kin thc mng ( bao gm 14 phn) c vit bi Adminngy 17/04/2009 trong Ebook my tnh | c xem 411 ln.

Down file PDF: Link Download Phn 1 - Cc thit b phn cng mng Trong lot bi ny chng ta s bt u hon ton vi ni dung c bn v mng my tnh v hng ti xy dng mt mng thit thc. M u l mt s tho lun v mt s thnh phn mng khc nhau v chc nng ca chng. Bn tng thy nhiu bi vit hng n mc ch dnh cho cc qun tr vin, nhng ngi t nht c mt s kinh nghim no . Cn y s ch l nhng phn c s nht hng n i tng l nhng ngi mi bt u lm quen vi mng. Trong bi u tin ny chng ta s tho lun mt s thit b mng khc nhau v kh nng lm c nhng g ca chng.

Network Adapter (B iu hp mng) Thnh phn u tin nn cp ti trong s cc thit b phn cng mng l b iu hp mng (network adapter). Thit b ny cn c bit n vi nhiu tn khc nhau nh network card (card mng), Network Interface Card (card giao din mng), NIC. Tt c u l thut ng chung ca cng mt thit b phn cng. Cng vic ca card mng l gn mt cch vt l my tnh n c th tham gia hot ng truyn thng trong mng . iu u tin bn cn bit n khi ni v card mng l n phi c ghp ni ph hp vi phng tin truyn t mng (network medium). Network medium chnh l kiu cp dng trn mng. Cc mng khng dy l mt mng khc v s c tho lun chi tit trong mt bi ring sau.

 card mng ghp ni ph hp vi phng tin truyn t mng l mt vn thc s v chng i hi phi p ng c lng ln tiu chun cnh tranh bt buc. Chng hn, trc khi xy dng mt mng v bt u mua card mng, dy cp, bn phi quyt nh xem liu nn dng Ethernet, Ethernet ng trc, Token Ring, Arcnet hay mt tiu chun mng no khc. Mi tiu chun mng c di v nhc im ring. Phc ho ra ci no ph hp nht vi t chc mnh l iu ht sc quan trng. Ngy nay, hu ht cng ngh mng c cp n trn u nhanh ***ng tr nn mai mt. Bu gi ch c mt kiu mng s dng dy ni cn c dng trong cc doanh nghip va v nh l Ethernet. Bn c th xem phn minh ho card mng Ethernet trong v d hnh A di y.

Hnh 1: Card Ethernet Cc mng Ethernet hin i u s dng cp i xon vng 8 dy. Cc dy ny c sp xp theo th t c bit v u ni RJ-45 c gn vo phn cui cp. Cp RJ-45 trng ging nh b kt ni phn cui dy in thoi, nhng ln hn. Cc dy in thoi dng b kt ni RJ-11, tng phn vi b kt ni RJ-45 dng trong cp Ethernet. Bn c th thy v d mt cp Ethernet vi u ni RJ-45 trong hnh B.

Hnh 2: Cp Ethernet vi mt u kt ni RJ-45 Hub v Switch Nh bn thy trn, my tnh dng card mng gi v nhn d liu. D liu c truyn qua cp Ethernet. Tuy nhin, thng thng bn khng th ch chy mt cp Ethernet gia hai PC gi l mt mng. Vi thi i ca kh nng truy cp Internet tc cao ngy nay, chc chn bn thng nghe ni n thut ng "broadband" (bng thng rng). Bng thng rng l kiu mng trong d liu c gi v nhn qua cng mt dy, cn Ethernet th dng hnh thc truyn thng Baseband. Baseband s dng cc dy ring trong vic gi v nhn d liu. iu ny c ngha l nu mt my tnh ang gi d liu qua mt dy c th bn trong cp Ethernet th my tnh ang nhn d liu cn mt dy khc c nh hng li ti cng nhn ca n. Bn c th xy dng mng cho hai my tnh theo cch ny m ngi ta thng gi l hnh thc cp cho. Cp cho n gin l mt cp mng c cc dy gi v nhn ngc nhau ti mt im cui cc my tnh c th c lin kt trc tip vi nhau. Vn hn ch khi dng cp mng cho l bn khng th thm hay bt mt my tnh khc no ngoi hai my c kt ni. Do tt hn so vi cp cho, hu ht mi mng u s dng cp Ethernet thng thng

khng c cc dy gi v nhn ngc nhau cui u ni. Tt nhin cc dy gi v nhn phi ngc nhau mt s im no qu trnh truyn thng c thc hin thnh cng. y l cng vic ca mt hub hoc switch. Hub cng ang tr nn li thi nhng chng ta vn nn ni n chng. V hiu v hub s gip bn bn d dng hn nhiu khi ni ti switch. C mt s kiu hub khc nhau nhng thng thng ni n hub tc l ni n mt ci hp vi mt b cng RJ-45. Mi my tnh trong mng s c kt ni ti mt hub thng qua cp Ethernet. Bn c th thy mt hub c hnh dng nh trong hnh C.

Hnh 3: Hub l thit b hot ng nh mt im kt ni trung tm cho cc my tnh trong mt mng. Hub c hai nhim v khc nhau. Nhim v th nht l cung cp mt im kt ni trung tm cho tt c my tnh trong mng. Mi my tnh u c cm vo hub. Cc hub a cng c th c t xch li nhau nu cn thit cung cp thm cho nhiu my tnh. Nhim v khc ca hub l sp xp cc cng theo cch nu mt my tnh thc hin truyn ti d liu, d liu phi c gi qua dy nhn ca my tnh khc. Ngay by gi c th bn s t hi, lm sao d liu c th n c ng ch cn n nu nhiu hn hai my tnh c kt ni vo mt hub? B

mt nm trong card mng. Mi card Ethernet u c cung cp mt a ch vt l MAC (Media Access Control) duy nht. Khi mt my tnh trong mng Ethernet truyn ti d liu qua mng c cc my PC kt ni vi mt hub, thc t d liu c gi ti mi my c trong mng. Tt c my tnh u nhn d liu, sau so snh a ch ch vi a ch vt l MAC ca n. Nu khp, my tnh s bit rng n chnh l ngi nhn d liu, nu khng n s l d liu i. Nh bn c th thy, khi mt my tnh c kt ni qua mt hub, mi gi tin u c gi ti tt c my tnh trong mng. Vn l my tnh no cng c th gi thng tin i ti bt c thi gian no. Bn tng thy mt cuc hp m trong tt c thnh vin tham d u bt u ni cng mt lc? Vn ca kiu mng ny chnh l nh th. Khi mt my tnh cn truyn d liu, n kim tra xem liu c my no khc ang gi thng tin ti cng thi im khng. Nu ng truyn ri, n truyn cc d liu cn thit. Nu c mt mt my khc ang s dng ng truyn, cc gi tin ca d liu ang c chuyn qua dy s xung t v b ph hu (y chnh l l do v sao kiu mng ny i khi c gi l tn min xung t). C hai my tnh sau s phi ch trong mt khong thi gian ngu nhin v c gng truyn li cc gi tin b ph hu ca mnh. S lng my tnh trn tn min xung t ngy cng tng khin s lng xung t cng tng. Do s lng xung t ngy cng tng nn hiu qu ca mng ngy cng gim. l l do v sao by gi gn nh switch thay th ton b hub. Mt switch (bn c th xem trn hnh D), thc hin tt c mi nhim v ging nh ca mt hub. im khc nhau ch l ch, khi mt PC trn mng cn lin lc vi my tnh khc, switch s dng mt tp hp cc knh logic ni b thit lp ng dn logic ring bit gia hai my tnh. C ngha l hai my tnh hon ton t do lin lc vi nhau m khng cn phi lo lng v xung t

Hnh 4: Switch trng ging ht nh hub nhng hot ng khc hn nhiu Switch thc s nng cao c ng k hiu qu ca mng. Bi chng loi tr xung t v cn nhiu hn th, chng c th thit lp cc ng dn truyn thng song song. Chng hn khi my tnh A ang lin lc vi my tnh B th khng c l do g my tnh C khng ng thi lin lc vi my tnh D. Trong mt tn min xung t (collision domain), cc kiu truyn thng song song ny l khng th bi v chng s dn n xung t. Kt lun Trong bi ny chng ta tho lun v mt s thnh phn c bn to mt mng n gin. Trong phn hai chng ta vn s tip tc quan tm n cc thit b phn cng mng c bn. Xin mi cc bn tip tc n xem phn sau Phn 2 - Router y l phn tip theo sau bi m u v cc thit b phn cng mng. Trong phn ny chng ta s tho lun ni dung chi tit ca thit b mng quan trng nht: router.

Cho d l ngi mi bt u lm quen vi mng nhng chc hn bn tng nghe ni n router. Cc kt ni Internet bng thng rng, s dng modem cp hay modem DSL lun i hi cn phi c router. Nhng cng vic ca router khng phi l cung cp s ni kt Internet m l chuyn cc gi d liu t mng ny ti mng khc. C nhiu kiu router, t n gin n phc tp. Cc router bnh dn thng c dng cho kt ni Internet gia nh, cn nhiu router c mc gi kinh khng thng c cc i gia l nhng g khng l a chung. Song, cho d t hay r, n gin hay phc tp th mi router u hot ng vi cc nguyn tc c bn nh nhau. y, chng ta s tp trung vo cc router n gin vi gi thnh thp, ch yu c dng ni kt mt my tnh vo mng Internet bng thng rng. Bi v i tng ca bi ny l nhng ngi mi bt u lm quen mi mng. V tt nhin s d dng hn nhiu khi bt u vi nhng g tng quen thuc cho hu ht mi ngi thay v ng n s phc tp ca router dng trong cc tp on ln. Nu bn c hiu bit c bn v router v mun c kin thc chuyn su hn, bn s tm c ci mnh cn trong mt bi khc m c dp chng ti s gii thiu vi cc bn sau. Nh ni trn, cng vic ca mt router l chuyn cc gi d liu t mng ny ti mng khc. nh ngha ny c v l trong ng cnh cc my tnh c kt ni vi ng truyn Internet bng thng rng. Nhng thc t bn nn bit mng l mt tp hp ln vi cc mng con khc bn trong. Vy, nu cng vic ca mt router l chuyn lu lng gia hai mng, trong mt mng l Internet th mng kia u? Trong trng hp c th ny chnh l my tnh c kt ni ti router. N c cu hnh thc s nh mt mng n gin. hnh dung r hn, bn c th xem nh minh ho trong Hnh A v B. Hnh A l mt trc ca mt router bng thng rng 3COM, cn hnh B l mt sau ca n.

Hnh A: Mt trc ca router bng thng rng (broadband) 3COM

Hnh B: Router Internet bng thng rng gm mt tp hp cc cng RJ-45 ging nh mt hub hay switch Nh bn c th thy trn hnh, thc s khng c im ni bt c bit no trong mt trc ca router. S d chng ti vn a ra hnh nh c

th ca n nhm gip cc bn, nhng ngi cha quen thuc vi thit b ny c th bit c mt router trng nh th no. Hnh B xem chng c v th v hn. Nhn vo hnh B bn s thy c ba tp hp cng mt sau router. Cng bn tri nht l ni in ngun c ni vi router. gia l mt cng RJ-45 dng cho vic kt ni mng t xa. Trong trng hp c th ny, router c dng cung cp kt ni Internet. Cng gia ch yu c dng kt ni router vi mt modem cp hay modem DSL. Cc modem ny s cung cp kt ni thc ti Internet. Cn tp hp bn phi gm bn cng RJ-45. Nu bn xem li phn u ca lot bi ny bn s thy cc hub v switch cng gm s lng ln cc nhm cng RJ-45. Trong trng hp ca hub hay switch, cc cng RJ-45 c dng cung cp kt ni ti cc my tnh trn mng. router, cc cng u hot ng y nh nhau. Router trong v d y c mt switch bn cng dng sn. Cng vic ca mt router l chuyn cc gi tin t mng ny ti mng khc. trn chng ta gii thch trong trng hp ca router bng thng rng, Internet l mt mng cn my tnh ng vai tr l mt mng th hai. L do v sao mt my tnh n l li c thay th nh mt mng tng th l do router khng coi PC l mt thit b c lp. Router xem PC nh mt nt mng. Nh bn c th thy trn hnh B, router c th ny c th cung cp thc s mt mng bn my tnh. Hu ht ngi dng gia nh u s dng kiu cu hnh ch cn cm mt PC vo router. C th hn, kiu mng ny nh tuyn cc gi d liu gia mt mng nh (ngay c khi mng ch c mt my tnh n) v Internet (c xem nh l mng th hai). Qu trnh nh tuyn hiu hot ng nh tuyn c thc hin nh th no, u tin bn phi bit mt cht v cch thc hot ng ca giao thc TCP/IP. Mi thit b kt ni ti mng TCP/IP u c mt a ch IP duy nht gii hn trong giao din mng ca n. a ch IP l mt dy bn s ring phn tch nhau bi cc du chm. V d mt a ch IP in hnh c dng: 192.168.0.1. V d d hiu nht khi ni v IP l a ch nh. a ch nh thng thng

lun c s nh v tn ph. S nh xc nh c th v tr ngi nh trn ph . a ch IP cng hot ng tng t nh vy. N gm m s a ch mng v m s thit b. So snh vi a ch nh bn s thy a ch mng ging nh tn ph cn m s thit b ging nh s nh vy. a ch mng ch mng c th thit b ang tham gia trong n cn m s thit b th cung cp cho thit b mt nhn dng trn mng. Vy kt thc ca a ch mng v khi u ca m s thit b u? y l cng vic ca mt subnet mask. Subnet mask s ni vi my tnh v tr cui cng ca a ch mng v v tr u tin ca s thit b trong a ch IP. Hot ng mng con c khi rt phc tp. Bn c th tham kho chi tit hn trong mt bi khc m c dp chng ti s gii thiu sau. Cn by gi hy quan tm n nhng th n gin nht, xem xt mt subnet mask rt c bn. Subnet mask thot nhn rt ging vi a ch IP v n cng c 4 con s nh dng theo kiu phn tch nhau bi cc du chm. Mt subnet mask in hnh c dng: 255.255.255.0. Trong v d c th ny, ba s du tin (gi l octet) u l 255, con s cui cng l 0. S 255 ch ra rng tt c cc bit trong v tr tng ng ca a ch IP l mt phn ca m s mng. S 0 cui cng m ch khng c bit no trong v tr tng ng ca a ch IP l mt phn ca a ch mng. Do chng thuc v m s thit b. Nghe c v kh ln xn, bn s hiu hn vi v d sau. Tng tng bn c mt my tnh vi a ch IP l 192.168.1.1 v mt n mng con l: 255.255.255.0. Trong trng hp ny ba octet u tin ca subnet mask u l 255. iu ny c ngha l ba octet u tin ca a ch IP u thuc vo m s mng. Do v tr m s mng ca a ch IP ny l 192.168.1.x. iu ny l rt quan trng v cng vic ca router l chuyn cc gi d liu t mt mng sang mng khc. Tt c cc thit b trong mng (hoc c th l trn phn on mng) u chia s mt m s mng chung. Chng hn, nu 192.168.1.x l s mng gn vi cc my tnh kt ni vi router trong hnh B th a ch IP cho bn my tnh vin c th l:

192.168.1.1 192.168.1.2

192.168.1.3 192.168.1.4

Nh bn thy, mi my tnh trn mng cc b u chia s cng mt a ch mng, cn m s thit b th khc nhau. Khi mt my tnh cn lin lc vi my tnh khc, n thc hin bng cch tham chiu ti a ch IP ca my tnh . Chng hn, trong trng hp c th ny, my tnh c a ch 192.168.1.1 c th gi d dng cc gi d liu ti my tnh c a ch 192.168.1.3 v c hai my ny u l mt phn trong cng mt mng vt l. Nu mt my cn truy cp vo my nm trn mng khc th mi th s khc hn mt cht. Gi s rng mt trong s ngi dng trn mng cc b mun gh thm website www.brienposey.com, mt website nm trn mt server. Ging nh bt k my tnh no khc, mi Web server c mt a ch IP duy nht. a ch IP cho website ny l 24.235.10.4. Bn c th thy d dng a ch IP ca website khng nm trn mng 192.168.1.x. Trong trng hp ny my tnh ang c gng tip cn vi website khng th gi gi d liu ra ngoi theo mng cc b, v Web server khng phi l mt phn ca mng cc b. Thay vo my tnh cn gi gi d liu s xem xt n a ch cng vo mc nh. Cng vo mc nh (default gateway) l mt phn ca cu hnh TCP/IP trong mt my tnh. l cch c bn ni vi my tnh rng nu khng bit ch gi gi d liu u th hy gi n ti a ch cng vo mc nh c ch nh. a ch ca cng vo mc nh l a ch IP ca mt router. Trong trng hp ny a ch IP ca router c chn l 192.168.1.0 Ch rng a ch IP ca router chia s cng mt a ch mng nh cc my khc trong mng cc b. S d phi nh vy n c th truy cp ti cc my trong cng mng. Mi router c t nht hai a ch IP. Mt dng cng a ch mng ca mng cc b, cn mt do ISP ca bn quy nh. a ch IP ny dng cng mt a ch mng ca mng ISP. Cng vic ca router khi l chuyn cc gi d liu t mng cc b sang mng ISP. ISP ca bn c cc router ring hot ng cng ging nh mi router khc, nhng nh tuyn ng i cho gi d liu ti cc phn khc ca Internet.

Kt lun Nh bn c th thy, router l thnh phn mng cc k quan trng. Khng c router, s ni kt gia cc mng (chng hn nh Internet) l khng th. Trong phn ba ca lot bi ny chng ta s tho lun chi tit hn v ni dung ca giao thc TCP/IP. Phn 3 - DNS Server y l phn tip theo ca lot bi Kin thc c bn dnh cho nhng ngi mi bt u lm quen v tm hiu v mng my tnh. Sau hai bi gii thiu Hub v Switch, Router, ni dung ca bi ny cp n hot ng ca cc server DNS (h thng tn min).

y cng l phn cui cng chng ti ni n cch cc my tnh trong mt phn on mng chia s vng a ch IP chung nh th no. Nh chng ta bit, khi mt my tnh cn truy cp thng tin trn mt my nm mng khc hay phn on mng khc, n cn n s tr gip ca router. Router s chuyn cc gi d liu cn thit t mng ny sang mng khc (chng hn nh Internet). Nu bn tng c phn hai, chc hn bn nh, chng ti c a ra mt v d to mt tham chiu n a ch IP kt hp vi mt website. c th truy cp vo website ny, trnh duyt Web ca bn phi bit a ch IP ca website. Sau trnh duyt cung cp a ch cho router, router s xc nh ng i ti mng khc v yu cu cc gi d liu ti my ch ph hp. Mi website u c mt a ch IP nhng bn c th gh thm cc website ny hng ngy m khng cn quan tm n dy con s ca n. Trong bi ny chng ti s ch cho bn thy l do v sao c th thc hin c. a ch IP cng ging nh a ch nh vy. N gm c v tr mng (l dy s hiu ch phn on mng my tnh ang hot ng trong ), tng t nh tn ph; v v tr thit b (xc nh mt my tnh c th trong mng), tng t nh s nh. Bit v a ch IP l yu cu cn thit cho hot

ng truyn thng c s TCP/IP gia hai my tnh. Khi bn m mt trnh duyt Web v nhp tn website (c bit n nh l tn min hay ng dn URL(Universal Resource Locator - b nh v v tr ti nguyn chung)), trnh duyt s n thng website m khng cn phi thng qua vic nhp a ch IP. Bn c th hnh dung qu trnh m website cng ging nh qu trnh chuyn th n a ch nhn ghi trn phong b bu in vy. a ch IP trong truyn thng mng ng vai tr nh a ch trn phong b. Th khng th n ng ni nu bn ch ghi tn ngi nhn m "qun mt" a ch ca h. Vic n v m c mt website cng nh vy. My tnh ca bn khng th lin lc c vi website tr khi n bit a ch IP ca website . Nhng bn khng cn g a ch IP m trnh duyt vn m c ng website bn mun khi nhp tn min vo. Vy a ch IP u? Qu trnh "dch" tn min thnh a ch IP l cng vic ca mt server DNS (trnh ch h thng tn min). Trong hai bi trc chng ta tng ni ti mt s khi nim v cu hnh TCP/IP ca my tnh, nh a ch IP, mt n mng con (subnet mask) v cng vo mc nh (default gateway). Nhn hnh A bn di bn s thy c thm mt tu chn cu hnh khc l "Preferred DNS server" (trnh ch h thng tn min tham chiu).

Hnh A: Tu chn Preferred DNS Server c nh ngha nh l mt phn ca cu hnh TCP/IP trong my tnh. Nh bn c th thy trong hnh minh ho, tu chn "Preferred DNS server" c nh ngha nh l mt phn ca cu hnh TCP/IP. C ngha l my tnh s lun bit a ch IP ca DNS server. iu ny l ht sc quan trng v my tnh khng th lin lc c vi my tnh khc s dng giao thc TCP/IP nu n khng bit a ch IP ca my kia. By gi chng ta s xem xt iu g xy ra khi bn c gng ti thm mt website. Qu trnh bt u vi vic bn m trnh duyt Web v nhp ng dn URL. Khi , trnh duyt bit rng n khng th xc nh c v tr ca website nu ch da vo mt mnh a ch URL. Do n truy vn thng tin a ch IP ca DNS sever t cu hnh TCP/IP ca my tnh v a ng dn URL ln trnh ch DNS server. DNS server sau s tra tm ng dn URL trn bng c danh sch a ch IP ca website. Sau n tr ra a ch IP cho trnh duyt Web v trnh duyt c th lin lc vi website c yu cu.

Thc s qu trnh gii thch ny c th c m t n gin hn mt cht. Gii php tn min trong DNS ch c th hot ng nu DNS server c cha mt bn ghi tng ng vi website c yu cu. Nu bn vo mt website ngu nhin, DNS sever s khng c bn ghi v website ny. L do l bi Internet qu ln. C hng triu website v website mi c to ra mi ngy. Khng c cch no cho mt server DNS n c th bt kp tt c cc website v p ng c tt c yu cu t bt k ai c kt ni ti Internet. By gi gi s mt trnh ch DNS server n c th lu tr cc bn ghi cho mi website tn ti. Nu dung lng ca trnh ch khng phi l vn th server cng s b trn bi cc yu cu x l tn nhn c t ngi dng Internet khp mi ni. Mt DNS server trung tm ho thng l ch nhm rt ph bin ca cc cuc tn cng. Do , cc trnh ch DNS server thng c phn phi sang nhiu im, trnh cho mt server DNS n phi cung cp x l tn cho ton b Internet. Trn th gii hin nay c mt t chc chuyn ph trch vic cp pht, ng k tn min Internet l Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (hay ICANN). Do qun l tn min cho ton b mng l mt cng vic khng l nn ICANN phn b nhiu phn p ng tn min cho cc hng khc nhau. Chng hn, Network Solutions ph trch tn min ".com". Nhng khng c ngha l Network Solutions duy tr danh sch cc a ch IP kt hp vi ton b tn min .com. Trong hu ht mi trng hp, DNS server ca Network Solution u cha bn ghi tr ti DNS server c xem l chnh thc cho tng min. thy c tt c hot ng nh th no, tng tng rng bn mun vo website www.brienposey.com. Khi nhp yu cu vo trnh duyt, trnh duyt gi a ch URL vo trnh ch DNS server c ch nh bi cu hnh TCP/IP ca my tnh bn. Trnh ch DNS server khng bit a ch ca website ny. Do , n gi yu cu ti DNS server ca ICANN. DNS server ca ICANN cng khng bit a ch IP ca website bn ang mun vo m ch bit a ch IP ca DNS server chu trch nhim vi tn min c ui .COM. N s tr li a ch ny cho trnh duyt v trong qu trnh tr v n cng thc hin vic a yu cu ti DNS server c th . Mc DNS server cao nht dnh cho tn min ui .COM s khng bit n a ch IP no ca website c yu cu, nhng n bit a ch IP ca

DNS server chnh thc cho tn min brienposey.com. N s gi a ch ny tr li my a ra yu cu. Sau trnh duyt Web gi truy vn DNS ti DNS server c thm quyn cho min c yu cu. V DNS server ny s tr ra a ch IP ca website, cho php my lin lc vi website n yu cu. Nh bn c th thy, c nhiu bc phi hon thnh mt my tnh tm ra a ch IP ca mt website. Nhm gim bt s truy vn DNS phi thc hin, kt qu ca cc truy vn ny thng c lu tr liu trong vi gi hoc vi ngy, tu thuc vo my c cu hnh nh th no. Vic lu tr cc a ch IP nng cao mt cch tuyt vi kh nng thc thi v ti thiu ho tng lng bng thng tiu th cho cc truy vn DNS. Bn c th hnh dung ra qu trnh duyt Web s t hi n mc no nu my tnh ca bn phi thc hin tp hp y cc truy vn DNS bt k thi gian no bn mun xem trang Web mi. Kt lun Trong bi ny chng ti gii thch cch trnh ch DNS server c dng x l tn min cho a ch IP. Mc d qu trnh c m t c v khc n gin, nhng bn cn nh rng ICANN v cc nh n k DNS mc cao nh Network Solutions s dng cng ngh load balacing (ti cn bng) phn phi yu cu qua nhiu server DNS khc. iu ny gip cc server khi b trn v loi tr kh nng c im li n Phn 4 - Workstation v Server y l phn tip theo trong lot bi hng dn c bn dnh cho nhng ngi mi bt quen hay tm hiu v mng. Ni dung bi hm nay l v s khc nhau gia Workstation (my trm) v Server (my ch).

Trc bi ny, chng ta c dp tho lun v cc thit b phn cng mng v giao thc TCP/IP. Phn cng mng c dng thit lp kt ni vt l gia cc thit b, trong khi giao thc TCP/IP l ngn ng trng

yu dng lin lc trong mng. bi ny chng ta cng s ni mt cht v cc my tnh c kt ni trong mt mng. Cho d bn l ngi mi hon ton, nhng chc hn bn tng nghe ni n cc thut ng server v workstation. Cc thut ng ny thng thng c dng ni ti vai tr ca my tnh trong mng hn l phn cng my tnh. Chng hn, mt my tnh ang hot ng nh mt server th n khng cn thit phi chy c phn cng ca server. Bn c th ci t mt h iu hnh server ln my tnh ca mnh. Khi my tnh s hot ng thc s nh mt server mng. Trong thc t, hu ht tt c cc my ch u s dng thit b phn cng c bit, gip chng c th kim sot c khi lng cng vic nng n vn c ca mnh. Khi nim my ch mng (network server) thng hay b nhm v mt k thut theo kiu nh ngha: my ch l bt k my tnh no s hu hay lu tr ti nguyn chia s trn mng. Ni nh th th ngay c mt my tnh ang chy windows XP cng c th xem l my ch nu n c cu hnh chia s mt s ti nguyn nh file v my in. Cc my tnh trc y thng c tm thy trn mng l peer (kiu my ngang hng). My tnh ngang hng hot ng trn c my trm v my ch. Cc my ny thng s dng h iu hnh my trm (nh windows XP), nhng c th truy vp v s hu cc ti nguyn mng. Trc y, mng ngang hng thng c tm thy ch yu trn cc mng rt nh. tng y l nu mt cng ty nh thiu ti nguyn c c cc my ch thc s th cc my trm c th c cu hnh thc hin nhim v "kp". V d, mi ngi dng c th to cho cc file ca mnh kh nng truy cp chung vi nhiu ngi khc trn mng. Nu mt my no c gn my in, h c th chia s n cho cng vic in n ca ton b my trong mng, tit kim c ti nguyn. Cc mng ngang hng thng khng s dng c trong cc cng ty ln v thiu kh nng bo mt cao v khng th qun l trung tm ho. l l do v sao cc mng ngang hng thng ch c tm thy trong cc cng ty cc k nh hoc ngi dng gia nh s dng nhiu my PC. windows Vista (th h k tip ca windows XP) ang c gng thay i iu ny. windows Vista cho php ngi dng mng client/server to nhm ngang hng. Trong cc thnh vin ca nhm s c chia s ti nguyn vi nhau trong ch bo mt an ton m khng cn ngt kt ni vi server

mng. Thnh phn mi ny s c tung ra th trng vi vai tr nh mt cng c hp tc. Cc mng ngang hng khng ph bin bng mng client/server v chng thiu an ton v kh nng qun l tp trung. Tuy nhin, v mng my tnh c hnh thnh t cc my ch v my trm nn bn thn mng khng cn phi m bo bo mt cao v kh nng qun l tp trung. Nn nh rng server ch l mt my chuyn dng lu tr ti nguyn trn mng. Ni nh th tc l c v s kiu my ch khc nhau v mt trong s c thit k chuyn dng cung cp kh nng bo mt v qun l. Chng hn, windows server c hai kiu loi chnh: member server (my ch thnh vin) v domain controller (b iu khin min). Thc s khng c g c bit vi member server. Member server n gin ch l my tnh c kt ni mng v chy h iu hnh windows Server. My ch kiu member server c th c dng nh mt ni lu tr file (cn gi l file server) hoc ni s hu mt hay nhiu my in mng (cn gi l my in server). Cc member server cng thng xuyn c dng lu tr chng trnh ng dng mng. Chng hn, Microsoft cung cp mt sn phm gi l Exchange Server 2003. Khi ci t ln member server, n cho php member server thc hin chc nng nh mt mail server. Domain controller (b iu khin min) th c bit hn nhiu. Cng vic ca mt domain controller l cung cp tnh nng bo mt v kh nng qun l cho mng. Bn quen thuc vi vic ng nhp bng cch nhp username v password? Trn mng windows, chnh l domain controller. N c trch nhim theo di v kim tra username, password. Ngi chu trch nhim qun l mng c gi l qun tr vin (administrator). Khi ngi dng mun truy cp ti nguyn trn mng Windows, qun tr vin s dng mt tin ch do domain controller cung cp to ti khon v mt khu cho ngi dng mi. Khi ngi dng mi (hoc ngi no mun c ti khon th hai) c gng ng nhp vo mng, "giy thng hnh" ca h (username v password) c gi ti domain controller. Domain cotroller s kim tra tnh hp l bng cch so snh thng tin c cung cp vi bn sao chp lu tr trong c s d liu ca n. Nu mt khu ngi dng cung cp v mt khu lu tr trong domain controller khp vi nhau, h s c cp quyn truy cp mng. Qu trnh ny c gi l thm nh (authentication).

Trn mt mng Windows, ch c domain controller thc hin cc dch v thm nh. Tt nhin ngi dng s cn truy cp ti nguyn lu tr trn member server. y khng phi l vn g ln v ti nguyn member server c bo v bi mt tp hp cc c quyn lin quan n thng tin bo mt trn domain controller. d hiu hn chng ta s ly mt v d c th. Gi s username ca ti l QuanTri. Ti nhp username v password vo, chng s c gi ti domain controller thm nh. Khi b iu khin min thm nh thng tin, n khng cung cp cho ti quyn truy cp bt k ti nguyn no. N ch kim tra tnh hp l t thng tin ti cung cp. Khi truy cp ti nguyn ca mt member server, my tnh ca ti a m thng bo truy cp c bit, v c bn c thm nh bi mt domain controller. C th member server khng tin ti, nhng n tin domain controller. Do , nu domain controller xc nhn hp l cho nhn dng ca ti, member server s chp nhn v cung cp kh nng truy cp bt c ti nguyn no m ti c quyn. Kt lun Nh bn c th thy, qu trnh thm nh trn domain controller v cung cp quyn truy cp ti nguyn mng hi phc tp mt cht. Chng ta s tip tc tho lun v thm nh (authentication) v truy cp ti nguyn (resource access) chi tit hn trong lot bi sau. Cn by gi, tt c ch l nhng g n gin nht nhm gip cc bn d hiu. Trong phn tip ca lot bi ny chng ta s tho lun v domain controller chi tit hn vi vai tr ca domain controller trong Active Directory. Phn 5 - Domain Controller Domain controller l g v la chn th no cho hp vi c s h tng mng ca bn?

Trong nhng bi trc chng ta ni ti vai tr ca cc my tnh khc

nhau trn mng. Chc hn cc bn cn nh, ngay trong phn 4 chng ta ni mt cht v domain controller. Cn by gi, trong bi ny bn s c bit su hn domain controller l g v la chn chng ra sao cho hp vi c s h tng mng ca bn. Mt trong nhng khi nim quan trng nht ca mng Windows l domain (tc min hay vng). Mt domain l tp hp cc ti khon ngi dng v ti khon my tnh c nhm li vi nhau qun l mt cch tp trung. V cng vic qun l l dnh cho domain controller (b iu khin min) nhm gip vic khai thc ti nguyn tr nn d dng hn. Vy ti sao domain controller li rt quan trng? Trong mng, bt k my trm no ang chy h iu hnh Windows XP cng c mt nhm ti khon ngi dng to sn no . Windows XP thm ch cn cho php bn to mt s ti khon b sung nu thy cn thit. Nu my trm c chc nng nh mt h thng c lp hoc l mt phn ca mng ngang hng th ti khon ngi dng mc my trm (c gi l ti khon ngi dng cc b) khng th iu khin truy cp ti nguyn mng. Chng ch c dng iu chnh truy cp my cc b v hot ng nh vi chc nng m bo cho qun tr vin c th thc hin cng vic bo dng, duy tr my trm, khng cho php ngi dng cui kh nng can thip vo cc thit lp trn my trm. L do v sao ti khon ngi dng cc b trn mt my trm nht nh khng c php iu khin truy cp ti nguyn nm ngoi my trm l n tng thm gnh nng qun l rt ln. Ti khon ngi dng cc b ch nm trn cc my trm ring r. Nu mt ti khon l c chc nng bo mt chnh trong mng, qun tr vin s phi di chuyn vt l ti my tnh c ti khon bt k khi no phi thc hin thay i quyn hn cho ti khon. Vn ny khng gy ra tc ng g ln trong mng nh, nhng s tr nn cc k nng n vi mng ln hay khi cn p dng thay i rng cho tt c mi ti khon. Mt l do khc na l khng ai mun phi chuyn ti khon ngi dng t my ny sang my khc. Chng hn, nu my tnh ca mt ngi dng b ph hoi, ngi khng th ng nhp vo my tnh khc lm vic v ti khon h to ch c tc dng trn my c. Nu mun lm c vic anh ta s phi to ti khon mi trn my khc. Ch l mt trong s rt nhiu l do khin vic s dng ti khon ngi

dng cc b cho vic truy cp an ton ti nguyn mng l khng thc t. Thm ch nu bn mun trin khai kiu bo mt ny, Windows cng khng cho php. Ti khon ngi dng cc b ch c th dng ti nguyn cc b trn mt my trm nht nh. Domain c nhim v gii quyt cc vn va nu v mt s vn khc na. Chng s tp trung ho ti khon ngi dng (hay cu hnh khc, cc i tng lin quan n bo mt; chng ta s cp n trong bi sau). iu ny gip vic qun tr d dng hn v cho php ngi dng ng nhp t bt k my tnh no c trn mng (tr khi bn gii hn quyn truy cp ngi dng). Vi nhng thng tin c cung cp chc hn bn s ngh, v mt nguyn l, khi mt ngi dng no mun truy cp ti nguyn nm trn mt my ch (server), ti khon ngi dng mc server s c dng iu khin truy cp. Xt trn mt s kha cnh, tng ny l ng, nhng cn c nhiu iu phi lu hn th. Tr li u nhng nm 1990, khi tc gi bi bo ny cn lm vic cho mt cng ty bo him ln, s dng mng vi cc my ch chy h iu hnh Novell NetWare. Windows networking hi vn cha c to ra v Novell NetWare l h iu hnh server duy nht c th la chn. Cng ty ch c mt network server, cha tt c mi ti khon ngi dng v ti nguyn mng cn truy cp. Mt vi thng sau, ai quyt nh rng ngi dng cng ty cn chy mt nhnh ng dng mi. Do kch thc ca ng dng v s lng d liu ln nn ng dng phi c t trn mt server chuyn dng. Phin bn Novell NetWare cng ty ang dng lc chy theo kiu: ti nguyn nm trn mt server c bo v bi ti khon ngi dng cng nm trn server . Nhng ny sinh vn : mi my ch c tp hp ti khon ngi dng c lp, hon chnh v ring r. Khi thm mt my ch khc vo mng, ngi dng vn c th ng nhp theo cch bnh thng nhng phi to username v password mi. Thi gian u, mi th tri chy. Nhng khong mt thng sau, khi ci t thm mt s chng trnh khc ln my ch mi, mi vic tr nn t hi. Cc my ch buc ngi dng phi thay i li mt khu trong khi h khng nhn ra rng phi i hai ch khc nhau. C ngha l mt khu mt i tnh ng b v b phn tr gip qu ti vi cc cuc gi

lin quan n lp li mt khu. Khi cng ty ln mnh hn v b sung thm nhiu my ch mi vo mng, vn ngy cng ti t. Cui cng s vic c gii quyt khi Novell cho ra i phin bn 4.0 ca NetWare. NetWare 4 gii thiu cng ngh gi l Directory Service (dch v th mc). tng ca n l ngi dng s khng phi to cc ti khon ring r trn tng server na. Thay vo mt ti khon n duy nht c dng thm nh t cch ngi dng trn ton b mng m khng cn bit c bao nhiu my ch trn mng . Mt iu th v khi tm hiu v domain l mc d mi domain c mt gi tr duy nht, khng bao gi lp nhau trong mng Microsoft (Novell khng dng domain) nhng chng lm vic theo nguyn tc c bn ging nhau. Khi Windows 2000 c pht hnh, Microsoft tch hp mt thnh phn vn cn c dng ti nay l Active Directory. Active Directory rt ging vi Directory Service c mng Novell s dng trc kia. Ton b cng vic chng ta phi lm vi domain l g? Khi my ch Windows s dng Windows 2000 Server, Windows Server 2003 hay Longhorn Server sp ra mt, cng vic ca domain controller (b iu khin min) l chy dch v Active Directory. Active Directory hot ng nh mt ni lu tr cc i tng th mc, trong c ti khon ngi dng (user account). V mt trong cc cng vic chnh ca b iu khin tn min l cung cp dch v thm nh. Nn ht sc lu l domain controller cung cp dch v thm nh (authentication) ch khng phi l dch v cp php (authorization). Tc l, khi mt ngi dng no ng nhp vo mng, mt b iu khin min s kim tra tnh hp l ca username v password h nhp vo c chnh xc v khp vi d liu lu trong my ch hay khng. Nhng domain controller khng ni vi ngi dng h c quyn truy cp ti nguyn no. Ti nguyn trn mng Windows c bo v bi cc Danh sch iu khin truy cp (ACL). Mt ACL l danh sch ch r ai c quyn lm g. Khi ngi dng c gng truy cp ti nguyn, h a ra nhn dng ca mnh cho my ch cha ti nguyn . My ch s kim tra chc chn rng nhn dng ngi dng ny c thm nh, sau tham chiu cho n ACL xem ngi dng c quyn lm g.

Kt lun Nh bn c th thy, domain controller (b iu khin min) ng vai tr rt quan trng trong mng Windows. Trong phn tip theo ca lot bi ny chng ta s tip tc thm mt cht vi domain controller v Active Directory. Phn 6 - Windows Domain Tho lun chi tit v phn tch k lng v Windows domain.

Trong mt s bi trc ca lot bi ny cc bn c gii thiu mt s khi nim v domain (min, tc l mt vng mng c quan tm nht nh) v domain controller (b qun l min). Tip tc vi nhng kin thc c s nht, hm nay chng ti gii thiu vi bn c mt khi nim khc: Windows domain. C mt s iu quen v cng c mt s im mi khc. Chng ta hy cng xem chng l ci g. Nh gii thch trong phn 5, domain by gi khng cn l lm g vi cc bn. Microsoft a ra khi nim domain u tin trong Windows NT Server. Vo thi k , mi domain l mt vng ring bit, thng s hu tt c ti khon ngi dng ca ton b cng ty. Mt qun tr vin phi hon ton iu khin domain v d liu bn trong n. Nhng i khi domain n ring r khng mang tnh thit thc. Chng hn, nu mt cng ty c chi nhnh mt vi thnh ph khc nhau. Khi mi chi nhnh cn s cn phi c mt domain ring, gy lng ph v rt tn km. Trng hp ph bin khc l khi mt cng ty mua li cng ty khc. Tt nhin hai cng ty thng c hai domain khc nhau. Khi st nhp li thnh mt, chng nh li phi tip tc duy tr hai domain ring nh vy. Nhiu khi ngi dng min ny cn truy cp ti nguyn trn min khc. Trng hp ny khng phi him gp. a ra gii php cho vn ny,

Microsoft to cc trusts h tr cho vic truy cp d dng hn. Bn c th hnh dung hot ng ca trust cng ging nh cng vic bo v an ninh sn bay vy. Ti M, hnh khch thng phi xut trnh bng li xe cho nhn vin an ninh sn bay trc khi ln cc chuyn bay ni a. Gi s bn d nh bay ti mt ni no trong a phn nc M. Nhn vin an ninh ti sn bay khng bit bn l ai v chc chn l khng tin bn. Nhng h tin chnh quyn bang Nam Carolina, ni bn sinh sng, xc nhn nhn thn v cp bng li xe cho bn. Do bn c th trnh bng li xe Nam Carolina v nhn vin an ninh sn bay s cho php bn ln my bay mc d h khng cn tin c nhn bn l ai. Domain trust cng hot ng theo cch nh vy. Gi s bn l ngi qun tr mt domain c cha ti nguyn m ngi dng domain khc cn truy cp. Nu bn khng phi l qun tr vin trong foreign domain th bn khng c quyn iu khin ai l ngi c cp ti khon ngi dng trong domain . Nu tin tng qun tr vin ca domain bn mun c mi lin h, bn c th thit lp mt trust (c th hiu l mt u thc) domain ca bn "u thc" cc thnh vin ca mnh tr thnh thnh vin ca domain kia. Foreign domain