Gii Tch 12

CHNG I: NG DNG O HM KHO ST V V TH CA HM S

1. TNH N IU CA HM S.
Vn 1: Xt Tnh n iu Ca Hm S
Ta thc hin theo cc bc:
Bc 1: Min xc nh.
Bc 2: Tnh o hm y, ri tm cc im gii hn (thng thng vic gii phng trnh y = 0).
Bc 3: Tnh cc gii hn (nu cn).
Bc 4: Lp bng bin thin ca hm s.
V d: kho st s bin thin ca hm s:
3 2
3 9 5 y x x x +
Gii:
Min xc nh: D
o hm:
2 2
1
3 6 9, 0 3 6 9 0
3
x
y x x y x x
x

Gii hn:
3
2 3
3 9 5
lim lim[ (1 )]
x x
khi x
y x
khi x x x x

+ +
+

+

Bng bin thin:

Vn 2: Xt Tnh n iu Ca Hm S Cha Tham S.
Ta thc hin theo cc bc:
Bc 1: Min xc nh.
Bc 2: Tnh o hm y', ri tm cc im gii hn (thng thng l vic gii bin lun phng trnh y'=0).
Bc 3: Tnh cc gii hn (nu cn).
Bc 4: Lp bng bin thin ca hm s.
V d: Ty theo m, kho st s bin thin ca hm s:
2 2
1 9
( 4) (3 )
2 2
y m x m x +
Gii:
Min xc nh: D .
o hm:
2
' ( 4) 3 6 y m x m + ,
2
' 0 ( 4) 3 6 0 y m x m +
2
' 0 ( 4) 3 6 0 y m x m + (1)
Ta i xt 3 trng hp:
Trng hp 1: Nu
2
0 4 0 2 a m m t .
a. Vi
2 ' 0 m y
Hm s l hm hng.
b. Vi
2 ' 12 0 m y x >
Hm s lun lun ng bin.
Gii hn:
9 9
lim lim(12 ) ; lim lim(12 )
2 2
x x x x
y x y x
+ +
+ + +
Bng bin thin:
Trng hp 2: Nu
2
0 4 0 | | 2 a m m < < < .
Khi phng trnh (1) c nghim
0
3
2
x
m

+
.
Gii hn:
lim lim
x x
y
+

.
Bng bin thin:
Trong :

0
3 18
( )
2 2
y x y
m m
_


+ +
,
Trng hp 3: Nu
2
0 4 0 | | 2 a m m > > > .
Khi phng trnh (1) c nghim
0
3
2
x
m

+
.
Gii hn:
lim lim
x x
y
+

.
Bng bin thin:
*Nhn xt:
1. Nh vy, vi m a thc bc hai, trong trng hp ny y' l hm bc nht, gi s c dng:
' ax y b +
do cn xt ba trng hp:
a. a = 0.
b. a < 0.
c. a > 0.
2. i vi hm a thc bc ba, trong trng hp ny y' l hm bc hai, gi s c dng:

2
' y ax bx c + +
do cn xt hai trng hp:
a. Vi a = 0.
b. Vi a 0, ta lp bng xt du ca a v , t c c cc trng hp ring l.
Vn 3: S Bin Thin Ca Hm S Trn Mt Min
Cu hi thng t ra Tm gi tr ca tham s hm s n iu trn tp I, khi ta thc hin theo cc
bc:
Bc 1: Min xc nh.
Bc 2: o hm y
Bc 3: Hm s n iu trn tp I (gi s ng bin trn I)
' 0, y x I
Bi ton c chuyn v du ca nh tc bc nht hoc tam thc bc hai hoc s dng phng php
hm s.
Bc 4: Kt lun.
V d: cho hm s:
2 2
1
( 3 2) ( 1) 3
2
y m m x m x + +
Tm m hm s ng bin vi:
a. Mi x.
b. Mi
1
2
x .
c. Mi
[0;1] x
.
Gii
Min xc nh: D
o hm:
2
' ( 3 2) 1 ( ). y m m x m f x + +
a. Hm s ng bin vi mi
( ) 0 x f x
vi mi x.
2
3 2 0
1.
1 0
m m
m
m
+

'

Vy, vi 1 m hm s ng bin vi mi x.
b. Hm s ng bin vi mi
1 1
( ) 0
2 2
x f x x
2
2
2
3 2 0
3 2 0
0 1.
1
0 0
2
m m
m m
m
f m m
+
+


' ' _


,
Vy, vi 0 1 m hm s ng bin vi mi
1
2
x
c. Hm s ng bin vi mi
[0;1] x

( ) 0 [0;1] f x x
2
1 0 (0) 0
1.
(1) 0 4 3 0
m f
m
f m m


' '
+

Vy, vi 1 m hm s ng bin vi mi
[0;1] x
*Ch : Vi nh thc bc nht
( ) f x ax b +
ta c:
(1).
0
( ) 0,
0
a
f x x
b


'

v
0
( ) 0,
0
a
f x x
b


'

(2).
0
( ) 0,
( ) 0
a
f x x
f

'

v
0
( ) 0,
( ) 0
a
f x x
f

'

(3).
0
( ) 0,
( ) 0
a
f x x
f

'

v
0
( ) 0,
( ) 0
a
f x x
f

'

(4).
( ) 0
( ) 0, ( ; )
( ) 0
f
f x x
f

'

v
( ) 0
( ) 0, ( ; )
( ) 0
f
f x x
f

'

Vn 4: Chng Minh Bt ng Thc

Bng vic xt hm s f(x) trn on [a; b], ta c:
a. Nu
'( ) 0, [ ; ] f x x a b
hm s
( ) f x
ng bin trn
[ ; ] a b

( ) ( ) ( ) f a f x f b
b. Nu
'( ) 0, [ ; ] f x x a b
hm s
( ) f x
nghch bin trn
[ ; ] a b

( ) ( ) ( ) f b f x f a
V d: Cho 0
2
x

< < . Chng minh rng:
a. sin x x < b.
tan x x >
Gii
a. Xt hm s
( ) sin f x x x
vi 0
2
x

< < .
o hm:
'( ) cos 1 0 f x x <
vi 0
2
x

< <
hm s
( ) f x
nghch bin trn (0; )
2

.
Do :
( ) (0) f x f <
vi 0
2
x

< < sin 0 x x < vi 0
2
x

< < sin x x < vi 0
2
x

< < .
b. Xt hm s
( ) tan f x x x
vi 0
2
x

< < .
o hm:
2
2
1
'( ) 1 tan 0
cos
f x x
x
> vi 0
2
x

< <
hm s
( ) f x
ng bin trn (0; )
2

Do :
( ) (0) f x f >
vi 0
2
x

< < tan 0 x x > vi 0
2
x

< < tan x x > vi 0
2
x

< < .
*Ch : i khi chng ta khng th khng nh c ngay rng
'( ) 0 f x
,
[ ; ] x a b
(hoc
'( ) 0 f x
,
[ ; ] x a b
), v d nh hm s
3
( ) sin
6
x
f x x x vi 0 x > ta c
2
'( ) 1 cos
2
x
f x x r rng khng th
khng nh c g vi 0 x > , trong cc trng hp nh vy, mt th thut thng thng c p dng l chng
ta lin tip tnh o hm h bc dn a thc n x.
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