LUN VN TT NGHIP

ti : HIN TNG DNG ST V

NH HNG CA DNG ST N H
THNG IN VIT NAM

SVTH: Trn T Bnh

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MC LC
Chng 1 : HIN TNG DNG ST V NH HNG CA DNG ST N H THNG IN
VIT NAM............................................................................................................................6
1.1 - HIN TNG DNG ST..............................................................................................6
1.1.1 - Khi nim chung:.....................................................................................................6
1.1.2 - Tnh hnh dng st Vit Nam:.................................................................................8
1.2- NH HNG CA DNG ST N H.T. VIT NAM:...................................................11
chng2: TNH TON CH TIU BO V CHNG ST NG DY......................................12
2.1- L THUYT TNH TON...............................................................................................12
2.1.1- Phm vi bo v ca mt dy chng st...................................................................12
2.1.2- Xc sut phng in st v s ln ct in do st nh vo ng dy...................14
2.1.2.1 - Cc s liu chun b cho tnh ton.......................................................................16
2.1.2.2 - Xc nh treo cao trung bnh ca dy chng st v dy dn.
.........................................................................................................................................16
2.1.2.3- Tng tr sng ca dy chng st v dy dn........................................................17
2.1.2.4 - H s ngu hp gia dy dn chng st vi cc dy pha.....................................18
2.1.2.5- Gc bo v ca chng st....................................................................................20
2.1.2.6- S ln st nh vo ng dy............................................................................20
2.2 - TNH SUT CT CA NG DY 110KV DO ST NH VNG QUA DY CHNG ST
VO DY DN...................................................................................................................20
2.3- TNH SUT CT CA NG DY 110KV DO ST NH VO KHONG VT.............24
2.3.1- Phng php xc nh Vp......................................................................................24
2.3.2- Trnh t tnh ton....................................................................................................26
2.3.3- Tnh sut ct tng do st nh vo khong vt ng dy ti in 110kV.............32
2.4- TNH SUT CT CA NG DY110KV DO ST NH VO NH CT HOC LN CN
NH CT.........................................................................................................................32
2.4.1- L thuyt tnh ton..................................................................................................33
2.4.1.1- Cc thnh phn in p ging trn in tr v in cm ca ct do dng in st
i trong ct gy ra.............................................................................................................34
2.4.1.2-Thnh phn in ca in p cm ng..................................................................37
2.4.1.3-Thnh phn t ca in p cm ng:....................................................................37

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2.4.1.4-Xc nh sut phng in Vp :.............................................................................38

2.4.2-Trnh t tnh ton.....................................................................................................38
2.4.2.1- in p ging trn chui cch in ca pha A......................................................38
2.4.2.2 - in p ging trn chui cch in ca pha B; C.................................................41
2.4.2.3- So snh in p ging trn chui cch in pha A v pha B..................................42
2.4.3-Tnh xc sut phng in.........................................................................................43
2.5- TNH SUT CT TNG DO ST NH VO NG DY TI .......................................45
2.6- TNH CH TIU CHNG ST CHO NG DY TI IN110KV....................................45
Chng 3..........................................................................................................................47
BO V CHNG ST NH TRC TIP ..............................................................................47
TRM BIN P 110/35 KV..................................................................................................47
3.1-KHI NIM CHUNG.......................................................................................................47
3.2- CC YU CU K THUT KHI TNH TON BO V CHNG ST NH TRC TIP VO
TRM BIN P...................................................................................................................47
3.3- TNH TON THIT K, CC PHNG N B TR CT THU LI......................................49
3.3.1- Cc cng thc s dng tnh ton........................................................................49
3.3.2- Cc s liu dng tnh ton thit k ct thu li bo v trm bin p 110/35kV......51
3.3.3- Trnh t tnh ton....................................................................................................51
3.3.3.1- Phng n 1.........................................................................................................52
3.3.3.2- Phng n 2.........................................................................................................63
3.4 -KT LUN...................................................................................................................68
Chng 4..........................................................................................................................69
TNH TON NI T CHO TRM 110/35 KV........................................................................69
4.1- GII THIU CHUNG V MT S VN K THUT KHI TNH TON NI T TRM BIN
P.....................................................................................................................................69
4.2- CC S LIU DNG TNH TON NI T...............................................................71
4.3- TRNH T TNH TON................................................................................................72
4.3.1- in tr ni t t nhin.........................................................................................73
4.3.2- in tr ni t nhn to.........................................................................................73
4.3.3- Tnh ni t nhn to ca trm 110kV.....................................................................73

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4.4- TNH TON NI T CHNG ST................................................................................78

4.4.1- Dng sng tnh ton ca dng in st....................................................................79
4.4.2- Yu cu kim tra.....................................................................................................79
4.4.3- Tnh ton li tr s in tr nhn to theo yu cu ni t chng st.......................80
4.4.4- Tnh tng tr u vo ca ni t chng st Z(0; .s)............................................80
4.5- KT LUN...................................................................................................................84

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Chng 1 : HIN TNG DNG ST V NH HNG CA DNG

ST N H THNG IN VIT NAM
H thng in l mt b phn ca h thng nng lng bao gm NM ng dy - TBA v cc h tiu th in. Trong c phn t c s lng ln
v kh quan trng l cc TBA, ng dy. Trong qu trnh vn hnh cc
phn t ny chu nh hng rt nhiu s tc ng ca thin nhin nh ma, gi,
bo v c bit nguy him khi b nh hng ca st. Khi c s c st nh vo
TBA, hoc ng dy n s gy h hng cho cc thit b trong trm dn ti
vic ngng cung cp in v gy thit hi ln ti nn kinh t quc dn.
nng cao mc cung cp in, gim chi ph thit hi v nng cao an
ton khi vn hnh chng ta phi tnh ton v b tr bo v chng st cho HT.

1.1 - HIN TNG DNG ST

1.1.1 - Khi nim chung:
Dng st l mt hin tng ca thin nhin, l s phng tia la in khi
khong cch gia cc in cc kh ln (trung bnh khong 5km).
Hin tng phng in ca dng st gm hai loi chnh l phng in
gia cc m my tch in v phng in gia cc m my tch in vi mt
t.
Trong phm vi n ny ta ch nghin cu phng in gia cc m my
tch in vi mt t (phng in my - t). Vi hin tng phng in ny gy
nhiu tr ngi cho i sng con ngi.
Cc m my c tch in vi mt in tch ln, c th to ra cng
in trng ln s hnh thnh dng pht trin v pha mt t. Giai on ny l
giai on phng in tin o. Tc di chuyn trung bnh ca tia tin o ca
ln phng in u tin khong 1,5.10 7cm/s, cc ln phng in sau th tc
tng ln khong 2.10 8 cm/s (trong mt t st nh c th c nhiu ln phng
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in k tip nhau bi v trong cng mt m my th c th hnh thnh nhiu

trung tm in tch, chng s ln lt phng in xung t).
Tia tin o l mi trng Plasma c in tch rt ln. u tia c ni vi
mt trong cc trung tm in tch ca m my nn mt phn in tch ca trung
tm ny i vo trong tia tin o. Phn in tch ny c phn b kh u dc
theo chiu di tia xung mt t. Di tc dng ca in trng ca tia tin o,
s c s tp trung in tch khc du trn mt t m a im tp kt ty thuc
vo tnh hnh dn in ca t. Nu vng t c n dn ng nht th im ny
nm ngay pha di u tia tin o. Cn nu vng t c in dn khng
ng nht (c nhiu ni c in dn khc nhau) th in tch trong t s tp
trung v ni c in dn cao.
Qu trnh phng in s pht trin dc theo ng sc ni lin gia u tia
tin o vi ni tp trung in tch trn mt t v nh vy a im st nh
trn mt t c nh sn.
Do vy nh hng cho cc phng in st th ta phi to ra ni c mt
tp trung in din tch ln. Nn vic bo v chng st nh trc tip cho cc
cng trnh c da trn tnh chn lc ny ca phng in st.
Nu tc pht trin ca phng in ngc l v mt in trng ca
in tch trong tia tin o l th trong mt n v thi gian th in tch i v
trong t s l:

is = .
Cng thc ny tnh ton cho trng hp st nh vo ni c ni t tt (c
tr s in tr nh khng ng k).
Tham s ch yu ca phng in st l dng in st, dng in ny c bin
v dc phn b theo hng bin thin trong phm vi rng (t vi kA n
vi trm kA) dng sng ca dng in st l dng sng xung kch, ch tng vt
ca st ng vi giai on phng in ngc (hnh 1-1)
- Khi st nh thng vo thit b phn phi trong trm s gy qu in p kh
quyn v gy hu qu nghim trng nh trnh by trn.
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.S

.Smin

.S

.Smin

H
nh 1-1 : S bin thin ca dng din st theo thi gian

1.1.2 - Tnh hnh dng st Vit Nam:

Vit Nam l mt trong nhng nc kh hu nhit i, c cng dng st
kh mnh. Theo ti liu thng k cho thy trn mi min t nc Vit nam c
mt c im dng st khc nhau :
+ min Bc, s ngy dng dao ng t 70 110 ngy trong mt nm v
s ln dng t 150 300 ln nh vy trung bnh mt ngy c th xy ra t 2
3 cn dng.
+ Vng dng nhiu nht trn min Bc l Mng Ci. Ti y hng nm c t
250 300 ln dng tp trung trong khong 100 110 ngy. Thng nhiu dng
nht l cc thng 7, thng 8.
+ Mt s vng c a hnh thun li thng l khu vc chuyn tip gia
vng ni v vng ng bng, s trng hp dng cng ln ti 200 ln, s ngy
dng ln n 100 ngy trong mt nm. Cc vng cn li c t 150 200 cn
dng mi nm, tp trung trong khong 90 100 ngy.
+ Ni t dng nht trn min Bc l vng Qung Bnh hng nm ch c di
80 ngy dng.

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Xt dng din bin ca dng trong nm, ta c th nhn thy ma dng khng
hon ton ng nht gia cc vng. Nhn chung Bc B ma dng tp chung
trong khong t thng 5 n thng 9. Trn vng Duyn Hi Trung B, phn
pha Bc (n Qung Ngi) l khu vc tng i nhiu dng trong thng 4, t
thng 5 n thng 8 s ngy dng khong 10 ngy/ thng, thng nhiu dng nht
(thng 5) quan st c 12 15 ngy ( Nng 14 ngy/ thng, Bng Sn 16
ngy/thng ...), nhng thng u ma (thng 4) v thng cui ma (thng 10)
dng cn t, mi thng ch gp t

2 5 ngy dng.

Pha Nam duyn hi Trung B (t Bnh nh tr vo) l khu vc t dng

nht, thng ch c trong thng 5 s ngy dng khong 10/thng nh Tuy Ho
10ngy/thng, Nha Trang 8 ngy/thng, Phan Thit 13 ngy/thng.
min Nam khu vc nhiu dng nht ng bng Nam B t 120 140
ngy/nm, nh thnh ph H Ch Minh 138 ngy/nm, H Tin 129 ngy/
nm. Ma dng min Nam di hn ma dng min Bc l t thng 4 n
thng 11 tr thng u ma (thng 4) v thng cui ma (thng 11) c s ngy
dng u quan st c trung bnh c t 15 20 ngy/thng, thng 5 l thng
nhiu dng nht trung bnh gp trn 20 ngy dng/thng nh thnh ph H
Ch Minh 22 ngy, H Tin 23 ngy.
khu vc Ty Nguyn ma dng ngn hn v s ln dng cng t hn,
thng nhiu dng nht l thng 5 cng ch quan st c khong 15 ngy dng
Bc Ty Nguyn, 10 12 Nam Ty Nguyn, Kon Tum 14 ngy, Lt 10
ngy, PLycu 17 ngy.
S ngy dng trn cc thng mt s vng trn lnh th Vit Nam xem bng
1-1.
T bng trn ta thy Vit Nam l nc phi chu nhiu nh hng ca dng
st, y l iu bt li cho H.T. Vit nam, i hi ngnh in phi u t
nhiu vo cc thit b chng st. c bit hn na n i hi cc nh thit k
phi ch trng khi tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh in sao cho HT vn hnh
kinh t, hiu qu, m bo cung cp in lin tc v tin cy.
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Bng 1-1 : S ngy dng trong thng:

Thng
a im
PHA BC
Cao bng
Bc Cn
Lng Sn
Mng Ci
Hng Gai
H Giang
Sa Pa
Lo Cai
Yn Bi
Tuyn Quang
Ph Th
Thi Nguyn
H Ni
Hi Phng
Ninh Bnh
Lai Chu
in Bin
Sn La
Ngha L
Thanh Ho
Vinh
Con Cung
ng Hi
Ca Tng
PHA NAM
Hu
Nng
Qung Ngi
Quy Nhn
Nha Trang
Phan Thit
Kon Tum
Playcu
Lt
Blao
Si Gn
Sc Trng
H Tin

0,2
0,1
0,2
0,0
0,1
0,1
0,6
0,4
0,2
0,2
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,4
0,2
0,0
0,2
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0

0,6
0,3
0,4
0,4
0,0
0,6
2,6
1,8
0,6
0,0
0,6
0,3
0,3
0,1
0,4
1,8
2,7
1,0
0,5
0,2
0,5
0,2
0,3
0,2

4,2
3,0
2,6
3,9
1,7
5,1
6,6
7,0
4,1
4,0
4,2
3,0
2,9
7,0
8,4
13
12
14
9,2
7,3
6,9
13
6,3
7,8

5,9
7,0
6,9
6,6
1,3
8,4
12
10
9,1
9,2
9,4
7,7
7,9
7,0
8,4
12
12
14
9,2
7,3
6,9
13
6,3
7,8

12
12
12
14
10
15
13
12
15
15
16
13
16
13
16
15
17
16
14
16
17
17
15
18

0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,2
0,2
0,3
0,6
1,8
1,4
0,2

0,2
0,3
0,3
0,3
0,1
0,0
1,2
1,7
1,6
3,4
1,0
0,0

2,7

1,3

10

11

12 C nm

10
10
10
13
15
9,2
7,3
8,1
11
11
11
12
11
17
14
5,8
8,3
6,2
10
13
15
14
11
12

11
2,8
2,8
4,2
2,2
2,8
3,0
2,5
4,2
4,2
3,4
3,3
3,1
4,4
5,0
3,4
5,3
6,2
5,2
3,3
5,6
5,2
5,3
5,3

0,5
0,2
0,1
0,2
0,2
0,9
0,9
0,7
0,2
0,5
0,5
0,1
0,6
1,0
0,7
1,9
1,1
1,0
0,0
0,7
0,2
0,2
0,3
0,3

0,0
0,1
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,3
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,9
0,0
0,0
0,3
0,0
0,2
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0

94
97
90
112
87
102
97
93
104
106
107
97
99
111
112
93
112
99
99
100
95
103
70
85

1,9
2,5
1,2
0,6
0,6
0,2
6,8
5,7
3,2
11
2,5
0,7

4,9 10 6,2 5,3 5,1 4,8 2,3 0,3

6,5 14 11 9,3 12 8,9 3,7 0,5
5,7 10 13 9,7 1,0 7,8 0,7 0,0
3,6 8,6 5,3 5,1 7,3 9,6 3,3 0,6
3,2 8,2 5,2 4,6 5,8 8,5 2,3 0,6
4,0 13 7,2 8,8 7,4 9,0 6,8 1,8
10 14 8,0 3,4 0,2 8,0 4,0 1,2
12 16 9,7 7,7 8,7 17 9,0 2,0
6,8 10 8,0 6,3 4,2 6,7 3,8 0,8
13 10 5,2 3,4 2,8 7,2 7,0 4,0
10 22 19 17 16 19 15 11
7,0 19 16 14 15 13 1,5 4,7

0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,0
0,1
0,1
0,0
2,4
0,7

41,8
69,5
59,1
43,3
39,2
59,0
58,2
90,7
52,1
70,2
138
104

10

20

4,3

128

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17 20 19
18 20 21
14 18 21
19 24 24
15 16 20
17 22 20
15 16 18
13 17 19
17 21 20
17 22 21
17 22 21
17 17 22
16 20 20
19 21 23
21 20 21
16 14 14
21 17 18
18 15 16
15 19 18
16 18 18
13 13 19
14 13 20
7,7 9,6 9,6
10 12 12

9,7

7,4

9,0

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15

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1.2- NH HNG CA DNG ST N H.T. VIT NAM:

- Nh trnh by phn trc bin dng st c th t ti hng trm
kA, y l ngun sinh nhit v cng ln khi dng in st i qua vt no .
Thc t c dy tip a do phn ni t khng tt, khi b dng in st tc
dng b nng chy v t, thm ch c nhng cch in bng s khi b dng
in st tc dng b v v chy ra nh nh thch, phng in st cn km
theo vic di chuyn trong khng gian lng in tch ln, do to ra in t
trng rt mnh, y l ngun gy nhiu lon v tuyn v cc thit b in t ,
nh hng ca n rt rng, c nhng ni cch xa hng trm km.
- Khi st nh thng vo ng dy hoc xung mt t gn ng dy s
sinh ra sng in t truyn theo dc ng dy, gy nn qu in p tc dng
ln cch in ca ng dy. Khi cch in ca ng dy b ph hng s gy
nn ngn mch pha - t hoc ngn mch pha pha buc cc thit b bo v u
ng dy phi lm vic. Vi nhng ng dy truyn ti cng sut ln, khi
my ct nhy c th gy mt n nh cho h thng, nu h thng t ng cc
nh my in lm vic khng nhanh c th dn n r li. Sng st cn c th
truyn t ng dy vo trm bin p hoc st nh thng vo trm bin p u
gy nn phng in trn cch in ca trm bin p , iu ny rt nguy him v
n tng ng vi vic ngn mch trn thanh gp v dn n s c trm trng.
Mt khc, khi c phng in st vo trm bin p, nu chng st van u cc
my bin p lm vic khng hiu qu th cch in ca my bin p b chc
thng gy thit hi v cng ln.
Qua ta thy rng s c do st gy ra rt ln, n chim ch yu trong s c
li in, v vy dng st l mi nguy him ln nht e do hot ng ca li
in.
*Kt lun:
Sau khi nghin cu tnh hnh dng st Vit Nam v nh hng ca dng
st ti hot ng ca li in. Ta thy rng vic tnh ton chng st cho li

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in v trm bin p l rt cn thit nng cao tin cy trong vn hnh li

in.

chng2: TNH TON CH TIU BO V CHNG ST NG DY

ng dy trong HT lm nhim v truyn ti in nng n cc h dng
in. ng dy l phn t phi hng chu nhiu phng in st nht so vi cc
phn t khc trong HT. Khi ng dy b phng in st nu bin dng st
ln ti mc lm cho qu in p xut hin ln hn in p phng in xung kch
ca cch in s dn n phng in v gy ngn mch ng dy, buc my
ct u ng dy phi tc ng. Nh vy vic cung cp in b gin on. Nu
in p nh hn tr s phng in xung kch ca cch in ng dy th sng
st s truyn t ng dy vo trm bin p v s dn ti cc s c trm trng
ti trm bin p. V vy bo v chng st cho ng dy phi xut pht t ch
tiu kinh t kt hp vi yu cu k thut v yu cu cung cp in ca ng
dy .
2.1- L THUYT TNH TON.
2.1.1- Phm vi bo v ca mt dy chng st.
Phm vi bo v ca dy chng st c th hin nh ( hnh 2-1 )

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K thut in cao p
D
y chng st
0,2h

h
hx

1,2h

0,6h

hx

H
nh 2-1: Phmvi bo vca mt d
y chng st
.

Chiu rng ca phm vi bo v mc cao h2 cng c tnh theo cng thc

sau:
+ Khi hx > 2/3h th bx = 0,6h (1-hx/h )

(2 1)

+ Khi hx h th bx = 1,2h (1- hx/0,8h

(2 2)

Chiu di ca phm vi bo v dc theo chiu di ng dy nh hnh (2 2 ).

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H
nh 2-2: Gc bo vca mt dy chng st.

C th tnh ton c tr s gii hn ca gc l = 310, nhng trong thc

t thng ly khong = 20 0 250.
2.1.2- Xc sut phng in st v s ln ct in do st nh vo ng dy.
Vi treo cao trung bnh ca dy trn cng (dy dn hoc dy chng st )
l h, ng dy s thu ht v pha mnh cc phng in ca st trn di t c
chiu rng l 6h v chiu di bng chiu di ng dy (l). T s ln phng in
st xung t trn din tch 1 km2 ng vi mt ngy st l 0,1 0,15 ta c th
tnh c tng s ln c st nh thng vo ng dy (dy dn hoc dy chng
st).
N=(0,6 0,9). h .10-3.l.nng.s

(2 3)

Trong :
+ h: cao trung bnh ca dy dn hoc dy chng st (m).
+ l: chiu di ng dy (km ).
+ nng. s:s ngy st /nm trong khu vc c ng dy i qua.
V cc tham s ca phng in st : bin dng in (Is) v dc ca
dng in (a = dis /dt), c th c nhiu tr s khc nhau, do khng phi tt c
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cc ln c st nh ln ng dy u dn n phng in trn cch in. Ch c

phng in trn cch in ca ng dy nu qu in p kh quyn c tr s ln
hn mc cch in xung kch ca ng dy. Kh nng phng in c biu
th bi xc sut phng in ( Vp ). S ln xy ra phng in s l:
Np = N. Vp = ( 0,6 0,9 ). h . 10-3. l . nng s. Vp .

(24)

V thi gian tc dng ln qu in p kh quyn rt ngn khong 100 s m

thi gian ca cc bo v rle thng khng b qu mt na chu k tn s cng
nghip tc l khong 0,01s. Do khng phi c c phng in trn cch in
l ng dy b ct ra. ng dy ch b ct ra khi tia la phng in xung kch
trn cch in tr thnh h quang duy tr bi in p lm vic ca ng dy .
Xc sut hnh thnh h quang ( ) ph thuc vo Gradien ca in p lm
vic dc theo ng phng in :
= (Elv) ; Elv = Ulv/lp

(kV/m ).

Trong :
+ : xc sut hnh thnh h quang.
+ Ulv: in p lm vic ca ng dy ( kV ).
+ lp: chiu di phng in ( m).
Do s ln ct in do st ca ng dy l:
Nc = Np. . = (0,6 0,9). h. nng .s. Vp. .

(2 5)

so snh kh nng chu st ca ng dy c cc tham s khc nhau, i

qua cc vng c cng hot ng ca st khc nhau ngi ta tnh tr s " sut
ct ng dy" tc l s ln ct do st khi ng dy c chiu di 100km.
nc = ( 0,06 0,09). h. nng s. Vp ..

(2 6)

ng dy b tc dng ca st bi ba nguyn nhn sau:

+ St nh thng vo nh ct hoc dy chng st ln cn nh ct.
+ St nh vng qua dy chng st vo dy dn.
+ st nh vo khong dy chng st gia khong ct.

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 n tt nghip

K thut in cao p

Cng c khi st nh xung mt t gn ng dy gy qu in p cm ng

trn ng dy, nhng trng hp ny khng nguy him bng ba trng hp
trn. Khi ng dy b st nh trc tip s phi chu ng ton b nng lng
ca phng in st, do vy s tnh ton dy chng st cho ng dy vi ba
trng hp trn. Cui cng ta c s ln ct do st ca ng dy.
nc = nc + nkv + ndd

( 2 7)

Trong :
+ nc : s ln ct do st nh vo nh ct.
+nkv: s ln ct do st nh vo khong vt.
+ ndd: s ln ct do st nh vo dy dn.
2.1.2.1 - Cc s li u chu n b cho tnh ton.
ng dy tnh ton l = 150km. (Ninh Bnh H ng)
X kiu cy thng, lp trn ct b tng n.
Dy chng st treo ti nh ct.
Dy dn c treo bi chui s - 4,5 gm 7 bt s, mi bt s cao170mm.
Dy chng st dng dy thp C-70 c d = 11mm ; r = 5,5mm.
Dy dn dng dy AC-120mm c d = 19mm; r = 9,5mm.
Khong vt l 150m.
2.1.2.2 - Xc nh treo cao trung bnh c a dy ch ng st
v dy d n.
treo cao trung bnh ca dy c xc nh theo cng thc:
hdd = h 2/3f .

(2 8)

Trong :
+ h: cao ca dy ti nh ct hay ti kho no ca chui s.
+ f: vng ca dy chng st hay dy dn.
fdd = . l2/ 8. .

(2 9)

= p/s =492/120. 1000 = 0,0041.

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 n tt nghip

K thut in cao p

(p : khi lng 1km dy AC- 120 ,p=492 Kg/Km ; s: tit din dy AC120 , s= 120 mm2.)
: h s c ca ng dy nhit trung bnh , = 7,25.
1,5m
3m

3m
16,2m

1,75m

1,2m

B
12m
9,0m

H
nh 2-3: cao d
y chng st v d
y dn.

l: chiu di khong vt ca ng dy = 150m.

fdd = 0,0041.1502/8. 7,25 = 1,5905 m 1,6 m y ta ly fdd = 1,8 m.
fcs = 1,5 m.
treo cao trung bnh ca dy dn theo (2-9) l:
hddcs = hcs 2/3 fcs = 16,2 2/3.1,5 = 15,2m.
hddtbA = hddA 2/3 fdd = 12 2/3. 1,8 = 10,8 m.
hddtbB = hddB 2/3 fdd = 9 2/3. 1,8 = 7,8 m.
2.1.2.3- T ng tr sng c a dy ch ng st v dy d n.
Zdd = 60.ln (2.hdd / r).
( 2 10 )
ZddA = 60. ln [ ( 2. 10,8) / (9,5. 10-3 ) ] = 463,75 .
ZddB = 60. ln [ ( 2. 7,8 ) / ( 9,5. 10-3 ) ] = 444,22 .
Vi dy chng st ta phi tnh tng tr khi c vng quang v khi khng c
vng quang.
+ Khi khng c vng quang:
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 n tt nghip

K thut in cao p

Zdcs =60. ln [ ( 2. 15,2 ) / ( 5,5. 10-3 )] = 517

+ Khi c vng quang, ta phi chia Zdcs cho h s hiu chnh vng quang.
= 1,3 ( tra bng 3-3 sch hng dn thit k k thut in cao p).
Zdvqcs = Zdcs / = 517/1,3 = 397,69 .
2.1.2.4 - H s ng u h p gi a dy d n ch ng st v i cc dy
pha.
Cng thc (2 11) c xc nh theo hnh (2 4).
2
d12
h2

1 (A;B;C)

D12

2'
H
nh 2-4: Php chiu g ng qua mt
t .

D
ln 12
d12
K=
2h
ln 2
r2

(2 11)

Trong :
+ h2: cao trung bnh ca dy chng st.
+ D12: khong cch gia dy pha v nh ca dy chng st.
+ d12: khong cch gia dy chng st v dy pha.
+ h1: cao trung bnh ca dy dn pha.
+ : h s hiu chnh vng quang ( = 1,3)
Theo kt qu tnh trc ta c:
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 n tt nghip

K thut in cao p

hddA = 10,8m ; hddB = hddC = 7,8m ; hddcs = 15,2m.

p dng nh l Pitago ta c khong cch t dy chng st n cc dy pha
v t dy pha n nh ca dy chng st nh hnh ( 2 5).
Vi pha A:
d12 = (ID)2 + (IA )2 = 4,2 2 + 1,5 2 = 4,46m

A
1,5m

B
12m

K
1,75m

16,2m

9m

16,2m

4,2m

'

H
nh 2-5: Xc
nh khong cch theo php chiu g ng qua mt
t.

D12 = (IA )2 + (IE )2 = 1,5 2 + 24 2 = 24,046 m

Vi pha B,C:
d12 = (ID)2 + (IB)2 = 7,2 2 + 1,75 2 = 7,41m
D12 = (IB)2 + (IE )2 = 1,75 2 + 18 2 = 18,08m

H s ngu hp gia pha A v dy chng st : p dng cng thc (2 11):

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 n tt nghip

K thut in cao p

24,5
4,46
= 0,19768
2.15,2

ln
K=
ln

5,5.10 3

Khi c vng quang: KA-csvq = KA-cs. = 1,3. 0,19768 = 0,257.

H s ngu hp pha B (hoc pha C )vi dy chng st:
18,08
7,41
= 0,1
2.15,2

ln
K B cs = K C cs =

ln

5,5.10 3

Khi c vng quang :

vq

vq

K Bcs = K Ccs = 0,1.1,3 = 0,13

2.1.2.5- Gc b o v c a ch ng st.
T hnh (2 2 ) ta c:

1,5
= 0,357 A = 19,65 0
4,2
1,75
tg B = tg C =
= 0,243 B = C = 13,66 0
7,2
tg A =

2.1.2.6- S l n st nh vo ng dy.
p dng cng thc (2-4) vi l = 100km ; hddcs = 15,2 m ; nng.s= 70ngy/ nm ;
mt st = 0,15. Ta c:
N = 0,15. 6 . 15,2. 70. 100. 10-3 = 96 ln/ 100km. nm.
T c s l thuyt v cc kt qu trn ta tin hnh tnh ton sut ct cho
ng dy vi ba kh nng nu i vi ng 110kV.
2.2 - TNH SUT CT CA NG DY 110KV DO ST NH VNG QUA
DY CHNG ST VO DY DN.
ng dy c U 110kV c bo v bng dy chng st, tuy vy vn c
nhng trng hp st nh vng qua dy chng st vo dy dn. Tuy xc sut
ny nh nhng vn c xc nh bi cng thc sau:
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 n tt nghip
lg V =

hcs
90

K thut in cao p
4

(2-15)

Trong :
: gc bo v ca dy chng st ( ).
hcs : chiu cao ct dy chng st ( m).
Khi dy dn b st nh, dng trn dy dn l IS/4, v mch ca khe st s
c ni vi tng tr sng ca dy dn c tr s nh hnh (2 6 )

Z0

Is

Is / 2
Is / 4

Zdd /2

I s/4

Zdd / 2

H
nh (2 6): Dng
in st khi st
nh vo dy dn.

C th coi dy dn hai pha ghp song song v Z dd = (400 500) nn dng

in st gim i nhiu so vi khi st nh vo ni c ni t tt. Ta c dng in
st ni nh l:
I = Is

Z0
I
s
Z
2
Z0 + dd
2

(2 13)

Z0: Tng tr sng ca khe st.

in p lc trn dy dn l:
U dd =

I s .Z dd
4

(2-14)

Khi Udd U50%s ca chui s th c phng in trn cch in gy s c

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 n tt nghip

K thut in cao p

ngn mch 1 pha N(1 ) t ( 2 14) ta c th vit:

I s.Z dd
U s50%
4
Hay ln ca dng in st c th gy nn phng in trn cch in l:
Is

4U s50%
Z dd

Ta c xc sut phng in trn cch in l:

Is
26,1

Vpd = e

4.U s50%
26,1.Zdd

=e

(2 15)

S ln st nh vng qua dy chng st vo dy dn:

N = N. V

(2 16)

Trong :
N: tng s ln phng in st ca 100 km ng dy c xc nh ti
mc 2.1.4 l: 96 ln / 100km. nm.
V: Xc sut st nh vng qua dy chng st vo dy dn c xc nh
theo ( 2 12)
Xc sut hnh thnh h quang ph thuc vo gradien ca in p lm vic
dc theo ng phng in ( Elv):
E lv =

U lv
l pd

(2 17)

(kV / m)

+ lp: Chiu di ng phng in ly bng chiu di chui s ( m ).

+ Ulv: in p pha ca ng dy.
E lv =

110
3.1,2

= 52,9

(kV / m)

Da vo bng (21 1) sch gio trnh k thut in cao p v th v

bng phng php ni suy ta c:

= 0,63

Bng 2 1: Xc nh hnh thnh h quang:

50
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20

10
22

 n tt nghip
E lv =

K thut in cao p

U lv
(kV / m)
l pd

(n v tng i)

0,6

0,45

0,25

0,1

Ta c sut ct do st nh vng qua dy chng st vo dy dn:

ndd = Nv. vp

60

(2 18)

Elv (kV/m)

50
40
30
20
10
0
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7

H
nh (2 7): ni suy
xc nh

T ( 2 18) ta thy v v vp u ph thuc t l chiu cao ct h hay cao

dy dn v gc bo v , cao dy dn tng hoc tng u lm cho ndd tng,
vy ta chn pha A l pha c gc bo v ln nht v hddA ln hn so vi pha B
v pha C tnh sut ct cho ng dy.
Pha A c A = 19,65 0; hddA = 10,8m.
ZddA = 463,75 ; hcs= 16,2m.
Thay cc s liu trn vo cng thc ( 2 12 ) ta c:

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 n tt nghip
lg V =

K thut in cao p

19,65. 16,2
4 = 3,12 V = 0,756.10 3
90

Xc sut phng in trn cch in pha A theo cng thc ( 2 15 )

4.U s50%
Is
4.660
Vpd = e26,1 = e 26,1.Zdd = e26,1.463,75 = 0,804

U50%c = 660kV i vi ng dy 110kV [ tra bng ( 9 5) K thut in

cao p ].
Thay s vo (2 18 ) ta c:
ndd = 96. 0,756.10-3. 0,804. 0,63. = 0,03676 ln / 100km. nm.
2.3- TNH SUT CT CA NG DY 110KV DO ST NH VO
KHONG VT.
Theo sch hng dn thit k K thut in cao p th s ln st nh vo
khong vt l:
Nkv= N / 2

( 2 19)

Trong : N l s ln st nh vo ng dy c tnh trn mc

(2.1.4) N = 96 ln / 100km. nm.
Vy Nkv = 96 / 2 = 48 ln / 100km. nm.
Trong 48 ln st nh vo khong vt th xc sut hnh thnh h quang khi
phng in c xc nh ti mc [ 2.2 ] bng phng php ni suy trn hnh
(2-7) c = 0,63. Sut ct ca ng dy 110kV do st nh vo khong
vt nh sau:
nkv = Nkv. Vp.

(2 20)

tnh Vp ta phi xc nh xc sut phng in trn cch in ca ng

dy.
2.3.1- Phng php xc nh Vp.
Ta coi dng in st c dng xin gcvi bin Is = a. t.
Qu in p st xut hin trn cch in ca ng dy gm hai thnh phn:
U cd(t) = U cd(I, a) + U lv
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K thut in cao p

Trong :
+ U cd(I , a) : l thnh phn qu in p do dng st gy ra ph
thuc vo bin (I) v dc st (a).
+ Ulv : in p lm vic ca ng dy
Xc sut cc dng in st c bin I Is v dc a as l:
(

V I ,a = e

Is
a
+ s )
26,1 10,9

(2 22)

Ti thi im ti no in p trn cch in ln hn hoc bng in p

chu ng cho php ca cch in, ly theo c tnh vn giy (V- S) ca chui
s, th phng in s xy ra:
U cd(ti ) = U cd.(I i ; ai ) + U lv = U pd(ti )

I i = ai .ti

( 2 23)

Up(ti) in p phng in ly theo c tnh vn giy ( V S ) ti ti .

Do coi dng in c dng I = a. t th thnh phn Uc' (I,a) t l vi dc a.
c th t:
Vy:

Uc' (I,a) = Z.a

(2 24)

Up (ti) = Z.ai + Ulv

(2 25)

Hay ta c dc u sng nguy him ai ti thi im ti:

ai =

U pd(ti ) U lv

(2 26)

Z l hng s i vi I v a nn c th tnh c:
Z=

U pd(ti ) U lv

(2 27)

T ( 2 26 ) v ( 2 27 ) ta c:
ai =

U pd(ti ) U lv
U cd(ti )
a

( 2 28 )

Mt khc ta c : I i = ai .ti
Da vo cc cp (Ii,ai ) v ng cong nguy him hnh (2 8)

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 n tt nghip

K thut in cao p

a
Min nguy
him

I
H
nh (2 8): ng cong nguy him

Xc sut phng in c tnh theo xc sut xut hin min bn phi pha
trn ng cong nguy him hnh (2 8)
T ng cong nguy him ta c th xc nh c:
1

Vpd = Vi .dVa , vi:

0

I i
ai
Vi = e26,1 ; Va = e10,9

Bng phng php gn ng v tuyn tnh ho ng cong nguy him chia

ng cong thnh: n = ( 10 15 ) khong, ta c:
n

Vpd = V I i .Vai

( 2 29 )

i =1

Sau khi xc nh c Vp , thay s vo ( 2 20 ) ta c sut ct do st nh

vo khong vt ca ng dy 110kV.
2.3.2- Trnh t tnh ton.
n gin ho trong tnh ton, coi nh st nh vo khong gia ca dy
chng st trong khong vt, khi dng in st c chia u cho hai pha
ca dy chng st nh hnh (2 9 ).

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 n tt nghip

K thut in cao p
a.t/2

a.t/2

RC

RC

RC

H
nh (2 9) : St nh vo dy chng st gia khong v t.

Nh gi thit dng in st c dng xin gc:

a.t nut < ds
Is =
a. ds nut ds
Ta s tnh ton Is ng vi cc gi tr trong bng (2 1) sau y:
a(kA / s)
t (s)

10
1

20
2

30
3

40
4

50
5

60
6

70
7

80
8

90 100
9 10

in p trn dy chng st ti nh ct c tr s Ucs l:

a.t
d
a.t
a
a
2 a.t
U cs =
R c + L c.
=
R c + L c = ( R c .t + L c )
2
dt
2
2
2
Trong :

( 2 30 )

+ Rc: in tr ni t ct
+ Lc: in tr thn ct tnh theo chiu cao v tr dy chng st.
Lc = hcs. L0
L0: in cm n v di ca ct ( L0 = 0,6 H/m )
Vi hcs = 16,2m ta c Lc=16,2.0,6 = 9,72 H
in p trn dy dn l Udd c k n nh hng ca vng quang:
Udd = - Kvq.Ucs + Ulv
Trong :
+ Ulv l in p trung bnh ca pha.
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 n tt nghip

K thut in cao p

U lv =

1 2 .U.sin.t.dt 2
2
= .U.

3
3

U lv =

2
2
.110.
= 57,17 kV
3,14
3

Kvq: h s ngu hp ca dy dn pha vi dy chng st c k n nh hng

ca vng quang.
in p t trn chui cch in l tng i s ca Udd v Ucs:
Uc = Ucs + Udd = Ucs- Kvq. Ucs + Ulv

( 2 31 )

Uc = Ucs. (1- Kvq ) + Ulv

a
U cd = .( R c .t + L c ) . 1 K vq + U lv
2

( 2 32 )

T biu thc ( 2 32 ) ta thy khi K vq nh th Uc ln do vy theo ti liu

hng dn thit k tt nghip cao p th khi tnh ton phi tnh vi pha c h
s ngu hp nh nht mc ( 2.1.3.3 ) ta c:
vq

vq

vq

K A cs = 0,257; K Bcs = K Ccs = 0,13

Ta tnh Uc vi Kvq = 0,13; Rc = 20 .
Uc = a/2. (20. t + 9,72 ). (1- 0,257) + 57,17

(kV)

Cho cc gi tr a khc nhau ta tnh c in p t ln chui cch in ca

ng dy nh trn bng ( 2 2 )
Bng ( 2 2 ): Gi tr Uc khi st nh vo khong vt, khi dc a thay
i v cc thi im khc nhau vi Rc = 20
a

t
1
2
10 168 242
20 278 427
30 388 611
40 499 796
50 609 981
60 720 1165
70 830 1350
80 940 1535
90 1051 1720
100 1161 1904

3
316
575
834
1093
1352
1611
1870
2129
2388
2647

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4
390
724
1057
1390
1724
2057
2390
2724
3057
3390

5
465
872
1280
1688
2095
2503
2910
3318
3726
4133

6
539
1021
1503
1985
2467
2949
3431
3912
4394
4876

7
613
1170
1726
2282
2838
3394
3951
4507
5063
5619

Trang

8
688
1318
1949
2579
3210
3840
4471
5101
5732
6362

9
762
1467
2172
2876
3581
4286
4991
5696
6400
7105

10
836
1615
2394
3174
3953
4732
5511
6290
7069
7848

28

 n tt nghip

K thut in cao p

T cc gi tr trn ta v ng Uc = f(t) v a, trn hnh v cn th hin

ng c tnh (V- S) ca chui cch in
ng c tnh vn giy (V S) ca chui cch in s ct cc hm Uc =
f(a; t; Rc) ti cc v tr m t ta c thi gian xy ra phng in trn chui s
nh hnh (2 11).
c tuyn vn giy (V-S) ca chui s c tra trong bng 25 sch hng
dn thit k tt nghip k thut in cao p
Bng ( 2 3 ): c tnh vn giy (V-S) ca chui cch in
1

t(s)

10

Up (kV) 1020 960 900 855 830 810 805 800 797 795
T cc gi tr trn ta v c ng f(t) v a, trn hnh v ny cn th hin
ng c tnh vn giy (V-S) ca chui cch in. Ta c th hnh (2 11)
T th hnh (2 10 ) ta c:
ti = 0,53; 0,61; 0,73; 0,88; 1,13; 1,42; 1,95; 2,9; 4,88; 11,9
Ti thi im phng in ti tng ng cc dc u sng ai ta c tr s st
nguy him: Ii = ai. ti , t cp s ca (I ; a) ta v c ng cong thng s nguy
him hnh (2 10).
100

I (kA)

80

Min nguy him

MIN NGUY HIM

60

10

20

30

40

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50

60

70

80

90

a (kA/s)

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K thut in cao p

Hnh(2 10): ng cong thng s nguy him khi st nh vo khong

vt.
Trong hnh 2-11 di y ta lu cc im sau :
- Xc sut phng in Vp l xc sut m ti c cc cp thng s (Ii;ai)
thuc min nguy him
Vpd = P{ (a; I ) N}
- Cc cp s (Ii ; ai) nm trong min gii hn nguy him th s xy ra phng
in. Do xc sut phng in trn cch in chnh l xc sut cho cp s
(Ii ; ai) thuc min nguy him.
dVp = P (a ai) P (I Ii ).

( 2 33 )

Trong :
+ P(I Ii ): l xc sut cho dng in I ln hn gi tr dng in Ii no .
+ P(a ai): l xc sut cho dc a ln hn gi tr ai no gy ra
phng in

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 n tt nghip

K thut in cao p
a=100kA/

4000

a=90kA/

s
a=80kA/
s
a=70kA/
s
a=60kA/

3000

s
a=50kA/
s
a=40kA/
s

c tnh
(v-s)

a=30kA/
s

2000

a=20kA/
s
a=10kA/

1000
Hnh

1
2
3
4
211: in p t ln cch in ca ng dy khi st nh vo

khong vt Uc (a,t) vi Rc = 20 v c tnh vn giy (V-S)

ca chui cch in Up (t).
+ P(a ai) = P( ai da a ai + da ) = dVa
0

Vi:

ai
Va = e10,9 = P( a ai )

Thay vo biu thc ( 2 34 ) c:

dVp = Vi.dVa
1

Vpd = V I .dVa
0

Bng phng php sai phn xc nh c:

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K thut in cao p
n

( 2 34 )

Vpd = VIi Vai

i =1

I i
26,1

Vi :

VI = e

ai
10,9

; Va = e

Do trong tnh ton v ng cong thng s nguy him ta ch tnh vi 10 gi

tr ca a v I nn phi tin hnh ngoi suy ph kn cc gi tr ca chng.
Ta c cc kt qu nh bng (2 4 ). Tnh c Vp. = 0,00767.
2.3.3- Tnh sut ct tng do st nh vo khong vt ng dy ti in 110kV.
Sut ct do st nh vo khong vt c xc nh theo cng thc:
nkv = Nkv . Vp .

(ln / 100km. nm )

( 2 35 )

Nkv = N/ 2 = 96/ 2 = 48
Vy:

nkv = 48. 0,00767. 0,63 = 0,204

( ln / 100km. nm )

2.4- TNH SUT CT CA NG DY110KV DO ST NH VO NH

CT HOC LN CN NH CT.
i vi ng dy c dy chng st bo v, phn ln th st nh vo dy
chng st khong vt v nh vo khu vc nh ct hoc ln cn nh ct.
n gin ta xt trng hp st nh ngay nh ct nh hnh (2 12 ):

Ics

Ics
I 0

ic

Rc

ic

ic

Rc

Rc

Hnh 2-12 : St nh nh ct ng dy c dy chng st bo v .

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K thut in cao p

2.4.1- L thuyt tnh ton.

Khi st nh vo nh ct ng dy c treo dy chng st, a s dng in
st s i vo t qua b phn ni t ca ct, phn cn li theo dy chng st i
vo cc b phn ni t ca cc ct ln cn.
in p trn cch in ca ng dy khi st nh vo nh ct c treo dy
chng st l:
diC
d
U cd(t) = i cR c + L dd
+ M dd(t) is + U d
c
cu(t) kU cs(t) + U lv
dt
dt

( 2 36 )

Trong biu thc trn in p xut hin trn cch in gm:

+ Thnh phn in p ging trn in tr v in cm ca ct do dng st
i trong ct gy ra:
i cR c + Ldd
c

dic
dt

+Thnh phn in ca in p cm ng xut hin trn dy dn do h cm

gia dy dn v knh st gy ra:
+ M dd(t)

dis
dt

+Thnh phn t cu in p cm ng xut hin trn dy dn do h cm

gia dy dn v knh st gy ra:
+ U dcu
+Thnh phn in p do dng in i trong dy chng st gy ra, k l h
s ngu hp gia dy dn v dy chng st : kUcs
+in p lm vic trung bnh ca ng dy : Ulv
Du tr (-) th hin in p ny ngc du vi thnh phn in p khc
trong cng thc (2 36).V vy thnh phn ny lm gim in p trn cch in
khi b st nh.

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K thut in cao p

2.4.1.1- Cc thnh ph n i n p ging trn i n tr v i n

c m c a c t do dng i n st i trong c t gy ra.
Cc thnh phn in p ging trn in tr v in cm ca ct do dng in
st i trong ct v in p trn dy chng st lin quan vi nhau v chngph
thuc vo in p i trong ct v dy chng st. tnh ton cc thnh phn ny
c th da vo s tng ng ca mch dn dng in st. Ta chia lm hai
trng hp:
a/ Trng hp 1: Khi cha c sng phn x t ct bn tr v:
t

2.l kv
v

Trong :
+ lkv: l chiu di khong vt
+ = c. vi: c l tc nh sng ;
: tc phng in ngc tng i ca dng st.
S tng ng ca mch dn dng in st nh hnh ( 2 13 )
is
ics

ics

ic

ic

2ics

Lcs
c

M cs (t ).

di s
dt
vq

is

Z cs
2

Rc

Hnh ( 2 13 ): S tng ng mch n dng st khi cha c sng

phn x ti
Trong s dng st c coi nh mt ngun dng, cn thnh phn t ca
in p cm ng trn dy chng st nh mt ngun p.
Mcs l h cm gia knh st v mch vng " dy chng st - t ".

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K thut in cao p

v.t + H
h
H
M cs(t) = 0,2.hcs . ln

ln
+ 1
(1 + ).H 2hcs h

(2-37)

Trong :
+hcs : cao dy chng st ; hdd: treo cao ca dy dn ;
hc: cao ca ct.
+H = hdd + hcs ;
+h = hc - hdd ;
+ : tc phng in ngc tng i ca dng st. Theo sch hng
dn thit k k thut in cao p ta c = 0,3.
+ = .c vi c l tc nh sng c = 3.108 m/s = 300m/s
+Lccs ; Lcdd : l in cm ca ct t mt t ti dy chng st hoc dy dn.
2H

h
H
L dd
c = 0,2.hdd
ln r + 2h ln h 1

td
dd

( 2 38 )

Khi tnh cho dy chng st ta ch vic thay hdd bi hcs

rtd: Bn knh tng ng ca dy tip a t ct xung cc ni t chnh l
dy dn dng st trong thn ct.
T s thay th dy chng st c biu th bi tng tr sng ca dy
chng st, c xt n nh hng ca vng quang. T s hnh ( 2 13 ) ta vit
h phng trnh nh sau:
Phng trnh mch vng(*)
Phng trnh th nt(**)
vq

i .R + L cs. dic + a.M (t) + 2i . Z cs = 0 (*)

c
cs
s
c

dt
2

i c + 2i cs = i s = a.t
(**)

Gii h phng trnh nyc kt qu l:

vq
Z cs
a vq
Z .t 2M cs(t)

i c (t) =
vq cs

1
Z cs

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1 =

K thut in cao p
vq

Z cs + 2.R c
2.L cs
c
vq

dic
a.Zcs
=
dt Z vq + 2.R
cs
c
Tng tr sng ca dy chng st Zcs c xc nh bi:
2.htb
Z cs = 60. ln cs
rcs

(2 40 )

Trong :
2
htb
cs = hcs fcs
3
ds
rcs =
2
in p ging trn dy chng st Ucs (t) =ics (t).Zcs
b/ Trng hp 2: Khi c sng phn x t ct bn tr v: t > 2lkv / v:
Trng hp ny tnh chnh xc phi p dng phng php c tnh, y
n gin ta tnh gn ng tc l c th thay dy chng st bng in cm tp
trung ni tip vi in tr ca t ca hai ct bn cnh nh hnh ( 2 14 )
2ics
ic

is

2ics
Lcs
c

di
M cs (t). s
dt

Rc

Lcs
2
Rcs
2

Hnh 214: S tng ng mch dn dng in khi c sng phn x ti

Lcs : l in cm ca mt khong vt dy chng st khong k n nh
hng ca vng quang.
L cs =

Zo.cs.i kv
c

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K thut in cao p

Trong : + Zo.cs : l tng tr sng ca dy chng st khng k n nh

hng ca vng quang .
+ lkv : chiu di khong vt
+ c : tc nh sng c =300/s
T s ta xc nh c:
a.[ L cs 2 M cs(t)]
.(1 e 2 .t )
2R
dic a.[ L cs 2M cs(t)]
=
. 2 .e 2 .t
dt
2R

i c (t) =

2 =

(2 42)
(2 43)

2R
L cs + 2.L ccs

2.4.1.2-Thnh ph n i n c a i n p c m ng.
Khi khng c dy chng st:
Ud
cu(t) =

0,1.hdd.a ( V .t + hcv) . ( V .t + h).( V .t + H )

. ln

(1 + ) 2 . h.H

(2 44)

Khi c dy chng st:

h
U dcu(t) = U dcu.o (t). 1 K cs
hdd

(2-45)

Vi K l h s ngu hp gia dy dn vi dy chng st.

2.4.1.3-Thnh phn t ca in p cm ng:
dc ca dng st a = (dic/dt) c th coi l mt hng s i vi mi dng
in st. Do tnh thnh phn t ca in p cm ng ta phi xc nh
Mdd(t).
v.t + H

h
H
M dd(t) = 0,2hdd ln

. ln
+ 1
(1 + ).H 2hdd h

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K thut in cao p

2.4.1.4-Xc nh sut phng in Vp :

T cc gi tr in p ging trn chui cch in v t c tuyn vn giy
ca chui s ta c cc gi tr thi gian xy ra phng in (ti) . Bin dng in
st nguy him s l:

Ii = ai. ti

T y ta c xc sut phng in l:
n

Vpd = V I i .Vai

(2 47)

i =1

Sut ct do st nh vo nh ct: nc = Vp . Nc .
2.4.2-Trnh t tnh ton.
S ln st nh vo nh ct hoc ln cn nh ct.
Nc =N/2 = 96/2 = 48 ln /100km.nm
Xc sut hnh thnh h quang: = 0,63
Xc nh Vp :
xc nh Vp ta phi xc nh in p t trn chui cch in khi st
nh vo nh ct hoc ln cn nh ct.
Rc = 20
Lcdd = Lo.hdd = 0,6.12 = 7,2H vi Lo l in cm n v di thn ct.
v = .c = 0,3.300 = 90 m/s l vn tc phng in ngc ca dng in
st (theo sch hng dn thit k k thut in cao p ta c = 0,3 ; c l vn tc
nh sng c = 300m/s).
Ulv vn tc trung bnh ca ng dy.
U lv =

2. 2 .110
. 3

= 57,17 kV

Cc thnh phn cn li ca in p trong cng thc ( 2 36 ) u ph thuc

vo dc a, thi gian t v cao ca dy dn.
2.4.2.1- i n p ging trn chu i cch i n c a pha A.
a/ Thnh phn in ca in p cm ng:
Thay cng thc( 2 43 ) vo cng thc ( 2 44 ) ta c:
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K thut in cao p

K .hcs 0,1.hdd.a (v.t + hc ). (v.t + h).(v.t + H)

d
U cu(t) = 1
.
. ln
(2 48)
A
2

hdd
(1 + ) .hc . h.H

Trong :
+H s ngu hp khi c nh hng ca vng quang pha A :
KA-csvq = 0,257 ( tnh 2.1.3.3 ).
+ hcs =hc =16,2m ; hdd = hddA = 12m.
H = hcs + hdd = 16,2+12 = 28,8m ;
h = hcs hdd =16,2 12 = 4,2m.
= 0,3 ;ly a = 10 ; t = 3s.
Ta c bng (2 4 )
b/ Thnh phn t ca in p cm ng:
dic
di
U tcu(t) = L dd
+ M dd(t) s ;
c .
dt
dt
Lcdd = Lo.hddA = 7,2H
p dng cng thc ( 2 46 ) ta c:
4,2
28,2
90.3 + 28,2
M dd(t) = 0,2.12. ln

. ln
+ 1 = 8,95
(
1
+
0
,
3
).
28
,
2
2
.
12
4
,
2

a =dis/dt : dc u sng ca st
dic/dt: tc bin thin ca dng in i trong thn ct c xt ti s thay i
trc v sau phn x ca sng st t ct ln cn tr v.
c/ in p trn dy dn gy ra bi dng in st i trong dy chng st
K.Ucs(t).:
U cs(t) = i s.R s + L cs
c.

dic
di
+ M cs(t). c
dt
dt

Lccs = Lo . hcs = 9,72H

- Ta phi tm ic v dic /dt trong hai trng hp:
+ Trng hp 1: Trc khi c sng phn x t ct ln cn v l
khong thi gian t 2.lkv /c (lkv = 150m l chiu di khong vt ).
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K thut in cao p

t 2.150 /300 =1s.

Theo cng thc ( 2 39 ) v ( 2 40 ) ta c:
vq
Z cs
a vq
Z .t 2M cs(t)

i c (t) =
vq cs

1
Z cs
vq
dic
a.Zcs
=
vq
dt Zcs
+ 2.R c

trong : 1 =

vq
Zcs
+ 2.R c

2.Lcs
c

Nhn xt: Khi R; a; t thay i th ic (t) v dic /dt thay i.

+ Trng hp 2: Khi c sng st phn x t ct ln cn tr v :
l thi gian t > 2.lkv hay t > 2.150 /300 = 1s.
Theo cng thc ( 2 42 ) v ( 2 43 ) ta c:
i c (t) =

a.[ L cs 2M cs(t)]
.(1 e 2.t )
2R

(2 49)

V :
dic a.[ L cs 2M cs(t)]
=
. 2 .e 2.t
dt
2R

(2 50)

Trong :
2 =

2.R c
L cs + 2.L cs
c

2.20
= 0,144
257,19 + 2.9,72

Vit li biu thc in p trn chui cch in:

diC
dd dis
U cd(t) = i cR c + L dd
+
M
(t)
+ Ud
c
cu(t) kU cs(t) + U lv
dt
dt
Vi dis / dt = a ta c :
U cs(t) = i cR c + L dd
c

dic
+ a.M cs(t)
dt

Ta c:

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K thut in cao p

U cd(t) = i cR c (1 K ) +

dic dd
dd
cs
d
(L c K .L cs
c ) + a.(M (t) + K .M (t) + U cu(t) + U lv
dt

Vi K l h s ngu hp ca pha A vi dy chng st c k n nh hng

ca vng quang KA-csv q = 0,254
Thay s vo ta c:
dic
(7,2 0,257.9,72) +
dt
(2 51)
dd
cs
d
a.{M (t) + 0,257.M (t)}+ U cu(t) + 57,17

U cd(t) = i cR c (1 0,257) +

2.4.2.2 - i n p ging trn chu i cch i n c a pha B; C.

a/ Thnh phn Ucu(t) theo cng thc (2-) v (2-)
Vi = 0,3; KB-csvq = 0,257 ; hdd = hddB = 9 m ;
H = hcs+ hddB = 16,2 + 9 = 25,2m
h = hcs- hddB = 7,2m
0,172.16,2 0,1.a.9 (90.t + 16,2). (90.t + 4,2).(90.t + 28,2)
Ud
(
t
)
=
. ln

cu
2
9

0,3
(1 + 0,3) .16,2. 4,2.28,2

Ud
cu(t) = 2,07.a. ln(0,3t + 0,054) 8100 .t + 2916 t + 118,44

(2 52)

b /Thnh phn Ucut (t) :

Lcdd = L0hddB = 5,4H
di
dic
U tcu(t) = M dd(t). s + L dd
c .
dt
dt

(2 53)

90t + 28,2
7,2 28,2

M dd = 0,2.9 ln

ln
+ 1
(1 + 0,3).28,2 2.9 7,2

M dd = 1,8[ ln(2,45t + 0,77) 0,05 ln3,9 + 1]

(2 54)

c / Thnh phn in p trn dy dn gy ra bi dng in st i trong dy

chng st: k.Ucs(t)
U cu(t) = i c .R c + L cs
c.

dic
di
+ M cs(t) s
dt
dt

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K thut in cao p

Theo tnh ton pha A ta xc nh c 1 ; 2 Lcs

Theo cng thc ( 2 3 ) ta c :
90t + 28,2
7,2
28,2

M cs = 0,2.16,2ln

ln
+ 1
(
1
+
0
,
3
).
28
,
2
2
.
16
,
2
7
,
2

(2 55)

M cs = 3,24.[ ln(2,45t + 0,77) 0,22. ln3,9 + 1]

d/ Vi pha B,C ta c :
U cdB(C) (t) = i cR c (1 0,257) +

dic
(7,2 0,257.9,72) +
dt

a.{M dd(t) + 0,257.M cs(t)}+ U dcu(t) + 57,17

2.4.2.3- So snh i n p ging trn chu i cch i n pha A v
pha B.
cng mt thi gian tc ng v cng mt dc ca dng in st,
cng mt thi gian tc ng v cng dc ca dng in st, nu chui cch
in ca pha no c in p ging ln hn th pha c xc sut phng in ln
hn.
Chn thng s ca dng in st tnh ton :
t = 3s; a =10kA/s.
a/ Tnh ton vi pha A:
Thay t v a vo cc cng thc ( 2 52 ); ( 2 53 ) ; ( 2 54 ):
U dcu(t) = 146,5kV
4,2
28,2
90.3 + 28,2
M dd(t) = 0,2.12 ln

. ln
+ 1 = 6,63
4,2
(1 + 0,3).28,2 2.12

4,2
28,2
90.3 + 28,2
M cs(t) = 0,2.16,2ln

ln
+ 1 = 9,23
(1 + 0,3).28,2 2.16,2 4,2

Thay t ; a chn v R =20 vo cng thc ( 2 39 ) v ( 2 40 ):

i c (t) =

10
[ 257,19 9,23].1 e0,144.3 = 30,8kV
2.20

dic
10.e0,144.3
=
(257,19 2.9,23) = 5,6kA / s
dt
257,19 + 9,72
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K thut in cao p

Thay cc gi tr Ucdd(t); Mdd(t) ; Mcs(t) ; ic(t) ; dic/dt vo ( 2 5 0):

UcA (t) = (1-0,254).20.30,8+5,6.(7,2-0,254.9,72)+
+10. (6,63+0,254. 9,23)+146,5+57,17

= 716,3kV

b/Tnh ton vi pha B:

16,2.0,13 0,1.10.9 ( 90.3 + 16,2) . (90.3 + 7,2).(90.3 + 25,2
Ud
(
t
)
=
. ln

1
.
cu
2
9

0,3
(1 + 0,3) .16,2. 7,2.25,2

= 124,15kV

25,2
90.3 + 25,2 7,2
M dd(t) = 0,2.9 ln

. ln
+ 1
= 5,236
2.9
7,2
1,3 + 25,2

7,2
25,2
90.3 + 25,2
M cs(t) = 0,2.16,2ln

ln
+ 1 = 9,46
1,3.25,2
2.16,2 7,2

10
( 257,19 2.9,46).1 e0,144.3
i c (t) =
= 20,85
2.20

dic
10.e0,144.3
=
(257,19 2.9,46)
dt 257,19 + 2.9,72

= 5,59

Thay cc gi tr va tnh ton vo cng thc ta c:

UcB(t) = (1-0,13)20.20,85+5,59(5,4- 0,13.9,72)+10(5,236+0,13.9,46)
+124,15+57,17 = 631,9kV.
So snh in p trn cch in khi ng dy b phng in ta thy:
UcA = 716,3kV > UcB = 631,9kV. Vy vi cng mt tham s ca dng in
st th chui cch in ca pha A phi chu in p ln hn so vi pha B v Pha
C. Do ta s tnh xc sut phng in khi st nh vo nh ct vi cc thng
s k thut ca pha A.
2.4.3-Tnh xc sut phng in.
Trong biu thc tnh ic(t) v dic/dt ta phi tnh trc Mcs(t) vi cc khong
chia nh ca thi gian (vi t = 3s).
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K thut in cao p

90.t + 28,2
4,2
28,2

M dd(t) = 0,2.12 ln

. ln
+ 1 = 6,63
4,2
(1 + 0,3).28,2 2.12

90.t + 28,2
4,2
28,2

M cs(t) = 0,2.16,2ln

ln
+ 1 = 8,41
(
1
+
0
,
3
).
28
,
2
2
.
16
,
2
4
,
2

Bng (2 5): Gi tr tnh ton ca Mcs(t) v Mdd(t) "vi t = 3s "

0,5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
3,26 4,41 5,76 6,63 7,26 7,76 8,2 8,53 8,83 9,1 9,4
3,86 5,41 7,24 8,41 9,26 9,94 10 11 11,4 11,7 12

t(s)
Mdd(t)
Mcs(t)

T kt qu trong bng ( 2- 4 ) ta tnh ic(t); dic/dt theo a v R vi 2 khong

thi gian l t 1s v t 1s.
a/ Vi t 1s ta tnh ic(t) ; dic /dt theo cng thc (249) v cng thc (250)
i c (t) =

vq
2.M cs(t)
Z cs .t

;
vq

1
Z cs + 2R c

i c (t) =

2.M cs(t)
a

397
.
t

387 + 2.20
22,5

1 =

397 + 2.20
= 22,5
2.9,72

vq

dic
a.Z cs
a.397
=
=
= 0,908.a
dt Z vq + 2.R
397 + 2.20
cs
c
b/ Vi t 1s ta xc nh ic(t) v dic /dt theo cng thc ( 2 49 ) v (2 50)
ta c kt qu bng (2 6 ) v bng (2 7 ):
i c (t) =

a
L cs2.M cs(t) .(1 e 2.t )
2.R c
2 = 0,144

a
[ 257,19 2M cs(t)].(1 e0,144.t )
2.20
dic
a, e 2 .t
a.e0,144.t
=
.[ L cs 2M cs(t)] =
dt L + 2L c
257,19 + 2.9,72
cs
cs

i c (t) =

Cho bin dng st nhn cc gi tr khc nhau t 10 n 100kA chng ta

tnh c in p t ln cch in ca ng dy. Kt qu tnh c ghi bng
(2 8).

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K thut in cao p

T bng (2 8) v d th Ucd (t , a) v c tnh (v - s) ta dc cc gi tr T i

v cc s liu tnh ton bng (2 9).
T bng (2 9) ta tnh c Vp = 0,0397.
Tnh sut ct do st nh vo nh ct hoc ln cn nh ct:
nc = Nc. Vp .

(ln / 100km. nm )

Nc = N / 2 = 96 / 2 = 48
Vy:
n = 48. 0,0397. 0,63 = 1,2

( ln / 100km. nm ).

2.5- TNH SUT CT TNG DO ST NH VO NG DY TI

IN 110KV.
Sut ct ton b ng dy khi c st nh trc tip c xc nh bi:
n = ndd + nkv + nc

(ln /100km.nm)

Ta tnh c sut ct ndd ; nkv ; nc cc phn trn:

n = 0,03676 + 0,204 + 1,2 = 1,44 (ln/100km.nm)

2.6- TNH CH TIU CHNG ST CHO NG DY TI IN110KV

H NG PH L NINH BNH.
Ch tiu chng st cho ng dy l s nm vn hnh an ton gia hai ln s
c lin tip, ta tnh c sut ct ng dy khi b st nh. Ch tiu chng
st cho ng dy H ng Ph L Ninh Bnh c l = 150km l:
m=

1 150 1 150
.
=
.
= 0,77.1,5 = 1,04 (Nm / ln s c )
n 100 1,44 100

Nhn xt:
Sau khi tnh ton sut ct cho ng dy ti in 110kV ta thy:
- Sut ct ca ng dy do st nh vng qua dy chng st vo dy dn
khng ph thuc vo tr s in tr ni t ca ct in, nhng li ph thuc vo
gc bo v , do gim s ln ct in do st nh vng qua dy chng st
vo dy dn th phi gim gc bo v .
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K thut in cao p

- Khi st nh vo khong vt th kh nng phng in trn cch in ca

ng dy ph thuc vo tr s ca in tr ni t. Nu in tr ni t nh th
kh nng phng in l rt t v khi st nh vo dy chng st trong khong
vt s gy ra cc sng qu in p truyn v ct in, sng ny gp in tr ni
t nh nn in p i vo b phn ni t c gim thp.
- Khi st nh vo nh ct th phn ln dng in st s i vo h thng ni
t ca ct in. Phn cn li s theo dy chng st i vo h thng ni t ca
ct in bn cnh. Do vy tr s ca in tr ni t nh hng ln n tr s
in p tc dng ln cch in ca ng dy.
Vy gim s ln ct in ng dy do st th phi gim in tr ni t
ca ct in v tng cng cch in cho ng dy.

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K thut in cao p

Chng 3
BO V CHNG ST NH TRC TIP
TRM BIN P 110/35 KV.

3.1-KHI NIM CHUNG.

Trm bin p l mt b phn quan trng trong h thng truyn ti v phn
phi in.
i vi trm bin p 110/35kV th cc thit b in ca trm c t ngoi
tri nn khi c st nh trc tip vo trm s xy ra nhng hu qu nng n
khng nhng ch lm hng n cc thit b trong trm m cn gy nn nhng
hu qu cho nhng ngnh cng nghip khc do b ngng cung cp in . Do vy
trm bin p thng c yu cu bo v kh cao.
Hin nay bo v chng st nh trc tip cho trm bin p ngi ta dng
h thng ct thu li, dy thu li. Tc dng cu h thng ny l tp trung in tch
nh hng cho cc phng in st tp trung vo , to ra khu vc an ton
bn di h thng ny.
H thng thu st phi gm cc dy tip a dn dng st t kim thu st
vo h ni t. nng cao tc dng ca h thng ny th tr s in tr ni t
ca b phn thu st phi nh tn dng in mt cch nhanh nht, m bo sao
cho khi c dng in st i qua th in p trn b phn thu st s khng ln
gy phng in ngc n cc thit b khc gn .
Ngoi ra khi thit k h thng bo v chng st nh trc tip vo trm ta
cn phi quan tm n cc ch tiu kinh t sao cho hp l v m bo v yu cu
v k thut, m thut.
3.2- CC YU CU K THUT KHI TNH TON BO V CHNG ST NH
TRC TIP VO TRM BIN P.
Tt c cc thit b cn bo v phi c nm trn trong phm vi bo v an
ton ca h thng bo v. H thng bo v trm 110/35kV y ta dng h
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K thut in cao p

thng ct thu li, h thng ny c th c t ngay trn bn thn cng trnh

hoc t c lp ty thuc vo cc yu cu c th.
t h thng thu st trn bn thn cng trnh s tn dng c cao ca
phm vi bo v v s gim c cao ca ct thu li. Nhng mc cch in
ca trm phi m bo an ton trong iu kin phng in ngc t h thng thu
st sang thit b. V t kim thu st trn cc thanh x ca trm th khi c phng
in st, dng in st s gy nn mt in p ging trn in tr ni t v trn
mt phn in cm ca ct, phn in p ny kh ln v c th gy phng in
ngc t h thng thu st n cc phn t mang in trong trm khi m mc
cch in khng ln. Do iu kin t ct thu li trn h thng cc
thanh x ca trm l mc cch in cao v tr s in tr tn ca b phn ni t
nh.
i vi trm phn phi c in p t 110kV tr ln c mc cch in kh
cao (c th khong cch gia cc thit b ln v di chui s ln) do c
th t cc ct thu li trn cc kt cu ca trm v cc kt cu trn c t ct
thu li th phi ni t vo h thng ni t ca trm theo ng ngn nht sao
cho dng in st khuych tn vo t theo 3 n 4 cc ni t, mt khc mi
tr phi c ni t b xung ci thin tr s in tr ni t.
Khu yu nht trong trm phn phi ngoi tri in p t 110kV tr ln l
cun dy my bin p v vy khi dng ct thu li bo v my bin p th yu
cu khong cch gia im ni vo h thng ca ct thu li v im ni vo h
thng ni t ca v my bin p l phi ln hn 15m theo ng in .
Tit din cc dy dn dng in st phi ln m bo tnh n nh
nhit khi c dng in st chy qua.
Khi s dng ct n chiu sng lm gi cho ct thu li th cc dy dn
in phi c cho vo ng ch v chn trong t.

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K thut in cao p

3.3- TNH TON THIT K, CC PHNG N B TR CT THU LI.

Vi yu cu thit k h thng chng st cho trm 110kV v da vo cao
ca cc thit b ta c th b tr c cc ct thu li v tnh c cao ca
chng.
3.3.1- Cc cng thc s dng tnh ton.
- cao ct thu li:
h =hx + ha

(3 1)

Trong : + hx : cao ca vt c bo v.
+ ha : cao tc dng ca ct thu li, c xc nh theo tng
nhm ct.

(ha D/8 m).

(vi D l ng knh vng trn ngoi tip a gic to bi cc chn ct)

- Phm vi bo v ca mt ct thu li c lp l:
rx =

1,6
(h hx )
hx
1+
h

- Nu hx 2/3h th:
- Nu hx > 2/3h th:

(3 2)

hx
)
0,8h
h
rx = 0,75h.(1 x )
h
rx = 1,5h.(1

(3 3)
(3-4)

Phm vi bo v ca hai hoc nhiu ct thu li th ln hn tng ct n cng

li. Nhng cc ct thu li c th phi hp c th khong cch a gia hai ct
phi tho mn a 7h ( trong h l cao ca ct thu li ).
Khi c hai ct thu li t gn nhau th phm vi bo v cao ln nht gia
hai ct l ho v c xc nh theo cng thc:
a
(3 5)
7
Khong cch nh nht t bin ca phm vi bo v ti ng ni hai chn
ho = h

ct l rxo v c xc nh nh sau:
rxo =

1,6
h
1+ x
ho

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K thut in cao p
0
R

0,2h

rx

hx

ho=h-a/7

0,75h

1,5h

rxo

rx

H
nh (3 1 ): Tr ng h p hai ct thu li c chiu cao bng nhau .
- Trng hp hai ct thu li c cao khc nhau th vic xc nh phm vi
bo v c xc nh nh sau:
- Khi c hai ct thu li A v B c cao h1 v h2 nh hnh v di y:
1
R

h1

h2

a'
a
(H
nh 3 2 ): Tr ng h p hai ct thu li c chiu cao khc
nhau
- Bng cch gi s v tr x c t ct thu li C c cao h 2 , khi cc
khong cch AB = a; BC = a'. Khi xc nh c cc khong cch x v a'
nh
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K thut in cao p

sau:
x=

1,6
.(h1 h2 )
h2
1+
h1

a'= a - x = a -

1,6
.(h1 h2 )
h2
1+
h1

(3 7)

i vi trng hp khi c hai ct thu li cao bng nhau ta c phm vi bo v

cao ln nht gia hai ct l ho :
ho = h

a
7

Tng t ta c phm vi bo v cao ln nht gia hai ct B v C l:

ho = h2

rxo =

a'
= h2 a +
7

1,6
.(h h )
h2 o x
1+
h1

1,6
.(h1 h2 )
h2
1+
h1

3.3.2- Cc s liu dng tnh ton thit k ct thu li bo v trm bin p

110/35kV.
- Trm c din tch l: 57 x 58,350m v bao gm:
+ Hai my bin p T1 v T2
+ 2 l 110kV v 6 l 35kV.
- cao cc thanh x pha 110kV l 10m v 8m.
- cao cc thanh x pha 35kV l 9m v 7m.
- Ngoi ra trm cn c 3 ct chiu sng cao 21m.
3.3.3- Trnh t tnh ton.
Trm bin p E35 Ph L c hai ng 110kV cp, mt ng t H
ng cp v, mt ng t Ninh Bnh cp ln, hai ng 110kV ny c ni
vi nhau qua my ct lin lc gia hai h thng thanh gp.

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K thut in cao p

Trm c cp in p 110/35kV v c hai my bin p T 1 ; T2 c ni vi

hai l ng dy vo 110kV v su l ng dy 35kV.
Pha 110kV c hai h thng thanh gp v c my ct lin lc.
Sau khi kho st s b s mt bng trm, v tr b tr cc thit b trong
trm v yu cu bo v ca mi thit b, ta a ra hai phng n t ct thu li
nh sau:
3.3.3.1- Ph ng n 1.
- Cc ct thu li pha trm 110kV c b tr c lp l ct s 5 c cao l
21m; cc ct s 1 n s 4 c b tr trn cc thanh x c cao 10m v cc
ct ny c cao l 21m ( tnh t x n kim thu st l 6m, kim thu st cao 5m)
- Cc ct thu li pha 35kV c b tr trn cc thanh x c cao 9m, ct
cao thm 7m, kim thu st cao 5m l cc ct s 6;7;8;9. Ngoi ra cn hai ct thu
li c lp cao 21m l ct s 10 v 11. Hnh ( 3 3 )

5
Hnh (33): ng trn ngoi tip tam gic i qua 3 chn ct thu li

Tnh cao tc dng ca ct thu li:

bo v c mt din tch gii hn bi mt tam gic (hoc t gic) th
cao ca ct thu li phi tho mn:

D 8ha

Trong :
- D: L ng knh vng trn ngoi tip tam gic ( hoc t gic), to bi
cc chn ct. l phm vi m nhm ct c th bo v c.
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K thut in cao p

- ha : L cao tc dng ca ct thu li.

Phm vi bo v ca hai hay nhiu ct thu li bao gi cng ln hn phm vi
bo v ca ct n cng li. iu kin cho hai ct thu li c th phi hp
c vi nhau bo v c vt c cao hx no l:

a 7h

Vi a l khong cch gia hai ct thu li.

- Xt nhm ct 1;2;5.
Phm vi bo v ca nhm ct ny l ng trn ngoi tip tam gic to bi
cc ct 1;2;5. (1 2 = 26m; t im gia 1 2 vi 5 = 8,5m ) V ng knh
vng trn l:
Xt tam gic (1;2;5) , ta c: (1;2)=26 m ; (0;5)=8,5 m, suy ra :
(2;5) = (0;5)2 + (0;2)2 = 132 + 8,52 = 15,53m
Ta c cng thc tnh ng knh ng trn ngoi tip tam gic (1;2;5):
r=

a.b.c

(3 8)

4. p.(p a).(p b).(p c)

Trong : + p l na chu vi tam gic (1;2;5): p =

a+ b + c
2

+ r l bn knh ng trn ngoi tip tam gic (1;2;5).

Thay s vo (3 8 ) ta c:
Bn knh ng trn ngoi tip tam gic (1;2;5) l:
p=
r=

26 + 15,53 + 15,53
= 28,53
2
26.15,53.15,53

= 14,2.m
4. 28,53.(28,53 26).(28,53 15,53).(28,53 15,53)
ng knh vng trn ngoi tip tam gic (1;2;5) l: D =14,2. 2 = 28,4m.
cao tc dng ti thiu cc ct 1;2;5 bo v c hon ton din tch
gii hn bi chng l:
ha =

D 28,4
=
= 3,55.m
8
8

- Xt nhm ct (3;4;5) ta c:

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K thut in cao p

Phm vi bo v ca nhm ct ny l ng trn ngoi tip tam gic to bi

cc ct 3;4;5. (3 4 = 17m; khong cch t 5 n (3 4)= 20,35m ).
on (4 5): = 4 2 + 20,5 2 = 20,9.m
on (3 5): = 13 2 + 20,5 2 = 24,27.m
p=
r=

17 + 20,9 + 24,27
= 31
2
17.20,9.24,27

= 12,55.m
4. 31.(31 17).(31 20,9).(31 24,27)
ng knh vng trn ngoi tip tam gic (3;4;5) l: D =12,55. 2 = 25,1m.
cao tc dng ti thiu cc ct 3;4;5 bo v c hon ton din tch
gii hn bi chng l:
ha =

D 25,1
=
= 3,14.m
8
8

- Xt nhm ct (6;7;11) ta c:
Phm vi bo v ca nhm ct ny l ng trn ngoi tip tam gic to bi
cc ct 6;7;11. C: (6 7) = 15m; (6 11) = 15m ); (7 11) = 15.1,41 = 21,2m
p=
r=

15 + 15 + 21,2
= 25,6
2
15.15.21,2

= 10,6.m
4. 25,6.(25,6 15).(25,6 15).(25,6 21,2)
ng knh vng trn ngoi tip tam gic (6;7;11) l: D = 10,6. 2 =21,2m.
cao tc dng ti thiu cc ct 6;7;11 bo v c hon ton din tch
gii hn bi chng l:
ha =

D 21,2
=
= 2,65.m
8
8

V tam gic (8;9;10)bng tam gic (6;7;11) nn ta c cao tc dng ti

thiu cc ct 8;9;10 bo v c hon ton din tch gii hn bi chng l:
ha =

D 21,2
=
= 2,65.m
8
8

Cc ct 2;5;3. C: (2 5) = 19m; (3 5) = 24m ); (2 3) = 28,85m

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p=
r=

K thut in cao p

19 + 24 + 28,85
= 35,9
2
19.24.28,85

= 14,75.m
4. 35,9.(35,9 19).(35,9 24).(35,9 28,85)
ng knh vng trn ngoi tip tam gic (6;7;11) l: D = 14,75. 2 =29m.
cao tc dng ti thiu cc ct 2;5;3 bo v c hon ton din tch
gii hn bi chng l:
ha =

D 29
=
= 3,6.m
8
8

Qua tnh ton cao tc dng ca cc ct thu li, c th ly chung mt gi

tr cao tc dng ti thiu ca ct thu li ton trm l chiu cao tc dng ca
nhm ct no c gi tr ln nht. Do vy ta ly:

ha = 3,6m.

Tnh cao ct thu li chn kim thu st:

cao ct thu li dng bo v chng st nh trc tip vo trm bin p
c xc nh bi:
Trong : + h: cao ct thu li.
+ hx: cao ca vt c bo v.
+ ha: cao tc dng ca ct thu li.
i vi pha 110kV cc thanh x cao 10m (hx = 10m) do cao ti thiu
ca ct thu li l: h = hx + ha =10 + 3,6 = 13,6m.
V chng loi chung ca ct ly tm ct st c cao 12m ;16 m, mt khc do
c cc ct chiu sng c cao l 21m, nn ta chn loi ct 16m. Kim thu st ta
chn loi st ng c chiu cao l 5m. Do cao ct thu li l:
h = 16 + 5 = 21m.
Vy cao bo v pha 110kV l: 21m.
i vi pha 35kV cc thanh x cao 9m (hx = 9m) do cao ti thiu ca
ct thu li l: h = hx + ha =9 + 3,55 = 12,6m.
Ta cng chn cao bo v pha 35kV l: 21m.
Tnh phm vi bo v ca cc ct thu li:
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K thut in cao p

* Bn knh bo v ca ct thu li cao 21m:

- Bn knh bo v cao 10m: hx =10 m < 2/3 h = 14 m. Nn:
h
10

rx = 1,5.h1 x = 1,5.211
= 12,75m
0,8.21
0,8.h
- Bn knh bo v cao 9m:
h
9

rx = 1,5.h1 x = 1,5.211
= 14,625m
0,8.21
0,8.h
- Bn knh bo v cao 8m:
h
8

rx = 1,5.h1 x = 1,5.211
= 16,5m
0
,
8
.
h
0
,
8
.
21

- Bn knh bo v cao 7m:

h
7

rx = 1,5.h1 x = 1,5.211
= 18,375m
0,8.21
0,8.h
* Phm vi bo v ca cc cp ct thu li:
- Xt cp ct 1;2. Khong cch gia hai ct l: a = 26m.
cao ln nht ca khu vc bo v gia hai ct thu li l:
ho = h

a
26
= 21
= 17,3m
7
7

Bn knh ca khu vc bo v gia hai ct thu li l:

cao 10m: hx = 10m < 2/3ho = 11,5m. Nn :

hx
10

= 1,5.17,3.1
rxo = 1,5.ho 1
= 7,2m.
0
,
8
.
h
0
,
8
.
17
,
3

o
cao 8m: hx = 8m < 2/3h = 11,5m

hx
8

= 1,5.17,3.1
rxo = 1,5.ho .1
= 10,95m.
0
,
8
.
h
0
,
8
.
17
,
3

o
- Xt cp ct 1;5: khong cch gia hai ct l :
2

1;2
a1;5 = + 8,5 2 = 13 2 + 8,5 2 = 15,53m.
2
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K thut in cao p

cao ln nht ca khu vc bo v gia hai ct thu li l:

ho = h

a
15,53
= 21
= 18,78m
7
7

Bn knh ca khu vc bo v gia hai ct thu li l:

cao 10m: hx = 10m < 2/3ho = 12,52m.

hx
10

= 1,5.18,78.1
rxo = 1,5.ho .1
= 9,42m.
0
,
8
.
h
0
,
8
.
18
,
78

o
cao 8m: hx = 8 < 2/3ho = 12,52m.

hx
8

= 1,5.18,78.1
rxo = 1,5.ho .1
= 13,17 m.
0,8.18,78
0,8.ho
Tng t nh cp ct 1;5, cp ct 2;5 c:
cao 10m: rxo = 9,42m ; cao 8m : rxo =13,17m.
- Xt cp ct 3;4: khong cch gia hai ct l: a =17m.
cao ln nht ca khu vc bo v gia hai ct thu li l:
ho = h

a
17
= 21
= 18,57 m
7
7

cao 10m: hx = 10m < 2/3ho = 12,38m.

hx

= 1,5.18,57.1
rxo = 1,5.ho .1
= 12,855m.
0,8.18,57
0,8.ho
cao 8m: hx = 8m < 2/3ho = 12,38m.

hx
8

= 1,5.18,57.1
rxo = 1,5.ho .1
= 12,855m.
0,8.18,57
0,8.ho
- Xt cp ct 3;5: khong cch gia hai ct l:
a = 13 2 + 20,5 2 = 24,27 m.
cao ln nht ca khu vc bo v gia hai ct thu li l:
ho = h

a
24,27
= 21
= 17,53m.
7
7

cao 10m: hx = 10m < 2/3ho = 11,688m.

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K thut in cao p

hx
10

= 1,5.17,53.1
rxo = 1,5.ho .1
= 7,545m.
0,8.17,53
0,8.ho
cao 8m: hx = 8m <2/3 ho = 11 688m.

hx
8

= 1,5.17,53.1
rxo = 1,5.ho .1
= 11,295m.
0,8.17,53
0,8.ho
- Xt cp ct 4;5: khong cch gia hai ct l:
a = 4 2 + 20,5 2 = 20,88m.
cao ln nht ca khu vc bo v gia hai ct thu li l:
ho = h

a
20,88
= 21
= 18m.
7
7

cao 10m: hx = 10m < 2/3ho = 11,688m.

hx
10

= 1,5.18.1
rxo = 1,5.ho .1
= 8,25m.
0
,
8
.
h
0
,
8
.
18

o
cao 8m: hx = 8m < 2/3ho = 11,688m.

hx
8

= 1,5.18.1
rxo = 1,5.ho .1
= 12m.
0,8.18
0,8.ho
- Xt cp ct 2;3: khong cch gia hai ct l: a =28,85m.
cao ln nht ca khu vc bo v gia hai ct thu li l:
ho = h

a
28,85
= 21
= 16,878m.
7
7

cao 10m: hx = 10m < 2/3ho = 11,25m.

hx
10

= 1,5.16,878.1
rxo = 1,5.ho .1
= 6,567 m.
0,8.16,878
0,8.ho
cao 8m: hx = 8m < 2/3ho = 11,25m.

hx
8

= 1,5.16,878.1
rxo = 1,5.ho .1
= 10,3m.
0,8.16,878
0,8.ho
- Xt cp ct 6;7: khong cch gia hai ct l: a = 15m.
cao ln nht ca khu vc bo v gia hai ct thu li l:
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ho = h

K thut in cao p

a
12
= 21 = 19,28m.
7
7

cao 9m: hx = 9m < 2/3ho = 12,85m.

hx
9

= 1,5.19,28.1
rxo = 1,5.ho = 1
= 12,045m
0
,
8
.
h
0
,
8
.
19
,
28

o
cao 7m: hx = 7m < 2/3ho = 12,85m.
hx

= 1,5.19,28.1
= 15,795m.
rxo = 1,5.h o .1

0
,
8
.
h
0
,
8
.
19
,
28

o
- Xt cp ct 6;11: khong cch gia hai ct l: a = 15m.
cao ln nht ca khu vc bo v gia hai ct thu li l:
ho = h

a
12
= 21 = 19,28m.
7
7

Tng t nh cp ct 6;7 ta c: - cao 9m: rxo =12,045m.

- cao 7m: rxo =15,795m.
- Xt cp ct 7;11: khong cch gia hai ct l:
a = a(67) . 2 = 15. 2 = 21,21m
cao ln nht ca khu vc bo v gia hai ct thu li l:
ho = h

a
21,21
= 21
= 17,969m.
7
7

cao 9m: hx = 9m < 2/3ho = 11,979m.

hx
9

= 1,5.17,969.1
rxo = 1,5.ho .1
= 10,07 m.
0,8.17,969
0,8.ho
cao 7m: hx = 9m < 2/3ho = 11,979m.

hx
7

= 1,5.17,969.1
rxo = 1,5.ho .1
= 13,83m.
0,8.17,969
0,8.ho
- Xt cp ct 8;9: khong cch gia hai ct l: a = 15m.
cao ln nht ca khu vc bo v gia hai ct thu li l:
ho = h

a
12
= 21 = 19,28m.
7
7

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K thut in cao p

Tng t cp ct 6;7 ta c: - cao 9m: rxo = 12,045m.

- cao 7m: rxo = 15,795m.
- Xt cp ct 9;10: khong cch gia hai ct l: a = 15m.
cao ln nht ca khu vc bo v gia hai ct thu li l:
ho = h

a
12
= 21 = 19,28m.
7
7

Tng t cp ct 6;7 ta c: - cao 9m:

- cao 7m:

rxo = 12,045m.
rxo = 15,795m.

- Xt cp ct 8;10: khong cch gia hai ct l:

a = a(89) . 2 = 15. 2 = 21,21m.
cao ln nht ca khu vc bo v gia hai ct thu li l:
ho = h

a
21,21
= 21
= 17,969m.
7
7

cao 9m: hx = 9m < 2/3ho = 11,979m.

hx
9

= 1,5.17,969.1
rxo = 1,5.ho .1
= 10,07 m.
0,8.17,969
0,8.ho
cao 7m: hx = 9m < 2/3ho = 11,979m.

hx
7

= 1,5.17,969.1
rxo = 1,5.ho .1
= 13,83m.
0
,
8
.
h
0
,
8
.
17
,
969

o
- Xt cp ct 7;8: khong cch gia hai ct l: a = 10m
cao ln nht ca khu vc bo v gia hai ct thu li l:
ho = h

a
10
= 21 = 19,57 m.
7
7

cao 9m: hx = 9m < 2/3ho = 13m.

hx
9

= 1,5.19,57.1
rxo = 1,5.ho .1
= 12,48m.
0
,
8
.
h
0
,
8
.
19
,
57

o
cao 7m: hx = 7m < 2/3ho = 13m.

hx
7

= 1,5.19,57.1
rxo = 1,5.ho .1
= 16,23m.
0
,
8
.
h
0
,
8
.
19
,
57

o
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K thut in cao p

Nhn xt: Qu tnh ton trn ta v phm vi bo v ca h thng ct thu li

cho ton trm. C th c trnh by hnh (3 5 ).
T hnh v (3 5 ) ta thy rng ton b cc thit b ca trm u nm trong
phm vi bo v ca cc ct thu li.
Vy vi cch b tr thu li nh phng n I l m bo v mt k thut.
Bng (31) v bng (3-2) trnh by kt qu tnh ton phm vi bo v ca ct
thu li phng n I .
Bng 3-1 : Kt qu tnh ton phm vi bo v ca ct thu li
V tr cc ct

h (m)

hx (m)

ha=h-hx

rxo (m)

ho (m)

1-2

21

10

11

7,2

17,3

1-2

21

13

10,95

17,3

1-5

21

10

11

9,42

18,78

1-5

21

13

13,17

18,78

2-5

21

10

11

9,42

18,78

2-5

21

13

13,17

18,78

2-3

21

10

11

6,567

16,878

2-3

21

13

10,3

16,878

3-4

21

10

11

9,1

18,57

3-4

21

13

12,855

18,57

3-5

21

10

11

7,545

17,53

3-5

21

13

11,295

17,53

4-5

21

10

11

8,25

18,0

4-5

21

13

12,0

18,0

6-7

21

12

12,045

19,28

6-7

21

14

15,595

19,28

6-11

21

12

12,045

19,28

6-11

21

14

15,595

19,28

7-11

21

12

10,07

17,969

7-11

21

14

13,83

17,969

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K thut in cao p

8-9

21

12

12,045

19,28

8-9

21

14

15,595

19,28

9-10

21

12

12,045

19,28

9-10

21

14

15,595

19,28

8-10

21

12

10,07

17,969

8-10

21

14

13,83

17,969

Bng 32 : Kt qu tnh ton phm vi bo v ca ct thu li phng n I

V tr cc ct

h (m)

hx (m)

ha=h-hx

rx (m)

21

10

11

12,75

21

13

16,5

21

10

11

12,75

21

13

16,5

21

10

11

12,75

21

13

16,5

21

10

11

12,75

21

13

16,5

21

10

11

12,75

21

13

16,5

21

12

14,625

21

14

18,375

21

12

14,625

21

14

18,375

21

12

14,625

21

14

18,375

21

12

14,625

21

14

18,375

10

21

12

14,625

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K thut in cao p

10

21

14

18,375

11

21

12

14,625

11

21

14

18,375

3.3.3.2- Ph ng n 2.
- Cc ct thu li pha trm 110kV c b tr c lp l ct s 5 c cao l
21m; cc ct s 1 n s 4 c b tr trn cc thanh x c cao 10m v cc
ct ny c cao l 21m ( tnh t x n kim thu st l 6m, kim thu st cao 5m)
- Cc ct thu li pha 35kV c b tr trn cc thanh x c cao 9m, ct
cao thm 7m, kim thu st cao 5m l cc ct s 6;7;8;9. Ngoi ra cn hai ct thu
st c lp cao 21m l ct s 10 v 11 ta t v tr mi nh hnh ( 3 6 ).
Tnh cao tc dng ca ct thu li:
Cch tnh c tin hnh tng t nh phng n 1.
Xt nhm ct (1;2;5) (2;3;5) (3;4;5):
Tng t nh phng n 1 ta c bng ( 3 3 ):
Nhm ct

ng knh vng trn

cao ti thiu nhm ct bo v c

ngoi tip tam gic (D)

hon ton din tch gii hn bi chng (ha)

28,4m
25,1m
29m

3,55m
3,14m
3,6m

(1;2;5)
(3;4;5)
(2;3;5)

Xt nhm ct (6;7;11) ta c:
Phm vi bo v ca nhm ct ny l ng trn ngoi tip tam gic to bi
cc ct (6;7;11).
on (6 7) = 15m. on (6 11) = (7 11) = 7,5 2 + 15 2 = 16,77.m.
p=
r=

15 + 16,77 + 16,77
= 24,27
2
15.16.77.16.77

= 9,37 m.
4. 24,27.(24,27 15).(24,27 16,77).(24,27 16,77)
ng knh vng trn ngoi tip tam gic (6;7;11)l: D =9,37.2 = 18,75m.
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K thut in cao p

cao tc dng ti thiu cc ct (6;7;11) bo v c hon ton din tch

gii hn bi chng l:
ha =

D 18,75
=
= 2,34m.
8
8

Tng t ta c nhm ct (8;9;10) c cc gi tr nh nhm ct (6;7;11):

ha =2,34m.
Tnh cao ca ct thu li kim thu st:
- cao ct thu li dng bo v chng st nh trc tip vo trm bin p
c xc nh bi:
Trong : + h: cao ct thu li.
+ hx: cao ca vt c bo v.
+ ha: cao tc dng ca ct thu li.
- i vi pha 110kV cc thanh x cao 10m (h x = 10m) do cao ti
thiu ca ct thu li l: h = hx + ha =10 + 3,6 = 13,6m.
V chng loi chung ca ct ly tm ct st c cao 12m; 16m, mt khc do
c cc ct chiu sng c cao l 21m, nn ta chn loi ct 16m. Kim thu st ta
chn loi st ng c chiu cao l 5m. Do cao ct thu li l:
h = 16 + 5 = 21m.
Vy cao bo v pha 110kV l: 21m.
- i vi pha 35kV cc thanh x cao 9m (hx = 9m) do cao ti thiu
ca ct thu li l: h = hx + ha =9 + 3,6 = 12,6m.
Ta cng chn cao bo v pha 35kV l: 21m.
Tnh phm vi bo v ca cc ct thu li:
* Bn knh bo v ca ct thu li cao 21m:
cc cao (10;9;8;7)m nh tnh phn 1 ta c bng (3 4 ).
* Phm vi bo v ca cc cp ct (1;2), (1;5), (2;5), (3;4), (3;5), (4;5), (2;3)
nh bng (3 5 ).
Xt cp ct (6;7) v (8;9) c:
cao 9m nh phng n1 ta c bng ( 3 4 ) :
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K thut in cao p

V tr cc ct

h (m)

hx (m)

ha=h-hx

rxo (m)

ho (m)

6-7

21

12

12,045

19,28

6-7

21

14

15,595

19.28

8-9

21

12

12,045

19,28

8-9

21

14

15,595

19.28

Xt cp ct (6;11) khong cch gia hai ct l: a = 16,77m.

cao ln nht ca khu vc c bo v gia hai ct thu li l:
ho = h

a
16,77
= 21
= 18,6m.
7
7

cao 9m: hx = 9m < 2/3ho = 12,4m.

hx
9

= 1,5.16,8.1
rxo = 1,5ho .1
= 8,325m.
0
,
8
.
h
0
,
8
.
16
,
8

o
cao 7m: hx = 7m < 2/3ho = 12,4m.

hx
7

= 1,5.16,8.1
rxo = 1,5ho .1
= 12,075m.
0,8.16,8
0,8.ho
V cp ct (6;11), (7;11), (8;10), (9;10) nh nhau nn ta c bng (3 5 ):
V tr cc ct

h (m)

hx (m)

ha=h-hx

rxo (m)

ho (m)

6-11

21

12

8,325

16,8

6-11

21

14

12,075

16,8

7-11

21

12

8,325

16,8

7-11

21

14

12,075

16,8

8-10

21

12

8,325

16,8

8-10

21

14

12,075

16,8

9-10

21

12

8,325

16,8

9-10

21

14

12,075

16,8

Nhn xt:
Qua tnh ton trn ta c cc bng ( 3 7) v ( 3 8 ) v phm vi bo v ca
h thng ct thu li cho ton trm. C th c trnh by hnh (3 7).
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K thut in cao p

T hnh v (3 7) ta thy rng ton b cc thit b ca trm u nm trong

phm vi bo v ca cc ct thu li.
Vy vi cch b tr thu li nh phng n I l m bo v mt k thut.

Bng (36): Kt qu tnh ton phm vi bo v ca ct thu li phng n 2

V tr cc ct

h (m)

hx (m)

ha=h-hx

rx (m)

21

10

11

12,75

21

13

16,5

21

10

11

12,75

21

13

16,5

21

10

11

12,75

21

13

16,5

21

10

11

12,75

21

13

16,5

21

10

11

12,75

21

13

16,5

21

12

14,625

21

14

18,375

21

12

14,625

21

14

18,375

21

12

14,625

21

14

18,375

21

12

14,625

21

14

18,375

10

21

12

14,625

10
21
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18,375
66

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K thut in cao p

11

21

12

14,625

11

21

14

18,375

Bng(37): Kt qu tnh ton phm vi bo v ca ct thu li phng n 2

V tr cc ct

h (m)

hx (m)

ha=h-hx

rxo (m)

ho (m)

1-2

21

10

11

7,2

17,3

1-2

21

13

10,95

17,3

1-5

21

10

11

9,42

18,78

1-5

21

13

13,17

18,78

2-5

21

10

11

9,42

18,78

2-5

21

13

13,17

18,78

2-3

21

10

11

6,567

16,878

2-3

21

13

10,3

16,878

3-4

21

10

11

9,1

18,57

3-4

21

13

12,855

18,57

3-5

21

10

11

7,545

17,53

3-5

21

13

11,295

17,53

4-5

21

10

11

8,25

18,0

4-5

21

13

12,0

18,0

6-7

21

12

12,045

19,28

6-7

21

14

15,595

19,28

6-11

21

12

8,325

16,8

6-11

21

14

12,075

16,8

7-11

21

12

8,325

16,8

7-11

21

14

12,075

16,8

8-9

21

12

12,045

19,28

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K thut in cao p

8-9

21

14

15,595

19,28

9-10

21

12

8,325

16,8

9-10

21

14

12,075

16,8

8-10

21

12

8,325

16,8

8-10

21

14

12,075

16,8

3.4 -KT LUN.

Qua qu trnh tnh ton trn ta thy c hai phng n u m bo yu cu
v mt k thut, nhng phng n I do cc ct 10 ;11 nm ra ngoi gn tng
bao trm nn m bo v m quan v cch xa cc thit b mang in to khng
gian thng thong. Ngoi ra do nm gn tng bao xung quanh trm nn ta c
th li dng lp t h thng chiu sng cho trm. Do vy ta chn phng n I.

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K thut in cao p

Chng 4
TNH TON NI T CHO TRM 110/35 KV

4.1- GII THIU CHUNG V MT S VN K THUT KHI TNH TON

NI T TRM BIN P.
Nhim v ca ni t l tn dng in xung t m bo cho in th
trn vt ni t c tr s b. H thng ni t l mt phn quan trng trong vic
bo v qu in p, do vic ni t ca trm bin p, cc ct thu li, cc
ng dy, cc thit b chng st phi c tnh ton c th trong khi thit k.
Ni t lm vic.
Nhim v chnh l m bo s lm vic bnh thng ca thit b, hoc mt
s b phn ca thit b yu cu phi lm vic ch ni t trc tip. Thng
l ni t im trung tnh my bin p. Trong h thng in c im trung tnh
trc tip ni t, ni t ca my bin p o lng v cc khng in dng trong
b ngang trn cc ng dy cao p truyn ti in.
Ni t chng st.
C tc dng lm tn dng in st vo trong t (khi st nh vo ct thu li
hay ng dy) gi cho in th mi im trn thn ct khng qu ln trnh
trng hp phng in ngc t ct thu li n cc thit b cn c bo v.
Ni t an ton.
C tc dng m bo an ton cho con ngi khi cch in b h hng. Thc
hin ni t an ton bng cch ni t cc b phn kim loi khng mang in
nh v my, thng du my bin p, cc gi kim loi khi cch in b h
hng do lo ho th trn cc b phn kim loi s c mt in th nh khng nguy
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K thut in cao p

him (nu khng ni t th in th ny s lm nguy him n con ngi khi

chm vo chng). Do ni t cc b phn ny l gi in th thp v bo
m an ton cho con ngi khi tip xc vi chng.V nguyn tc l phi tch ri
cc h thng ni t ni trn nhng trong thc t ta ch dng mt h thng ni
t chung cho cc nhim v. Song h thng ni t chung phi m bo yu cu
ca cc thit b khi c dng ngn mch chm t ln do vy yu cu in tr ni
t phi nh.
Khi in tr ni t cng nh th c th tn dng in vi mt ln, tc
dng ca ni t tt hn an ton hn. Nhng t c tr s in tr ni t
nh th rt tn km do vy trong tnh ton ta phi thit k sao cho kt hp c
c hai yu t l m bo v k thut v hp l v kinh t.
Mt s yu cu v k thut ca in tr ni t:
+ i vi cc thit b in ni t trc tip, yu cu in tr ni t phi
tho mn: R 0,5.(Theo tiu chun ni t an ton trang 189 gio trnh k
thut in cao p).
+ i vi cc thit b c im trung tnh khng trc tip ni t th:
R

250

+ i vi h thng c im trung tnh cch in vi t v ch c mt h

thng ni t dng chung cho c thit b cao p v h p th:
R

125

+ Khi dng ni t t nhin nu in tr ni t t nhin tho mn yu

cu ca cc thit b c dng ngn mch chm t b th khong cn ni t nhn
to na. Cn nu in tr ni t t nhin khng tho mn i vi cc thit b
cao p c dng ngn mch chm t ln th ta phi tin hnh ni t nhn to v
yu cu tr s ca in tr ni t nhn to l: R 1.

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K thut in cao p

Bt k mt h thng ni t no cng phi c cc in cc chn trong t v

ni vi thit b m ta cn ni t (in cc thng s dng l cc cc st thng
ng hay cc thanh di nm ngang) cc in cc ny c chn trong t
c mc tn dng in st ph thuc vo trng thi ca t (v t l mi
trng khng ng nht, kh phc tp, n ph thuc vo thnh phn ca t nh
cc loi mui, a xt ... cha trong t ). iu kin kh hu cng nh hng n
dn in ca t.
Vit nam kh hu thay i theo tng ma m ca t cng thay i theo
dn n in tr sut cu t cng bin i trong phm vi rng. Do vy trong
tnh ton thit k v ni t th tr s in tr sut ca t da theo kt qu o
lng thc a v sau phi hiu chnh theo h s ma, mc ch l tng
cng an ton.
Cng thc hiu chnh nh sau: tt = .Km
Trong :
tt: l in tr sut tnh ton ca t.
: in tr sut o c ca t.
Km : h s ma ca t.
H s K ph thuc vo dng in cc v chn su ca in cc.
i vi trm bin p ta thit k c cp in p 110/35kV v cc ct thu li
c lp do ta s dng hnh thc ni t tp trung c hiu qu tn dng
in tt nht.
Mt khc do t cc ct thu li trn x nn phn ni t chng st ta ni
chung vi mch vng ni t ca trm.

4.2- CC S LIU DNG TNH TON NI T.

in tr sut o c ca t: = 1,3.104 /cm =1,3.102 /m.
in tr ni t ct ng dy: Rc = 20 .
Dy chng st s dng loi C- 70 c in tr n v l: Ro =2,38/km.
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K thut in cao p

Chiu di khong vt ng dy l:
i vi 110kV: l = 150m.
Dng sng tnh ton ca dng in st:
I s = a.t khit < ds

I s = I khi ds
Trong :
a: dc dng in st a = 30kA/s
I: bin dng in st I = 150kA
s: thi gian u sng ly bng 5s = ds =

I s 150
=
= 5s
a 30

Is

H
nh (41) : D ng sng ca dng st.

4.3- TRNH T TNH TON.

Trm in thit k c in p l 110/35kV, pha 110kV l mng in c
trung tnh trc tip ni t nn yu cu ca ni t an ton l: R 0,5 .
Thnh phn in tr ni t R gm hai thnh phn:
+ in tr ni t t nhin (Rtn).
+ in tr ni t nhn to (Rnt).
i vi cc thit b c im trung tnh trc tip ni t (c dng chm t
ln) th yu cu in tr ni t nhn to phi c tr s nh hn 1.
Vy iu kin ni t l:

(4 1 )

R t.n // R n.t 0,5 ()

()
R n.t 1
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K thut in cao p

T rt ra:
R n.t

R t.n.0,5
()
R t.n 0,5

4.3.1- in tr ni t t nhin.
Rt.n = 1,25 ( cho trc).

4.3.2- in tr ni t nhn to.

R .0,5
1,25.0,5
R n.t t.n
=
= 0,833
R t.n 0,5 1,25 0,5

()

Ta s tnh ton thit k h thng ni t theo iu kin in tr ni t

nhn to l: Rn.t.yc 0,833 .
4.3.3- Tnh ni t nhn to ca trm 110kV.
i vi trm bin p 110kV khi thit k h thng ni t nhn to ta s dng
hnh thc ni t theo mch vng c chn cc.
Mch vng bao quanh trm c hnh ch nht ABCD c kch thc nh sau:
Chiu di l1 = 57m ; Chiu rng l2 = 56,55m.
S ni t mch vng c chn cc ca trm nh hnh (4 2 ):
A

l
2

l1

Hnh (4 2 ): S ni t mch vng c chn cc ca trm.

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K thut in cao p

H thng ni t mch vng ca trm ta chn cc loi thp gc 50x50x5,

chiu di l =2,5m vi l do l thun li cho vic thi cng m vn m bo
dn in tt. Mch vng ni gia cc cc dng loi st dt c kch thc 50x5.
S b tr mch vng cc trong h thng ni t ca trm nh hnh (4
3 ):
a: l khong cch gia cc cc theo chu vi mch vng.
l: chiu di cc l = 2,5m.
t: chn su cc t =0,8m.
t

a
l=2,5m

Hnh (4 3 ): S b tr mch vng cc trong h thng ni t ca trm

in tr tn nhn to i vi mch vng c chn cc c xc nh theo

cng thc sau:
R n.t =

R c .R m.v
R c. m.v + n. c .R m.v

(4 3)

Trong :
Rc : l in tr tn ni t ca cc ().
Rm.v : l in tr tn ni t ca mch vng ().
n

: l s cc s dng.

m.v v c : tng ng l h s s dng mch vng, s dng cc ph thuc

vo s cc v t s

a
l

Tnh in tr ca mch vng quanh trm Rm.v :

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K thut in cao p

2
k.L
R m.v =
ln
()

2
.

.
L
t
.
d

(4 4)

Trong :
= o.Kma (thanh) l in tr sut tnh ton ca mch vng.Tra bng (21)
sch hng dn thit k tt nghip KTCA ta c:
Kma (thanh) = 1,6 vy = .1,6 = 2,08.102 (.m).
L l chu vi mch vng: L = 2.(l1 + l2) = 2.(57+56,55) = 227,1m.
d l ng knh thanh ni: d = b/2 = 50/2 = 25 (m.m) = 2,5.10-2 m.
t l chn su ( m bo cho n nh ) : t = 0,8m.
k l h s ph thuc hnh dng ca h thng ni t . Ta c:
l1
57
=
= 1,00795 1
l 2 56,55
Tra bng (2 5) sch hng dn thit k tt nghip KTCA c k =
5,53.
Thay s vo biu thc (4 3) ta c:
2
2,08.10 2 5,53.227,12
k.L
R m.v =
= 2,4 ().
ln t.d = 2.3,14.227,1 ln

2
2..L

0,8.2,5.10

Ta nhn thy in tr ca mch vng xung quanh trm ln hn in tr nhn

to cho php tnh ton thit k (Rn = 0,833 ).Vy phi dng thm s cc
vo h thng mch vng gim tr s in tr ni t ca h thng. Qua kt
qu tnh ton Rm.v chng t rng ta chn hnh thc ni t an ton bng mch
vng c chn cc l hp l.
Tnh in tr ni t ca mt cc (dng cc st gc ).
i vi cc in tr tn xoay chiu c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
4.t + l
2.l 1
R coc =
. ln + . ln

4.t l
2..l d 2

(4 5)

0,8m

t'

l
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75

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Trong :
Cc c kch thc: l = 2,5m.
l in tr sut ca t i vi cc: = o.Kma (cc) .
o =1,3.102 (.m). Kma (cc) = 1,4.
(Tra bng (2-1) sch hng dn thit k tt nghip KTCA)
= 1,3.102.1,4 = 1,82.102 (.m).
d l ng knh cc (m) c tnh nh sau:
d = 0,95.b = 0,95.50. 10-3 = 4,75. 10-2m.
t l chn su: t = 0,8m. Gi tr t/ c tnh:
t =

l
2,5
+ 0,8 =
+ 0,8 = 2,05(m)
2
2

Thay s liu vo (4 5 ) ta c:
1,82.10 2
2.2,5
1
4.2,05 + 2,5
R coc =
+ . ln
= 57,6
. ln
4.2,05 2,5
2.3,14.2,5 4,75.10 2 2
Vy in tr ca mt cc l 57,6 .
Sau khi tnh c Rc v Rmv ta tnh in tr nhn to theo cng thc (43) .
Trong cng thc ny ta ch mi bit Rc v R mv vy ta phi tm s cc Rnt
t gi tr nh nht v phi m bo nh hn hoc bng gi tr tnh ton cho
php Rnt 0,833 . mv v c ph thuc s cc ta s dng trong mch vng.
Ta xt tng trng hp theo t s

a
vi cc thng s l:
l

L (chu vi mch vng) = 227,1m.

l (chiu di cc) = 2,5m.
* Khi

a
= 0,3 (c ngha l khong cch gia cc cc a = l =0,75m.
l

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K thut in cao p

Ta c s cc chn theo chu vi mch vng l:

n1 =

L 227,1
=
= 303 cc.
a1 0,75

Tra bng 4 phn ph lc sch hng dn thit k tt nghip KTCA ta c:

c = 0,21.
Theo bng 6 trong phn ph lc sch hng dn thit k tt nghip
KTCA ta c:
thanh = 0,185.
in tr nhn to trong trng hp ny l:
R n.t(1) =
Khi

57,6.2,4
= 0,846.
57,6.0,185 + 303.0,21.2,4

a
= 0,25 (C ngha l khong cch gia hai ct a = 0,625m)
l

Ta c s cc chn theo chu vi l:

n2 =

L
227,1
=
= 364 cc
a2 0,625

Tra bng 4 v bng 6 trong phn ph lc sch hng dn thit k tt nghip

KTCA kt hp vi phng php ni suy nh hnh (4 5) ta c :
c = 0,19 ; thanh = 0,17
in tr nhn to trong trng hp ny l:
R n.t(2) =

57,6.2,4
= 0,786.
57,6.0,17 + 364.2,4.0,19

T kt qu tnh ton c:
Rn.t(1) = 0,846. > Rnhn to yu cu = 0,833. .
Phng n ny khng m bo do gi tr in tr ni t ln hn gi tr
in tr yu cu nn b loi.
Rn.t(2) = 0,786 < 0,833 = Rnhn to yu cu
Phng n ny m bo yu cu do gi tr in tr ni t nh hn gi tr
in tr yu cu.
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K thut in cao p

Vy ta chn Rn.t(2) = 0,786 . S cc l 364 cc. Khong cch gia cc cc l

a = 0,625 m.
4.4- TNH TON NI T CHNG ST.
Khi c dng in st i vo b phn ni t, nu tc bin thin ca dng
in theo thi gian rt ln th trong thi gian u in cm s ngn cn khng
cho dng in i ti cc phn cui ca in cc khin cho in p phn b
khng u, sau mt thi gian, nh hng ca in cm mt dn v in p phn
b s u hn.
Thi gian ca qu trnh qu ni trn ph thuc vo hng s thi gian.
T =L.g.l2

(4 6 )

T (46) ta thy: T t l vi tr s in cm tng L.l v in dn tng

g.l =

1
ca in cc.
R

T biu thc (46) ta thy khi dng in tn trong t l dng in mt chiu

hoc xoay chiu tn s cng nghip th nh hng ca L khng ng k v bt
k hnh thc ni t no ( thng ng hoc nm ngang ) cng u biu th bi tr
s in tr tn.
Khi dng in tn trong t l dng in st, tham s biu th ca ni t tu
thuc vo tng quan gia hng s thi gian T v thi gian u sng ca dng
in. Khi T<<

.s (khi dng in t tr s cc i) th cn xt qu trnh qu

kt thc v ni t th hin nh mt in tr tn. Trng hp ny ng vi cc

hnh thc ni t dng cc hoc thanh c chiu di khng ln lm v go l ni
t tp trung.
Nu in cc di, hng s thi gian c th t ti mc

.s v ti thi im

dng in t tr s cc i, qu trnh qu cha kt thc v nh phn tch

tc dng ca in cm, ni t s th hin nh mt tng tr Z c gi tr rt ln
so vi in tr tn. Trng hp ny gi l ni t phn b di.
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K thut in cao p

Trong tnh ton thit k trm bin p 110kV, thng th phn ni t ni

chung vi mch vng ni t an ton ca trm. Nh vy s gp trng hp ni
t phn b di, tng tr xung kch Zx.k c th ln gp nhiu ln so vi in tr
tn xoay chiu lm tng in p ging trn b phn ni t v c th gy phng
in ngc n cc phn mang in ca trm. Do ta phi tnh ton, kim tra
theo yu cu ca ni t chng st trong trng hp c dng in st i vo h
thng ni t.
4.4.1- Dng sng tnh ton ca dng in st.
Trong tnh ton thit k ta chn sng tnh ton ca dng in st l dng
sng xin gc c bin khng i (xem hnh 4-1) .
Dng sng tnh ton ca dng in st: + Is = a.t khi t < s
+ Is = I khi t

Trong : + a: dc dng in st a = 30kA/s

+ I: bin dng in st I = 150kA
I s 150

= 5s
+ s: thi gian u sng ly bng 5s ; ds = =
a 30

4.4.2- Yu cu kim tra.

Ta kim tra theo iu kin nhm m bo an ton cho cch in ca my
bin p : I.Z(0, .s ) U0,5.
Trong :
I : l tr s dng in st ly bng 150kV.
Z(0,

.s ): l tng tr xung kch ni t ti thi im ngay ch dng in

st i vo in cc.
U0,5 : tr s in p phng in xung kch b nht ca my bin p
U0,5 (MBA) = 460kV.

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K thut in cao p

4.4.3- Tnh ton li tr s in tr nhn to theo yu cu ni t chng st.

Do vic dng h thng ni t an ton lm h thng ni t chng st nn ta
phi tnh ton li tr s in tr ni t nhn to theo yu cu ni t chng st.
Tra bng 19- 2 sch k thut in cao p ta chn h s ma st l:
Km.v = 1,2 ; Kcoc = 1,15.
Da vo cng thc (44) v (45) ta thy Rm.v v Rcoc. s t l thun vi kma ,
do o khng i.
Vy in tr ca mch vng l:
Rm.v =

K m.v.( st ) .Rm.v ( an ton )

.K m.v.( an ton )

1,2.2,4
= 1,8 .
1,6

in tr ca cc l:
R cc =

K cc.(st) .R cc(anton)
.K cc.(anton)

1,15.57,6
= 47,3.
1,4

in tr ni t nhn to tnh cho ni t chng st l:

R cc.R m.v
R n.t(st) =
(4 7)
R cc.m.v + n.R m.v.cc
Trong :
Rm.v v Rcc ta va tnh c.
n l s cc tnh c n = 364 cc.
cc v m.v tnh c phn ni t nhn to ng vi n = 364 cc ta c
cc = 0,19. ; m.v = 0,17.
Vy:
R n.t(st) =

R cc.R m.v
R cc.m.v + n.R m.v.cc

47,3.1,8
= 0,647.
47,3.0,17+ 364.1,8.0,19

Vy in tr ni t nhn to tnh cho ni t chng st l:

Rn.t st =0,647.
4.4.4- Tnh tng tr u vo ca ni t chng st Z(0; .s).
tnh tng tr u vo ca ni t chng st ta xt cc iu kin sau:
+ B qua ni t t nhin.
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K thut in cao p

+ B qua cc thanh ni cn bng in p trong trm bin p.

+ Trong tnh ton, n gin ta b qua qu trnh phng in tia la trong
t v gi thit in tr sut ca t khng i.
+ B qua thnh phn in tr, in dung ca in cc ni t v tr rt nh
so vi thnh phn in khng v in dn ng vi tn s dng in st.
Ta xem mch ni vng t gm hai tia di ghp song song vi nhau.

l =L/2

Hnh (4 6): Mch vng ni t gm hai tia di ghp song song

Ta c s thay th:
L0

Is/2

L0

g0

g0

L0

g0

Hnh (47): S thay th ca mi tia.

Vi L v g l in cm v in dn trn mt n v di.
1
1

R.l
.m
R l in tr ni t n nh ca cc ni t R = 0,647.
g0 =

L 0 = 0,2. ln 0,3
r

(H / m.)

Vi r l bn knh cc ni t:
b 50
=
= 12,5mm = 1,25.10 2 m.
4 4
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K thut in cao p

Thay s vo ta c:

113,55
L 0 = 0,2. ln
0,31 = 1,76H / m.

2
1,25.10

V in dn ghp song song nn ta c:

1
1
1
=
= 6,8.103

2, R n.t .l 2.0,647.113,55
.m
Tnh ton phn b di khi khng xt qu trnh phng in trong t.
g0 =

T s thay th c th thnh lp c h phng trnh vi phn:

U
I
=L
(4 8)
x
t
Gii h phng trnh trn ta c in p ti im bt k v thi im bt k
trn in cc.
t

1
a
k.x
Tk
U(x, t) =
t + 2T1. 2 1 e . cos
(4 9)

g0 .l
k=1k
l

L 0 .g0 .l 2
Vi hng s thi gian Tk =
k 2 . 2
T
L 0 .g0 .l 2
Tk = 1 . T suy ra tng tr xung kch hai
Ta c T1 =
nn
k2
2
u vo ni t:
t

a 2.T1 1

Z(0, t) =
l+
. 2 1 e Tk
(4 10)
g0 .l
ds k=1k

Tng tr xung kch ca ni t u vo thi im t =

.s v xt ti hai tia

ghp song song l:

t

1 a 2.T1 1
Tk
Z(0, ds) = .
l+
.
1 e
2 g0 .l
ds k=1k 2

tnh Z(0,

1 e

k2

.s) xt chui:

ds
Tk

(4 11)

ds
Tk

1
e
=

2
2
k=1k
k=1 k

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K thut in cao p

e-3 =0,05 ; e-4 =0,018 ; e-5 = 0,0067 ; e-6 = 0,00247

V :

Nn ta ch xt n e-4. T e-4 rt b so vi s hng trc nn ta c th b qua,

ds
4
tc l tnh vi k sao cho
Tk
ds
T1 .4
T1
2
Ta c Tk = 2 nn T1 4 . Vy: k
ds
k
k2
4.T1
ds

H s K l nguyn dng nn ta c: K
L 0 .g0 .l 2

Vi: T1 =

= 15,65(s).
3,142
4.15,65
= 3,53
.s = 5s, ta c: K
5
Nh vy ta s tnh ton vi K ln nht l 3, tc l K =1 3.
2

1,76.6,8.103113,552

Ta c cc kt qu nh bng (4 1 ):
k

Tk (s)

15,65

3,9125

1,738

ds
Tk

0,32

1,278

2,876

0,726

0,2786

0,056

0,726

0,06965

0,006

ds
Tk

ds/ Tk

k2

T bng (4 1 ) ta tnh c:

3 e

ds
Tk

= 0,8

Thay cc gi tr vo (4 11) ta c:
3 1
1
1
2 = 1 + 2 + 2 = 1,36
2
3
1 k

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K thut in cao p

1
1
2.15,65

Z(0, ds) = .
1
+
(
1
,
36

0
,
8
= 2,27.
2 6,8.10 3.113,55
5

Kim tra iu kin nhm m bo an ton cch in cho my bin p vi cc

gi tr : I =m .150kA ; Z(0, .s) = 2,27.
ng vi 2 gi tr trn ti thi im dng in st i vo h thng ni t th
th ti im dng in st i vo l:
Ust = I. Z(0, .s) = 150.2,27= 340,5kV.
Vy Ust = 340,5kV < U50% = 460kV.
Nhn xt:
Do in tr ni t t yu cu nn khng phi ni t b xung cho h thng
chng st.
4.5- KT LUN.
H thng ni t nhn to mch vng c chn cc nh phng n chn l
364 cc, khong cch gia cc cc l 0,625m, Rn.t = 0,786 < 0,833 = Rn.t.y.c .
Mch vng nhn to m bo an ton cch in cho my bin p khi c dng
in st.
Sau khi kim tra li ni t theo yu cu chng st m bo in p ging
trn my bin p khi dng st i vo Ust = 340,5kV < U50% = 460kV, ta khng
phi tnh ton ni t b xung na.

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