Cc chuyn bi dng ton THCS

CHUYN BI DNG HC SINH HI

S CHNH PHNG
I. NH NGHA:
S chnh phng l s bng bnh phng ng ca mt s nguyn.
II. TNH CHT:
1). S chnh phng ch c th c ch s tn cng bng 0, 1, 4, 5, 6, 9 ; khng th c ch s
tn cng bng 2, 3, 7, 8.
2). Khi phn tch ra tha s nguyn t, s chnh phng ch cha cc tha s nguyn t vi
s m chn.
3). S chnh phng ch c th c mt trong hai dng 4n hoc 4n + 1. Khng c s chnh
phng no c dng 4n + 2 hoc 4n + 3 (n

N).
4). S chnh phng ch c th c mt trong hai dng 3n hoc 3n + 1. Khng c s chnh
phng no c dng 3n + 2 (n

N).
5). S chnh phng tn cng bng 1 hoc 9 th ch s hng chc l ch s chn.
S chnh phng tn cng bng 5 th ch s hng chc l 2
S chnh phng tn cng bng 4 th ch s hng chc l ch s chn.
S chnh phng tn cng bng 6 th ch s hng chc l ch s l.
6). S chnh phng chia ht cho 2 th chia ht cho 4.
S chnh phng chia ht cho 3 th chia ht cho 9.
S chnh phng chia ht cho 5 th chia ht cho 25.
S chnh phng chia ht cho 8 th chia ht cho 16.
III. MT S DNG BI TP V S CHNH PHNG
A. DNG1 : CHNG MINH MT S L S CHNH PHNG
Bi 1: Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn x, y th
A = (x + y)(x + 2y)(x + 3y)(x + 4y) + y
4
l s chnh phng.
Ta c A = (x + y)(x + 2y)(x + 3y)(x + 4y) + y
4

= (x
2
+ 5xy + 4y
2
)( x
2
+ 5xy + 6y
2
) + y
4

t x
2
+ 5xy + 5y
2
= t ( t

Z) th
A = (t - y
2
)( t + y
2
) + y
4
= t
2
y
4
+ y
4
= t
2
= (x
2
+ 5xy + 5y
2)2

V x, y, z

Z nn x
2

Z, 5xy

Z, 5y
2

x
2
+ 5xy + 5y
2

Z
Vy A l s chnh phng.
Trang 1
Cc chuyn bi dng ton THCS
Bi 2: Chng minh tch ca 4 s t nhin lin tip cng 1 lun l s chnh phng.
Gi 4 s t nhin, lin tip l n, n + 1, n+ 2, n + 3 (n

N). Ta c
n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) + 1 = n.(n + 3(n + 1)(n + 2) + 1
= (n
2
+ 3n)( n
2
+ 3n + 2) + 1 (*)
t n
2
+ 3n = t (t

N) th (*) = t( t + 2 ) + 1 = t
2
+ 2t + 1 = ( t + 1 )
2

= (n
2
+ 3n + 1)
2
V n

N nn n
2
+ 3n + 1

N Vy n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) + 1 l s chnh phng.

Bi 3: Cho S = 1.2.3 + 2.3.4 + 3.4.5 + . . . + k(k+1)(k+2)
Chng minh rng 4S + 1 l s chnh phng .
Ta c k(k+1)(k+2) =
4
1
k(k+1)(k+2).4 =
4
1
k(k+1)(k+2).[(k+3) (k-1)]
=
4
1
k(k+1)(k+2)(k+3) -
4
1
k(k+1)(k+2)(k-1)

S =
4
1
.1.2.3.4 -
4
1
.0.1.2.3 +
4
1
.2.3.4.5 -
4
1
.1.2.3.4 ++
4
1
k(k+1)(k+2)(k+3) -
4
1
k(k+1)(k+2)(k-
1) =
4
1
k(k+1)(k+2)(k+3)
4S + 1 = k(k+1)(k+2)(k+3) + 1
Theo kt qu bi 2

k(k+1)(k+2)(k+3) + 1 l s chnh ph ng.

Bi 4: Cho dy s 49; 4489; 444889; 44448889;
Dy s trn c xy dng bng cch thm s 48 vo gia s ng trc n. Chng minh rng
tt c cc s ca dy trn u l s chnh phng.
Ta c 4448889 = 44488..8 + 1 = 444 . 10
n
+ 8 . 111 + 1

n ch s 4 n-1 ch s 8 n ch s 4 n ch s 8 n ch s 4 n ch s 1

= 4.
9
1 10
n
. 10
n
+ 8.
9
1 10
n
+ 1 =
9
9 8 10 . 8 10 . 4 10 . 4
2
+ +
n n n
=
9
1 10 . 4 10 . 4
2
+ +
n n
=

,
_

+
3
1 10 . 2
n
Ta thy 2.10
n
+1=20001 c tng cc ch s chia ht cho 3 nn n chia ht cho 3
n-1 ch s 0

,
_

+
3
1 10 . 2
n
Z hay cc s c dng 4448889 l s chnh phng.
Bi 5: Chng minh rng cc s sau y l s chnh phng:
A = 111 + 444 + 1

Trang 2
2
2
Cc chuyn bi dng ton THCS
2n ch s 1 n ch s 4

B = 111 + 111 + 666 + 8

2n ch s 1 n+1 ch s 1 n ch s 6

C = 444 + 222 + 888 + 7

2n ch s 4 n+1 ch s 2 n ch s 8
Kt qu: A =

,
_

+
3
2 10
n
; B =

,
_

+
3
8 10
n
; C =

,
_

+
3
7 10 . 2
n
Bi 6: Chng minh rng cc s sau l s chnh phng:

a. A = 22499910009
n-2 ch s 9 n ch s 0

b. B = 1115556
n ch s 1 n-1 ch s 5
a. A = 224.10
2n
+ 999.10
n+2
+ 10
n+1
+ 9= 224.10
2n
+ ( 10
n-2
1 ) . 10
n+2
+ 10
n+1
+ 9
= 224.10
2n
+ 10
2n
10
n+2
+ 10
n+1
+ 9= 225.10
2n
90.10
n
+ 9
= ( 15.10
n
3 )
2

A l s chnh phng

b. B = 11115555 + 1 = 111.10
n
+ 5.111 + 1
n ch s 1 n ch s 5 n ch s 1 n ch s 1
=
9
1 10
n
. 10
n
+ 5.
9
1 10
n
+ 1 =
9
9 5 10 . 5 10 10
2
+ +
n n n
=
9
4 10 . 4 10
2
+ +
n n
=

,
_

+
3
2 10
n
l s chnh phng ( iu phi chng minh)
Bi 7: Chng minh rng tng cc bnh phng ca 5 s t nhin lin tip khng th l mt s chnh
phng
Gi 5 s t nhin lin tip l n-2, n-1, n , n+1 , n+2 (n

N , n 2 ).
Ta c ( n-2)
2
+ (n-1)
2
+ n
2
+ ( n+1)
2
+ ( n+2)
2
= 5.( n
2
+2)
V n
2
khng th tn cng bi 3 hoc 8 do n
2
+2 khng th chia ht cho 5

5.( n
2
+2) khng l s chnh phng hay A khng l s chnh phng
Trang 3
2
2 2
2
Cc chuyn bi dng ton THCS
Bi 8: Chng minh rng s c dng n
6
n
4
+ 2n
3
+ 2n
2
trong n

N v n>1 khng phi l s

chnh phng
n
6
n
4
+ 2n
3
+2n
2
= n
2
.( n
4
n
2
+ 2n +2 ) = n
2
.[ n
2
(n-1)(n+1) + 2(n+1) ]
= n
2
[ (n+1)(n
3
n
2
+ 2) ] = n
2
(n+1).[ (n
3
+1) (n
2
-1) ]= n
2
( n+1 )
2
.( n
2
2n+2)
Vi n

N, n >1 th n
2
-2n+2 = (n - 1)
2
+ 1 > ( n 1 )
2
v n
2
2n + 2 = n
2
2(n - 1) < n
2

Vy ( n 1)
2
< n
2
2n + 2 < n
2

n
2
2n + 2 khng phi l mt s chnh phng.
Bi 9: Cho 5 s chnh phng bt k c ch s hng chc khc nhau cn ch s hng n v u l
6. Chng minh rng tng cc ch s hng chc ca 5 s chnh phng l mt s chnh phng
Cch 1: Ta bit mt s chnh phng c ch s hng n v l 6 th ch s hng chc ca n l s
l. V vy ch s hng chc ca 5 s chnh phng cho l 1,3,5,7,9 khi tng ca chng bng 1 + 3
+ 5 + 7 + 9 = 25 = 5
2
l s chnh phng
Cch 2: Nu mt s chnh phng M = a
2
c ch s hng n v l 6 th ch s tn cng ca a l 4
hoc 6

a
2

4
Theo du hiu chia ht cho 4 th hai ch s tn cng ca M ch c th l 16, 36, 56, 76, 96

Ta c:
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 = 25 = 5
2
l s chnh phng.
Bi 10: Chng minh rng tng bnh phng ca hai s l bt k khng phi l mt s chnh phng.
a v b l nn a = 2k+1, b = 2m+1 (Vi k, m

N)

a
2
+ b
2
= (2k+1)
2
+ (2m+1)
2
= 4k
2
+ 4k + 1 + 4m
2
+ 4m + 1
= 4(k
2
+ k + m
2
+ m) + 2 = 4t + 2 (Vi t

N)
Khng c s chnh phng no c dng 4t + 2 (t

N) do a
2
+ b
2
khng th l s chnh phng.
Bi 11: Chng minh rng nu p l tch ca n s nguyn t u tin th p-1 v p+1 khng th l cc
s chnh phng.
V p l tch ca n s nguyn t u tin nn p

2 v p khng chia ht cho 4 (1)

a. Gi s p+1 l s chnh phng . t p+1 = m
2
(m

N)
V p chn nn p+1 l

m
2
l

m l.
t m = 2k+1 (k

N). Ta c m
2
= 4k
2
+ 4k + 1

p+1 = 4k
2
+ 4k + 1

p = 4k
2
+ 4k = 4k(k+1)

4 mu thun vi (1)

p+1 l s chnh phng

b. p = 2.3.5 l s chia ht cho 3

p-1 c dng 3k+2.

Khng c s chnh phng no c dng 3k+2

p-1 khng l s chnh phng .

Trang 4
Cc chuyn bi dng ton THCS
Vy nu p l tch n s nguyn t u tin th p-1 v p+1 khng l s chnh phng
Bi 12: Gi s N = 1.3.5.72007.
Chng minh rng trong 3 s nguyn lin tip 2N-1, 2N v 2N+1 khng c s no l s chnh
phng.
a. 2N-1 = 2.1.3.5.72007 1
C 2N

2N-1 khng chia ht cho 3 v 2N-1 = 3k+2 (k

N)

2N-1 khng l s chnh phng.

b. 2N = 2.1.3.5.72007
V N l

N khng chia ht cho 2 v 2N

2 nhng 2N khng chia ht cho 4.

2N chn nn 2N khng chia cho 4 d 1

2N khng l s chnh phng.

c. 2N+1 = 2.1.3.5.72007 + 1
2N+1 l nn 2N+1 khng chia ht cho 4
2N khng chia ht cho 4 nn 2N+1 khng chia cho 4 d 1

2N+1 khng l s chnh phng.

Bi 13: Cho a = 111 ; b = 10005

2008 ch s 1 2007 ch s 0
Chng minh 1 + ab l s t nhin.
Cch 1: Ta c a = 111 =
9
1 10
2008

; b = 10005 = 1000 + 5 = 10
2008
+ 5
2008 ch s 1 2007 ch s 0 2008 ch s 0

ab+1 =
9
) 5 10 )( 1 10 (
2008 2008
+
+ 1 =
9
9 5 10 . 4 ) 10 (
2008 2 2008
+ +
=

,
_

+
3
2 10
2008
1 + ab =

,
_

+
3
2 10
2008
=
3
2 10
2008
+
Ta thy 10
2008
+ 2 = 10002 3 nn
3
2 10
2008
+
N hay 1 + ab l s t nhin.
2007 ch s 0
Cch 2: b = 10005 = 1000 1 + 6 = 999 + 6 = 9a +6

2007 ch s 0 2008 ch s 0 2008 ch s 9

ab+1 = a(9a +6) + 1 = 9a

2
+ 6a + 1 = (3a+1)
2

1 + ab =
2
) 1 3 ( + a = 3a + 1 N
Trang 5
2
2
Cc chuyn bi dng ton THCS
B. DNG 2 : TM GI TR CA BIN BIU THC L S CHNH PHNG
Bi1: Tm s t nhin n sao cho cc s sau l s chnh phng:
a. n
2
+ 2n + 12 b. n ( n+3 )
c. 13n + 3 d. n
2
+ n + 1589
Gii
a. V n
2
+ 2n + 12 l s chnh phng nn t n
2
+ 2n + 12 = k
2
(k N)

(n
2
+ 2n + 1) + 11 = k
2

k
2
(n+1)
2
= 11

(k+n+1)(k-n-1) = 11
Nhn xt thy k+n+1 > k-n-1 v chng l nhng s nguyn dng, nn ta c th vit (k+n+1)(k-n-1)
= 11.1

k+n+1 = 11

k = 6
k n - 1 = 1 n = 4
b. t n(n+3) = a
2
(n N)

n
2
+ 3n = a
2

4n
2
+ 12n = 4a
2

(4n
2
+ 12n + 9) 9 = 4a
2

(2n + 3)
2
- 4a
2
= 9

(2n + 3 + 2a)(2n + 3 2a)= 9

Nhn xt thy 2n + 3 + 2a > 2n + 3 2a v chng l nhng s nguyn dng, nn ta c th vit (2n
+ 3 + 2a)(2n + 3 2a) = 9.1

2n + 3 + 2a = 9

n = 1
2n + 3 2a = 1 a = 2
c. t 13n + 3 = y
2
( y N)

13(n 1) = y
2
16

13(n 1) = (y + 4)(y 4)

(y + 4)(y 4)

13 m 13 l s nguyn t nn y + 4

13 hoc y 4

13

y = 13k
t
4 (Vi k N)

13(n 1) = (13k
t
4 )
2
16 = 13k.(13k
t
8)

n = 13k
2

t
8k + 1
Vy n = 13k
2

t
8k + 1 (Vi k N) th 13n + 3 l s chnh phng.
d. t n
2
+ n + 1589 = m
2
(m N)

(4n
2
+ 1)
2
+ 6355 = 4m
2

(2m + 2n +1)(2m 2n -1) = 6355

Nhn xt thy 2m + 2n +1> 2m 2n -1 > 0 v chng l nhng s l, nn ta c th vit (2m + 2n +1)
(2m 2n -1) = 6355.1 = 1271.5 = 205.31 = 155.41
Suy ra n c th c cc gi tr sau: 1588; 316; 43; 28.
Bi 2: Tm a cc s sau l nhng s chnh phng:
a. a
2
+ a + 43
b. a
2
+ 81
c. a
2
+ 31a + 1984
Kt qu: a. 2; 42; 13
b. 0; 12; 40
Trang 6
Cc chuyn bi dng ton THCS
c. 12; 33; 48; 97; 176; 332; 565; 1728
Bi 3: Tm s t nhin n 1 sao cho tng 1! + 2! + 3! + + n! l mt s chnh phng .
Vi n = 1 th 1! = 1 = 1
2
l s chnh phng .
Vi n = 2 th 1! + 2! = 3 khng l s chnh phng
Vi n = 3 th 1! + 2! + 3! = 1+1.2+1.2.3 = 9 = 3
2
l s chnh phng
Vi n 4 ta c 1! + 2! + 3! + 4! = 1+1.2+1.2.3+1.2.3.4 = 33 cn 5!; 6!; ; n! u tn cng bi 0 do
1! + 2! + 3! + + n! c tn cng bi ch s 3 nn n khng phi l s chnh phng .
Vy c 2 s t nhin n tha mn bi l n = 1; n = 3.
Bi 4: Tm n N cc s sau l s chnh phng:
a. n
2
+ 2004 ( Kt qu: 500; 164)
b. (23 n)(n 3) ( Kt qu: 3; 5; 7; 13; 19; 21; 23)
c. n
2
+ 4n + 97
d. 2
n
+ 15
Bi 5: C hay khng s t nhin n 2006 + n
2
l s chnh phng.
Gi s 2006 + n
2
l s chnh phng th 2006 + n
2
= m
2
(m N)
T suy ra m
2
n
2
= 2006

(m + n)(m - n) = 2006
Nh vy trong 2 s m v n phi c t nht 1 s chn (1)
Mt khc m + n + m n = 2m

2 s m + n v m n cng tnh chn l (2)

T (1) v (2)

m + n v m n l 2 s chn

(m + n)(m - n)

4 Nhng 2006 khng chia ht cho 4

iu gi s sai.
Vy khng tn ti s t nhin n 2006 + n
2
l s chnh phng.
Bi 6: Bit x N v x>2. Tm x sao cho x(x-1).x(x-1) = (x-2)xx(x-1)
ng thc cho c vit li nh sau: x(x-1) = (x-2)xx(x-1)
Do v tri l mt s chnh phng nn v phi cng l mt s chnh phng .
Mt s chnh phng ch c th tn cng bi 1 trong cc ch s 0; 1; 4; 5; 6; 9 nn x ch c th tn
cng bi 1 trong cc ch s 1; 2; 5; 6; 7; 0 (1)
Do x l ch s nn x 9, kt hp vi iu kin bi ta c x N v 2 < x 9 (2)
Trang 7
2
Cc chuyn bi dng ton THCS
T (1) v (2)

x ch c th nhn 1 trong cc gi tr 5; 6; 7.
Bng php th ta thy ch c x = 7 tha mn bi, khi 76
2
= 5776
Bi 7: Tm s t nhin n c 2 ch s bit rng 2n+1 v 3n+1 u l cc s chnh phng.
Ta c 10 n 99 nn 21 2n+1 199. Tm s chnh phng l trong khong trn ta c 25; 49;
81; 121; 169 tng ng vi s n bng 12; 24; 40; 60; 84.
S 3n+1 bng 37; 73; 121; 181; 253. Ch c 121 l s chnh phng.
Vy n = 40
Bi 8: Chng minh rng nu n l s t nhin sao cho n+1 v 2n+1 u l cc s chnh phng th n
l bi s ca 24.
V n+1 v 2n+1 l cc s chnh phng nn t n+1 = k
2
, 2n+1 = m
2
(k, m N)
Ta c m l s l

m = 2a+1

m
2
= 4a (a+1) + 1

n =
2
1
2
m
=
2
) 1 ( 4 + a a
= 2a(a+1)

n chn

n+1 l

k l

t k = 2b+1 (Vi b N)

k
2
= 4b(b+1) +1

n = 4b(b+1)

8 (1)
Ta c k
2
+ m
2
= 3n + 2

2 (mod3)
Mt khc k
2
chia cho 3 d 0 hoc 1, m
2
chia cho 3 d 0 hoc 1.
Nn k
2
+ m
2

2 (mod3) th k
2

1 (mod3)
m
2

1 (mod3)

m
2
k
2

3 hay (2n+1) (n+1)

3 (2)
M (8; 3) = 1 (3)
T (1), (2), (3)

24.
Bi 9: Tm tt c cc s t nhin n sao cho s 2
8
+ 2
11
+ 2
n
l s chnh phng .
Gi s 2
8
+ 2
11
+ 2
n
= a
2
(a N) th
2
n
= a
2
48
2
= (a+48)(a-48)
2
p
.2
q
= (a+48)(a-48) Vi p, q N ; p+q = n v p > q

a+48 = 2
p

2
p
2
q
= 96

2
q
(2
p-q
-1) = 2
5
.3
a- 48 = 2
q

q = 5 v p-q = 2

p = 7

n = 5+7 = 12
Th li ta c: 2
8
+ 2
11
+ 2
n
= 80
2
Trang 8
Cc chuyn bi dng ton THCS
C.DNG 3: TM S CHNH PHNG
Bi 1: Cho A l s chnh phng gm 4 ch s. Nu ta thm vo mi ch s ca A mt n v th ta
c s chnh phng B. Hy tm cc s A v B.
Gi A = abcd = k
2
. Nu thm vo mi ch s ca A mt n v th ta c s
B = (a+1)(b+1)(c+1)(d+1) = m
2
vi k, m N v 32 < k < m < 100
a, b, c, d N ; 1 a 9 ; 0 b, c, d 9

Ta c A = abcd = k
2

B = abcd + 1111 = m
2

m
2
k
2
= 1111

(m-k)(m+k) = 1111 (*)

Nhn xt thy tch (m-k)(m+k) > 0 nn m-k v m+k l 2 s nguyn dng.
V m-k < m+k < 200 nn (*) c th vit (m-k)(m+k) = 11.101
Do m k == 11

m = 56

A = 2025
m + k = 101 n = 45 B = 3136
Bi 2: Tm 1 s chnh phng gm 4 ch s bit rng s gm 2 ch s u ln hn s gm 2 ch s
sau 1 n v.
t abcd = k
2
ta c ab cd = 1 v k N, 32 k < 100
Suy ra 101cd = k
2
100 = (k-10)(k+10)

k +10

101 hoc k-10

101
M (k-10; 101) = 1

k +10

101
V 32 k < 100 nn 42 k+10 < 110

k+10 = 101

k = 91

abcd = 91
2
= 8281
Bi 3: Tm s chnh phng c 4 ch s bit rng 2 ch s u ging nhau, 2 ch s cui ging
nhau.
Gi s chnh phng phi tm l aabb = n
2
vi a, b N, 1 a 9; 0 b 9
Ta c n
2
= aabb = 11.a0b = 11.(100a+b) = 11.(99a+a+b) (1)
Nhn xt thy aabb

11

a + b

11
M 1 a 9 ; 0 b 9 nn 1 a+b 18

a+b = 11
Thay a+b = 11 vo (1) c n
2
= 11
2
(9a+1) do 9a+1 l s chnh phng .
Bng php th vi a = 1; 2; ; 9 ta thy ch c a = 7 tha mn

b = 4
S cn tm l 7744
Trang 9
Cc chuyn bi dng ton THCS
Bi 4: Tm mt s c 4 ch s va l s chnh phng va l mt lp phng.
Gi s chnh phng l abcd . V abcd va l s chnh phng va l mt lp phng nn t
abcd = x
2
= y
3
Vi x, y N
V y
3
= x
2
nn y cng l mt s chnh phng .
Ta c 1000 abcd 9999

10 y 21 v y chnh phng

y = 16

abcd = 4096
Bi 5: Tm mt s chnh phng gm 4 ch s sao cho ch s cui l s nguyn t, cn bc hai ca
s c tng cc ch s l mt s chnh phng.
Gi s phi tm l abcd vi a, b, c, d nguyn v 1 a 9 ; 0 b,c,d 9
abcd chnh phng

d{ 0,1,4,5,6,9}
d nguyn t

d = 5
t abcd = k
2
< 10000

32 k < 100
k l mt s c hai ch s m k
2
c tn cng bng 5

k tn cng bng 5
Tng cc ch s ca k l mt s chnh phng

k = 45

abcd = 2025
Vy s phi tm l 2025
Bi 6: Tm s t nhin c hai ch s bit rng hiu cc bnh phng ca s v vit s bi hai ch
s ca s nhng theo th t ngc li l mt s chnh phng
Gi s t nhin c hai ch s phi tm l ab ( a,b N, 1 a,b 9 )
S vit theo th t ngc li ba
Ta c ab - ba

= ( 10a + b )
2
( 10b + a )
2
= 99 ( a
2
b
2
)

11

a
2
- b
2

11
Hay ( a-b )(a+b )

11
V 0 < a - b 8 , 2 a+b 18 nn a+b

11

a + b = 11
Khi ab

- ba = 3
2
. 11
2
. (a - b)
ab

- ba l s chnh phng th a - b phi l s chnh phng do a-b = 1 hoc a - b = 4
Nu a-b = 1 kt hp vi a+b = 11

a = 6, b = 5, ab = 65
Khi 65
2
56
2
= 1089 = 33
2
Nu a - b = 4 kt hp vi a+b = 11

a = 7,5 ( loi )
Vy s phi tm l 65
Trang 10
2 2
2 2
2 2
Cc chuyn bi dng ton THCS
Bi 7: Cho mt s chnh phng c 4 ch s. Nu thm 3 vo mi ch s ta cng c mt s
chnh phng. Tm s chnh phng ban u
( Kt qu: 1156 )
Bi 8: Tm s c 2 ch s m bnh phng ca s y bng lp phng ca tng cc ch s ca n.
Gi s phi tm l ab vi a,b

N v 1 a 9 , 0 b 9
Theo gi thit ta c : ab = ( a + b )
3

(10a+b)
2
= ( a + b )
3

ab l mt lp phng v a+b l mt s chnh phng

t ab = t
3
( t

N ) , a + b = l
2
( l

N )
V 10 ab 99

ab = 27 hoc ab = 64
Nu ab = 27

a + b = 9 l s chnh phng
Nu ab = 64

a + b = 10 khng l s chnh phng

loi
Vy s cn tm l ab = 27
Bi 9: Tm 3 s l lin tip m tng bnh phng l mt s c 4 ch s ging nhau.
Gi 3 s l lin tip l 2n-1, 2n+1, 2n+3 ( n

N)
Ta c A= ( 2n-1 )
2
+ ( 2n+1)
2
+ ( 2n+3 )
2
= 12n
2
+ 12n + 11
Theo bi ta t 12n
2
+ 12n + 11 = aaaa = 1111.a vi a l v 1 a 9

12n( n + 1 ) = 11(101a 1 )

101a 1

2a 1

3
V 1 a 9 nn 1 2a-1 17 v 2a-1 l nn 2a 1

{ 3; 9; 15 }

{ 2; 5; 8 }
V a l

a = 5

n = 21
3 s cn tm l 41; 43; 45
Bi 10: Tm s c 2 ch s sao cho tch ca s vi tng cc ch s ca n bng tng lp phng
cc ch s ca s .
ab (a + b ) = a
3
+ b
3

10a + b = a
2
ab + b
2
= ( a + b )
2
3ab

3a( 3 + b ) = ( a + b ) ( a + b 1 )
a + b v a + b 1 nguyn t cng nhau do
a + b = 3a hoc a + b 1 = 3a
a + b 1 = 3 + b a + b = 3 + b

a = 4 , b = 8 hoc a = 3 , b = 7
Trang 11
2
Cc chuyn bi dng ton THCS
Vy ab = 48 hoc ab = 37.
Dng I : CHNG MINH MT S KHNG PHI L S CHNH PHNG.
Trong chng trnh Ton lp 6, cc em c hc v cc bi ton lin quan ti php chia ht
ca mt s t nhin cho mt s t nhin khc 0 v c bit l c gii thiu v s chnh phng, l
s t nhin bng bnh phng ca mt s t nhin (chng hn : 0 ; 1 ; 4 ; 9 ;16 ; 25 ; 121 ; 144 ; ).
Kt hp cc kin thc trn, cc em c th gii quyt bi ton : Chng minh mt s khng phi l
s chnh phng. y cng l mt cch cng c cc kin thc m cc em c hc. Nhng bi ton
ny s lm tng thm lng say m mn ton cho cc em.
1. Nhn ch s tn cng
V s chnh phng bng bnh phng ca mt s t nhin nn c th thy ngay s chnh phng phi
c ch s tn cng l mt trong cc ch s 0 ; 1 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 9. T cc em c th gii c bi ton
kiu sau y :
Bi ton 1 : Chng minh s : n = 2004
2
+ 2003
2
+ 2002
2
- 2001
2
khng phi l s chnh phng.
Li gii : D dng thy ch s tn cng ca cc s 2004
2
; 2003
2
; 2002
2
; 2001
2
ln lt l 6 ; 9 ;
4 ; 1(4
2
.=16,3
2
=9,2
2
=4,1
2
=1).Do s n c ch s tn cng l 8 (6+9+4-1=18) nn n khng phi l s
chnh phng.
*Ch : Nhiu khi s cho c ch s tn cng l mt trong cc s 0 ; 1 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 9 nhng vn khng
phi l s chnh phng. Khi cc bn phi lu thm mt cht na :
**Nu s chnh phng chia ht cho s nguyn t p th phi chia ht cho p
2
.
Bi ton 2 : Chng minh s 1234567890 khng phi l s chnh phng.
Li gii : Thy ngay s 1234567890 chia ht cho 5 (v ch s tn cng l 0) nhng khng chia
ht cho 25 (v hai ch s tn cng l 90). Do s 1234567890 khng phi l s chnh phng.
*Ch : C th l lun 1234567890 chia ht cho 2 (v ch s tn cng l 0), nhng khng chia ht cho
4 (v hai ch s tn cng l 90) nn 1234567890 khng l s chnh phng.
Bi ton 3 : Chng minh rng nu mt s c tng cc ch s l 2004 th s khng phi l s
chnh phng.
Li gii : Ta thy tng cc ch s ca s 2004 l 6 nn 2004 chia ht cho 3 m khng chia ht 9
nn s c tng cc ch s l 2004 cng chia ht cho 3 m khng chia ht cho 9, do s ny khng phi
l s chnh phng.
2. Dng tnh cht ca s d
Bi ton 4 : Chng minh mt s c tng cc ch s l 2006 khng phi l s chnh phng.
Chc chn cc em s d b chong. Vy bi ton ny ta s phi ngh ti iu g ? V cho gi
thit v tng cc ch s nn chc chn cc em phi ngh ti php chia cho 3 hoc cho 9. Nhng li khng
gp iu k diu nh bi ton 3. Th th ta ni c iu g v s ny ? Chc chn s ny chia cho 3
phi d 2. T ta c li gii.
Li gii : V s chnh phng khi chia cho 3 ch c s d l 0 hoc 1 m thi (coi nh bi tp cc
em t chng minh !). Do tng cc ch s ca s l 2006 nn s chia cho 3 d 2. Chng t s
cho khng phi l s chnh phng.
*.Bi tp p dng :
Bi ton 5 : Chng minh tng cc s t nhin lin tip t 1 n 2005 khng phi l s chnh
phng.
Bi ton 6 : Chng minh s : n = 2004
4
+ 2004
3
+ 2004
2
+ 23 khng l s chnh phng.
Bi ton 7 : Chng minh s :
n = 4
4
+ 44
44
+ 444
444
+ 4444
4444
+ 15
khng l s chnh phng.
3. Kp s gia hai s chnh phng lin tip
Cc em c th thy rng : Nu n l s t nhin v s t nhin k tha mn n
2
< k < (n + 1)
2
th k khng l
s chnh phng. T cc em c th xt c cc bi ton sau :
Trang 12
Cc chuyn bi dng ton THCS
Bi ton 8 : Chng minh s 4014025 khng l s chnh phng.
*Nhn xt : S ny c hai ch s tn cng l 25, chia cho 3 d 1, chia cho 4 cng d 1. Th l tt c cc
cch lm trc u khng vn dng c. Cc em c th thy li gii theo mt hng khc.
Li gii : Ta c 2003
2
= 4012009 ; 2004
2
= 4016016 nn 2003
2
< 4014025 < 2004
2
. Chng t
4014025 khng l s chnh phng.
Bi ton 9 : Chng minh A = n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) khng l s chnh phng vi mi s t
nhin n khc 0.
*Nhn xt : i vi cc em lm quen vi dng biu thc ny th c th nhn ra A + 1 l s chnh
phng (y l bi ton quen thuc vi lp 8). Cc em lp 6, lp 7 cng c th chu kh c li gii.
Li gii : Ta c :
A + 1 = n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) + 1 = (n
2
+ 3n)(n
2
+ 3n + 2) + 1 = (n
2
+ 3n)
2
+ 2(n2 + 3n) +1 = (n
2
+
3n +1)
2
.
Mt khc :
(n
2
+ 3n)
2
< (n
2
+ 3n)
2
+ 2(n
2
+ 3n) = A.
iu ny hin nhin ng v n 1. Chng t : (n
2
+ 3n)
2
< A < A + 1 = (n
2
+ 3n +1)
2
. => A khng l s
chnh phng.
*.Bi tp p dng :
Bi ton 10 : Hy tm s t nhin n sao cho A = n
4
- 2n
3
+ 3n
2
- 2n l s chnh phng.
Bi ton 11 : Chng minh s 23
5
+ 23
12
+ 23
2003
khng l s chnh phng.
Bi ton 12 : C 1000 mnh ba hnh ch nht, trn mi mnh ba c ghi mt s trong cc s
t 2 n 1001 sao cho khng c hai mnh no ghi s ging nhau. Chng minh rng : Khng th ghp tt
c cc mnh ba ny lin nhau c mt s chnh phng.
Bi ton 13 : Chng minh rng : Tng cc bnh phng ca bn s t nhin lin tip khng th
l s chnh phng.
Bi ton 14 : Chng minh rng s 333
333
+ 555
555
+ 777
777
khng l s chnh phng.
Bi ton 15 : Lc u c hai mnh ba, mt cu b tinh nghch c cm mt mnh ba ln li x ra
lm bn mnh. Cu ta mong rng c lm nh vy n mt lc no s c s mnh ba l mt s
chnh phng. Cu ta c thc hin c mong mun khng ?
D NG 2 : CHNG MINH MT S L S CHNH PHNG.
Cc bn c gii thiu cc phng php chng minh mt s khng phi l s chnh phng
trong TTT2 s 9. Bi vit ny, ti mun gii thiu vi cc bn bi ton chng minh mt s l s chnh
phng.
**Phng php 1 : Da vo nh ngha.
Ta bit rng, s chnh phng l bnh phng ca mt s t nhin. Da vo nh ngha ny, ta c
th nh hng gii quyt cc bi ton.
*Bi ton 1 : Chng minh : Vi mi s t nhin n th a
n
= n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) + 1 l s chnh
phng.
Li gii : Ta c :
a
n
= n(n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3) + 1 = (n
2
+ 3n) (n
2
+ 3n + 2) + 1
= (n
2
+ 3n)
2
+ 2(n
2
+ 3n) + 1= (n
2
+ 3n + 1)
2
Vi n l s t nhin th n
2
+ 3n + 1 cng l s t nhin, theo nh ngha, a
n
l s chnh phng.
*Bi ton 2 : Chng minh s : l s chnh phng.
Li gii :
Ta c :
Trang 13
Cc chuyn bi dng ton THCS
Vy : l s chnh phng.
**Phng php 2 : Da vo tnh cht c bit.
Ta c th chng minh mt tnh cht rt c bit : Nu a, b l hai s t nhin nguyn t cng
nhau v a.b l mt s chnh phng th a v b u l cc s chnh phng.
Bi ton 3 : Chng minh rng : Nu m, n l cc s t nhin tha mn 3m
2
+ m = 4n
2
+ n th m - n
v 4m + 4n + 1 u l s chnh phng.
Li gii :
Ta c : 3m
2
+ m = 4n2 + n
tng ng vi 4(m
2
- n2) + (m - n) = m
2

hay l (m - n)(4m + 4n + 1) = m
2
(*)
Gi d l c chung ln nht ca m - n v 4m + 4n + 1 th (4m + 4n + 1) + 4(m - n) chia ht cho d => 8m
+ 1 ch ht cho d.
Mt khc, t (*) ta c : m
2
chia ht cho d
2
=> m chia ht cho d.
T 8m + 1 chia ht cho d v m chia ht cho d ta c 1 chia ht cho d => d = 1.
Vy m - n v 4m + 4n + 1 l cc s t nhin nguyn t cng nhau, tha mn (*) nn chng u l cc s
chnh phng.
**Bi tp p dng:
Bi1) Chng minh cc s sau y l s chnh phng :
Bi2) Cho cc s nguyn dng a, b, c i mt nguyn t cng nhau, tha mn :
1/a + 1/b = 1/c. .....Hy cho bit a + b c l s chnh phng hay khng ?
Bi3) Chng minh rng, vi mi s t nhin n th 3
n
+ 4 khng l s chnh phng.
Trang 14
Cc chuyn bi dng ton THCS
Bi4) Tm s t nhin n n
2
+ 2n + 2004 l s chnh phng.
Bi5) Chng minh : Nu : v n l hai s t nhin th a l s chnh phng.
Trang 15
Cc chuyn bi dng ton THCS
S nguyn t
I. Kin thc cn nh:
1. Dnh ngha:
* S nguyn t l s t nhin ln hn 1, ch c hai c l 1 v chnh n.
* Hp s l s t nhin ln hn 1, c nhiu hn hai c.
2. Tnh cht:
* Nu s nguyn t p chia ht cho s nguyn t q th p = q.
* Nu tch abc chia ht cho s nguyn t p th t nht mt tha s ca tch
abc chia ht cho s nguyn t p.
* Nu a v b khng chia ht cho s nguyn t p th tch ab khng chia ht
cho s nguyn t p .
3. Cch nhn bit mt s nguyn t:
a) Chia s ln lt cho cc s nguyn t bit t nh n ln.
- Nu c mt php chia ht th s khng phi l s nguyn t.
- Nu chia cho n lc s thng nh hn s chia m cc php chia vn cn
s d th ss l s nguyn t.
b) Mt s c 2 c s ln hn 1 th s khng phi l s nguyn t.
4. Phn tch mt s ra tha s nguyn t:
* Phn tch mt s t nhin ln hn 1 ra tha s nguyn t l vit s di
dng mt tch cc tha s nguyn t.
- Dng phn tch ra tha s nguyn t ca mi s nguyn t l chnh s .
- Mi hp s u phn tch c ra tha s nguyn t.
. .....
i , , nhng s nguyn t.
, , ..., N v , , ..., 1
A a b c
V a b c l

5. S cc c s v tng cc c s ca mt s:
+1 1 1
s . .....
i , , nhng s nguyn t.
, , ..., N v , , ..., 1
1. S cc c s ca A l: ( +1)( +1)...( +1).
a 1 1 1
2. Tng cc c s ca A l: . ...
1 1 1
Gi A a b c
V a b c l
b c
a b c

+ +

6. S nguyn t cng nhau:
* Hai s nguyn t cng nhau l hai s c CLN bng 1.
Hai s a v b nguyn t cng nhau

CLN(a, b) = 1.
Cc s a, b, c nguyn t cng nhau

CLN(a, b, c) = 1.
Cc s a, b, c i mt nguyn t cng nhau

CLN(a, b) = CLN(b, c) =
CLN(c, a) =1.
II. Cc v d:
VD1: Ta bit rng c 25 s nguyn t nh hn 100. Tng ca 25 s nguyn t l
s chn hay s l.
HD:
Trong 25 s nguyn t nh hn 100 c cha mt s nguyn t chn duy nht l 2,
cn 24 s nguyn t cn li l s l. Do tng ca 25 s nguyn t l s chn.
Trang 16
Cc chuyn bi dng ton THCS
VD2: Tng ca 3 s nguyn t bng 1012. Tm s nguyn t nh nht trong ba s
nguyn t .
HD:
V tng ca 3 s nguyn t bng 1012, nn trong 3 s nguyn t tn ti
t nht mt s nguyn t chn. M s nguyn t chn duy nht l 2 v l s
nguyn t nh nht. Vy s nguyn t nh nht trong 3 s nguyn t l 2.
VD3: Tng ca 2 s nguyn t c th bng 2003 hay khng? V sao?
HD:
V tng ca 2 s nguyn t bng 2003, nn trong 2 s nguyn t tn ti 1 s
nguyn t chn. M s nguyn t chn duy nht l 2. Do s nguyn t cn li l
2001. Do 2001 chia ht cho 3 v 2001 > 3. Suy ra 2001 khng phi l s nguyn
t.
VD4: Tm s nguyn t p, sao cho p + 2 v p + 4 cng l cc s nguyn t.
HD:
Gi s p l s nguyn t.
- Nu p = 2 th p + 2 = 4 v p + 4 = 6 u khng phi l s nguyn t.
- Nu p 3 th s nguyn t p c 1 trong 3 dng: 3k, 3k + 1, 3k + 2 vi k

N*.
+) Nu p = 3k

p = 3

p + 2 = 5 v p + 4 = 7 u l cc s nguyn t.
+) Nu p = 3k +1 th p + 2 = 3k + 3 = 3(k + 1)

p + 2 M3 v p + 2 > 3. Do

p + 2 l hp s.
+) Nu p = 3k + 2 th p + 4 = 3k + 6 = 3(k + 2)

p + 4 M3 v p + 4 > 3. Do

p + 4 l hp s.
Vy vi p = 3 th p + 2 v p + 4 cng l cc s nguyn t.
VD5: Cho p v p + 4 l cc s nguyn t (p > 3). Chng minh rng p + 8 l hp s.
HD:
V p l s nguyn t v p > 3, nn s nguyn t p c 1 trong 2 dng: 3k + 1, 3k + 2
vi k

N*.
- Nu p = 3k + 2 th p + 4 = 3k + 6 = 3(k + 2)

p + 4 M3 v p + 4 > 3. Do

p + 4 l hp s ( Tri vi bi p + 4 l s nguyn t).
- Nu p = 3k + 1 th p + 8 = 3k + 9 = 3(k + 3)

p + 8 M3 v p + 8 > 3. Do

p + 8 l hp s.
Vy s nguyn t p c dng: p = 3k + 1 th p + 8 l hp s.
VD6: Chng minh rng mi s nguyn t ln hn 2 u c dng 4n + 1 hoc 4n
1.
HD:
Mi s t nhin n khi chia cho 4 c th c 1 trong cc s d: 0; 1; 2; 3. Do mi s
t nhin n u c th vit c di 1 trong 4 dng: 4k, 4k + 1, 4k + 2, 4k + 3
vi k

N*.
- Nu n = 4k

nM4

n l hp s.
- Nu n = 4k + 2

nM2

n l hp s.
Vy mi s nguyn t ln hn 2 u c dng 4k + 1 hoc 4k 1. Hay mi s
nguyn t ln hn 2 u c dng 4n + 1 hoc 4n 1 vi n

N*.
VD7: Tm ss nguyn t, bit rng s bng tng ca hai s nguyn t v bng
hiu ca hai s nguyn t.
Trang 17
Cc chuyn bi dng ton THCS
HD:
s a, b, c, d, e l cc s nguyn t v d >e.
Theo bi ra: a =b +c =d - e (*).
T (*) a >2 a l s nguyn t l .
b +c v d - e l s l .
Do b, d l cc s nguyn t b, d l s l c, e
Gi

l s chn.
c =e =2 (do c, e l cc s nguyn t).
a =b +2 =d - 2 d =b +4.
Vy ta cn tm s nguyn t b sao cho b +2 v b +4 cng l cc s nguyn t.

VD8: Tm tt c cc s nguyn t x, y sao cho: x
2
6y
2
= 1.
HD:
2 2 2 2 2
2
2 2
2
: x 6 1 1 6 ( 1)( 1) 6
6 2 ( 1)( 1) 2
x - 1 +x +1 =2x x - 1 v x +1 c c ng tnh chn l .
x - 1 v x +1 l hai s chn lin tip
( 1)( 1) 8 6 8 3 4
2 2 2 5
Ta c y x y x x y
Do y x x
M
x x y y
y y y x
+
+

+

M M
M M M
M M
VD9: Cho p v p + 2 l cc s nguyn t (p > 3). Chng minh rng p + 1M6.
HD:
V p l s nguyn t v p > 3, nn s nguyn t p c 1 trong 2 dng: 3k + 1, 3k + 2
vi k

N*.
- Nu p = 3k + 1 th p + 2 = 3k + 3 = 3(k + 1)

p + 2 M3 v p + 2 > 3. Do

p + 2 l hp s ( Tri vi bi p + 2 l s nguyn t).
- Nu p = 3k + 2 th p + 1 = 3k + 3 = 3(k + 1) (1).
Do p l s nguyn t v p > 3

p l

k l

k + 1 chn

k + 1M2 (2)
T (1) v (2)

p + 1M6.
II. Bi tp vn dng:
Bi 1: Tm s nguyn t p sao cho cc s sau cng l s nguyn t:
a) p + 2 v p + 10.
b) p + 10 v p + 20.
c) p + 10 v p + 14.
d) p + 14 v p + 20.
e) p + 2v p + 8.
f) p + 2 v p + 14.
g) p + 4 v p + 10.
h) p + 8 v p + 10.
Bi 2: Tm s nguyn t p sao cho cc s sau cng l s nguyn t:
a) p + 2, p + 8, p + 12, p + 14.
b) p + 2, p + 6, p + 8, p + 14.
c) p + 6, p + 8, p + 12, p + 14.
d) p + 2, p + 6, p + 8, p + 12, p + 14.
e) p + 6, p + 12, p + 18, p + 24.
f) p + 18, p + 24, p + 26, p + 32.
Trang 18
Cc chuyn bi dng ton THCS
g) p + 4, p + 6, p + 10, p + 12, p+16.
Bi 3:
a) Cho p v p + 4 l cc s nguyn t (p > 3). Chng minh rng: p + 8 l hp s.
b) Cho p v 2p + 1 l cc s nguyn t (p > 3). Chng minh rng: 4p + 1 l hp
s.
c) Cho p v 10p + 1 l cc s nguyn t (p > 3). Chng minh rng: 5p + 1 l hp
s.
d) Cho p v p + 8 l cc s nguyn t (p > 3). Chng minh rng: p + 4 l hp s.
e) Cho p v 4p + 1 l cc s nguyn t (p > 3). Chng minh rng: 2p + 1 l hp
s.
f) Cho p v 5p + 1 l cc s nguyn t (p > 3). Chng minh rng: 10p + 1 l hp
s.
g) Cho p v 8p + 1 l cc s nguyn t (p > 3). Chng minh rng: 8p - 1 l hp
s.
h) Cho p v 8p - 1 l cc s nguyn t (p > 3). Chng minh rng: 8p + 1 l hp
s.
i) Cho p v 8p
2
- 1 l cc s nguyn t (p > 3). Chng minh rng: 8p
2
+ 1 l hp
s.
j) Cho p v 8p
2
+ 1 l cc s nguyn t (p > 3). Chng minh rng: 8p
2
- 1 l hp
s.
Bi 4: Chng minh rng:
a) Nu p v q l hai s nguyn t ln hn 3 th p
2
q
2
M24.
b) Nu a, a + k, a + 2k (a, k

N
*
) l cc s nguyn t ln hn 3 th k M6.
Bi 5:
a) Mt s nguyn t chia cho 42 c s d r l hp s. Tm s d r.
b) Mt s nguyn t chia cho 30 c s d r. Tm s d r bit rng r khng l s
nguyn t.
Bi 6: Hai s nguyn t gi l sinh i nu chng l hai s nguyn t l lin tip.
Chng minh rng mt s t nhin ln hn 3 nm gia hai s nguyn t sinh i th
chia ht cho 6.
Bi 7: Cho 3 s nguyn t ln hn 3, trong s sau ln hn s trc l d n v.
Chng minh rng d chia ht cho 6.
Bi 8: Tm s nguyn t c ba ch s, bit rng nu vit s theo th t ngc
li th ta c mt s l lp phng ca mt s t nhin.
Bi 9: Tm s t nhin c 4 ch s, ch s hng nghn bng ch s hng n
v, ch s hng trm bng ch s hng chc v s vit c di dng tch ca 3
s nguyn t lin tip.
Bi 10: Tm 3 s nguyn t l lin tip u l cc s nguyn t.
Bi 11: Tm 3 s nguyn t lin tip p, q, r sao cho p
2
+ q
2
+ r
2
cng l s nguyn
t.
Bi 12: Tm tt c cc b ba s nguyn t a, b, c sao cho a.b.c < a.b + b.c + c.a.
Bi 13: Tm 3 s nguyn t p, q, r sao cho p
q
+ q
p
= r.
Bi 14: Tm cc s nguyn t x, y, z tho mn x
y
+ 1 = z.
Bi 15: Tm s nguyn t
2
, cc s nguyn t v b . abcd sao cho ab ac l cd b c +
Bi 16: Cho cc s p = b
c
+ a, q = a
b
+ c, r = c
a
+ b (a, b, c

N*) l cc s nguyn
t. Chng minh rng 3 s p, q, r c t nht hai s bng nhau.
Bi 17: Tm tt c cc s nguyn t x, y sao cho:
Trang 19
Cc chuyn bi dng ton THCS
a) x
2
12y
2
= 1.
b) 3x
2
+ 1 = 19y
2
.
c) 5x
2
11y
2
= 1.
d) 7x
2
3y
2
= 1.
e) 13x
2
y
2
= 3.
f) x
2
= 8y + 1.
Bi 18: Tm 3 s nguyn t sao cho tch ca chng gp 5 ln tng ca chng.
Bi 19: Chng minh rng iu kin cn v p v 8p
2
+ 1 l cc s nguyn
t l
p = 3.
Bi 20: Chng minh rng: Nu a
2
b
2
l mt s nguyn t th a
2
b
2
= a + b.
Bi 21: Chng minh rng mi s nguyn t ln hn 3 u c dng 6n + 1 hoc
6n 1.
Bi 22: Chng minh rng tng bnh phng ca 3 s nguyn t ln hn 3 khng
th l mt s nguyn t.
Bi 23: Cho s t nhin n2. Gi p
1
, p
2
, ..., p
n
l nhng s nguyn t sao cho
p
n
n + 1. t A = p
1
.p
2
...p
n
. Chng minh rng trong dy s cc s t nhin lin
tip: A + 2, A + 3, ..., A + (n + 1). Khng cha mt s nguyn t no.
Bi 24: Chng minh rng: Nu p l s nguyn t th 2.3.4...(p 3)(p 2) - 1Mp.
Bi 25: Chng minh rng: Nu p l s nguyn t th 2.3.4...(p 2)(p 1) + 1Mp.
Trang 20
Cc chuyn bi dng ton THCS
Chuyn tm ch s tn cng
I. Tm mt ch s tn cng
Tnh cht 1: a) Cc s c ch s tn cng l 0, 1, 5, 6 khi nng ln ly tha bc bt k th ch s tn
cng vn khng thay i.
b) Cc s c ch s tn cng l 4, 9 khi nng ln ly tha bc l th ch s tn cng vn khng thay
i.
c) Cc s c ch s tn cng l 3, 7, 9 khi nng ln ly tha bc 4n (n thuc N) th ch s tn cng l
1.
d) Cc s c ch s tn cng l 2, 4, 8 khi nng ln ly tha bc 4n (n thuc N) th ch s tn cng l
6.
e) Tch ca mt s t nhin c ch s tn cng l 5 vi bt k s t nhin l no cng cho ta s c ch
s tn cng l 5.
Tnh cht 2: Mt s t nhin bt k, khi nng ln ly tha bc 4n + 1 (n thuc N) th ch s tn cng
vn khng thay i.
Tnh cht 3: a) S c ch s tn cng l 3 khi nng ln ly tha bc 4n + 3 s c ch s tn cng l 7 ;
s c ch s tn cng l 7 khi nng ln ly tha bc 4n + 3 s c ch s tn cng l 3.
b) S c ch s tn cng l 2 khi nng ln ly tha bc 4n + 3 s c ch s tn cng l 8 ; s c ch
s tn cng l 8 khi nng ln ly tha bc 4n + 3 s c ch s tn cng l 2.
c) Cc s c ch s tn cng l 0, 1, 4, 5, 6, 9, khi nng ln ly tha bc 4n + 3 s khng thay i
ch s tn cng.
Bi 1: Tm ch s tn cng ca cc s: a) 7
99
b)
14
14
14

c)
67
5
4

Gii: a) Trc ht, ta tm s d ca php chia 99 cho 4: 9
9
1 = (9 1)(9
8
+ 9
7
+ + 9 + 1) chia ht
cho 4 99 = 4k + 1 (k N) 7
99
= 7
4k + 1
= 7
4k
.7
Do 7
4k
c ch s tn cng l 1 7
99
c ch s tn cng l 7.
b) D thy 14
14
= 4k (k N) 14
1414
= 14
4k
c ch s tn cng l 6.
c) Ta c 5
67
1 M4 5
67
= 4k + 1 (k N) 4
567
= 4
4k + 1
= 4
4k
.4 4
4k
c ch s tn cng l 6 nn 4
567
c ch s tn cng l 4.
Bi tp t luyn
Bi 2: Tm ch s tn cng ca cc s:
a) 7
1993
b) 2
1000
c) 3
1993
d) 4
161
e)
4
3
2
g)
9
9
9
h)
1945
8
19
i)
1930
2
3
Bi 3: Chng minh rng: a) 8
102
2
102
M10 b) 17
5
+ 24
4
13
21
M10
c) 43
43
17
17
M10
Bi 4: Tm cc s t nhin n n
10
+ 1 10
Bi 5: C tn ti hay khng s t nhin n n
2
+ n + 2 chia ht cho 5?
Bi 6: Tm ch s tn cng ca C = 1.3.5.7..99
Ch s tn cng ca mt tng cc ly tha c xc nh bng cch tnh tng cc ch s tn cng
ca tng ly tha trong tng.
Bi 2: Tm ch s tn cng ca tng S = 2
1
+ 3
5
+ 4
9
+ + 2004
8009
.
Gii: Trc ht ta c nhn xt: Mi ly tha trong S u c s m khi chia cho 4 th d 1 (cc ly tha
u c dng n
4(n 2) + 1
, n {2, 3, , 2004}).
Theo tnh cht 2, mi ly tha trong S v cc c s tng ng u c ch s tn cng ging nhau,
bng ch s tn cng ca tng:
Trang 21
Cc chuyn bi dng ton THCS
(2 + 3 + + 9) + 199.(1 + 2 + + 9) + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 200(1 + 2 + + 9) + 9 = 9009.
Vy ch s tn cng ca tng S l 9.
Bi 3: Tm ch s tn cng ca tng T = 2
3
+ 3
7
+ 4
11
+ + 2004
8011
.
Gii: Trc ht ta c nhn xt: Mi ly tha trong T u c s m khi chia cho 4 th d 3 (cc ly tha
u c dng n
4(n 2) + 3
, n thuc {2, 3, , 2004}).
Theo tnh cht 3 th 2
3
c ch s tn cng l 8 ; 3
7
c ch s tn cng l 7 ; 4
11
c ch s tn cng l
4 ; Nh vy, tng T c ch s tn cng bng ch s tn cng ca tng: (8 + 7 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 3 + 2 + 9)
+ 199.(1 + 8 + 7 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 3 + 2 + 9) + 1 + 8 + 7 + 4 = 200(1 + 8 + 7 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 3 + 2 + 9) + 8 + 7
+ 4 = 9019. Vy: ch s tn cng ca tng T l 9.
Bi 4: Tn ti hay khng s t nhin n sao cho n
2
+ n + 1 chia ht cho 1995
2000
.
Gii: 1995
2000
tn cng bi ch s 5 nn chia ht cho 5. V vy, ta t vn l liu n
2
+ n + 1 c chia ht
cho 5 khng? Ta c n
2
+ n = n(n + 1), l tch ca hai s t nhin lin tip nn ch s tn cng ca n
2
+ n
ch c th l 0; 2; 6 n
2
+ n + 1 ch c th tn cng l 1; 3; 7 n
2
+ n + 1 khng chia ht cho 5.
Vy: khng tn ti s t nhin n sao cho n
2
+ n + 1 chia ht cho 1995
2000
.
Bi tp t luyn
S dng tnh cht Mt s chnh phng ch c th tn cng bi cc ch s 0 ; 1 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 9, ta c
th gii c Bi sau:
Bi 5: Chng minh rng cc tng sau khng th l s chnh phng:
a) M = 19
k
+ 5
k
+ 1995
k
+ 1996
k
(vi k chn)
b) N = 2004
2004k
+ 2003
S dng tnh cht mt s nguyn t ln hn 5 ch c th tn cng bi cc ch s 1 ; 3 ; 7 ; 9
Bi 6: Cho p l s nguyn t ln hn 5. Chng minh rng: p
8n
+3.p
4n
4 chia ht cho 5.
Bi 7: Tm s d ca cc php chia:
a) 2
1
+ 3
5
+ 4
9
+ + 2003
8005
cho 5
b) 2
3
+ 3
7
+ 4
11
+ + 2003
8007
cho 5
Bi 8: Tm ch s tn cng ca X, Y:
X = 2
2
+ 3
6
+ 4
10
+ + 2004
8010

Y = 2
8
+ 3
12
+ 4
16
+ + 2004
8016

Bi 9: Chng minh rng ch s tn cng ca hai tng sau ging nhau:
U = 2
1
+ 3
5
+ 4
9
+ + 2005
8013

V = 2
3
+ 3
7
+ 4
11
+ + 2005
8015

Bi 10: Chng minh rng khng tn ti cc s t nhin x, y, z tha mn:
19
x
+ 5
y
+ 1980z = 1975
430
+ 2004.
II. Tm hai ch s tn cng
Nhn xt: Nu x N v x = 100k + y, trong k; y N th hai ch s tn cng ca x cng chnh l hai
ch s tn cng ca y.
Hin nhin l y x. Nh vy, n gin vic tm hai ch s tn cng ca s t nhin x th thay vo
ta i tm hai ch s tn cng ca s t nhin y (nh hn).
R rng s y cng nh th vic tm cc ch s tn cng ca y cng n gin hn.
T nhn xt trn, ta xut phng php tm hai ch s tn cng ca s t nhin x = a
m
nh sau:
Trng hp 1: Nu a chn th x = a
m
M2
m
. Gi n l s t nhin sao cho a
n 1
M25.
Vit m = p
n
+ q (p ; q N), trong q l s nh nht a
q
M4 ta c:
x = a
m
= a
q
(a
pn
1) + a
q
.
V a
n 1
M25 a
pn
1 M25. Mt khc, do (4, 25) = 1 nn a
q
(a
pn
1) M100.
Vy hai ch s tn cng ca a
m
cng chnh l hai ch s tn cng ca a
q
. Tip theo, ta tm hai ch s tn
cng ca a
q
.
Trng hp 2: Nu a l , gi n l s t nhin sao cho a
n 1
M100.
Vit m = u
n
+ v (u ; v N, 0 v < n) ta c: x = a
m
= a
v
(a
un
1) + a
v
V a
n
1M100 a
un
1M100.
Trang 22
Cc chuyn bi dng ton THCS
Vy hai ch s tn cng ca a
m
cng chnh l hai ch s tn cng ca a
v
. Tip theo, ta tm hai ch s tn
cng ca a
v
.
Trong c hai trng hp trn, cha kha gii c Bi l chng ta phi tm c s t nhin n. Nu n
cng nh th q v v cng nh nn s d dng tm hai ch s tn cng ca a
q
v a
v
.
Bi 11: Tm hai ch s tn cng ca cc s: a) a
2003
b) 7
99

Gii: a) Do 2
2003
l s chn, theo trng hp 1, ta tm s t nhin n nh nht sao cho 2
n
1 M25.
Ta c 2
10
= 1024 2
10
+ 1 = 1025 M25 2
20
1 = (2
10
+ 1)(2
10
1) M25 2
3
(2
20
1) M100. Mt khc:
2
2003
= 2
3
(2
2000
1) + 2
3
= 2
3
((2
20
)
100
1) + 2
3
= 100k + 8 (k N).
Vy hai ch s tn cng ca 2
2003
l 08.
b) Do 7
99
l s l, theo trng hp 2, ta tm s t nhin n b nht sao cho 7
n
1 M100.
Ta c 7
4
= 2401 => 74 1 M100. Mt khc: 9
9
1 M4 => 9
9
= 4k + 1 (k N)
Vy 7
99
= 7
4k + 1
= 7(7
4k
1) + 7 = 100q + 7 (q N) tn cng bi hai ch s 07.
Bi 12: Tm s d ca php chia 3
517
cho 25.
Gii: Trc ht ta tm hai ch s tn cng ca 3
517
. Do s ny l nn theo trng hp 2, ta phi tm s t
nhin n nh nht sao cho 3
n
1 M100.
Ta c 3
10
= 9
5
= 59049 3
10
+ 1 M50 3
20
1 = (3
10
+ 1) (3
10
1) M100.
Mt khc: 5
16
1 M4 5(5
16
1) M20 5
17
= 5(5
16
1) + 5 = 20k + 5 3
517
= 3
20k + 5
= 3
5
(3
20k
1) + 3
5
= 3
5
(3
20k
1) + 243, c hai ch s tn cng l 43.
Vy s d ca php chia 3
517
cho 25 l 18.
Trong trng hp s cho chia ht cho 4 th ta c th tm theo cch gin tip.
Trc tin, ta tm s d ca php chia s cho 25, t suy ra cc kh nng ca hai ch s tn cng.
Cui cng, da vo gi thit chia ht cho 4 chn gi tr ng.
Cc th d trn cho thy rng, nu a = 2 hoc a = 3 th n = 20 ; nu a = 7 th n = 4.
Mt cu hi t ra l: Nu a bt k th n nh nht l bao nhiu ? Ta c tnh cht sau y:
Tnh cht 4: Nu a MN v (a, 5) = 1 th a
20
1 M25.
Bi 13: Tm hai ch s tn cng ca cc tng:
a) S
1
= 1
2002
+ 2
2002
+ 3
2002
+ ... + 2004
2002

b) S
2
= 1
2003
+ 2
2003
+ 3
2003
+ ... + 2004
2003

Gii: a) D thy, nu a chn th a
2
chia ht cho 4 ; nu a l th a
100
1 chia ht cho 4 ; nu a chia ht cho
5 th a
2
chia ht cho 25.
Mt khc, t tnh cht 4 ta suy ra vi mi a N v (a, 5) = 1 ta c a

100 1 M25.
Vy vi mi a N ta c a
2
(a
100
1) M100.
Do S
1
= 1
2002
+ 2
2
(2
2000
1) + ... + 2004
2
(2004
2000
1) + 2
2
+ 3
2
+ ... + 2004
2
.
V th hai ch s tn cng ca tng S
1
cng chnh l hai ch s tn cng ca tng 1
2
+ 2
2
+ 3
2
+ ...
+ 2004
2
. p dng cng thc: 1
2
+ 2
2
+ 3
2
+ ... + n
2
= n(n + 1)(2n + 1)/6
1
2
+ 2
2
+ ... + 2004
2
= 2005

4009

334 = 2684707030, tn cng l 30.

Vy hai ch s tn cng ca tng S
1
l 30.
b) Hon ton tng t nh cu a, S
2
= 1
2003
+ 2
3
(2
2000
1) + ... + 2004
3
(2004
2000
1) + 2
3
+ 3
3
+ 2004
3
. V
th, hai ch s tn cng ca tng S
2
cng chnh l hai ch s tn cng ca 1
3
+ 2
3
+ 3
3
+ ... + 2004
3
. p
dng cng thc:
2
3 3 3 3 2
n(n 1)
1 2 3 ... n (1 2 ... n)
2
+ 1
+ + + + + + +
1
]
1
3
+ 2
3
+ ... + 2004
3
= (2005

1002)
2
= 4036121180100, tn cng l 00.
Vy hai ch s tn cng ca tng S
2
l 00.
Tnh cht 5: S t nhin A khng phi l s chnh phng nu:
+ A c ch s tn cng l 2, 3, 7, 8 ;
+ A c ch s tn cng l 6 m ch s hng chc l ch s chn ;
+ A c ch s hng n v khc 6 m ch s hng chc l l ;
+ A c ch s hng n v l 5 m ch s hng chc khc 2 ;
Trang 23
Cc chuyn bi dng ton THCS
+ A c hai ch s tn cng l l.
Bi 14: Cho n N v n 1 khng chia ht cho 4. CMR: 7
n
+ 2 khng th l s chnh phng.
Gii: Do n 1 khng chia ht cho 4 nn n = 4k + r (r {0, 2, 3}). Ta c 7
4
1 = 2400 M100. Ta vit 7
n
+ 2 = 7
4k + r
+ 2 = 7
r
(7
4k
1) + 7
r
+ 2. Vy hai ch s tn cng ca 7
n
+ 2 cng chnh l hai ch s tn cng
ca 7
r
+ 2 (r = 0, 2, 3) nn ch c th l 03, 51, 45. Theo tnh cht 5 th r rng 7
n
+ 2 khng th l s
chnh phng khi n khng chia ht cho 4.
III. Tm ba ch s tn cng
Nhn xt: Tng t nh trng hp tm hai ch s tn cng, vic tm ba ch s tn cng ca s t nhin
x chnh l vic tm s d ca php chia x cho 1000.
Nu x = 1000k + y, trong k ; y N th ba ch s tn cng ca x cng chnh l ba ch s tn
cng ca y (y x).
Do 1000 = 8 x 125 m (8, 125) = 1 nn ta xut phng php tm ba ch s tn cng ca s t
nhin x = a
m
nh sau:
Trng hp 1: Nu a chn th x = a
m
chia ht cho 2
m
. Gi n l s t nhin sao cho a
n
1 chia ht cho
125.
Vit m = p
n
+ q (p ; q N), trong q l s nh nht a
q
chia ht cho 8 ta c:
x = a
m
= a
q
(a
pn
1) + a
q
.
V a
n
1 chia ht cho 125 => a
pn
1 chia ht cho 125. Mt khc, do (8, 125) = 1 nn a
q
(a
pn
1)
chia ht cho 1000.
Vy ba ch s tn cng ca a
m
cng chnh l ba ch s tn cng ca a
q
. Tip theo, ta tm ba ch
s tn cng ca a
q
.
Trng hp 2: Nu a l , gi n l s t nhin sao cho a
n
1 chia ht cho 1000.
Vit m = u
n
+ v (u ; v N, 0 v < n) ta c: x = a
m
= a
v
(a
un
1) + a
v
.
V a
n
1 chia ht cho 1000 => a
un
1 chia ht cho 1000.
Vy ba ch s tn cng ca a
m
cng chnh l ba ch s tn cng ca a
v
. Tip theo, ta tm ba ch
s tn cng ca a
v
. Tnh cht sau c suy ra t tnh cht 4.
Tnh cht 6: Nu a N v (a, 5) = 1 th a
100
1 chia ht cho 125.
Chng minh: Do a
20
1 M25 nn a
20
, a
40
, a
60
, a
80
khi chia cho 25 c cng s d l 1
a
20
+ a
40
+ a
60
+ a
80
+ 1 M5. Vy a
100
1 = (a
20
1)( a
80
+ a
60
+ a
40
+ a
20
+ 1) M125.
Bi 15: Tm ba ch s tn cng ca 123
101
.
Gii: Theo tnh cht 6, do (123, 5) = 1 123
100
1 M125 (1).
Mt khc: 123
100
1 = (123
25
1)(123
25
+ 1)(123
50
+ 1) 123
100
1 M8 (2).
V (8, 125) = 1, t (1) v (2) suy ra: 123
100
1 M1000
123
101
= 123(123
100
1) + 123 = 1000k + 123 (k N). Vy 123
101
c ba ch s tn cng l 123.
Bi 12: Tm ba ch s tn cng ca 3
399...98
.
Gii: Theo tnh cht 6, do (9, 5) = 1 => 9
100
1 chi ht cho 125 (1).
Tng t bi 11, ta c 9
100
1 chia ht cho 8 (2).
V (8, 125) = 1, t (1) v (2) suy ra: 9
100
1 chia ht cho 1000 3
399...98
= 9
199...9
= 9
100p + 99
=
9
99
(9
100p
1) + 9
99
= 1000q + 9
99
(p, q N).
Vy ba ch s tn cng ca 3
399...98
cng chnh l ba ch s tn cng ca 9
99
. Li v 9
100
1 chia
ht cho 1000 ba ch s tn cng ca 9
100
l 001 m 9
99
= 9
100
: 9 ba ch s tn cng ca 9
99
l 889 (d
kim tra ch s tn cng ca 9
99
l 9, sau da vo php nhn
???9 9 ...001
xc nh
??9 889
). Vy ba ch s tn cng ca 3
399...98
l 889.
Nu s cho chia ht cho 8 th ta cng c th tm ba ch s tn cng mt cch gin tip theo cc
bc: Tm d ca php chia s cho 125, t suy ra cc kh nng ca ba ch s tn cng, cui cng
kim tra iu kin chia ht cho 8 chn gi tr ng.
Bi 16: Tm ba ch s tn cng ca 2004
200
.
Trang 24
Cc chuyn bi dng ton THCS
Gii: do (2004, 5) = 1 (tnh cht 6) 2004
100
chia cho 125 d 1 2004
200
= (2004
100
)
2
chia cho 125 d 1
2004
200
ch c th tn cng l 126, 251, 376, 501, 626, 751, 876. Do 2004
200
M8 nn ch c th tn cng
l 376.
Bi tp vn dng:
Bi 17: Chng minh 1
n
+ 2
n
+ 3
n
+ 4
n
chia ht cho 5 khi v ch khi n khng chia ht cho 4.
Bi 18: Chng minh 9
20002003
, 7
20002003
c ch s tn cng ging nhau.
Bi 19: Tm hai ch s tn cng ca:
a) 3
999
b) 11
1213

Bi 20: Tm hai ch s tn cng ca:
S = 2
3
+ 2
23
+ ... + 2
40023

Bi 21: Tm ba ch s tn cng ca:
S = 1
2004
+ 2
2004
+ ... + 2003
2004

Bi 22: Cho (a, 10) = 1. Chng minh rng ba ch s tn cng ca a
101
cng bng ba ch s tn cng ca
a.
Bi 23: Cho A l mt s chn khng chia ht cho 10. Hy tm ba ch s tn cng ca A
200
.
Bi 24: Tm ba ch s tn cng ca s:
1993
19941995 ...2000

Bi 25: Tm su ch s tn cng ca 5
21
.
Trang 25
Cc chuyn bi dng ton THCS
Dy s c qui lut
I > Phng php d on v quy np :
Trong mt s trng hp khi gp bi ton tnh tng hu hn
Sn = a
1
+ a
2
+ .... a
n
(1)
Bng cch no ta bit c kt qu (d on , hoc bi ton chng minh khi
cho bit kt qu). Th ta nn s dng phng php ny v hu nh th no cng
chng minh c .
V d 1 : Tnh tng S
n
=1+3+5 +... + (2n -1 )
Th trc tip ta thy : S
1
= 1
S
2
= 1 + 3 =2
2

S
3
= 1+ 3+ 5 = 9 = 3
2

... ... ...
Ta d on Sn = n
2

Vi n = 1;2;3 ta thy kt qu ng
gi s vi n= k ( k 1) ta c S
k
= k
2
(2)
ta cn phi chng minh S
k
+ 1 = ( k +1 )
2
( 3)
Tht vy cng 2 v ca ( 2) vi 2k +1 ta c
1+3+5 +... + (2k 1) + ( 2k +1) = k
2
+ (2k +1)
v k
2
+ ( 2k +1) = ( k +1)
2
nn ta c (3) tc l S
k+1
= ( k +1)
2

theo nguyn l quy np bi ton c chng minh
vy Sn = 1+3=5 + ... + ( 2n -1) = n
2

Tng t ta c th chng minh cc kt qu sau y bng phng php quy np
ton hc .
1, 1 + 2+3 + .... + n =
2
) 1 ( + n n
2, 1
2
+ 2
2
+ ..... + n
2
=
6
) 1 2 )( 1 ( + + n n n
3, 1
3
+2
3
+ ..... + n
3
=
2
2
) 1 (
1
]
1

+ n n
4, 1
5
+ 2
5
+ .... + n
5
=
12
1
.n
2
(n + 1)
2
( 2n
2
+ 2n 1 )
Trang 26
Cc chuyn bi dng ton THCS
II > Ph ng php kh lin tip :
Gi s ta cn tnh tng (1) m ta c th biu din a
i
, i = 1,2,3...,n , qua hiu hai
s hng lin tip ca 1 dy s khc , chnh xc hn , gi s : a
1
= b
1
- b
2

a
2
= b
2
- b
3

.... .... .....
a
n
= b
n
b
n+ 1
khi ta c ngay :
S
n
= ( b
1
b
2
) + ( b
2
b
3
) + ...... + ( b
n
b
n + 1
)
= b
1
b
n + 1

V d 2 : tnh tng :
S =
100 . 99
1
.......
13 . 12
1
12 . 11
1
11 . 10
1
+ + + +
Ta c :
11
1
10
1
11 . 10
1
,
12
1
11
1
12 . 11
1
,
100
1
99
1
100 . 99
1

Do :
S =
100
9
100
1
10
1
100
1
99
1
.......
12
1
11
1
11
1
10
1
+ + +
Dng tng qut
S
n
=
) 1 (
1
......
3 . 2
1
2 . 1
1
+
+ + +
n n
( n > 1 )
= 1-
1 1
1
+

+ n
n
n
V d 3 : tnh tng
S
n
=
) 2 )( 1 (
1
......
5 . 4 . 3
1
4 . 3 . 2
1
3 . 2 . 1
1
+ +
+ + + +
n n n
Ta c S
n
=

,
_

+ +

+
+ +
,
_

+
,
_

) 2 )( 1 (
1
) 1 (
1
2
1
........
4 . 3
1
3 . 2
1
2
1
3 . 2
1
2 . 1
1
2
1
n n n n
S
n
=

,
_

+ +

+
+ + +
) 2 )( 1 (
1
) 1 (
1
......
4 . 3
1
3 . 2
1
3 . 2
1
2 . 1
1
2
1
n n n n
S
n
=
) 2 )( 1 ( 4
) 3 (
) 2 )( 1 (
1
2 . 1
1
2
1
+ +
+

,
_

+ +

n n
n n
n n
V d 4 : tnh tng
S
n
= 1! +2.2 ! + 3.3 ! + ...... + n .n! ( n! = 1.2.3 ....n )
Trang 27
Cc chuyn bi dng ton THCS
Ta c : 1! = 2! -1!
2.2! = 3 ! -2!
3.3! = 4! -3!
..... ..... .....
n.n! = (n + 1) n!
Vy S
n
= 2! - 1! +3! 2 ! + 4! - 3! +...... + ( n+1) ! n!
= ( n+1) ! - 1! = ( n+ 1) ! - 1
V d 5 : tnh tng
S
n
=
[ ]
2 2 2
) 1 (
1 2
.......
) 3 . 2 (
5
) 2 . 1 (
3
+
+
+ + +
n n
n
Ta c :
[ ]
;
) 1 (
1 1
) 1 (
1 2
2 2 2
+

+
+
i i i i
i
i = 1 ; 2 ; 3; ....; n
Do S
n
= ( 1-

,
_

+
+ +
,
_

+
2 2 2 2 2
) 1 (
1 1
.....
3
1
2
1
)
2
1
n n
= 1-
2 2
) 1 (
) 2 (
) 1 (
1
+
+

+ n
n n
n
III > Ph ng php gii ph ng trnh vi n l tng cn tnh:
V d 6 : Tnh tng
S = 1+2+2
2
+....... + 2
100
( 4)
ta vit li S nh sau :
S = 1+2 (1+2+2
2
+....... + 2
99
)
S = 1+2 ( 1 +2+2
2
+ ...... + 2
99
+ 2
100
- 2
100
)
=> S= 1+2 ( S -2
100
) ( 5)
T (5) suy ra S = 1+ 2S -2
101
S = 2
101
-1
V d 7 : tnh tng
S
n
= 1+ p + p
2
+ p
3
+ ..... + p
n
( p 1)
Ta vit li S
n
di dng sau :
S
n
= 1+p ( 1+p+p
2
+.... + p
n-1
)
S
n
= 1 + p ( 1+p +p
2
+..... + p
n-1
+ p
n
p
n
)
Trang 28
Cc chuyn bi dng ton THCS
S
n
= 1+p ( S
n
p
n
)
S
n
= 1 +p.S
n
p
n+1

S
n
( p -1 ) = p
n+1
-1
S
n
=
1
1
1

+
p
P
n

V d 8 : Tnh tng
S
n
= 1+ 2p +3p
2
+ .... + ( n+1 ) p
n
, ( p 1)
Ta c : p.S
n

= p + 2p
2
+ 3p
3
+ ..... + ( n+ 1) p
n +1

= 2p p +3p
2
p
2
+ 4p
3
p
3
+ ...... + (n+1) p
n
- p
n
+ (n+1)p
n
p
n
+ ( n+1) p
n+1
= ( 2p + 3p
2
+4p
3
+ ...... +(n+1) p
n
) ( p +p + p + .... p
n
) + ( n+1) p
n+1
= ( 1+ 2p+ 3p
2
+4p
3
+ ....... + ( n+1) p
n
) ( 1 + p+ p
2
+ .... + p
n
) + ( n +1 ) p
n+1
p
.
S
n
=S
n
-

1
1
) 1 (
1
1
+
+
+ +

n
n
P n
P
P
( theo VD 7 )
Li c (p-1)S
n
= (n+1)p
n+1


-
1
1
1

+
P
p
n
S
n
=
2
1 1
) 1 (
1
1
) 1 (

+
+ +
P
p
p
P n
n n
IV > Ph ng php tnh qua cc tng bit
Cc k hiu : n
n
i
i
a a a a a + + + +

......
3 2 1
1
Cc tnh cht :
1,


+ +
n
i
n
i
n
i
i i i i
b a b a
1 1 1
) (
2,

n
i
i
n
i
i
a a a a
1 1
.
V d 9 : Tnh tng :
S
n
= 1.2 + 2.3 + 3.4 + ......... + n( n+1)
Ta c : S
n
=


+ + +
n
i
n
i
n
i
n
i
i i i i i i
1 1 1
2 2
1
) ( ) 1 (

V :
Trang 29
Cc chuyn bi dng ton THCS

6
) 1 2 )( 1 (
2
) 1 (
.... 3 2 1
1
2
1
+ +

+
+ + + +

n n n
i
n n
n i
n
i
n
i
(Theo I )
cho nn : S
n
=
3
) 2 )( 1 (
6
) 1 2 )( 1 (
2
) 1 ( + +

+ +
+
+ n n n n n n n n
V d 10 : Tnh tng :
S
n
=1.2+2.5+3.8+.......+n(3n-1)
ta c : S
n
=



n
i
n
i
i i i i
1 1
2
) 3 ( ) 1 3 (
=

n
i
n
i
i i
1 1
2
3
Theo (I) ta c :
S
n
= ) 1 (
2
) 1 (
6
) 1 2 )( 1 ( 3
2
+
+

+ +
n n
n n n n n
V d 11 . Tnh tng
S
n
= 1
3+
+2
3
+5
3
+... + (2n +1 )
3

ta c :
S
n
= [( 1
3
+2
3
+3
3
+4
3
+....+(2n+1)
3
] [2
3
+4
3
+6
3
+....+(2n)
3
]
= [1
3
+2
3
+3
3
+4
3
+ ..... + (2n +1 )
3
] -8 (1
3
+2
3
+3
3
+4
3
+......+ n
3
)
S
n
=
4
) 1 ( 8
4
) 2 2 ( ) 1 2 (
2 2 2 2
+

+ + n n n n
( theo (I) 3 )
=( n+1)
2
(2n+1)
2
2n
2
(n+1)
2

= (n +1 )
2
(2n
2
+4n +1)
V/ Vn dng trc tip cng thc tnh tng cc s hng ca dy s cch u ( Hc
sinh lp 6 )
C s l thuyt :
+ m s hng ca 1 dy s m 2 s hng lin tip ca dy cch nhau cng 1 s
n v , ta dng cng thc:
S s hng = ( s cui s u 0 : ( khong cch ) + 1
+ tnh tng cc s hng ca mt dy s m 2 s hng lin tip cch nhau cng 1
s n v , ta dng cng thc:
Tng = ( s u s cui ) .( s s hng ) :2
Trang 30
Cc chuyn bi dng ton THCS
V d 12 :
Tnh tng A = 19 +20 +21 +.... + 132
S s hng ca A l : ( 132 19 ) : 1 +1 = 114 ( s hng )m
A = 114 ( 132 +19 ) : 2 = 8607
V d 13 : Tnh tng
B = 1 +5 +9 +.......+ 2005 +2009
s s hng ca B l ( 2009 1 ) : 4 + 1 = 503
B = ( 2009 +1 ) .503 :2 = 505515
VI / Vn dng 1 s cng thc chng minh c vo lm ton
V d 14 : Chng minh rng : k ( k+1) (k+20 -9k-1)k(k+1) = 3k ( k +1 )
T tnh tng S = 1..2+2.3 + 3.4 +...... + n (n + 1)
Chng minh : cch 1 : VT = k(k+1)(k+2) (k-1) k(k+1)
= k( k+1) [ ] ) 1 ( ) 2 ( + k k = k (k+1) .3 = 3k(k+1)
Cch 2 : Ta c k ( k +1) = k(k+1).
3
) 1 ( ) 2 ( + k k

=
3
) 1 )( 1 (
3
) 2 )( 1 ( +

+ + k k k k k k
*
3k ( k-1) = k (k+1)(k+2) (k-1) k(k+1)
=> 1.2 =
1.2.3 0.1.2
3 3

2.3.4 1.2.3
2.3
3 3
...................................
( 1)( 2) ( 1) ( 1)
( 1)
3 3
n n n n n n
n n

+ + +
+
S =
1.2.0 ( 2) ( 1) ( 1) ( 2)
3 3 3
n n n n n n + + + +
+
V d 15 : Chng minh rng :
k (k+1) (k+2) (k+3) (k-1) k(k+1) (k+2) =4k (k+1) (k+2)
t tnh tng S = 1.2 .3 + 2.3 .4 +3.4.5 +.... + n(n+1) (n+2)
Chng minh : VT = k( k+1) (k+2) [ ] ) 1 ( ) 3 ( + k k
= k( k+1) ( k +2 ) .4
Rt ra : k(k+1) (k+2) =
4
) 2 )( 1 ( ) 1 (
4
) 3 )( 2 )( 1 ( + +

+ + + k k k k k k k k
Trang 31
Cc chuyn bi dng ton THCS
p dng : 1.2.3 =
4
3 . 2 . 1 . 0
4
4 . 3 . 2 . 1

2.3.4 =
4
4 . 3 . 2 . 1
4
5 . 4 . 3 . 2

..........................................................
n(n+1) (n+2) =
4
) 2 )( 1 ( ) 1 (
4
) 3 )( 2 )( 1 ( + +

+ + + n n n n n n n n
Cng v vi v ta c S =
4
) 3 n )( 2 n )( 1 n ( n + + +
* Bi tp ngh :
Tnh cc tng sau
1, B = 2+ 6 +10 + 14 + ..... + 202
2, a, A = 1+2 +2
2
+2
3
+.....+ 2
6.2
+ 2
6 3

b, S = 5 + 5
2
+ 5
3
+ ..... + 5
99

+ 5
100

c, C = 7 + 10 + 13 + .... + 76
3, D = 49 +64 + 81+ .... + 169
4, S = 1.4 + 2 .5 + 3.6 + 4.7 +.... + n( n +3 ) , n = 1,2,3 ,....
5, S =
100 . 99
1
........
4 . 3
1
3 . 2
1
2 . 1
1
+ + + +
6, S =
61 . 59
4
....
9 . 7
4
7 . 5
4
+ + +
7, A =
66 . 61
5
......
26 . 21
5
21 . 16
5
16 . 11
5
+ + + +
8, M =
2005 2 1 0
3
1
.....
3
1
3
1
3
1
+ + + +
9, S
n
=
) 2 )( 1 (
1
.....
4 . 3 . 2
1
. 3 . 2 . 1
1
+ +
+ + +
n n n
10, S
n
=
100 . 99 . 98
2
.....
4 . 3 . 2
2
3 . 2 . 1
2
+ + +
11, S
n
=
) 3 )( 2 )( 1 (
1
......
5 . 4 . 3 . 2
1
4 . 3 . 2 . 1
1
+ + +
+ + +
n n n n
12, M = 9 + 99 + 999 +...... + 99..... .....9
50 ch s 9
13, Cho: S
1
= 1+2 S
3
= 6+7+8+9
Trang 32
Cc chuyn bi dng ton THCS
S
2
= 3+4+5 S
4
= 10 +11 +12 +13 + 14
Tnh S
100
=?
Trong qu trnh bi dng hc sinh gii , ti kt hp cc dng ton c lin quan
n dng tnh tng rn luyn cho cc em , chng hn dng ton tm x :
14, a, (x+1) + (x+2) + (x+3) +...... + ( x+100 ) = 5070
b, 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +.............+ x = 820
c, 1 +
1991
1989
1
) 1 (
2
......
10
1
6
1
3
1

+
+ + + +
x x
Hay cc bi ton chng minh s chia ht lin quan
15, Chng minh : a, A = 4+ 2
2
+2
3
+2
4
+..... + 2
20
l lu tha ca 2
b, B =2 + 2
2
+ 2
3
+ ...... + 2
60
3 ; 7; 15
c, C = 3 + 3
3
+3
5
+ ....+ 3
1991
13 ; 41
d, D = 11
9
+ 11
8
+11
7
+......+ 11 +1 5
Trang 33