Nhn h s khiu ni. Gm hai bc nh sau: Bc 1: Nhn h s- H s chng t khiu ni i bi thng bao gm:
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- Hp ng bo him v giy iu khon b sung nu c (bn gc) - Khng ngh hng hi c xc nhn ca chnh quyn a phng ni xy ra tn tht hoc ni cng n u tin nu s c xy ra trn ng hnh trnh ngoi khi. - Vn n ng bin (bn gc) - Ho n mua hng (bn gc) - Bin bn gim nh ca PJICO, i l ca PJICO hoc t chc gim nh c PJICO u thc (bn gc) - Phiu ng gi hng ha (bn gc) - Chng t giao nhn hng ca cng hoc c quan chc nng. - Giy thng bo tn tht - Cng vn khiu ni ca ch hng - Nhng ti liu lin quan n ngi th 3 (nu tn tht c lin quan n trch nhim ca ngi th 3) - Ho n/ bin lai cc chi ph khc. Ngoi ra, tu tng trng hp m PJICO yu cu ngi khiu ni i bi thng phi xut trnh mt s chng t c lin quan khc nhm to iu kin cho qu trnh thm nh h s v xem xt gii quyt bi thng mt cch chnh xc, cng bng. Bc 2: Kim tra h s: Thm nh xem b h s trn y , hp php cha? - Kim tra h s xem c m bo ng thi hn khiu ni theo quy nh ca hp ng khng (nu thiu h s yu cu b sung trong vng 30 ngy theo hp ng). - Vo s ghi th t tin theo di cc nghip v pht sinh - Sp xp v phn loi h s theo th t u tin gii quyt, h s sp ht thi hn khiu ni theo theo hp ng, h s v cc v tn tht ln. - H s cn thiu chng t, ti liu cn b sung thm th phi c vn bn yu cu b sung v thi hn b sung gi ngi khiu ni. 3.2. Xt bi thng: Gm 3 bc nh sau: Bc 1: Xc nh trch nhim bi thng ca bo him, cn xem xt tn tht c thuc phm vi trch nhim ca hp ng hay khng? cn phi xt cc yu t sau: - Ngi khiu ni c quyn li bo him hay khng? - Tn tht xy ra c trong thi gian hiu lc ca hp ng hay khng? - Tn tht c vi phm cc iu khon ring hay khng?
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- Tn tht c phi do nhng ri ro loi tr gy ra hay khng? - Tn tht c thuc phm vi cc iu khon bo him tho thun hay khng? - Trng hp nu tn tht khng thuc phm v trch nhim ca PJICO th PJICO s lp cng vn gi ngi khiu ni v vic t chi bi thng v km theo l cc l do t chi bi thng. Bc 2: Tnh ton s tin bi thng. Nu tn tht thuc trch nhim bo him th cn b xt bi thng phi tnh ton mc bi thng, lm t trnh lnh o theo phn cp bi thng xem xt v c kin v vic bi thng. Bc 3: Xem xt cc chi ph khc thuc trch nhim ca bo him nh chi ph phng v hn ch tn tht, chi ph gim nh, chi ph chuyn ti yu cu cc loi chi ph trn phi hp l v trong trng hp c bit phi c s tho thun v cho php ca PJICO. 3.3. Trnh lnh o: - Lm t trnh phn tch r nguyn nhn tn tht, phm vi trch nhim ca bo him v cch tnh s tin bi thng, nu r cc l do chp nhn bi thng hoc t chi bi thng. L do tng hoc gim s tin bi thng so vi s tin khiu ni c tnh ca ch hng. ngh bi thng bng ng Vit Nam hay ngoi t. - i vi nhng v tn tht ln, phc tp sau khi d tho xong t trnh cn thit phi chuyn cho b phn Php ch, K ton ti v, Qun l nghip v v th trng tham gia kin trc khi a trnh duyt vi lnh o. - Nghin cu li kin ca lh o sau khi trnh duyt, c th b sung kin hoc cc chng t cn thit nu cn, son tho cng vn gi ngi khiu ni thng bo s tin bi thng hay t chi bi thng. - Tt c h s khiu ni phi c xem xt, trnh duyt v bi thng theo ng thi gian quy nh trong hp ng l 90 ngy k t ngy nhn h s. - i vi nhng v bi thng di phn cp, cc chi nhnh ch ng gii quyt bi thng v chu trch nhim v vic bi thng . Sau khi bi thng phi gi thng bo v cng ty. - i vi h s khiu ni i bi thng bng ngoi t, cng vn bi thng lp 7 bn (1 gi ngi khiu ni, 1 bn gi vn th, 1 bn lu nghip v, 2 bn gi k ton ti v, 2 bn gi v cng ty km theo giy thng bo bi thng hng ho xut nhp khu theo mu in sn ca PJICO).

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- i vi h s khiu ni i bi thng bng ng Vit Nam, cng vn bi thng lp 6 bn (1 gi ngi khiu ni, 1 bn gi k ton ti v, 1 bn lu nghip v, 2 bn gi v cng ty, 1 bn lu vn th chi nhnh). - i vi cc v bi thng trn phn cp cn gi cng vn v cng ty c hng gii quyt. 3.4. Lu tr h s: - Tt c cc h s c gii quyt bi thng u phi vo s, phn loi theo dng tn tht, ri ro c bo him v theo chng loi hng ho c s liu tnh ph v hng dn phng, hn ch tn tht. - Vo s bi thng theo di s h s pht sinh, s h s gii quyt bi thng, s h s ang tranh chp, s h s cn tn ng v s tin bi thng trnh nhm ln, mt mt, chm tr gii quyt. - Cc h s gii quyt bi thng xong, phi sp xp theo th t thi gian, chng loi hng ho lu tr (thi gian lu tr l 5 nm). Lu : Sau khi xt bi thng nu li c lin quan n trch nhim ca ngi th 3 th cng ty s yu cu ngi khiu ni lm giy u quyn khiu ni i ngi th 3 bi thng ng thi thu thp cc chng t c lin quan.

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S quy trnh lp h s bi thng bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin PJICO Ngi c bo him

Thng bo tn tht

T chi bi thng

Kim tra thng tin

Phng ti bo him

i ti bo him

Lnh o cng ty

Phng nghip v bo him Hng hi

Gim nh c lp

Thng bo bi thng

Lp h s gim nh

Phng Ti chnhK ton

Thanh ton bi thng Ch thch: Cc bin php phng v hn ch tn tht. nh gi ri ro. iu chnh ph. i ngi th 3 Cng vic quan h trc tip Cng vic quan h b sung (nu cn)

Cng tc bi thng tn tht v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin PJICO trong thi gian qua c s chuyn bin tch
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cc, m bo gii quyt ng, , kp thi - m bo n nh kinh doanh cho khch hng khi gp ri ro gy ra tn tht v hng ho v to c uy tn vi khch hng trong v ngoi nc. Qua , thy r c tc dng ca bo him trong nn kinh t ni chung v trong kinh doanh bun bn ngoi thng ni ring. Tnh hnh bi thng tn tht cho hng ho xut nhp khu c bo him PJICO trong nhng nm qua tuy khng c xu hng gia tng nh ca ton b th trng nhng nhng v tn tht ln lin tip xy ra, v d nh: - V st thp b g, thiu ht trn tu YOKOHAMA hnh trnh t Thng Hi - Trung Quc v cng Si Gn xy ra ngy 29/09/1995 gy thit hi 200.925 nghn USD. - V Clinker c vn chuyn trn tu VEGA 1 t Koh Sichang n Cn Th tn tht ton b khi tu b chm y m ti nh An- Cn Th ngy 22/ 01/ 1999 gy thit hi 120.120 nghn USD. - V tu CS ChangSun ch st thp t i Loan n cng Hi Phng b mc cn v m trn ng vn chuyn ngy 02/ 05/ 1999 thit hi 116.000 nghn USD. - Hay gn y nht l v m va gia tu Maritime Fidelity vi tu New Venture hu qu l 2,2 tn phn bn ch trn tu b tn tht ton b vi tr gi trn 2,8 triu USD (trong Bo Vit bi thng 1,8 triu USD). Ngoi ra cc tn tht ca hng ho c bo him xy ra do nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau: tu b chy, m, mc cn, am va, cp bin, mt tch, khng giao hng, thiu ht, t, mc. Mt khc phm vi a l ca cc v tn tht xy ra rt rng, lin quan n thng l, iu lut ca nhiu nc khc nhau nn mc phc tp trong qu trnh gii quyt khiu ni i bi thng cng rt cao. Tuy nhin, PJICO phi hp cht ch vi cc t chc quc t c lin quan gii quyt kp thi nhng v tn tht ln nhm ba v li ch ti a cng quyn li ca cc bn. Cng tc bi thng ca PJICO trong cc nm qua c th hin bng sau: Bng 9: Tnh hnh bi thng ca nghip v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin PJICO t 1995- 2000.

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Ch tiu Nm 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Cng

Doanh thu ph S tin bi thng T l bi thng bo him (1000 (1000 VND) (%) VND) 1.856.702 715.387 38,53 5.648.321 4.951.883 87,67 8.794.647 5.720.038 65,04 14.591.608 10.412.571 71,36 18.389.451 16.450.055 89,41 21.193.548 10.899.842 51,43 70.474.277 49.149.777 69,74 Ngun s liu: Phng Gim nh bi thng - PJICO.

Bng s liu trn cho thy: S bin ng ca t l bi thng qua cc nm rt ln, iu ny rt d hiu v ri ro gy ra tn tht hng ho l ngu nhin, khng thng xuyn v khng theo mt chu k nht nh. Mc d nm 1999, t l bi thng ca nghip v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin PJICO tng ln rt cao ti 89,41% l do trong nm ny xy ra mt s v tn tht ln gy thit hi vi tng tr gi hng ho hn 1 triu USD nhng nhn chung th t l ny c xu hng gim dn. Bnh qun 1995-2000 t l bi thng l 69,74% (T l bi thng bnh qun bng tng s tin bi thng/ tng doanh thu ph bo him) thp hn nhiu so vi t l bi thng bnh qun nghip v ton th trng l 77,74% v y cng l t l tng i kh quan so vi ca Bo Vit l 79,82% v ca Bo Minh l 73,64%. t c kt qu ny l do s h tr ca cng tc nh ga v qun l ri ro, cng tc gim nh trong vic ngn nga v hn ch tn tht nn lm gim s tin bi thng cho mi v. ng thi vic xc nh ng nguyn nhn gy ra tn tht, nh gi chnh xc mc tn tht hn ch c s gian ln, trc li bo him do vy cng lm gim s tin bi thng. Tuy nhin, do ri ro gy ra tn tht xy ra l khch quan v tn tht c th nhiu hoc t v khc nhau gia hng ho xut khu v nhp khu cho nn thy r hn vai tr ca cng tc gim nh, gii quyt khiu ni i bi thng ta xem xt bng s liu sau:

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T bng s liu trn, rt d nhn thy s khc bit gia t l bi thng i vi hng ho nhp khu 2 nm 1995 v 1999. Nm 1995, t l bi thng cho hng ho nhp khu l 32,81% th nm 1999 t l ny ln ti 90,63%. S d nh vy l v trong nm 1999 xy ra mt s v tn tht hng ho nhp khu rt ln thit hi c tng tr gi hng ho trn 1 triu USD, cn trong 6 thng cui nm 1995 c t ri ro xy ra v gi tr tn tht cng rt nh. iu ny cho thy c tnh cht khch quan ca ri ro v tn tht xy ra. Ngoi tr 2 nm ny, t l bi thng cho hng ho nhp khu nhng nm cn li bin ng tng i n nh, t l mc trung bnh v c xu hng gim dn. Bnh qun t 1995-2000, t l bi thng i vi hng ho nhp khu l 67,02% thp hn so vi t l bi thng bnh qun nghip v l 69,74%. Trong khi t l bi thng i vi hng ho xut khu li bin ng kh phc tp v lun lun mc cao. Thp nht l nm 1995 t l ny cng l 61,36% v cao nht vo nm 1996 t l ny ln ti 127,08%, bnh qun t 1995-2000 t l bi thng cho hng ho xut khu l 90,49% cao gp 1,35 ln so vi hng ho nhp khu. Mc d c s khc bit nh vy nhng cng khng th kt lun hay nhn nh rng ri ro gy ra tn tht i vi hng ho xut khu ln hn so vi hng ho nhp khu. S d t l bi thng cho hng ho xut khu cao l do mt s nguyn nhn sau: Mt l, hng ho xut khu tham gia bo him PJICO hu ht u u thc cng tc gim nh cho cc i l gim nh nc ngoi khi c tn tht xy ra, do ph gim nh ca nc ngoi rt cao nn lm tng s tin bi thng cho mi v tn tht. Ngoi ra cn mt s chi ph khc c lin quan cng ri vo trng hp tng t nh trn nn tt c cc chi ph cng vi tn tht thc t lm tng s tin bi thng ln rt cao. (Chi ph khc c th l chi ph lu kho, chi ph d hng ti cng lng nn, chi ph chuyn ti, chi ph gim st, chi ph thay th bao b, chi ph sa cha). Hai l, v gim nh c s u thc cho nn h khng mn cn trong vic gip , t vn cho khch hng tham gia bo him PJICO trin khai cc bin php phng v hn ch tn tht mt cch kp thi, c hiu qu khi tn tht xy ra. iu ny c th lm tn tht xy ra nng n hn dn n lm tng s tin bi thng cho tn tht . Ba l, tin cy ca bin bn gim nh khng cao bi l cng ty khng th kim sot c vic ch hng thng ng vi t chc gim nh nhm trc li bo him. c bit l trong vic xc nh mc tn tht v t l gim gi thng mi. Qua s phn tch trn cho thy qu trnh gii quyt khiu ni i bi thng v xem xt bi thng tn tht c mi quan h rt cht ch vi cng tc
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gim nh c bit l trong nghip v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin. nh gi c kt qu v hiu qu mt cch c th hn na trong cng tc gii quyt khiu ni i bi thng nghip v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin PJICO trong nhng nm va qua ta c bng s liu ca mt s ch tiu sau: Bng 11: Tn tht pht sinh v gii quyt bi thng nghip v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin PJICO t 1995-2000. Ch tiu 1.S n cp 2.S v tn tht pht sinh trong nm 3.S v tn tht nm trc chuyn sang 4.S v gii quyt bi thng 5.T l gii quyt bi thng 6.T l tn ng 7.S v t chi bi thng n v n v v v % % v 1995 427 32 0 24 75,00 25,00 0 1996 1997 1.182 1.473 197 8 171 184 34 176 1998 2.268 165 42 160 77,29 22,71 13 1999 2000 2.712 2.896 126 47 143 131 30 149

83,41 80,73 16,59 19,27 12 17

82,66 92,54 17,34 8 7,46 15

Ngun s liu: Phng Gim nh bi thng - PJICO. Mc d ri ro gy ra tn tht hng ho xut nhp khu l rt phc tp, xy ra trn pham v rng ln nn gy ra rt nhiu kh khn cho cng tc gim nh cng nh trong vic gii quyt khiu ni i bi thng ca khch hng, nhng c s ch o ng n, kp thi ca cc cp lnh o cng vi s quyt tm, c gng ca cc cn b gim nh bi thng, cng tc gii quyt khiu ni xt bi thng PJICO trong nhng nm qua vn c thc hin tng i tt v kp thi. T l gii quyt bi thng c xu hng tng dn qua cc nm, thp nht l nm 1995 vi t l l 75% v cao nht l nm 2000 t l ny ln ti 92,54% cao gp 1,23 ln nm 1995 v bnh qun c giai on 1995-2000 l 82,63% cao hn so vi t bi thng bnh qun ton th trng v mt s cng ty bo him khc. Cng vi s gia ca t l gii quyt bi thng th t l tn ng cng gim xung mt cch nhanh chng. Cao nht nm 1995 t l ny l 25% v n nm 2000 t l ny ch cn 7,46%. Theo bo co ca phng Gim nh bi thng th s v cn tn ng ny cha gii quyt c l v ch yu do thiu
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mt s chng t cn thit hoc c lin quan n tn tht m ch hng cha xut trnh y , hoc c xut trnh nhng cha hp l, cha ng th tc quy nh. Ngoi ra cn c mt s v tn tht vi gi tr hng ho rt ln, lin quan ti trch nhim ca nhiu bn v trong qu trnh gim nh, xt bi thng vn cn c nhng tranh chp, cc bn cha thng nht c kin chung. V vy cn phi c thi gian gii quyt mt cch hp l. Hin nay, th trng bo him Vit Nam din ra qu trnh cnh tranh gay gt gia cc cng ty bo him trong nc cng nh cng ty bo him trong nc vi cc cng ty bo him nc ngoi. V vy, nn khi xy ra tn tht i vi hng ho th cng tc xt duyt bi thng c PJICO rt coi trng. Cng ty lun thc hin v m bo nguyn tc ng, , kp thi v cng bng cho khch hng tham gia bo him nhm nng cao uy tn ca mnh trn th trng bo him, mt khc vai tr t vn cho khch hng trong vic gii quyt khiu ni i bi thng PJICO cng ngy cng c ch trng nng cao. 4. Vn "i ngi th ba" trong bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin PJICO. i bi thng ngi th ba (hay bn th ba) l mt cng vic tng i phc tp, c bit l trong trng hp ngi th 3 l bn nc ngoi. c nhiu trng hp do thiu nhng th tc, chng t cn thit quan trng m PJICO khng i c ht s tin m bn th ba phi tr hoc thm ch khng i c bt k mt khon tin no ca h. Do vy nhng th tc i ngi th ba phi c gim nh vin thc hin ht sc cht ch v r rng. S d lin quan n gim nh vin bi v nhng th tc i ngi th ba phi c tin hnh ngay khi m hng ho b tn tht. Trong bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin ngi th ba c th l ngi chuyn ch, ngi lm cng, cng hoc ch hng khc. Quy trnh i ngi th ba sau khi gii quyt bi thng hng ho xut nhp khu PJICO c ban hnh km theo quyt nh cu Tng gim c PJICO s 113/ BH- HH/ 1995 ngy 15/ 07/ 1995. Khi hng ho c tn tht, ngi c bo him phi lm ngay giy yu cu gim nh gi cho bo him ng thi phi lm th d khng (th t khiu ni ngi th ba) gi cho cc bn c lin quan trong thi gian sm nht. Bi l cc bn ny c qui nh ring v thi gian cho php khiu ni theo lut trong nc hoc quc t. Nu th d khng gi ngoi thi gian qui nh th c th cc bn s t chi bi thng (khi h l ngi gy ra tn tht). V vy ngi c phi bt buc lm nh d khng khi c tn tht xy ra. Nu khng h s b p dng cc hnh thc pht ch ti, thm ch b t
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chi bi thng t pha ngi bo him. Mc ch ca vic lm th d khng l nhm thng bo tn tht n cc bn c lin quan v bo lu quyn khiu ni cho ngi bo him i vi ngi th ba gy ra tn tht cho hng ho. Sau khi chp nhn yu cu gim nh, gim nh vin s kim tra vic lm th d khng ng thi tin hnh cng tc gim nh tn tht, sau a ra kt lun v nguyn nhn, tnh cht v mc tn tht. Tuy nhin, iu thng gy ra trang ci chnh l vic xc nh nguyn nhn hay l vic tm ra li thuc v trch nhim ca bn no khi tn tht xy ra. Nu nguyn nhn ca tn tht l khch quan v thuc trch nhim ca bo him th bo him s tin hnh bi thng cho ngi c bo him v nh vy bo him khng c quyn i ngi th ba v h khng c li trong trng hp ny. Nhng nu nguyn nhn gy ra tn tht l do li ca ngi th ba th gim nh vin phi t vn cho ngi c bo him lm ngay khng co hng hi gi cho bn gy ra tn tht (ngi c bo him gi v h c quan h trc tip vi bn th ba). Nu bn th ba ng vi kt lun ca gim nh vin bo him, h s chp nhn bi thng tn tht. Nhng trong thc t, h thng mi cc t chc gim nh trung gian c lp tin hnh gim nh li. Trong trng hp ny, gim nh c lp s cng vi gim nh ca bo him v cc bn lin quan cng nhau bn bc v i n thng nht nguyn nhn cng nh mc ca tn tht. Nu khng thng nht c th phi ra to gii quyt, to n s ch nh mt t chc gim nh khc c lp tin hnh gim nh li, kt lun ca t chc gim nh ny l quyt nh cui cng. Li thuc v bn no bn s phi thanh ton ph gim nh cho t chc gim nh v chu trch nhim bi thng. Trong trng hp li thuc bn th ba, bo him vn phi bi thng cho ngi c bo him sau mi tin hnh i ngi th ba. lm c cng vic ny ngi bo him phi c giy u quyn ca ch hng (ngi c bo him) v mt s chng t sau: * Nu bn th ba l tu cn phi: - C hp ng vn chuyn gc quy trch nhim ca tu khi l hng b tn tht (Bill of Loading). - Hng b h hng trong khi vn chuyn hoc khi tu b nn, c khng co hng hi (Sea- protest). - C bin bn xc nhn hng b tn tht c lp k gia tu v ngi nhn hng. - Hng b giao thiu nguyn liu c bin bn kt ton giao nhn hng gia tu v cng (ROC). ROC c ghi ch gia tranh chp ca tu v s lng hng ho tha hoc thiu, c thm bin bn kt ton bo li ca cng (CA-Correction
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Advice) v bin bn xc nhn hng b giao thiu ca i l tu bin (CSCCertificate of Shortlanded Cargo). - Hng b mt mt h hng ti tu, c bin bn v do tu gy ra (COR). Trng hp bin bn v do tu gy ra khng xc nh r s lng hng ho b tn tht, c thm bin bn gim nh (SR- Servey report) xc nh mc hng b mt mt, h hng do tu gy ra v xc nhn ca i din ca tu (thng l i l ca ch tu). Trng hp bin bn gim nh kt lun chung do c tu ln cng gy nn nhng khng xc nh r mc tn tht ca mi bn th cn c vo s liu b tn tht ghi trn bin bn v do tu gy ra, xc nh trch nhim ca ch tu v i theo t l tng ng. - C th d khng, th thng bo tn tht hoc th khiu ni hng tu khi pht hin hng ho b tn tht, mt mt, thiu ht ca ngi nhn hng. - Chi tit ca l hng b tn tht (s B/L, tn hng, tng s kin hng hoc trng lng hng) ghi trn hp ng vn chuyn, chng t giao nhn hng v bin bn gim nh phi khp nhau. - S kin hng b v, mt mt (nu c) ghi trn bin bn v do tu gy ra v bin bn gim nh phi khp vi chi tit ng gi hng (Packing list- PL). - C ho n mua hng v P/L tnh gi tr hng ho b tn tht. * Nu bn th ba l cng: - C B/L gc xc nhn quyn s hu ca ch hng. - Nu tn tht do tu gy ra phi c ROC hoc COR lm c s loi tr phn tn tht khng thuc trch nhim ca cng. - Tn tht do cng gy nn cn c bin bn xc nhn vi ch k ca cng v cc bn lin quan (nu cng khng chu k bin bn bt buc phi c ch k ca hi quan). - Trong trng hp cng gy ra mt mt, h hng i vi hng ho, cn c bin bn v v mt mt ghi xc nhn trng lng hng ho b tn tht v c bin bn gim nh kt lun nguyn nhn ca tn tht thuc trch nhim ca cng (ngy gim nh phi trong thi gian bo him cn hiu lc). - C thng bo tn tht hoc th khiu ni cng ca ngi nhn hng khi pht hin tn tht do cng gy nn. - Chi tit l hng ghi trn hp ng vn chuyn, bin bn v v mt mt, bin bn gim nh phi khp nhau. - S hiu hng b v mt mt (nu c) ghi trn bin bn v mt mt v bin bn gim nh phi ph hp vi chi tit ng gi hng ho.

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- Trong trng hp tn tht do c tu ln cng gy nn, phn tn tht m bin bn gim nh quy trch nhim cho cng phi l phn tn tht khng c ghi nhn trn COR. - Nu bin bn gim nh khng cp n bin bn v do tu gy ra th bin bn v mt mt cng khng ghi nhn l c bin bn v do tu gy ra. - C ho n mua hng v chi tit ng gi tnh tr gi hng ho b tn tht. - H s i hi phi m bo thi hn i cng theo quy nh trong hp ng giao nhn cng. Tt c cc chng t trn phi c gim nh vin ca bo him, thu thp y trong cng nh sau qu trnh gim nh. Nu do mt l do no hay s sut m thiu i mt trong nhng giy t ny th ngi th ba gy ra tn tht s tm cch gy kh d t chi hay gim i s tin bi thng ca mnh. i ngi th ba l cng vic rt phc tp, i hi phi c kinh nghim v s hiu bit su sc v vn ny. L mt cng ty bo him mi ra i, cn rt non tr trn th trng, ngay khi i vo hot ng kinh doanh tip cn trc tip vi thc t PJICO gp rt nhiu kh khn v vng mc trong cng tc i bi thng th ba. Bng 12: Tnh hnh i ngi th ba i vi nghip v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin PJICO t 1995-2000
n v: 1000 VND

Ch tiu 1. ST bi thng 2. ST i ngi th ba 3. T l i BT

1995 715.387 104.812 14,65%

1996 4.951.883 1.372.541 27,72%

1997 5.720.038 1.086.722 19,00%

1998 10.412.571 3.748.513 35,99%

1999 16.450.055 8.562.787 52,05%

2000 10.899.842 1.729.472 15,87%

Ngun s liu: Phng Gim nh bi thng - PJICO.

Do s liu v cng tc i ngi th ba cha c thng k mt cch y , chi tit nn cng ty mi ch c th cung cp cho bng s liu trn gm c ba ch tiu. Vi ba ch tiu ny th cha c s nh gi c hiu qu ca cng tc i ngi th ba trong nghip v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin PJICO trong nhng nhng nm qua v ch tiu th ba- t l i bi thng ch ni ln c t trng s tin bi thng thu oc t bn th ba so vi tng s tin bi thng m cng ty tr ch khng phn nh c t trng s tin bi thng thu c t bn th ba trong tng s tin bi
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thng m bn th ba phi tr do li ca mnh gy ra tn tht. nhng ch bit rng, do cng ty cn gp nhiu kh khn v cn nhiu hn ch trong cng tc ny nn hng nm mc d thu c s tin bi thng t ngi th ba l tng i ln, song li b ra mt khon chi ph kh ln v mt mt thi gian kh di mi thu c kt qu. nng cao hiu qu ca cng tc ny trc ht cn phi khng ngng nng cao trnh ca gim nh vin. Bi l mt gim nh vin c trnh v kinh nghim s khng xy ra s xut trong vic t vn cho khch hng tham gia bo him, thc hin nhng th tc cn thit lin quan n vic i ngi th ba khi c tn tht xy ra. Cng chnh cc gim nh vin l ngi thu nhn y cc chng c chng minh c mc trch nhim i vi tn tht m bn th ba phi gnh chu. Thm vo , cng ty cn phi tng cng m rng mi quan h hn na i vi cc t chc, cc cng ty c lin quan trong lnh vc ny nh: Hi lut s, hay cc cng ty gim nh c lp Hin nay trn th gii c mt s cng ty c gii bo him bit ti nh l mt t chc chuyn trch vic i n ngi th ba thu c uy tn, v d nh cng ty DUNFIN. Ch cn 35% s tin i c, nhng cng ty ny s gip khch hng ca mnh thu hi tin. Cn phi thit lp vi nhng cng ty ny bi l c nhiu trng hp bn th ba l bn nc ngoi, trong khi PJICO cha c chi nhnh hay Vn phng i din nn cng tc ny c thc hin s gp rt nhiu kh khn. C nh vy cng ty mi va m bo c hiu qu kinh doanh va hc hi tch lu c kinh nghim trong vic i ngi th ba- mt vn cng ty cn yu km. 5. Cng tc phng v hn ch tn tht trong bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin PJICO. phng v hn ch tn tht l mt khu rt quan trng, khng th thiu trong hot ng kinh doanh bo him ni chung v trong nghip v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin ni ring. phng v hn ch tn tht, trc ht lm gim thiu tn tht i vi hng ho t lm gim trch nhim bi thng ca bo him v gim thit hi i vi ch hng, hn na n cn gip cng ty bo him tng c hiu qu kinh doanh ca mnh cng nh gim ph bo him cho khch hng tham gia bo him. Chnh v nhng li ch m cng tc phng v hn ch tn tht khng phi l cng vic ring c ca cng ty bo him m n cn l trch nhim i vi cc bn lin quan lin quan nh ngi chuyn tr v ngi c bo him. Nu cc bn lin quan khng thc hin cng tc phng v hn ch tn tht trc, trong v sau khi tn tht xy ra th h c th phi chu trch nhim vi nhng tn tht hoc c th b ngi bo him t chi bi thng mt phn hay ton b gi tr tn tht xy ra. PJICO cng tc ny c thc hin kh tt, n khp v t hiu qu tng i cao trong thi gian va qua. qua phn tch tnh tn tht ca mt s mt
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hng xut nhp khu tham gia bo him ch yu PJICO nh du th, st thp, go, phn bn, my mc thit b, ng, bt m (thng l theo iu kin A v mt s iu kin nh giao thiu, mt cp) gim nh vin ca cng ty phn loi, nh gi v tng kt ra c mt s nguyn nhn ch yu dn n tn tht hng ho nh r r, mt cp, giao hng thiu ti cng, m mc, v nt, g st t , gim nh vin xut mt s bin php phng v hn ch tn tht c hiu qu v c nhiu kin nh gi rt cao v tnh thc t ca n. nh c tnh hnh thc hin cng tc ny PJICO ta phn tch bng s liu sau:

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Bng s liu trn cho thy: t l tn tht i vi hng ho xut nhp khu tham gia bo him PJICO t 1995-2000 c s bin ng khc nhau qua cc nm. thp nht vo nm 1995 t l tn tht l 0,146% v cao nht vo nm 1999 t l ny ln ti 0,382% gp 2,62 ln nm1995. T l ny tng ln rt cao l do nm 1999 xy ra mt s v tn tht ln, tr gi hng ho b tn tht c tnh ln ti trn 1 triu USD lm cho s tin bi thng ca cng ty tng theo. T l tn tht trung bnh t 1995-2000 khong 0,263% nh hn rt nhiu so vi t l tn tht bnh qun hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin tham gia bo him trn ton b th trng (0,352%). Tnh hnh tn tht hng ho trn ton b th trng vn tip tc c xu hng gia tng mc d cc nh bo him gc lun p dng v tng cng cc bin php phng v hn ch tn tht, t l bi thng trung bnh t 1995-2000 theo nm nghip v ln ti 77,74%. Nhng PJICO, tnh hnh tn tht qua cc nm dng nh c xu hng n nh hn, iu chng t cng tc phng v hn ch tn tht vn pht huy tc dng v c hiu qu, tr nhng nm 1996, 1999 t l tn tht ln rt cao l do c mt s v tn tht ln gy ra bi mt s nguyn nhn khch quan kh trnh khi nh: tu b mc cn, m va, gp bo trn hnh trnh vn chuyn hng ho. Mt khc vi xu hng chung hin nay l cc khch hng tham gia bo him thng mua bo him cho hng ho ca mnh theo iu kin A v c th km theo mt s iu kin bo him b sung, v th nn phm vi bo him l rt ln, tn tht nh li thng xuyn xy ra. iu ny khng ch lm tng s tin bi thng ca cng ty m cn lm cho cng tc gim nh, gii quyt bi thng cng thm cng thng, phc tp. Mc d, chi ph phng v hn ch tn tht ca cng ty tng dn qua cc nm v thng chim khong t 1,5%-2% doanh thu ph bo him nghip v nhng tnh hnh tn tht vn khng c xu hng gim. Tng kt kinh nghim qua cc nm trc, nm 2000 gim nh vin ca cng ty mnh dn xut kin vi cc cp lnh o l cn c thm khon chi ph h tr cho khch hng tham gia bo him trong vic thc hin cc bin php phng v hn ch tn tht nh trang b thm cc thit b, phng tin mi nhm hn ch ri ro gy ra tn tht v hn ch mc tn tht khi c ri ro xy ra, kt qu l nm 2000 t l tn tht gim xung ch cn 0,164%. Nhn chung, trong nhng nm va qua cng tc phng v hn ch tn tht PJICO c nhn nhn mt cch thu o v ngy cng c quan tm v th nn cht lng v hiu qu cng ngy cng c nng cao. c bit l cng tc ny c PJICO ch trng thc hin ngay t khu khai thc hp ng trong vic nh gi v qun l ri ro, bm st v t vn cho khch hng v quy cch ng gi, xp d hng ho, thu phng tin chuyn ch (tui tu, phn hng tu, c tu, tin cy) hay vic gim nh hng ho ngay ti cng i i vi mt s mt hng xut khu nhm a ra cc bin php phng v hn ch tn tht c hiu qu ngay t ban u hnh trnh vn chuyn. Hn na, vai tr ca gim nh i vi cng tc phng v hn ch tn tht rt ln nn cng ty rt ch trng n cng tc o to, bi dng nhm nng cao trnh ca cc
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gim nh vin v khng ngng to lp mi quan h vi cc t chc c lin quan nhm phi hp cht ch, kp thi thc hin cc bin php phng v hn ch tn tht khi c ri ro xy ra i vi hng ho c bo him. 6. Hot ng ti bo him trong bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin PJICO. Ti bo him l s bo him cho nhng ri ro m ngi bo him phi gnh chu. Xut pht t kh nng ti chnh ca mi cng ty bo him v c im ca i tng tham gia bo him dn n cn thit phi p dng cc phng php ti bo him vi mi cng ty bo him. Mc ch ca ti bo him l nhm phn tn ri ro v gim bt trch nhim bi thng ca cng ty bo him gc trong trng hp c tn tht xy ra, m bo s tin bi thng khng vt qu kh nng d tr ti chnh ca cc cng ty ny. Trong khi tin hnh kinh doanh cc nghip v, cng ty bo him phi xc nh mc ri ro v mt ti chnh c th m ng c trong mi s c hoc tn tht. Khi t tigii hn m thng c gi l "mc gi li" cng ty s phi thu xp chuyn phn vt mc gi li cho cc nh nhn ti bo him. Nh c phng php ti bo him, mi n v ri ro c em chia nh thnh nhiu phn, trch nhim thuc v cng ty bo him gc ch l mt phn trn ton b gi tr ca n v ri ro , cc phn cn li c phn tn cho cng ty bo him hay cng ty ti bo him khc. Cch thc tin hnh ny nhm pht huy cao nht ca quy lut s ng trong hot ng kinh doanh bo him. Ti bo him l hot ng rt cn thit i vi mi cng ty kinh doanh bo him trong c PJICO. Quy trnh ti bo him PJICO c thit lp, thc hin, kim sot mt cch rt cht ch t hiu qu ngy cng cao. Nghip v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin l mt trong nhng nghip v truyn thng, c t trng doanh thu ph cao trong tng doanh thu ph, hiu qu ca nghip v nh hng rt ln n hiu qu kinh doanh ca ton cng ty. Mt khc, c im kinh doanh ca nghip v ny l i tng c bo him c gi tr rt cao, l nhng l hng ho xut nhp khu c vn chuyn trong mt hnh trnh tngi di ngy chu s tc ng rt ln ca cc yu t khch quan nn thng xuyn b tn tht. Chnh v vy hot ng ti bo him trong bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin c cng ty rt quan tm v ch trng nhm nng cao hiu qu kinh doanh nghip v ni ring v ca ton cng ty ni chung. i vi nghip v ny, hot ng nhng ti bo him cng ty c quy nh mc gi li vi s tin bo him l 200.000 USD (hoc tnh ra VND tng ng). Nhng l hng ho c bo him c gi tr trn 200.000 USD th phn vt mc gi li s c ti i v theo nh quy nh cng ty phi ti bo him bt buc 20% phn vt mc cho cng ty Ti bo him quc gia Vit Nam (Vinare) trc khi ti bo him phn ny ra nc ngoi, nhm m bo n nh qu trnh kinh doanh ca cng ty v p ng y yu cu ca ngi tham gia bo him. Ngoi ra, cng ty cn
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thc hin c hot ng ti bo him nhm nng cao hiu qu kinh doanh ni chung. nh gi c mt cch c th ta phn tch bng s liu sau:

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Qua bng s liu trn cho thy, mc ph gi li trong tng doanh thu ph bo him gc ca nghip v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu PJICO rt n nh v c xu hng tng dn qua cc nm, ngoi tr hai nm 1996 v nm 1999 t l gi li ln lt l 79,01% v 81,42% l do trong 2 nm ny tnh hnh tn tht c din bin ht sc phc tp, mt s v tn tht xy ra lm thit hi khi lng hng ho vi gi tr rt ln, t l tn tht c nguy c tng cao. V vy, m bo s n nh hot ng kinh doanh ca mnh cng ty phi chuyn nhng cho cc nh nhn ti bo him vi mc ph khong 1,2 t ng nm 1996 v trn 3,4 t nm 1999 ng thi t l thu bi thng nhng ti bo him trung bnh 1995-2000 cng t sp x 53% so vi tng ph nhng ti. T l ph gi li mc bnh qun t 1995- 2000 l 84,4%, y l mt t l tng i cao so vi mc trung bnh ca ton b th trng v mt s cng ty bo him trong nc. iu ny chng t rng kh nng ti chnh ca cng ty rt n nh v khng ngng c cng c nh vo kt qu hot ng kinh doanh kh cao hng nm. Cng vi mc ph gi li ngy cng nhiu, PJICO cng khng ngn ngi cc khon thu ph nhn ti bo him hng nm, tr nm 1999 cng ty phi chi tr bi thng nhn ti bo him trung bnh t nm 1995-2000 ch khong 66,5% so vi tng ph nhn ti bo him. Qua y cng thy c s linh hot, nhy bn trong hot ng ti bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin PJICO. t c kt qu trn, PJICO phi khng ngng ch trng nng cao vai tr, cht lng ca cng tc nghin cu, tnh ton cc ch tiu trong hot ng ti bo him sao cho hp l v mang li hiu qu kinh doanh cao nht. ng thi c s ng h ca cc c quan ban ngnh c lin quan cng nh s phi hp, hp tc cht ch ca cc cng ty nhn ti bo him trong v ngoi nc c bit l mt s cng ty ti bo him ln c uy tn trn th gii ca Anh, M, c, Nht Bn, Thu S. PJICO to lp c v th ca mnh trong hot ng ti bo him ni ring v kinh doanh bo him ni chung trn th trng bo him.
III. NH GI HIU QU KINH DOANH NGHIP V BO HIM HNG HO XUT NHP KHU VN CHUYN BNG NG BIN PJICO.

Trong nn sn xut hng ho c s tham gia ca nhiu thnh phn kinh t v vn ng theo c ch th trng c s qun l ca Nh nc, cc cng ty, cc doanh nghip cn lun phi i mt vi cnh tranh. Mun thng li trong cnh tranh, mt vn quan trng m bt c doanh nghip thuc thnh phn kinh t no cng phi u quan tm lm gim chi ph sn xut kinh doanh v hot ng
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dch v. V gim mt ng chi ph cng c ngha l tng mt ng li. Hn na, cc cng ty, cc doanh nghip s quyt nh mc sn xut v tiu th mt lot hng ho hay dch v no , tu theo chi ph v gi bn hay hng ho, dch v . Hn na, vn chi ph v li nhun khng ch l s quan tm ca cc doanh nghip m cn l mi quan tm ca ngi tiu dng v ca ton x hi ni chung. iu cng c ngha l phi quan tm n hiu qu hot ng sn xut kinh doanh. Nhng vn ny cng chnh l mi quan tm hng u ca cc cng ty bo him. Bi v, chi ph, li nhun v hiu qu sn xut kinh doanh c quan h vi ton b qut trnh hot ng ca cc cng ty, quyt nh cng ty tn ti, pht trin hay ph sn. Do nng cao hiu qu hot ng kinh doanh lun l vn mang tnh tt yu khch quan ca mi cng ty bo him. K t khi ra i v i vo hot ng (6/1995) PJICO t c nhng kt qu ht sc to ln, p ng uc nhng ngyn vng ca cc c ng tham gia gp vn, p ng c nhu cu bo him ngy cng phong ph ca khch hng cng nh lm tng thm sc mnh trong cng cuc xy dng, pht trin nn kinh t ni chung v th trng bo him Vit Nam ni ring. Trong nhng thnh tu m PJICO t c y, c s ng gp khng nh bi nhng kt qu m qu trnh kinh doanh bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin thu c trong thi gian qua. Nhng kt qu ny c xem xt, phn tch cc phn trn ca chuyn v trong phn ny s i su nghin cu, phn tch nh gi hiu qu kinh doanh ca nghip v t phn no thy c hiu qu kinh doanh bo him ca ton cng ty. Xt trn phng din thng k, biu hin v o lng hiu qu kinh doanh ca cng ty ni chung v nhim v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu hng ho vn chuyn bng ng bin ni ring kng th dng mt ch tiu. Bi v, ni dung ca phm tr hiu qu kinh doanh rt rng v phc tp. Tnh cht php tp th hin ngay bn cht mi quan h gia kt qu v chi ph. Chi ph vi t cch l nhng yu t u vo ca hot ng kinh doanh rt a dng v bao gm nhiu loi. gc kinh t vi m, nu hiu theo ngha rng, chi ph bao gm ton b ngun nhn ti, vt lc huy ng vo sn xut kinh doanh. Cn i lng kt qu li uc th hin nhiu ch tiu khc nhau. Vic tnh ton v xc nh mi ch tiu, vic la chn ch tiu no phn nh hiu qu l nhng vn

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php tp. V th, nh gi hiu qu kinh doanh ca nghip v tnh theo doanh thu v tnh theo li nhun so vi tng chi ph, chi ra trong k (nm). Gi s:
* Tng doanh thu bao gm doanh thu chi ph bo him gc v doanh thu khc.

Trong doanh thu khc c cc khon sau: - Ph nhn ti bo him - Doanh thu u t - Thu bi thng nhng ti bo him - Thu i ngi th ba - Cc khon thu khc.
* Tng chi ph bao gm chi bi thng bo him gc v chi ph khc. Trong

chi ph khc c cc khon sau: - Chi nhng ti bo him - Chi qu d phng - Chi hoa hng v mi gii ph - Chi ph qun l - Chi thu - Cc khon chi khc v ch coi li nhun c tnh n thun theo cng thc:

LN = DT - CF
Ta c: Ch tiu hiu qu tnh theo doanh thu Ch tiu hiu qu tnh theo li nhun
=

Tng doanh thu Tng chi ph Tng li nhun Tng chi ph

nh gi hiu qu kinh doanh nghip v bo him xut khu vn chuyn bng ng bin PJICO trong nhng nm va qua, cn xem xt bng s liu sau:

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Qua nhng s liu tnh ton c trn, c th thy rng kt qu v hiu qu kinh doanh nghip v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin bng ng bin PJICO nhn chung l tng i cao nhng ang ngy cng c xu hng gim dn. Xt ring vi nm 1995, l nm c ch tiu hiu qu tnh theo doanh thu v li nhun cao nht trong 6 nm va qua. Ch tiu cho thy c hiu qu s dng vn ca PJICO i vi nghip v bo him hng ha xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin: mt ng chi ph b ra thu c 1,36 ng doanh thu v to ra c 0,36 ng li nhun. Ch trong 6 thng cui nm i vo hot ng, cng ty thu c 628.111 nghn ng li nhun t nghip v ny. iu ny chng t rng y l mt trong nhng nghip v mi nhn ca cng ty cn c quan tm v ch trng ng vi tm quan trng chin lc ca n. Nu xt trong vng 6 nm qua, nhng kt qu kinh doanh nghip v m PJICO t c 6 thng cui nm 1995 c vai tr rt to ln trong chin lc xy dng v pht trin cng ty, gp phn lm tng kt qu v hiu qu kinh doanh, phn no to ra c s ng vin, khuyn khch tinh thn i vi ton th cn b cng nhn vin cng ty cng nh to ra c lng tin vi cc c ng, cc i tc v uy tn i vi khch hng tham gia bo him. t c nhng thnh tu nh vy khng th khng k n nguyn do ca n. Trc ht c th thy rng, nm 1995 tnh hnh kinh t trong nc c nhiu chuyn bin tch cc vi tc tng trng GDP 9,5 % cao nht giai on 1986-1995, hot ng ngoi thng ngy cng pht trin v chiu rng v khng ngng hon thin v chiu su, kim ngch hng ha xut nhp khu tng nhanh, ngnh vn ti bin cng c ch trng u t pht trin. L mt nghip v bo him chu nh hng ln bi iu kin kinh t x hi v hot ng ngoi thng nh bo him hng ha xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin th r rng nm 1995 PJICO tn dng c hiu qu c nhng thun li v tin tch cc trn. Bn cnh , l mt cng ty mi c thnh lp, hot ng kinh doanh mt lnh vc cn kh mi m v y trin vng Vit Nam, PJICO nhn c s ng h rt nhit tnh ca cc B, Ngnh, s hp tc cht ch ca cc t chc c lin quan v c bit l ca cc khch hng tham gia bo him trong c ng cng vi s phn u n lc, quyt tm vt kh xy dng cng ty ngy cng vng mnh v mi mt ca ton th cc cn b cng nhn vin. Mt khc, c c ch tiu hiu qu cao nh vy mt phn cng l do c cu cc khon doanh thu v chi ph ca cng ty rt hp l, nm 1995 l nm c t l bi thng thp nht trong c giai on

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(38,53%) ch chim 41% tng chi ph m tng doanh thu li kh cao. Chnh v vy hiu qu nm 1995 t ngoi d kin ca cng ty. Sang nm 1996, ch tiu hiu qu theo doanh thu ca nghip v gim xung rt nhanh, mt ng chi ph b ra ch thu c 1,16 ng doanh thu v to ra c 0,16 ng li nhun thp hn nhiu nm 1995, iu ny cho thy hiu qu s dng mt ng chi ph l thp hn so vi tim nng thc s ca n mc d trong nm 1996 iu kin kinh t x hi vn rt n nh, kim ngch xut nhp khu hng ha vn tip tc gia tng thun li cho cng tc khai thc hp ng, thu ht khch hng v tng doanh thu ph. L nm c t l bi thng cao th hai sau nm 1999 vi mc chi bi thng bo him gc ln ti 4.951.883 nghn ng chim 79,3% tng chi tng 258,1% so vi nm 1995 trong khi tc tng ca tng doanh thu l 205,2% dn ti li nhun ch tng 58,2% hay tng 365.828 nghn ng. C s bin ng ln nh vy l v trong nm xy ra mt s v tn tht ln, t l bi thng ln ti 87,67%. Phi chng cng tc nh gi ri ro ngay t khu khai thc hay cng tc gim nh, phng v hn ch tn tht vn cha c hon thin v trin khai thc hin kp thi, cht ch. Chnh v vy hiu qu kinh doanh nghip v trong nm ch t mc trung bnh khng t c k hoch cng ty ra. Nm 1997 tnh hnh kinh doanh nghip v bo him hng ha xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin PJICO c kh quan hn, ch tiu hiu qu theo doanh thu tng ln 1,18 cao hn nm 1996. Tc tng tng doanh thu l 45,3% hay 605.346 nghn ng cao hn tc tng chi ph (42,8) dn n li nhun tng 60,9%. Trong c cu tng chi, v khon chi bi thng bo him gc tng chm ch chim 64,1% tng chi, t l bi thng l 65% cn cc khon chi khc li tng rt nhanh gp hn hai ln nm 1996. C s tng ln nh vy l do c s iu chnh tng chi cho mt s danh mc chi ph nh: chi hoa hng i l v mi gii, chi phng v hn ch tn tht, chi nhng ti bo him... nhm khc phc c nhng kh khn t nm 1996 cn tn ti. T lm tng doanh thu v tng li nhun dn n hiu qu kinh doanh nghip v tng ln. y l thnh qu rt ln m PJICO t c mc d nm 1997 l nm m th trng bo him hng ha xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin Vit nam gp rt nhiu kh khn v kim ngch xut nhp khu hng ha tham gia bo him gim 7,2% v doanh thu ph nghip v ton th trng cng gim i 15,3% so vi nm 1996. iu chng t chin lc kinh doanh ca cng ty ra l rt linh hot ph hp vi s bin ng ca nn kinh t, cc khu trong hot ng kinh doanh nghip v c thc hin tng i c hiu qu.

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Cuc khng hong ti chnh tin t chu xy ra t thng 7/1997 tc ng xu n mi lnh vc ca nn kinh t trong nc, khu vc cng nh Th gii. c bit l hot ng ngoi thng c xu hng chm li v gp rt nhiu kh khn trong qu trnh xut nhp khu hng ha. Vic ct gim chi ph ca cc nh kinh doanh xut nhp khu l mc tiu hng u trong c cc ph vn chuyn v ph bo him cho hng ha... chnh v vy nm 1998, 1999 cng tc khai thc gp rt nhiu hn ch. C hai nm ny tc tng ca tng doanh thu u nh hn tc tng ca tng chi ph, mc d nm 1998 li nhun c tng 24,9% nhng sang nm 1999 li nhun khng nhng khng tng m cn gim 3,5% so vi nm 1998. y l kt qu thp nht t khi thnh lp cng ty n nay t lm cho ch tiu hiu qu tnh theo doanh thu nm 1998 l 1,12 v nm 1999 ch cn 1,09 tc l mt ng chi ph b ra ch thu c 1,09 ng doanh thu v to ra c 0,09 ng li nhun, mt con s phn nh hiu qu s dng ng vn l rt thp. Kt qu t c nh vy l do tc ng ca cuc khng hong chu c bit kinh doanh bo him l mt lnh vc hot ng ti chnh ln chu nh hng tiu cc tng i ln. Mt khc, cng nh tnh hnh chung ca ton th trng, nm 1999 c mt s v tn tht ln xy ra i vi khch hng tham gia bo him ti PJICO lm cho chi ph bi thng trong nm nghip v tng vt, t l bi thng ln ti 89,41% trong khi tng doanh thu (k c tng chi ph) tng chm t lm cho li nhun gim xung so vi nm 1998. Trong hai nm lin 1998, 1999 kt qu kinh doanh nghip v t c khng my kh quan, iu t ra cho PJICO mt vn ht sc kh khn l lm sao khc phc c tnh trng kinh doanh km hiu qu nh trong thi gian va qua. L mt nghip v c tm quan trng rt ln n hiu qu kinh doannh ton cng ty li rt nhy cm vi s bin ng ca nn kinh t, ca th trng v cc iu kin khc. Chnh v vy sau khi nghin cu, xem xt tnh hnh thc tin PJICO ra cc gii php c th nhm khc phc nhng tn ti v nng cao hiu qu kinh doanh nghip v trong nm 2000 v kt qu t c nh bng s liu cho thy l rt kh quan: tng doanh thu v li nhun tng nhanh hn tc tng ca tng chi ph v cng l nm t c li nhun cao nht trong c thi k 1995-2000 t 3.765.571 nghn ng vt k hoch ra ca ban lnh o 20%, gp gn hai ln nm 1999 trong khi chi ph ch tng c 4,4%. T lm cho ch tiu hiu qu tnh theo doanh thu tng ln, th hin mt ng chi ph b ra thu c 1,17 ng doanh thu v to ra c 0,17 ng li nhun. t c kt qu nh vy l do nm 2000 tnh hnh kinh t x hi c nhiu chuyn bin tch cc, ngy cng c xu hng pht trin n nh, hot ng ngoi thng din ra si ng hn t gp phn to ln vo qu trnh nng cao hiu qu kinh
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doanh nghip v. Mt khc, s phi hp gia cc cng ty bo him ngy cng cht ch hn, tnh hnh cnh tranh khng lnh mnh gim xung v to lp c lng tin v uy tn i vi khch hng tham gia bo him. c bit l do s ch o ng n, kp thi ca cc cp lnh o PJICO trong vic thc hin nhng gii php ht sc linh hot, hp l v c hiu qu trong qu trnh kinh doanh nghip v, n c th hin s iu chnh c cu cc danh mc chi trong tng chi ph. Bng s liu cho thy, khon chi ph khc nm 2000 tng vt so vi nm 1999 l do cng ty ch ng iu chnh tng cc khon chi nh: chi hoa hng i l v mi gii, chi phng v hn ch tn tht, chi ph gim nh, chi nhng ti bo him, chi m rng mng li t chc hot ng kinh doanh, chi tuyn truyn qung co... lm cho t l khon chi khc trong tng chi ln ti 51,3% v phi chng chnh cc khon chi ny c tc ng lm cho t l tn tht gim dn n chi bi thng gim theo. T l bi thng nm 2000 ch cn 51,43% thp hn rt nhiu so vi nm 1999. Qua cho thy, chin lc kinh doanh v nhng gii php m PJICO a ra l rt ph vi tnh hnh thc t lm tng hiu qu kinh doanh nghip v bo him hng ha xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin nm 2000 t gp phn nng cao hiu qu kinh doanh ton cng ty ni chung. - Trong vng 6 nm tr li y, bc tranh ton cnh v kinh t th gii v khu vc c nhiu thay i. S thay i ny t nhiu u c tc ng n cc ch tiu tng trng v pht trin kinh t ca Vit Nam. Cn rt non tr v ang trn pht trin, th trng bo him Vit Nam cng chu s tc ng rt ln ca cc thay i ny. L mt nghip v m hiu qu hot ng kinh doanh rt nhy cm v gn lin vi s bin ng ca tnh hnh kinh t x hi c bit l hot ng ngoi thng trong nn kinh t th bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin khng th khng c nhng bc thng trm, mt n nh. Ring PJICO, hiu qu kinh doanh nghip v ny mc d c xu hng ngy cng gim nhng vn c ng gi l nghip v bo him trng tm, c nhiu trin vng trong tng lai do c mt s thun li c bn sau: - Trong qu trnh cng nghip ho, hin i ho t nc, cng vi xu th hi nhp khu vc ho v ton cu ho ang din ra mt cch mnh m th vic trao i bun bn hng ho ca Vit Nam vi cc nc trn th gii ngy cng gia tng, hot ng ngoi thng ngy cng pht trin. Bn cnh , do c u th v v tr a l nn ngnh vn ti bin ca Vit Nam cng khng ngng c ch trng u t, hon thin nng cao v c s vt cht k thut v cht lng dch v. Mt khc, cho n thi im hin nay kim ngch hng ho xut nhp khu c bo him mi ch chim khong 20% tng kim ngch xut nhp khu
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hng ho ca c nc. Do vy, tim nng pht trin ca nghip v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin l rt ln, nhu cu v loi hnh bo him ny ngy cng a dng v phong ph. - Mt phn do quy nh chung l hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin bt buc phi tham gia bo him v cng l do t lu cc n v kinh doanh xut nhp khu hng ho nhn thc rt r c s cn thit v vai tr ca bo him hng ho xut nhp khu ca mnh nn vic mua bo him cho hng ho tr thnh thng l quc t v gn lin vi qu trnh bun bn, trao i hng ho ngoi thng. - L mt cng ty c phn vi s gp vn ca cc c ng, l cc n v kinh doanh c kim ngch xut nhp khu hng ho cao nn PJICO tranh th c s ng h nhit tnh ca cc khch hng trong c ng (Petrolimex, VSC). - PJICO ra i trong mt bi cnh nn kinh t t nc c s thay i hon ton v c ch - c ch t do cnh tranh c s qun l v nh hng ca Nh nc nn khng b giao thoa gia hai c ch v mt nhn thc v t tng. Chnh v l to cho PJICO mt phong cch kinh doanh thun nht ca kinh t th trng - nng ng, sng to, linh hot, nhy bn ph hp vi s bin ng lin tc ca nn kinh t x hi. C th ni rng mc tiu tr thnh cng ty bo him ln mnh trn th trng bo him Vit Nam ca PJICO ch cn l vn v thi gian m thi. - Mng li t chc kinh doanh ca PJICO c th c xem nh tng i hon chnh. Cc chi nhnh cng ty, vn phng i din, tng i l v cc i l c phn b hu ht cc trung tm kinh t trng im trong c nc to iu kin ht sc thun li cho vic kinh doanh bo him ni chung v nghip v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin ni ring. - Trong thi gian qua, PJICO to lp c v khng ngng cng c uy tn ca mnh trn th trng bo him, kim ngch hng ho xut nhp khu tham gia bo him PJICO ngy cng tng, lng khch hng ngoi c ng tham gia bo him ngy cng nhiu (hin nay ph bo him thu c t lng khch hng ny chim khong 70% tng doanh thu ph). iu th hin xu th hi nhp v pht trin ca cng ty ngy cng cao. - Lut kinh doanh bo him c ban hnh v c hiu lc, to ra hnh lang vng chc cho hot ng kinh doanh bo him ni chung v nghip v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu ni ring.

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Bn cnh nhng thut li v u th k trn, PJICO cn phi i mt vi rt nhiu kh khn trong vic gi vng th phn v nng cao hiu qu kinh daonh ca nghip v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin. Nhng kh khn ny khng ch manh tnh khch quan m cn xut pht t cc vn tn ti mang tnh ch quan trong cng tc trin khai nghip v m n nay PJICO vn cha khc phc c mt s kh khn v tn ti l: S lng cng ty bo him ngy cng tng trong c cc cng ty bo him phi nhn th lm cho qu trnh cnh tranh din ra ngy cng gay gt, mc d lut kinh doanh bo him ra i nhng hin tng cnh tranh khng lnh mnh vn xy ra gy kh khn cho hot ng kinh doanh bo him. Bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin ph thuc rt ln vo iu kin kinh t x hi c bit l hot ng ngoi thng. Chnh v vy trong thi gian qua mc d tnh hnh kinh t x hi trong nc c xu hng n nh hn nn kinh t trong khu vc v trn th gii nhng n cng tc ng xu n hiu qu kinh doanh nghip v. Bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin l loi hnh bo him cnh tranh mang tnh quc t cao lin quan n nhiu ch th v nhiu lnh vc nn khng ch PJICO m cn i vi tt c cc cng ty bo him gp rt nhiu kh khn trong vic thuyt phc khch hng tham gia bo him trong nc cng nh trong qu trnh trin khai cc khu cn li trong kinh doanh bo him. Hin nay cc cng ty bo him Vit Nam trong c PJICO, bo him ch yu trong nhp khu nhng lng hng ho nhp khu trong cc chng trnh vay n, vin tr t ngun u t nc ngoi chim khong 22%-26% tng kim ngch nhp khu khng khai thc c do bn nc ngoi thu xp bo him nhm bo v quyn li ca quc gia h. Do li th ca nn kinh t cha cao nn trong bun bn ngoi thng ta thng phi chu sc p nhp khu theo gi CIF v xut khu theo gi FOB. Chnh v vy hng nm ngnh bo him tht thu mt khon ph rt ln b cc nh bo him nc ngoi nm gi. Nh nc, m c bit l cc B, Ngnh lin quan cha c c ch thch hp nhm thu ht vic bo him hng ho xut nhp khu ti cc cng ty bo him trong nc. Tng kim ngch xut nhp khu hng ho ca c nc tng dn qua cc nm (mc d nghip v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu ca PJICO l c tng
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trng v pht trin) song t l kim ngch hng ho tham gia bo him PJICO so vi tng kim ngch hng ho xut nhp khu li rt thp ch khong 2%. iu ny chng t PJICO vn cha khai thc c ht kh nng v th mnh ca mnh. Ngoi ra cn mt s tn ti trong qu trnh trin khai nghip v m bo him cn phi khc phc v hon thin hn na trong thi gian ti c nh vy hiu qu kinh doanh nghip v ni ring v hiu qu kinh doanh ton cng ty ni chung mi duy tr c n nh v ngy cng pht trin.

CHNG III. NHNG GII PHP NHM NNG CAO HIU QU KINH DOANH NGHIP V BO HIM HNG HO XUT NHP KHU VN CHUYN BNG NG BIN PJICO TRONG THI GIAN TI
I. PHNG HNG V MT S GII PHP NHM NNG CAO HIU QU KINH DOANH NGHIP V BO HIM HNG HO XUT NHP KHU VN CHUYN BNG NG BIN PJICO TRONG THI GIAN TI.

1. Phng hng. Trong xu th hi nhp v m ca hin nay Vit Nam ang thc s ho mnh vo dng chy kinh t ca th gii. Vit Nam gia nhp khi ASEAN, ang tch cc xc tin nhiu bin php t do ho thng mi xin gia nhp t chc thng mi th gii (WTO) ng thi tham gia vo trng trnh u i thu quan c hiu lc chung (Common Effective Preferentioal Tariff - CEPT) m cc nc thnh vin cam kt l s cng nhau gim thu quan nh vo hng nhp khu c sn xut ti bt k quc gia thnh vin no xung cn 0%-5% ng thi loi b cc hn ch nh lng cng nh cc hng ro phi thu quan khc. Nh vy phi c th thy rng trong thi gian ti lng hng ho lu chuyn gia ccnc s tng ln mnh m, iu ny s to ra cho cc cng ty bo him Vit Nam mt c hi ln pht trin su rng nghip v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu v a n ln mt tm cao mi. chun b tt cho c hi ny trc ht i hi cc cng ty bo him Vit Nam phi t tm cho mnh nhng hng i ph hp khng ngng nng cao cht lng dch v v hiu qu kinh doanh. ng thi cc cng ty bo him Vit Nam phi tng cng hp tc vi nhau cht ch hn, su rng hn, trnh tnh trng h ph bo him tu tin ri vo cuc chin tranh gi c trong thi gian va qua v to ra c sc mnh tng hp ca thi trng bo him trong nc c th cnh tranh c vi cc cng ty bo him nc ngoi, dnh c quyn bo him cho hng ho xut nhp khu ca Vit Nam vi nc ngoi m t trc n nay chng ta tht thot.
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Nhng kt qu t c ca nn kinh t Vit Nam trong nm qua to ra c mi trng thun li cho th trng bo him Vit Nam pht trin. Doanh thu ca nghip v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin mi cng ty bo him ni ring v t trng bo him trong kim ngch xut nhp khu ni chung ngy cng tng, iu ni ln rng tim lc bo him Vit Nam ang dn ln mnh v pht trin, p ng nhu cu trong nc, khu vc v quc t. Tn ti trong mt mi trng lun lun si ng v pht trin nh vy i hi PJICO phi a ra cc k hoch phng hng v hng i ca mnh cho ph hp nhm khai thc trit cc li th trong cnh tranh, i mi qun l kinh doanh bo him, i mi phong cch phc v khch hng l con ng pht trin ca PJICO trong thi gian ti. ng vng v chim gi th trng c bit trong tnh hnh cnh tranh gay gt gia cc cng ty bo him trong nc v ngy cng khc lit vi cc cng ty bo him nc ngoi, ng thi phc v tt hn cc khch hng PJICO khng c con ng no khc ngoi vic t hon thin, to mt nim tin bn vng trong cng ng bng chnh ch Tn ca mnh, em n cho khch hng sn phm c cht lng cao cng vi nhnh dch v ht sc tho ng m PJICO phi coi l mc tiu hng u. Thc t cho thy kim ngch hng ho xut nhp khu ca c nc khng ngng tng ln. T trng kim ngch hng ho c bo him trong tng kim ngch xut nhp khu cng tng ln nhng mi ch chim mt con s rt khim tn khong 20% cn li l mt phn rt ln 80% b trng cho th trng v cc cng ty bo him nc ngoi khai thc nm gi, v trong bi cnh th kim ngch hng ho xut nhp khu tham gia bo him bo him PJICO ch chim khong 2% tng kim ngch xut nhp khu hng ho. y l mt t l qu thp khin cho PJICO khng th khng xem xt ti trong khi kim ngch hng ho xut nhp khu khng ngng tng ln do c ch iu hnh xut nhp khu c nhiu bc tin mi, th trng trao i hng ho ngy cng c m rng th s tht thu ca nghip v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu ngy cng tng, y l mt tht thot ln vi cc nh bo him Vit Nam ni chung v PJICO ni ring. Phi chng PJICO cha khai thc ht tim nng v tn dng trit mi li th ca mnh ? Qua cng thy c th trng tim nng ca nghip v l rt ln. V vy trong thi gian ti vic m rng th trng v ginh li th phn t cc cng ty bo him nc ngoi tng t trng kim ngch hng ho tham gia bo him trong kim ngch xut nhp khu hng ho l mc tiu hng u ca PJICO trong vic nng cao hiu qu kinh doanh nghip v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin.

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2. Mt s gii php nhm nng cao hiu qu kinh doanh nghip v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin. 2.1.V cng tc khch hng. Trong nn kinh t th trng khch hng l mt trong nhng nhn t quyt nh n s thnh cng hay tht bi ca mt doanh nghip, c bit vi cc doanh nghip bo him hot ng da trn quy lut s ng th vai tr ca yu t khch hng cng tr ln quan trng hn. Trong thi gian va qua, PJICO a v thc hin mt s chnh sch khch hng t kt qu tng i cao th hin: nm 1995, 1996 khch hng tham gia bo him PJICO ch yu l trong c ng tnh n nay 70% doanh thu ph bo him thu c l t cc khch hng t ngoi c ng. Tuy nhin, thu ht khch hng tham gia bo him tch cc hn na th PJICO cn phi: Tip tc tuyn truyn, vn ng khch hng tham gia bo him. y l mt bin php tip cn truyn thng nhng n vn mang li hiu qu mt cch thit thc vi nhng i tng l nhng khch hng mi, nh, l khng tp trung. Khai thc trit li th ca cc khch hng trong c ng ng thi tn dng c mi quan h kinh doanh ca cc c ng thu ht khch hng. Tng cng hon thin hn na trch nhim phc v khch hng, p ng cc iu kin bo him m khch hng yu cu, thng xuyn cng c quan h v to mi quan h cht ch vi khch hng, gii quyt bi thng nhanh chng, kp thi v tho ng khi c tn tht xy ra. Thng xuyn nghin cu a ra cc mc ph hp l. Vic thay i linh hot hay nghin cu h t k ph bo him l rt cn thit va l bo m li ch cho khch hng va khuyn khch khch hng mua bo him hay ti tc hp ng bo him vi cng ty. Tuy nhin vic h t l ph bo him phi c tnh ton da trn c s phn tch, nh gi ca tng chng loi hng ho c bo him. Nh vy trnh c vic to ra tm l xu cho khch hng, ng thi khng nh hng n kh nng gi li ca cng ty v gy ra mt n nh i vi th trng trong nc. y mnh hot ng khai thc, khuyn khch cc doanh nghip xut nhp khu nng cao thc trch nhim i vi hot ng ca mnh, va bo v ti sn cng nh mang li ngun ngoi t cho nh nc thng qua hot ng bo him ti cc cng ty bo him trong nc. Cn tm hiu nhu cu xut nhp khu phn chia khch hng thnh tng nhm: nhm khch hng c nhu cu xut nhp khu thng xuyn v khng thng xuyn v nhm khch hng chuyn xut hay nhp cc mt hng, chng loi hng ho no , hay nhm khch hng trong v ngoi c ng. Trn c s
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cng ty c th ra cc bin php, chin lc tip cn khai thc thch hp v xy dng mc ph cho hp l khuyn khch h tham gia, to lp mi quan h lu di. T chc h thng thng tin phn hi i vi mi yu cu, kin ngh gp , xut ca khch hng mt cch nhanh chng nht. Cng ty nn tin hnh vic m rng v hon thin nghip v cho ph hp vi xu th chung nhm phc v tt nht khch hng truyn thng v khch hng tng lai trong v ngoi c ng nhm to uy tn cho cng ty trn th trng bo him trong nc v quc t. thc hin c hiu qu cng ty cn tch cc nghin cu a ra cc sn phm mi b sung p ng nhu cu ca khch hng nh: bo him gin on kinh doanh cho cc hot ng lin quan n vic bo him tu bin, bo him thu mua, bo him tn dng xut nhp khu. Ci tin hon thin chnh sch khch hng nh: chnh sch chi hoa hng cho cc i l, chi ph giao dch bn hng, gim ph bo him cho cc khch hng thng xuyn hay lm tt cng tc phng v hn ch tn tht. Tin hnh vic cho ph ti cc cng ty xut nhp khu mt cch thng xuyn v bn cnh cng ty cn thc hin t vn min ph v cc vn c lin quan n vic mua bo him, to lng tin cho khch hng i vi cng ty. Nn t chc hi ngh khch hng nh k v y l c hi gp g, trao i gia cng ty v mt s khch hng ln tham gia bo him cng ty thng xuyn nhm rt ra nhng kinh nghim thc tin trong vic k kt hp ng, nh gi v qun l ri ro, vn chuyn hng ho, cng tc gim nh, phng v hn ch tn tht v cng tc bi thng. PJICO khch hng tham gia nghip v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin ch yu l nhng khch hng truyn thng tham gia bo him nhiu nm cng ty, cho nn trong iu kin kh khn chung v khai thc trong thi gian va qua th vic nng cao uy tn, cng c lng tin vi khch hng truyn thng h li ko thm nhng khch hng mi tham gia bo him cng ty chnh l mt bin php marketing tng i c hiu qu m PJICO cn phi ch trng hn na. 2.2.V cng tc t chc kinh doanh. Cng vi s tng trng v pht trin ca nn kinh t, kim ngch xut nhp khu hng ho ngy cng gia tng v th nhu cu v bo him ngy cng ln i hi PJICO cn phi c mt mng li cc chi nhnh rng khp trong c nc p ng kp thi, nhanh chng nhu cu ca khch hng mi lc mi ni m vn m bo b my t chc gn nh, linh hot v c hiu qu.
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Do tnh cht c th ca nghip v nn ngoi vic m rng cc chi nhnh, cng ty cn m rng tng cng mng li i l, cng tc vin v gim nh vin nhm khai thc trit nhu cu bo him ca khch hng ch trng thu ht i tng ny l cc cng nhn vin cc n v kinh doanh xut nhp khu hng ho, n v vn ti. Nh vy th vic nm bt thng tin t khch hng s rt nhanh chng v kp thi. V tr phn b i ng ny nn mt s khu vc cng bin hay mt s trung tm kinh t ln nh H Ni, Thnh ph H Ch Minh, Hi Phng, Qung Ninh, Nng, Cn Th to iu kin cho vic tip cn khch hng v y l nhng ni c nhu cu v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu ln. Cng c, pht trin v ci tin t chc qun l cng ty v cc chi nhnh sao cho ph hp vi nhu cu ca th trng, yu cu ca cnh tranh. Ci tin l li cng vic, nng cao cht lng phc v khch hng, xy dng chnh sch khch hng. Hon thin hn na cc quy nh c th v phn cp quyn hn v trch nhim ca cc chi nhnh, phng ban, i l v cng tc vin ca cng ty nhm m bo s thng nht thng sut trong qun l iu hnh, trnh s trng lp, chng cho v ngha v v quyn li ca cc bn t nng cc hiu qu ca cng tc qun l cng nh hiu qu kinh doanh ni chung. Vai tr ca cng tc gim nh l rt ln, trong thi gian qua hiu qu ca cng tc ny cha cao nn nh hng khng tt n cc khu cn li trong qu trnh kinh doanh nghip v kinh doanh nghip v. L do l v cng tc gim nh PJICO cn cha kp thi, cha nhanh chng v iu ny nh hng n tnh chnh xc ca bin bn gim nh trong vic xc nh nguyn nhn v mc tn tht. Cng tc ny vn cn ph thuc nhiu vo cc t chc gim nh trung gian do cng ty u thc. Chnh v vy nng cao hiu qu ca cng tc gim nh cng nh hiu qu kinh doanh nghip v th vic u t hon thin v mi mt cho cng tc ny l rt quan trng. Ngoi vic u t mua sm trang thit b gim nh hin i, bi dng nng cao nghip v ca cc gim nh vin, hp tc cht ch vi cc t chc gim nh c uy tn trong v ngoi nc, cng ty cn tng cng vic b tr mng li i l gim nh ca mnh ti cc khu trung tm, nhng ni c khch hng tham gia bo him ng o nhm thc hin cng tc ny mt cch nhanh chng, kp thi, c khoa hc v t hiu qu cao. Lun lun duy tr v tng cng quan h vi cc cng ty bo him v ti bo him trong v ngoi nc nghin cu v tham kho a ra cc nghip v mi b xung v la trn i tc cho nghip v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu c hiu qu.

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Tng cng hp tc gia bo him, ch hng v ngi vn chuyn thc hin mc tiu mua theo gi FOB, CF hoc CFR i vi hng ho nhp khu v bn theo gi CIF i vi hng ho xut khu. Trng hp ch hng c kh khn trong vic thu phng tin chuyn ch, PJICO s phi hp vi ngi vn chuyn gip t vn cho khch hng trong vic la chn phng tin chuyn ch, phng thc xp d, vn chuyn nhm t kt qu cao trong kinh doanh xut nhp khu hng ho. PJICO cn nghin cu mt m hnh thch hp nhm phi hp mt cch cht ch, ng b hot ng ngoi thng, vn ti, bo him bng cc hnh thc lin doanh, lin kt, lp cc hip hi hng hi bao gm ch tu, ch hng v ngi bo him, cc t chc ngoi thng, vn ti bin v bo him hng hi t to ra s ln mnh v mi mt, tch cc tham gia vo cc vng m phn vi nc ngoi trong qu trnh kinh doanh xut nhp khu hng ho, trnh b chn p ginh li cc quyn li trong c quyn li v bo him cho cng ty ni ring v t nc ni chung (c bit l cc l hng ho xut nhp khu trong cc d n, chng trnh u t, cc gi thu bng ngun vn ODA, FDI ca nc ngoi hay mt hng u th ca nc ta) m lu nay vn b cc nh bo him nc ngoi chim gi. Tm li PJICO cn phi thit lp mng li t chc hot ng kinh doanh gn nh, hp l m bo qu trnh qun l c thng sut, gim thiu chi ph v mang li hiu qu cao. 2.3.V cng tc cn b. L mt nghip v rt nhy cm vi s bin ng ca cc iu kin kinh t x hi li lin quan n rt nhiu lnh vc trn mt phm vi rng ln bao gm nhiu thng l, quy nh ca nh nc khc nhau nn i hi cc cn b kinh doanh nghip v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu khng nhng phi c trnh chuyn mn cao m cn phi am hiu v cc lnh vc khc trong i sng x hi. c bit phi c s hiu bit su sc v hot ng ngoi thng, kinh doanh xut nhp khu hng ho v c c tm ti, phn tch, d on xu hng bin ng ca nn kinh t - x hi khu vc v trn th gii. T a ra cc quyt nh ng n, cc k hoch ph hp trong qu trnh trin khai nghip v. Chnh v vy, vai tr ca yu t con ngi l rt quan trng i hi trong thi gian ti PJICO cn phi ch trng cng tc o to v cc chng trnh o to cn thit nng cao hn na trnh cho cn b cng nhn vin. Cng ty cn phi t chc cc lp tp hun bi dng, nng cao nghip v nh k cho cn b cng nhn vin nhm khng ngng i mi v pht trin phng thc kinh doanh ca tng c nhn gp phn nng cao hiu qu kinh doanh ni chung v nghip v ni ring.
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Cn thit ban hnh cc vn bn quy nh c th quyn li v trch nhim ca cc b phn. Hng dn cc phng phn cng nhim v c th cho tng cn b nhn vin theo nh k hng thng, qu hay nm. C th chuyn mn ho nhim v ca cn b nhn vin phng nghip v v mt s mt hng hay mt nhm khch hng no thng xuyn tham gia bo him ti cng ty thun li cho vic tip cn, t vn trao i kin vi khch hng trong thi gian hiu lc ca hp ng. c bit, cng tc gim nh hng ho b tn tht l mt cng vic rt phc tp i hi cn b thc hin phi c trnh chuyn mn cao, am hiu v nhiu lnh vc nn cn phi phn b mt s cn b chuyn trch v cng tc ny. Hon thin v ban hnh mi cc vn bn quy nh v ch i ng khen thng v k lut i vi cc cn b cng nhn vin cng ty v cc cng tc vin ca cng ty. Khen thng kp thi tho ng cho nhng cn b cng nhn vin c thnh tch tt, hon thnh nhim v c giao, c nhiu ng gp cho s pht trin ca nghip v v ca cng ty ni chung. Bn cnh cn phi p dng c hnh thc k lut, cng khai ph bnh thng thn nhng cn b thiu nhit tnh, thiu tinh thn trch nhim trong cng vic nh hng n kt qu chung ca cng ty. Thng xuyn t chc tuyn truyn v gio dc cho cc cn b nhn vin cng ty t uy tn, trch nhim v nhn cch ca mnh ln hng u trnh hin tng mc ngoc vi khch hng nhm trc li bo him gy thit hi v kinh t cng nh uy tn ca cng ty. Quan tm hn na n i sng ring t ca cc cn b nhn vin, kch thch s nhit tnh vi cng vic v lng trung thnh i vi cng ty, to ra mi quan h gn b mt thit ho ng trong ni b gia cp lnh o vi nhn vin v gia cc nhn vin vi nhau. Thng xuyn t chc cc cuc hi tho, gp g trao i kin kinh nghim cng tc trong ni b cng ty. c bit l cc chi nhnh vi nhau nhm tng kt ra nhng c trng ca khu vc cng tc t c cc bin php phi hp cht ch trong qu trnh kinh doanh nghip v nhm nng cao hiu qu kinh doanh ni chung. y l mt hnh thc n gin nhng c hiu qu thit thc cng ty cn quan tm thc hin. ng thi phi hp sp xp c cn b i hc, d hi tho, hc o to t xa trong v ngoi nc do ngnh hay cc cng ty bo him khc t chc. 2.4. Mt s vn khc. Lm tt cng tc phng v hn ch tn tht nh kim tra cc thit b bo m an ton ca tu, kim li hng ho trc khi nhn bo him hay gim nh ngay i vi hng ho xut khu ti cng i nhm trnh nhng tn tht xy ra do bn cht ca hng ho gy ln. Cn t vn cho khch hng cc phng thc xp,
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d hng ho trn tu cng nh cng nhm hn ch ri ro gy ra tn tht n mc thp nht. Cng phi hp vi cc nh bo him trong nc xy dng cc h thng bo hiu, tn hiu, i cu nn trn bin, h thng cng lnh nn, phao tiu. Xy dng v ci tin h thng thng tin lin lc nhanh chng, chnh xc c th theo di st c hnh trnh ca hng ho t gim thiu ti a tn tht c th xy ra. i mi v hon thin cc khu trong cng tc khai thc, gim nh v bi thng trnh rm r v phc tp nhm thc hin cc cng tc ny mt cch nhanh chng, kp thi v c hiu qu. Thc hnh tit kim, chng mi hnh vi tiu cc, gim thiu cc chi ph bt hp l tng cng sc mnh cnh tranh. Tng nhanh vn ca cng ty m bo trch nhim vi khch hng v tng mc gi li nhm tng li nhun. L nghip v nhn trch nhim bo him cho nhnh l hng ho xut nhp khu c gi tr rt ln li chu nh hng nhiu bi cc tc ng khch quan trong khi kh nng ti chnh ca cng ty cha ln v vy vn ti bo him l tt yu. Hiu qu kinh doanh nghip v ph thuc rt ln vo cng tc ti bo him nn cng ty cn phi c s quan tm ng mc n cng tc ny. Vic xc nh mc gi li, mc nhn ti hay phn nhng ti phi c tnh ton da trn c s khoa hc, cn nh gi phn tch kh nng ti chnh ca cng ty, d bo phn tch thng k v xu hng bin ng ca th trng cng nh vic nh gi v qun l ri ro i vi cc i tng c bo him. T nng cao hiu qu cng tc ti bo him, trnh s mt n nh v ti chnh, tng li nhun gp phn nng cao hiu qu kinh doanh nghip v v hiu qu kinh doanh ca cng ty ni chung. Tng cng s hp tc v m rng mi quan h vi cc cng ty bo him, ti bo him, mi gii bo him, cc t chc gim nh trong v ngoi nc cng cc c quan ban ngnh c lin quan (Hi quan, Cng an, To n, Ngn hng) t tranh th c s gip , ng h ca h trong qu trnh kinh doanh nghip v. Ch trng cng tc tuyn truyn qung co, xy dng hnh nh v phong cch ring ca cng ty thng qua hot ng ny trn cc phng tin thng tin i chng, ti liu giao dch, pano ap phch, t chc cc cuc thi tm hiu v cng ty, tham gia cng tc t thin.
II. KIN NGH CHUNG

- i vi nghip v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin, khi p dng cc iu khon bo him hng ho, cc doanh nghip bo him phi bo co vi B Ti chnh trc khi thc hin. y l mt bin
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php bo m cho th trng bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin ca Vit Nam c pht trin n nh. Bin php ny cng gip cho cc doanh nghip bo him c th cnh tranh vi nhau mt cch bnh ng di s qun l ca nh nc - c th l B Ti chnh. - trnh tnh trng h ph lm nh hng n tc pht trin ca th trng, cc c quan qun l nh nc v hot ng kinh doanh bo him m trc tip l V qun l bo him thuc B Ti chnh cn xy dng hnh lang biu ph c th, thng nht hoc c biu ph hng dn vi quy nh "Trn v Sn". Cc cng ty c biu ph ring ca mnh phi trnh c quan qun l nh nc c chun y v theo di thc hin. - Tng cng cc bin php qun l cht ch hot ng kinh doanh ca cc doanh nghip ti bo him, doanh nghip bo him gc, mi gii trong nc v nc ngoi ang c php hot ng trn th trng bo him Vit Nam, khuyn khch cc hot ng ti bo him hng ho xut nhp khu cho cc cng ty bo him trong nc trc khi ti bo him ra nc ngoi. - Ci tin c ch qun l ti chnh i vi cc doanh nghip bo him ca nh nc gip cc doanh nghip t ch trong hot ng kinh doanh. - Nhanh chng xy dng v ph bin cc vn bn hng dn thi hnh lut kinh doanh bo him Vit Nam a hot ng kinh doanh bo him i vo khun kh. l mt yu cu tt yu trong s pht trin ca ngnh bo him Vit Nam theo yu cu pht trin ca nn kinh t t nc. - Theo kinh nghim m ca th trng bo him ca Thi Lan v Phillipin th sau khi lut kinh doanh bo him ra i sp ti phI y mnh th trng bo him trong nc lm n vi nc ngoi theo cch thc hin dn tng bc v chia thnh nhiu giai on, nhm gim bt s chn p ca cc cng ty bo him nc ngoi i vi hot ng bo him trong nc. - Kin ngh nh nc xem xt li ch trng thu thu vn bng cch tr t li sut sau thu lm cho doanh nghip bo him nh nc kh c kh nng tng nhanh vn (theo ch trng ca chnh ph) nhn tng mc gi li v cc qu d phng nghip v. - Do thu doanh thu thay th bng thu VAT, v vy vi thu sut l 10% i vi cc cng ty bo him l kh cao so vi cc ngnh sn xut kinh doanh khc do h c hng mt s khon khu tr thu u vo v u ra. Nn chng, nh nc xem xt gim thu sut nhm lm tng li nhun ca cc cng ty bo him nhm tng ti u t. - Kin ngh nh nc xem xt m rng danh mc u t hn na cho cc doanh nghip bo him. Vit Nam v vn u t trong kinh doanh bo him l rt quan trng, c bit i vi nghip v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn
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chuyn bng ng bin do bo him cho nhng i tng bo him c khi lng ln, gi tr cao nn ph bo him l rt ln. Tn tht xy ra khng thng xuyn nhng thit hi li rt nng n cn cc khon tin bi thng ln. V vy vic u t ph bo him c ngha ht sc quan trng i vi qu trnh kinh doanh nghip v ni ring v i vi doanh nghip bo him ni chung. Tm li, Lut kinh doanh bo him c Quc Hi thng c hiu lc php l v y l hnh lang php l tt nht iu chnh hot ng kinh doanh bo him v cc dch v lin quan i vo khun kh, quy tc chung. Nhm a th trng bo him Vit Nam tin ti hi nhp vo th trng bo him khu vc v th trng bo him th gii.

KT LUN
Nghip v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin khng phi mi ra i v c trin khai Vit Nam, so vi lch s v ra i v pht trin ca n trn th gii th y l nghip v rt non tr trn th trng bo him. Song nhng kt qu m cc doanh ngip bo him Vit Nam ni chung v PJICO ni ring thu c trong thi gian va qua chng t nghip v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin tm c ch ng trn thi trng v khng nh c vai tr quan trng ca n trong hot ng kinh doanh bo him cng nh trong hot ng ngoi thng. Cng vi s pht trin ca nn kinh t x hi, trong tng lai chc chn rng bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin s ngy cng cng c c v th ca mnh trn th trng bo him trong nc v ngy cng hon thin, pht trin snh ngang vi th trng bo him khu vc v quc t, ho nhp vi qu trnh khu vc ho- ton cu ho ang din ra ht sc nhanh chng ca nn kinh t th gii. Tuy nhin, vi s tht thu khong 80% ph bo him trong kim ngch xut nhp khu hng ho cho cc doanh nghip nc ngoi th vic nghin c pht trin hon thin hn na nghip v ny tr thnh vn t ra khng ch ring cho PJICO m cn i vi ton ngnh bo him cng vi cc c quan chc nng c lin quan. Lut kinh doanh bo him ra i c hiu lc thi hnh cho php cc nh bo him nc ngoi hot ng trn th trng bo him Vit Nam v vy trong thi gian ti mi trng cnh tranh s din ra ht sc gay gt, nu PJICO khng tranh th thi gian thu ht v thit lp mi quan h tt vi khch
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hng th s b mt dn th trng vo tay cc cng ty bo him nc ngoi. Chnh v vy ngay t by gi PJICO phi tng cng hp tc kinh doanh, nng cao cht lng dch v, m rng mng li t chc kinh doanh trn th trng, coi trng cng tc o to, nng cao trnh i ng cn b cng nhn vin v mt vn rt quan trng c t ra cho PJICO l cn tm ra cho mnh hng i ph hp, a ra cc k hoch chin lc pht trin kinh doanh kh thi trong thi gian ti tip tc duy tr v nng cao v tr ca mnh trong mt mi trng cnh tranh ht sc gay gt nh hin nay, t ngy cng khng nh v tr, vai tr ca mnh i vi nn kinh t quc dn, gp phn thc y qu trnh CNHHH t nc v mc tiu dn giu, nc mnh, x hi cng bng dn ch vn minh.

Ti liu tham kho


1. Gio trnh kinh t Bo him Nh xut bn Thng k 2000 - Trng i hc Kinh t quc dn HNi. 2. Gio trnh Vn ti v Bo him hng ha ngoi thng Nh xut bn Gio dc 1997, Trng i hc Ngoi thng. 3. Gio trnh Nghip v vn ti v Bo him trong ngoi thng Nh xut bn Ti chnh, GV: Dng Hu Hnh - Cao hc Kinh t-Ti chnh TP H Ch Minh. 4. Gio trnh Qun tr kinh doanh bo him Nh xut bn gio dc - 1996, PGS. PTS Nguyn Cao Thng. 5. Gio trnh Thng k bo him Nh xut bn thng k - 1996, PGS. PTS Bi Huy Tho. 6. Gio trnh Bo him Nh xut bn ti chnh - 1999, GS. PTS H Xun Phng; V Th Pha Trng i hc ti chnh k ton. 7. Bo him - Nguyn tc v thc hnh Nh xut bn Ti chnh 1998, Tin s: Dvid Bland - Hc vin bo him hong gia Anh. 8. Gio trnh Nghip v ngoi thng
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Nh xut bn Gio dc 1994 -Trng i hc Ngoi thng. 9. Tp ch Thng tin th trng Bo him - Ti bo him 1999, 2000 Ca VINARE. 10. Tp ch Bo him 1999, 2000 Ca Tng cng ty bo him Vit Nam. 11.Thi bo kinh t Vit Nam 1999, 2000. 12. Bo co kt qu hot ng kinh doanh ca PJICO t 1995 - 2000. 13. Bo co kt qu kinh doanh nghip v bo him hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin PJICO t 1995 - 2000. 14. Bo co tng kt bo him hng ho xut nhp khu ton th trng Ca VINARE.

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