Trng THCS Long Hip

Luyn thi HS gii ha hc 9 ( Dng:Phn bit v nhn bit)

* PHN LOI V CCH GII CC DNG BI TP NNG CAO

----/\----

+ DNG 1: PHN BIT V NHN BIT

A/ L THUYT: I/ Phng php:
Vt l: Mu, mi, tnh tan, Ha hc: Dng phn ng c trng ca cht m c du hiu nhn bit (kt ta, si bt kh, thay i mu sc, ta nhit) 1/ Thuc th: Ty chn thuc th. Dng thuc th hn ch. Khng dng thm thuc th. 2/ Trnh by bi gii. a/ Phng php m t: B1: Ly mu th cc cht tin hnh th nghim B2: La chn thuc th B3: Cho thuc th vo mu cc cht cn nhn bit, trnh by hin tng quan st c v kt lun nhn bit c cht no, vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra. Tip tc nh vy vi thuc th khc cho cc cht cn li cho n khi xc nh ht cc cht. + V d1: Trnh bi phng php nhn bit 5 dung dch: HCl, NaOH, Na2SO4, NaCl, NaNO3 . Dng qu tm nhn ra NaOH (lm xanh qu tm), HCl (lm qu tm) . Dng BaCl2 nhn ra dung dch Na2SO4 to kt ta trng BaCl2 + Na2SO4 BaSO4 + 2NaCl . Dng AgNO3 nhn ra dung dch NaCl to kt ta trng AgNO3 + NaCl AgCl + NaNO3 . Cn li l NaNO3 + V d2: Nhn bit 3 dung dch: KOH, KCl, H2SO4 ch bng phenolphlatein . Dung dch KOH lm phenolphlatein . Cho dung dch KOH lm phenolphlatein ni trn vo 2 dung dch cn li nhn ra dd H2SO4 H2SO4 + 2KOH K2SO4 + 2H2O . Cn li l KCl b/ Phng php lp bng: (p dng khi khng dng thm thuc th) B1: Lp bng Cht cn nhn bit X Y Z K Thuc th s dng X Y Z K Kt lun
GV: Trm Phc Ho Trang 1

Trng THCS Long Hip

Luyn thi HS gii ha hc 9 ( Dng:Phn bit v nhn bit)

B2: Nu kt lun v vit phng trnh Lu : K hiu (-) khng c du hiu g xy ra (mc d c phn ng xy ra). + V d: Cho cc dung dch sau: HCl, BaCl2, Na2CO3, Na2SO4 cha cc l ring bit. Khng dng thm ha cht no khc, hy nhn bit cc dung dch trn. Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra. . Trch mi dung dch mt t lm mu th. . Ly ngu nhin mt mu, ln lc cho tc dng vi cc mu cn li. Ta c bng sau: HCl BaCl2 Na2CO3 Na2SO4 HCl BaCl2 Na2CO3 Na2SO4 . Da vo bng trn ta c: Mu th ch to kh bay ra l: HCl Mu th c 2 kt ta trng l: BaCl2 Mu th va c kh va c kt ta l: Na2CO3 Mu th ch c 1 kt ta l: Na2SO4 Phn ng: 2HCl + Na2CO3 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O BaCl2 + Na2CO3 BaCO3 + 2NaCl BaCl2 + Na2SO4 BaSO4 + 2NaCl

II/ Mt s thuc th thng dng:

THUC TH 1 Qy tm 2 Phenolphtalein (khng mu) 3 Nc DNG NHN BIT - Axit - Baz kim - Baz kim - Cc kim loi mnh (Na, K, Ca, Ba). - Cc oxit kim loi mnh (Na2O, K2O, CaO, BaO). - P2O5 - Cc mui Na, K, NO3-. - CaC2 4 Dung dch kim 5 Dung dch axit - HCl, H2SO4 - HNO3, H2SO4nng - Kim loi Al, Zn. - Al2O3, ZnO, Al(OH)3, Zn(OH)2 - Mui CO3-2, SO3-2, sunfua - Kim loi ng trc H - Hu ht kim loi k c Cu, Hg, Ag (Ring Cu cn to dd mui ng mu xanh). - MnO2.
Trang 2

HIN TNG Qy tm ha . Qy tm ha xanh. Ha mu . H2 ( Ring Ca cn to dd c Ca(OH)2 ) Tan, to dd lm phenolphtalein (Ring CaO dd c) Tan + dd lm qu tm. Tan Tan + C2H2 bay ln Tan + H2 bay ln Tan Tan + kh CO2, SO2, H2S bay ln. Tan + H2 bay ln. Tan + kh NO2, SO2 bay ln.

- HCl
GV: Trm Phc Ho

Cl2 bay ln

Trng THCS Long Hip

Luyn thi HS gii ha hc 9 ( Dng:Phn bit v nhn bit)

- Ag2O. - CuO. - H2SO4 - HNO3 6 Dung dch mui - BaCl2, Ba(NO3)2, (CH3COO)2Ba - AgNO3 - Cd(NO3)2, Pb(NO3)2 - Ba, BaO, Ba(OH)2, mui Ba. - Fe, FeO, Fe3O4, FeS, FeS2, FeCO3, CuS - Hp cht c gc SO4-2 - Hp cht c gc Cl- Hp cht c gc S-2

AgCl kt ta dd mu xanh

BaSO4 kt ta trng Kh NO2, SO2, CO2 bay ln. BaSO4 kt ta trng AgCl kt ta trng CdS kt ta vng, PbS kt ta en

III/ Thuc th cho mt s loi cht:

CHT CN NHN BIT 1 Cc kim loi - Na, K (kim loi kim ha tr I). - Ba (ha tr II). - Ca (ha tr II). THUC TH + H2O + t chy, quan st mu ngn la + H2O + H2O + t chy, quan st mu ngn la + Dd kim NaOH, Ba(OH)2 + HNO3 c, ngui + Dd HCl + HNO3 c + HNO3 c, sau cho Cu vo dd + AgNO3 + HNO3, sau cho NaCl vo dd + H tinh bt + ung nng mnh + t trong oxi, khng kh
Trang 3

HIN TNG tan + dd trong +H2 bay ln. mu vng (Na) mu tm (K) tan + dd trong +H2 bay ln. tan + dd c +H2 bay ln. mu lc (Ba) mu (Ca)

- Al, Zn Phn bit Al v Zn - Cc kim loi t Mg n Pb - Kim loi Cu - Kim loi Hg - Kim loi Cu () - Kim loi Ag 2 Mt s phi kim - I2 -S
GV: Trm Phc Ho

tan + H2 bay ln. Al khng tan, cn Zn tan NO2 nu

Tan + H
2

ring Pb c PbCl2 trng .

2

Tan + dd xanh + NO

nu

nu trng bc ln
Tan + NO
2

Tan + dd xanh + trng bc ln Tan + NO

2

nu + trng

mu xanh thng hoa ht SO

2

mi hc

Trng THCS Long Hip

Luyn thi HS gii ha hc 9 ( Dng:Phn bit v nhn bit)

-P -C 3 Mt s cht kh - NH3 (Khng mu, Mi khai) - NO2 (Mu nu , mi hc xc) - NO (Khng mu) - H2S (Khng mu, mi trng thi) - O2 (Khng mu, khng mi) - CO2 (Khng mu, khng mi) - CO (Khng mu, khng mi) - SO2 (Khng mu, mi hc, xc) - SO3 - Cl2 (Mu vng lc, mi hc, xc) - HCl (Khng mu, mi hc, xc) - H2 (Khng mu, khng mi) 4 Oxit th rn - Na2O, K2O, BaO - CaO - P2O5 - SiO2
GV: Trm Phc Ho

+ t chy + t chy + Qy tm c

P2O5 tan CO
2

trong nc + dd lm qu tm

lm c nc vi trong

- Ha xanh

+ Khng kh hoc oxi + Cd(NO3)2, Pb(NO3)2 + Tn m + Nc vi trong + t trong khng kh + Nc vi trong + Nc Br2 nu + Dd BaCl2 c nc + Dd KI v h tinh bt + AgNO3 dd + AgNO3 dd + NH3 + t chy + Bt CuO, to + H2O + H2O + Dd Na2CO3 + H2O + Dd HF (khng tan trong cc axit
Trang 4

NO2 mu nu CdS vng,

PbS en

Bng chy

c CaCO3

CO2

c CaSO3 Lm mt mu Br2 BaSO4 kt ta

trng

I2 + mu xanh AgCl AgCl

Khi trng xut hin: NH3+HCl NH4Cl Git nc. Bt en thnh bt Dd trong sut, Tan + dd c Kt ta CaCO3 Dd lm qu tm Tan to SiF4

lm xanh qu tm

Trng THCS Long Hip

Luyn thi HS gii ha hc 9 ( Dng:Phn bit v nhn bit)

khc) - Al2O3 - CuO - Ag2O - MnO2 5 Cc dung dch mui a) Nhn bit gc axit ClBrIS2SO42SO32CO32PO43-(trong mui) NO3b) Nhn kim loi trong mui: Kim loi kim Mg2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Al
3+

+ Tan c trong axit v kim + Dd axit HCl, HNO3, H2SO4long... + Dd HCl un nng + Dd HCl un nng
Dd mu xanh AgCl Cl
2

mu vng

+ AgNO3 + Cl2 + Br2(Cl2) + tinh bt + Cd(NO3)2 hay Pb(NO3)2 + Dd BaCl2, Ba(NO3)2 + Dd axit HCl, HNO3, H2SO4... + Dd axit HCl, HNO3, H2SO4... + Dd AgNO3 + H2SO4 c + Cu

AgCl Br2 lng mu nu Mu xanh do I2 CdS vng,

PbS en trng

BaSO4 kt ta SO
2

mi hc v lm Br2 mt mu trong

CO2 lm c nc vi Ag3PO4 vng Dd xanh + NO

2

+ t chy v quan st mu ngn la + NaOH dd + NaOH dd + NaOH dd + NaOH n d + Na2CO3dd + Na2S dd (hoc H2S)

Mu vng (Na), mu tm (K)

Mg(OH)2 trng Fe(OH)2 trng (Fe(OH)2 trng +

khng kh Fe(OH)3 nu )
Fe(OH)3 nu Al(OH)3 trng, CaCO3 PbS
GV: Trm Phc Ho Trang 5

Ca

2+

tan

Pb2+

en

Trng THCS Long Hip

Luyn thi HS gii ha hc 9 ( Dng:Phn bit v nhn bit)

6 Cht hu c CH4 (Kh, khng mu) CH2=CH2 (Kh, khng mu) CH CH (Kh, khng mu) C6H6 (Lng, khng tan trong nc) C2H5OH (Lng, tan v hn trong nc) CH3COOH (Lng khng mu, mi gim) Glucoz (Rn, mu trng tan trong nc) Tinh bt (Rn, mu trng khng tan trong nc) Cht bo (Nh hn nc, khng tan trong nc) Protein (Lng trng trng)

+ t trong O2 + Nc brom + Nc brom Ag2O/NH3 + t trong khng kh + t trong khng kh Na + Qi tm vi CaCO3 + Ag2O/NH3 + I2

To thnh CO2 v hi nc Mt

mu

mu mu vng: NH 3 C2H2 + Ag2O Ag2C2 + H2O

Chy vi

Mt

nhiu khi v mi than ngn la xanh nht, khng

Chy vi

khi C kh thot ra
Ha

Si bt kh
C Ag (phn ng trng bc)

Xut

hin mu xanh

+ un nng Dd HNO3

ng t

Xut hin mu vng

B/ BI TP:
I/ NHN BIT CC CHT TRONG CC L RING BIT: 1/ BNG THUC TH T CHN: Cu 1: Nu cch phn bit CaO, Na2O, MgO, P2O5 u l cht bt trng. Cu 2: Trnh bi phng php nhn bit 5 dung dch: HCl, NaOH, Na2SO4, NaCl, NaNO3 . Cu 3: Hy phn bit cc cht trong nhng cp cht sau: a. SO2 v CO2 b. Dung dch AlCl3 v ZnCl2 c. Etilen v axetilen (ch c dng nc brom). Cu 4: Phn bit 3 loi phn bn ha hc: Phn kali (KCl), m 2 l (NH4NO3), v supephotphat kp Ca(H2PO4)2 Cu 5: Phn bit 4 cht lng: HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, H2O. Cu 6: Nu cc phn ng phn bit 5 dung dch: NaNO3, NaCl, Na2S, Na2SO4, Na2CO3. Cu 7: Phn bit 3 dung dch mui Na2SO3, NaHSO3, Na2SO4. Cu 8: Phn bit 6 dung dch NaNO3, NaCl, Na2S, Na2SO4, Na2CO3, NaHCO3. Cu 9: 5 cht bt: Cu, Al, Fe, S, Ag. Hy nu cch phn bit chng.
GV: Trm Phc Ho Trang 6

Trng THCS Long Hip

Luyn thi HS gii ha hc 9 ( Dng:Phn bit v nhn bit)

Cu 10: 5 cht bt: MgO, P2O5, BaO, Na2SO4, Al2O3. Hy dng phng php n gin phn bit 5 cht ny Cu 11: 4 cht rn: KNO3, NaNO3, KCl, NaCl. Hy nu cch phn bit chng. Cu 12: C 8 dung dch cha: NaNO3, Mg(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)2, Cu(NO3)2, Na2SO4, MgSO4, FeSO4, CuSO4. Hy nu cc thuc th v trnh bi phng n phn bit 8 dung dch ni trn. Cu 13: C 7 oxit dng bt gm: Na2O, CaO, Ag2O, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MnO2, CuO v CaC2. Bng nhng phn ng c trng no c th phn bit cc cht . Cu 14: C 2 dung dch FeCl2, FeCl3 c th dng 2 trong 3 ha cht: Cu, nc brom, dung dch KOH phn bit 2 dung dch ny. Hy gii thch? Cu 15: Ba l mt nhn cha (I) Fe + Al2O3 (II) Al2O3 + Fe2O3 (III) Al + Fe2O3 Dng nhng phn ng ha hc thch hp phn bit 3 l trn. Cu 16: C 4 cht lng: Ru etylic, axit axetic, phenol, benzen. Nu phng php ha hc phn bit 4 cht Cu 17: C 5 cht lng: cn 90o, benzen, gim n, dung dch glucoz, v nc bt sn dy. Lm th no phn bit chng Cu 18: 5 cht lng: ru etylic, benzen, axit axetic, etyl axetat, glucoz. Hy phn bit 5 cht . Cu 19: Phn bit 4 dung dch: C2H5OH, ting bt, glucoz v saccaroz. Cu 20: Phn bit 4 cht lng: Du ha, du lc, gim n v lng trng trng. Cu 20. 1/ C 4 ng nghim, mi ng cha 1 dung dch mui (khng trng kim loi cng nh gc axit) l: clorua, sunfat, nitrat, cacbonat ca cc kim loi Ba, Mg, K, Pb a. Hi mi ng nghim cha dung dch ca mui no? b. Nu phng php phn bit 4 ng nghim . 2/ DNG THUC TH QUY NH: Cu 21: Nhn bit cc dung dch sau y ch bng phenolphlatein a. 3 dung dch: KOH, KCl, H2SO4. b. 5 dung dch Na2SO4, H2SO4, MgCl2, BaCl2, NaOH. c. 5 dung dch: NaOH, HCl, H2SO4, BaCl2, NaCl. d. 5 l c 1 l nc v 4 dd: NaOH, NaCl, NaHSO4, BaCl2. Cu 22: Nhn bit cc dung dch sau y ch bng qu tm. a. 6 dung dch: H2SO4, NaCl, NaOH, Ba(OH)2, BaCl2, HCl. b. 4 dung dch: NaHSO4, Na2CO3, Na2SO3, Na2S.. Cu 23: Ch dng bt st nhn bit 5 dung dch: H2SO4, Na2SO4, Na2CO3, MgSO4, BaCl2. Cu 24: Nhn bit cc cht trong mi cp sau y ch bng dung dch HCl a. 4 dung dch: MgSO4, NaOH, BaCl2, NaCl. b. 4 cht rn: NaCl, Na2CO3, BaCO3, BaSO4. c. 5 dung dch: BaCl2, KI, Zn(NO3)2, Na2CO3, AgNO3. Cu 25: Nhn bit cc cht trong mi cp sau y ch bng 1 kim loi: a. 4 dung dch: AgNO3, NaOH, HCl, NaNO3. b. 6 dung dch: HCl, HNO3, NaOH, AgNO3, NaNO3, HgCl2. c. 5 dung dch: HCl, HNO3, AgNO3, KCl, KOH. d. 4 dung dch: (NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3, FeSO4, AlCl3. Cu 26: Ch dng 1 oxit (rn) nhn bit: NaCl, Na2SO4, MgSO4, Al2(SO4)3, BaCl2 Cu 27: Nhn bit cc cht trong mi cp sau y ch bng 1 ha cht t chn: a. 4 dung dch: MgCl2, FeCl2, FeCl3, AlCl3. b. 4 dung dch: H2SO4, Na2SO4, Na2CO3, MgSO4. c. 4 dung dch: HCl, Na2SO4, Na2CO3, Ba(NO3)2. d. 4 dung dch long: BaCl2, Na2SO4, Na3PO4, HNO3. e. 5 dung dch: Na2CO3, Na2SO3, Na2SO4, Na2S, Na2SiO3. f. 6 dung dch: KOH, FeCl3, MgSO4, FeSO4, NH4Cl, BaCl2.
GV: Trm Phc Ho Trang 7

Trng THCS Long Hip

Luyn thi HS gii ha hc 9 ( Dng:Phn bit v nhn bit)

g. 4 cht bt trng: K2O, BaO, P2O5, SiO2. h. 4 axit: HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, H3PO4. Cu 28: Nhn bit 9 cht rn: Ag2O, BaO, MgO, MnO2, Al2O3, FeO, Fe2O3, CaCO3, CuO. Ch bng hai ha cht n gin t chn: Cu 29: Nhn bit 6 cht bt: Mg(OH)2, Zn(OH)2, Fe(OH)3, BaCl2, xoa, xt n da. Ch bng hai ha cht n gin t chn: Cu 30: Nhn bit 3 dung dch: NaCl, HCl, NaNO3 (ch bng 2 kim loi). Cu 31: Nhn bit 4 cht bt: Na2CO3, NaCl, BaCO3, BaSO4 (ch bng CO2, H2O). 3/ KHNG DNG THM THUC TH: Lu :

II/ Mt s thuc th thng dng: III/ Thuc th cho mt s loi cht: B/ BI TP:
I/ NHN BIT CC CHT TRONG CC L RING BIT: 1/ BNG THUC TH T CHN: 2/ DNG THUC TH QUY NH: 3/ KHNG DNG THM THUC TH Cu 32: C 4 ng nghim cha 4 dung dch: Na2CO3, CaCl2, HCl, NH4HCO3 mt nhn c nh s t 1-4. Hy xc nh s ca mi dung dch nu bit: + ng 1 vo ng 3 thy c kt ta. + ng 3 vo ng 4 thy c kh bay ra. Gii thch. Cu 33: C 4 l mt nhn A, B, C, D cha KI, HI, AgNO3, Na2CO3. + Cho cht trong l A vo cc l: B, C, D u thy c kt ta. + Cht trong l B ch to 1 kt ta vi 3 cht cn li. + Cht C to 1 kt ta v 1 kh bay ra vi 2 trong 3 cht cn li. Xc nh cc cht trong mi l v gii thch? Cu 34: Trong 4 l mt nhn A, B, C, D cha AgNO3, ZnCl2, HI, Na2CO3. Bit cht trong l B to kh vi cht trong l C nhng khng phn ng vi cht trong l D. Xc nh cht cha trong mi l. Gii thch? Cu 35: Trong 5 dung dch k hiu A, B, C, D, E cha Na2CO3, HCl, BaCl2, H2SO4, NaCl. Bit: + A vo B c kt ta. + A vo C c kh bay ra + B vo D c kt ta. Xc nh cc cht trong mi l v gii thch? Cu 36: Hy phn bit cc cht trong dung dch sau y m khng c thuc th khc: a. CaCl2, HCl, Na2CO3, KCl. b. NaOH, FeCl2, HCl, NaCl. c. AgNO3, CuCl2, NaNO3, HBr. d. NaHCO3, HCl, Ba(HCO3)2, MgCl2, NaCl. e. HCl, BaCl2, Na2CO3, Na2SO4. f. NaCl, HCl, Na2CO3, H2O g. NaCl, H2SO4, CuSO4, BaCl2, NaOH h. Ba(HCO3)2, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, Na2SO4, NaHSO3, NaHSO4. i. NaOH, NH4Cl, BaCl2, MgCl2, H2SO4. j. NaCl, H2SO4, Ba(OH)2, Na2CO3. k. Ba(NO3)2, HNO3, Na2CO3. l. BaCl2, HCl, H2SO4, K3PO4.
GV: Trm Phc Ho Trang 8

Trng THCS Long Hip

Luyn thi HS gii ha hc 9 ( Dng:Phn bit v nhn bit)

Cu 37: Hy phn bit cc cht trong dung dch sau y m khng c thuc th khc: MgCl2, Ba(OH)2, HCl II/ NHN BIT S C MT CA CC CHT TRONG CNG MT HN HP: Cu 38: Bng phng php ha hc lm th no nhn ra s c mt ca mi kh trong hn hp gm: CO, CO2, SO2, SO3. Vit phng trnh phn ng. Cu 39: Lm th no nhn bit s c mt ng thi ca 3 cht Na2CO3, NH4HCO3, NaHCO3 trong dung dch A Cu 40: Nhn bit s c mt ca cc kh sau trong cng mt hn hp CO2, SO2, C2H4, CH4.

B/ BI TP & CCH GII: I/ NHN BIT CC CHT TRONG CC L RING BIT: 1/ BNG THUC TH T CHN:
Cu 1: Nu cch phn bit CaO, Na2O, MgO, P2O5 u l cht bt trng. Hng dn gii Trch mi cht lm mu th - Ha tan 4 cht vo nc phn bit c 3 nhm: + Nhm 1: Khng tan l MgO (nhn ra MgO) + Nhm 2: t tan to dung dch c l CaO (nhn ra CaO) CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 + Nhm 3: Tan dung dch trong sut (l Na2O v P2O5). Na2O + H2O 2NaOH P2O5 + 3H2O 2H3PO4 - Th qu tm vo dung dch trong sut, dd NaOH lm xanh qu tm (nhn ra Na 2O), dd H3PO4 lm qu tm (nhn ra P2O5) Cu 2: Trnh bi phng php nhn bit 5 dung dch: HCl, NaOH, Na2SO4, NaCl, NaNO3 . Hng dn gii Trch mi cht lm mu th - Nhng qu tm vo cc mu ta phn bit c 3 nhm: + Nhm 1: Lm xanh qu tm l NaOH (nhn ra c NaOH). + Nhm 2: Lm qu tm l HCl (nhn ra c HCl) + Nhm 3: Khng lm i mu qu tm l Na2SO4, NaCl, NaNO3 - Dng BaCl2 vo cc mu nhm 3 ta thy: Mu to kt ta trng l Na2SO4 (nhn ra c Na2SO4). BaCl2 + Na2SO4 BaSO4 + 2NaCl Mu khng thy hin tng l NaCl, NaNO3 - Dng AgNO3 vo 2 mu cn li ta thy: Mu to kt ta trng l NaCl (nhn ra c NaCl). NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl + NaNO3 Mu khng thy hin tng l NaNO3 (nhn ra c NaNO3). Cu 3: Hy phn bit cc cht trong nhng cp cht sau: a. SO2 v CO2 b. Dung dch AlCl3 v ZnCl2 c. Etilen v axetilen (ch c dng nc brom). Hng dn gii a/ Dn ln lc tng kh qua dung dch brom - Kh lm mt mu dung dch brom l SO2 khng lm mt mu dung dch brom l CO2. SO2 + Br2 + H2O 2HBr + H2SO4 b/ Cho dung dch NH3 vo mu th tng cht cho n d
GV: Trm Phc Ho Trang 9

Trng THCS Long Hip

Luyn thi HS gii ha hc 9 ( Dng:Phn bit v nhn bit)

- Nu c kt ta khng tan trong NH3 d l AlCl3 AlCl3 + 3NH3 + 3H2O Al(OH)3 + 3NH4Cl - Nu c kt ta sau tan trong NH3 d l ZnCl2 ZnCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O Zn(OH)2 + 2NH4Cl Zn(OH)2 + 4NH3 Zn(NH3)4(OH)2 (tan) c/ Ly nhng th tch bng nhau ca mi kh lm th nghim. - Dn tng kh vo 2 ng nghim ng nhng th tch bng nh nhau ca cng mt dung dch brom (ly d). Kh no lm nc brom nht mu nhiu l axetilen, lm nht mu t l etilen. C2H2 + 2Br2 C2H2Br4 C2H4 + Br2 C2H4Br2 Cu 4: Phn bit 3 loi phn bn ha hc: Phn kali (KCl), m 2 l (NH4NO3), v supephotphat kp Ca(H2PO4)2 Hng dn gii Trch mi cht lm mu th - Dng dung dch Ca(OH)2 vo 3 mu th: + Mu c kt ta xut hin l supephotphat Ca(H2PO4)2 + 2Ca(OH)2 Ca3(PO4)2 + 4H2O + Mu c kh bay ra l m 2 l 2NH4NO3 + Ca(OH)2 Ca(NO3)2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O + Khng c hin tng g l phn kali (KCl). Cu 5: Phn bit 4 cht lng: HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, H2O. Hng dn gii Trch mi cht lm mu th - Nhng qu tm vo cc mu ta phn bit c 2 nhm: + Nhm 1: Khng lm i mu qu tm l H2O (nhn ra c H2O). + Nhm 2: Lm qu tm l HCl, H2SO4, HNO3 - Dng BaCl2 vo cc mu nhm 2 ta thy: Mu xut hin kt ta trng l H2SO4 BaCl2 + H2SO4 BaSO4 + 2HCl Mu khng hin tng l HCl, HNO3 Dng AgNO3 nhng vo 2 mu cn li, Mu xut hin kt ta l HCl (nhn ra cHCl), khng hin tng l HNO3 (nhn c HNO3). HCl + AgNO3 AgCl + HNO3 Cu 6: Nu cc phn ng phn bit 5 dung dch: NaNO3, NaCl, Na2S, Na2SO4, Na2CO3. Hng dn gii Trch mi cht lm mu th - Dng dung dch HCl vo 5 mu th: Mu xut hin kh c mi thi l Na2S (Nhn ra c Na2S), Mu c kh bay ra khng mi l Na2CO3 (nhn ra c Na2CO3), mu khng hin tng l NaNO3, NaCl, Na2SO4. Na2S + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2S Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 - Dng BaCl2 vo 3 mu cn li ta thy: Mu to kt ta trng l Na2SO4 (nhn ra c Na2SO4). BaCl2 + Na2SO4 BaSO4 + 2NaCl Mu khng thy hin tng l NaCl, NaNO3 - Dng AgNO3 vo 2 mu cn li ta thy: Mu to kt ta trng l NaCl (nhn ra c NaCl). NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl + NaNO3
GV: Trm Phc Ho Trang 10

Trng THCS Long Hip

Luyn thi HS gii ha hc 9 ( Dng:Phn bit v nhn bit)

Mu khng thy hin tng l NaNO3 (nhn ra c NaNO3). Cu 7: Phn bit 3 dung dch mui Na2SO3, NaHSO3, Na2SO4. Hng dn gii Trch mi cht lm mu th - Dng BaCl2 vo 3 mu cn li ta thy: Mu to kt ta trng l Na2SO4, Na2SO3, l khng c hin tng l NaHSO3 (nhn ra c NaHSO3). BaCl2 + Na2SO4 BaSO4 + 2NaCl BaCl2 + Na2SO3 BaSO3 + 2NaCl - Lc kt ta cho vo dung dch HCl, kt ta tan l BaSO3 to thnh t Na2SO3 (nhn ra c Na2SO3), kt ta khng tan l BaSO4 to thnh t Na2SO4 (nhn ra c Na2SO4). BaSO3 + 2HCl BaCl2 + H2O + SO2 Cu 8: Phn bit 6 dung dch NaNO3, NaCl, Na2S, Na2SO4, Na2CO3, NaHCO3. Hng dn gii Trch mi cht lm mu th - Dng BaCl2 vo cc mu ta thy: Mu to kt ta trng l Na2SO4, Na2CO3, l khng c hin tng l NaNO3, NaCl, Na2S, NaHCO3. BaCl2 + Na2SO4 BaSO4 + 2NaCl BaCl2 + Na2CO3 BaCO3 + 2NaCl - Lc kt ta cho vo dung dch HCl, kt ta tan l BaCO3 to thnh t Na2CO3 (nhn ra c Na2CO3), kt ta khng tan l BaSO4 to thnh t Na2SO4 (nhn ra c Na2SO4). BaCO3 + 2HCl BaCl2 + H2O + CO2 - Dng dung dch HCl vo 4 mu cn li: Mu xut hin kh c mi thi l Na2S (Nhn ra c Na2S), Mu c kh bay ra khng mi l NaHCO3 (nhn ra c NaHCO3), 2 mu khng hin tng l NaNO3, NaCl. Na2S + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2S NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + H2O + CO2 - Dng AgNO3 vo 2 mu cn li ta thy: Mu to kt ta trng l NaCl (nhn ra c NaCl). NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl + NaNO3 Mu khng thy hin tng l NaNO3 (nhn ra c NaNO3). Cu 9: 5 cht bt: Cu, Al, Fe, S, Ag. Hy nu cch phn bit chng. Hng dn gii Trch mi cht lm mu th - Dng dung dch NaOH d cho vo cc mu, mu tan l Al (nhn ra c Al), mu khng tan l Cu, Fe, S, Ag. 2Al + 2H2O + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + 3H2 - Dng dung dch HCl cho vo 4 mu cn li, mu tan l Fe (nhn ra c Fe), mu khng tan l Cu, S, Ag. Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2 - 3 mu cn li em t trong kh oxi, mu chy c kh mi hc l S (nhn ra c S), mu c mu en l Cu (nhn ra c Cu), mu khng hin tng l Ag (nhn ra c Ag). S + O2 SO2 2Cu + O2 2CuO Cu 10: 5 cht bt: MgO, P2O5, BaO, Na2SO4, Al2O3. Hy dng phng php n gin phn bit 5 cht ny Hng dn gii Trch mi cht lm mu th - Ha tan 5 cht vo nc ta phn bit 2 nhm + Nhm 1: Tan trong nc l P2O5, BaO, Na2SO4 Na2SO4 dd Na2SO4 GV: Trm Phc Ho Trang 11

Trng THCS Long Hip

P2O5 + 3H2O BaO + 2H2O + Nhm 2: Khng tan trong nc l MgO, Al2O3 - Nhng qu tm vo cc dung dch to ra nhm 1 ta thy Khng lm i mu qu tm l dd Na2SO4 (nhn ra c Na2SO4). Lm qu tm thnh mu xanh l Ba(OH)2 to ra t BaO (nhn ra c BaO). Lm qu tm thnh mu l H3PO4 to ra t P2O5 (nhn ra c P2O5). - Cho 2 mu nhm 2 (MgO, Al2O3) vo dung dch NaOH, ta thy mu tan l Al2O3 (nhn ra c Al2O3), mu khng tan l MgO (nhn ra c MgO). Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + H2O Cu 11: 4 cht rn: KNO3, NaNO3, KCl, NaCl. Hy nu cch phn bit chng. Hng dn gii Trch mi cht lm mu th - em t 4 cht rn ta chia thnh 2 nhm: + Nhm 1: Chy vi ngn la mu tm l KNO3, KCl. + Nhm 2: Chy c ngn la mu vng l NaNO3, NaCl. - Dng AgNO2 cho vo 2 nhm: + nhm 1: C kt ta l KCl, khng kt ta l KNO3 KCl + AgNO3 AgCl + KNO3 + nhm 2: C kt ta l NaCl, khng kt ta l NaNO3 NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl + NaNO3 Cu 12: C 8 dung dch cha: NaNO3, Mg(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)2, Cu(NO3)2, Na2SO4, MgSO4, FeSO4, CuSO4. Hy nu cc thuc th v trnh bi phng n phn bit 8 dung dch ni trn. Hng dn gii Trch mi cht lm mu th - Dng dd BaCl2 vo cc mu th trn ta phn bit c 2 nhm: + Nhm 1: Thy xut hin kt ta trng l: Na2SO4, MgSO4, FeSO4, CuSO4 BaCl2 + Na2SO4 BaSO4 + 2NaCl BaCl2 + MgSO4 BaSO4 + MgCl2 BaCl2 + FeSO4 BaSO4 + FeCl2 BaCl2 + CuSO4 BaSO4 + CuCl2 + Nhm 2: Khng c hin tng g l: NaNO3, Mg(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)2, Cu(NO3)2 - Trong nhm 1,2 u dng dd NaOH th: Mu khng c hin tng g nhm 1 l Na2SO4 (nhn ra c Na2SO4), nhm 2 l NaNO3 (nhn ra c NaNO3). Mu to kt ta xanh nhm 1 l CuSO4 (nhn ra c CuSO4), nhm 2 l Cu(NO3)2 (nhn ra c Cu(NO3)2 ). CuSO4 + 2NaOH Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4 (xanh) Cu(OH)2 + 2NaNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2NaOH (xanh) Mu to kt ta trng nhm 1 l MgSO4 (nhn ra c MgSO4), nhm 2 l Mg(NO3)2 (nhn ra c Mg(NO3)2 ) MgSO4 + 2NaOH Mg(OH)2 + Na2SO4 (trng) Mg(OH)2 + 2NaNO3 Mg(NO3)2 + 2NaOH (trng) Mu to kt ta trng hi xanh sau mt lc kt ta s chuyn mu nu nhm 1 l FeSO 4 (nhn ra c FeSO4), nhm 2 l Fe(NO3)2 (nhn ra c Fe(NO3)2 )
GV: Trm Phc Ho Trang 12

2H3PO4 Ba(OH)2

Luyn thi HS gii ha hc 9 ( Dng:Phn bit v nhn bit)

Trng THCS Long Hip

Luyn thi HS gii ha hc 9 ( Dng:Phn bit v nhn bit)

FeSO4 + 2NaOH

(trng hi xanh) 4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O 4Fe(OH)3 (nu ) Fe(OH)2 + 2NaNO3 Fe(NO3)2 + 2NaOH (trng hi xanh) 4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O 4Fe(OH)3 (nu ) Cu 13: C 7 oxit dng bt gm: Na2O, CaO, Ag2O, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MnO2, CuO v CaC2. Bng nhng phn ng c trng no c th phn bit cc cht . Hng dn gii Trch mi cht lm mu th - Cho cc mu trn vo nc ta phn bit c: Mu tan, dung dch trong sut l Na2O (nhn bit c Na2O) Na2O + H2O 2NaOH Mu t tan, dung dch c l CaO (nhn bit c CaO) CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 Mu c kh bay ln l CaC2 (nhn bit c CaC2) CaC2 + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + C2H2 Mu khng c hin tng ( khng phn ng) l: Ag2O, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MnO2, CuO. - Cho dd NaOH vo 5 mu cn li ta phn bit c: Mu tan l Al2O3 (nhn bit c Al2O3) Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + H2O Mu khng tan l: Ag2O, Fe2O3, MnO2, CuO. - Cho cc mu cn li vo dd HCl ta phn bit c: Mu to thnh dd mu xanh lam l CuO (nhn bit c CuO) CuO + 2HCl CuCl2 + H2O (mu xanh lam) Mu c kt ta trng l Ag2O (nhn bit c Ag2O) Ag2O + 2HCl 2AgCl + H2O ( trng) Mu c kh bay ra l MnO2 (nhn bit c MnO2) MnO2 + 4HCl MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O Mu tan, dd mu vng l Fe2O3 (nhn bit c Fe2O3) Fe2O3 + 6HCl 2FeCl3 + 3H2O ( mu vng) Cu 14: C 2 dung dch FeCl2, FeCl3 c th dng 2 trong 3 ha cht: Cu, nc brom, dung dch KOH phn bit 2 dung dch ny. Hy gii thch? Hng dn gii Trch mi cht lm mu th - Dng Cu dd xut hin mu xanh l FeCl3 2FeCl3 + Cu 2FeCl2 + CuCl2 - Dng nc brom dd mt mu l FeCl2 2FeCl3 + Cu 2FeCl2 + CuCl2 - Dng KOH dd to kt ta nu l FeCl3 FeCl3 + 3KOH Fe(OH)3 + 3KCl Dung dch to kt ta trng ngoi khng kh ha nu l FeCl2. Cu 15: Ba l mt nhn cha (I) Fe + Al2O3
GV: Trm Phc Ho Trang 13

Fe(OH)2 + Na2SO4

Trng THCS Long Hip

Luyn thi HS gii ha hc 9 ( Dng:Phn bit v nhn bit)

(II) Al2O3 + Fe2O3 (III) Al + Fe2O3 Dng nhng phn ng ha hc thch hp phn bit 3 l trn. Hng dn gii Trch mi cht lm mu th - Cho mu th vo dung dch NaOH ta thy: Mu c kh thot ra l III, hai mu khng hin tng l I, II 2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O NaAlO2 + 3H2 - Cho 2 mu th cn li vo dung dch HCl d ta thy: Mu b ha tan v c kh thot ra l I Fe + HCl FeCl2 + H2 Al2O3 + 6HCl 2AlCl3 +3H2O Mu b ha tan v khng c kh thot ra l II. Al2O3 + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2O Fe2O3 + 6HCl FeCl3 + 3H2O Cu 16: C 4 cht lng: Ru etylic, axit axetic, phenol, benzen. Nu phng php ha hc phn bit 4 cht Hng dn gii Trch mi cht lm mu th - Nhn ra phenol bng nc Br2 c kt ta trng C6H5OH + 3Br2 C6H2Br3OH +3HCl - Nhn ra axit axetic bng NaHCO3 c kh bay ra CH3COOH + NaHCO3 CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O - Cho tc dng vi Na phn bit ru etylic vi benzen. Benzen khng phn ng vi Na, cn ru etylic phn ng: 2C2H5OH + 2Na 2C2H5ONa + H2 Cu 17: C 5 cht lng: cn 90o, benzen, gim n, dung dch glucoz, v nc bt sn dy. Lm th no phn bit chng Hng dn gii Trch mi cht lm mu th - Nhn ra nc bt sn dy bng I2 nc mu xanh - Nhn ra gim n bng CaCO3 to kh CO2 2CH3COOH + CaCO3 (CH3COO)2Ca + CO2 + H2O - Nhn dd glucoz bng dung dch Ag2O trong NH3 C6H12O6 + Ag2O C6H12O7 + 2Ag - Nhn cn 900 bng Na d: 2H2O + 2Na 2NaOH + H2 2C2H5OH + 2Na 2C2H5Ona + H2 - Cn li l benzen. Cu 18: 5 cht lng: ru etylic, benzen, axit axetic, etyl axetat, glucoz. Hy phn bit 5 cht . Hng dn gii - Nhn ra CH3COOH bng Na2CO3 c kh CO2 bay ra 2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 2CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O - Nhn dd glucoz bng dung dch Ag2O trong NH3 C6H12O6 + Ag2O C6H12O7 + 2Ag - Nhn ra etyl axetat bng dd NaOH long mu hng (c sn phenolphlatein) lm mt mu hng. CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH CH3COONa + C2H5OH - Phn bit C6H6 v C2H5OH l cho tc dng vi Na. Benzen khng phn ng. GV: Trm Phc Ho Trang 14

Trng THCS Long Hip

Luyn thi HS gii ha hc 9 ( Dng:Phn bit v nhn bit)

2C2H5OH + 2Na 2C2H5Ona + H2 Cu 19: Phn bit 4 dung dch: C2H5OH, ting bt, glucoz v saccaroz. Hng dn gii Trch mi cht lm mu th - Nhn ra nc bt sn dy bng I2 nc mu xanh - Nhn dd glucoz bng dung dch Ag2O trong NH3 NH 3 C6H12O6 + Ag2O C6H12O7 + 2Ag - Phn bit C2H5OH v dung dch saccaroz bng cch un nng vi dung dch Ag2O trong NH3 th nhn ra saccaroz . C12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 - Cn li l C2H5OH. Cu 20: Phn bit 4 cht lng: Du ha, du lc, gim n v lng trng trng. Hng dn gii Trch mi cht lm mu th - Nhn ra gim n bng qu tm ha . - Nhn ra lng trng trng bng HNO3 chuyn thnh mu vng. - Phn bit du lc (cht bo) vi du ha bng dung dch NaOH th du lc tan cn du ha khng tan. V d: (C17H35COO)3C3H5 + 3NaOH 3C17H35COONa + C3H5(OH)3 Cu 20.1/ C 4 ng nghim, mi ng cha 1 dung dch mui (khng trng kim loi cng nh gc axit) l: clorua, sunfat, nitrat, cacbonat ca cc kim loi Ba, Mg, K, Pb a. Hi mi ng nghim cha dung dch ca mui no? b. Nu phng php phn bit 4 ng nghim . Hng dn gii a/ Tnh tan ca cc mui th 4 dung dch mui l BaCl2, Pb(NO3)2, MgSO4, K2CO3. V: - Gc axit CO3 u to kt ta vi Ba, Pb, Mg dd K2CO3 - Kim loi Pb u to kt ta vi gc Cl, SO4 dd Pb(NO3)2 - Bari to kt ta vi SO4 dd BaCl2 b/ Dung dch Na2S nhn Pb(NO3)2 kt ta en Na2S + Pb(NO3)2 PbS + 2NaNO3 Dng dung dch NaOH nhn ra MgSO4 kt ta trng 2NaOH + MgSO4 Mg(OH)2 + Na2SO4 Dng HCl nhn ra K2CO3 CO2 2HCl + K2CO3 2KCl + CO2 + H2O

2/ DNG THUC TH QUY NH:

Cu 21: Nhn bit cc dung dch sau y ch bng phenolphlatein a. 3 dung dch: KOH, KCl, H2SO4. b. 5 dung dch Na2SO4, H2SO4, MgCl2, BaCl2, NaOH. c. 5 dung dch: NaOH, HCl, H2SO4, BaCl2, NaCl. d. 5 l c 1 l nc v 4 dd: NaOH, NaCl, NaHSO4, BaCl2. Hng dn gii a/ Nhn ra 3 dung dch: KOH, KCl, H2SO4 bng phenolphlatein: - Dd KOH lm hng phenolphlatein. - Khi cho dd KOH c mu hng ni trn vo 2 dd cn li nhn ra dd H2SO4 lm mt mu hng. H2SO4 + 2KOH K2SO4 + 2H2O - Cn li l KCl. b/ Nhn ra 5 dung dch Na2SO4, H2SO4, MgCl2, BaCl2, NaOH bng phenolphlatein: Trch mi cht lm mu th - Dd NaOH lm hng phenolphlatein.
GV: Trm Phc Ho Trang 15

Trng THCS Long Hip

Luyn thi HS gii ha hc 9 ( Dng:Phn bit v nhn bit)

- Khi cho dd NaOH c mu hng ni trn vo dd cn li nhn ra: + Dd H2SO4 lm mt mu hng. H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O + Dd MgCl2 to kt ta MgCl2 + 2NaOH Mg(OH)2 + 2NaCl + Dd khng hin tng l Na2SO4, BaCl2 - Cho dd H2SO4 va nhn bit c vo 2 l, l c kt ta l BaCl2 H2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2HCl - L cn li l Na2SO4. c/ Nhn ra 5 dung dch NaOH, HCl, H2SO4, BaCl2, NaCl bng phenolphlatein: Trch mi cht lm mu th - Dd NaOH lm hng phenolphlatein. - Khi cho dd NaOH c mu hng ni trn vo dd cn li nhn ra: + Nhm 1: HCl, H2SO4 lm mt mu hng. + Nhm 2: BaCl2, NaCl khng lm mt mu hng. - Ly 1 dd nhm 1 cho dung dch nhm 2 ta thy: Nu c kt ta th nhn ra nhm 1 l H2SO4 cn li l HCl, v nhm 2 l BaCl2 cn li l NaCl. H2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2HCl (Nu khng c kt ta th nhn ra nhm 1 l HCl cn li l H2SO4, dng H2SO4 nhn ra BaCl2 cn li l NaCl .) d/ Trch mi cht lm mu th vi th tch bng nhau: Cho phenolphlatein vo - NaOH chuyn thnh mu . Ly NaOH c mu nh vo cc ng nghim cn li : - DD lm mt mu l NaHSO4 NaHSO4 + NaOH Na2SO4 + H2O - Ly 2 th tch bng nhau dd NaOH v NaHSO4 ri trn ln 2 dd vi nhau, ly sn phm phn ng (dd Na2SO4) cho vo 3 dd cn li, BaCl2 to kt ta BaCl2 + Na2SO4 BaSO4 + 2NaCl - Khng c hin tng l NaCl v H2O. em dun cho nc bc hi ht th NaCl xut hin mui khan. Cn nc khng hin tng. Cu 22: Nhn bit cc dung dch sau y ch bng qu tm. a. 6 dung dch: H2SO4, NaCl, NaOH, Ba(OH)2, BaCl2, HCl. b. 4 dung dch: NaHSO4, Na2CO3, Na2SO3, Na2S.. Hng dn gii a/ Nhn bit 6 dung dch: H2SO4, NaCl, NaOH, Ba(OH)2, BaCl2, HCl ch bng qu tm Trch mi cht lm mu th - Nhng qu tm vo cc mu th ta phn bit c: + Nhm 1: Lm qu tm ha : H2SO4, HCl. + Nhm 2: Lm qu tm ha xanh: NaOH, Ba(OH)2. + Nhm 3: Khng lm i mu qu tm: NaCl, BaCl2. - Ly dung dch bt k nhm 1 vo dung dch nhm 2. Nu c kt ta th nhn ra cp H2SO4 v Ba(OH)2, v cp cn li l HCl v NaOH. (Nu khng c kt ta th nhn ra cp HCl v NaOH, v cp cn li l H2SO4 v Ba(OH)2) H2SO4 + Ba(OH)2 BaSO4 + 2H2O - Dng H2SO4 nhn bit trn cho vo nhm 3 ta thy: C kt ta l l ng BaCl2, l cn li l NaCl. H2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2HCl b/ Trch mi cht lm mu th - Nhng qu tm vo cc mu th ta phn bit c:
GV: Trm Phc Ho Trang 16

Trng THCS Long Hip

Luyn thi HS gii ha hc 9 ( Dng:Phn bit v nhn bit)

+ Nhm 1: Lm qu tm ha : NaHSO4 + Nhm 2: Khng lm i mu qu tm: Na2CO3, Na2SO3, Na2S. - Dng NaHSO4 cho vo 4 l cn li ta thy: L c kh mi trng thi bay ra l mu Na2S Na2S + 2NaHSO4 2NaSO4 + H2S (mi trng thi) L c kh mi hc bay ra l mu Na2SO3 Na2SO3 + 2NaHSO4 2Na2SO4 + SO2 + H2O (mi hc) L c kh khng mi bay ra l mu Na2CO3 Na2CO3 + 2NaHSO4 2Na2SO4 + CO2 + H2O (khng mi) Cu 23: Ch dng bt st nhn bit 5 dung dch: H2SO4, Na2SO4, Na2CO3, MgSO4, BaCl2. Hng dn gii Trch mi cht lm mu th Cho st ln lc vo cc mu trn: - Mu c kh khng mu bay ra l H2SO4 Fe + H2SO4 FeSO4 + H2 + Cho H2SO4 va nhn c vo cc mu cn li: - Mu c hin tng si bt kh l Na2CO3 H2SO4 + Na2CO3 Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2 - Mu c kt ta trng l BaCl2 H2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2HCl + Cho dd Na2CO3 va nhn c cho vo 2 mu cn li: - Mu c kt ta trng l MgSO4 MgSO4 + Na2CO3 Mg(OH)2 + Na2CO3 - Mu khng hin tng l Na2SO4 Cu 24: Nhn bit cc cht trong mi cp sau y ch bng dung dch HCl a. 4 dung dch: MgSO4, NaOH, BaCl2, NaCl. b. 4 cht rn: NaCl, Na2CO3, BaCO3, BaSO4. c. 5 dung dch: BaCl2, KI, Zn(NO3)2, Na2CO3, AgNO3. Hng dn gii a/ Trch mi cht lm mu th Xt kh nng phn ng ca 4 cht, nhn c ch c MgSO4 to kt ta vi 2 dung dch khc l NaOH v BaCl2, cn dung dch cn li khng kt ta l NaCl. MgSO4 + 2NaOH Mg(OH)2 + Na2SO4 MgSO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + MgCl2 - Dng HCl vo 2 kt ta ta thy: Kt ta tan l mu NaOH 2HCl + Mg(OH)2 MgCl2 + 2H2O Kt ta khng tan l mu BaCl2 b/ Trch mi cht lm mu th - Ha tan cc mu vo dd HCl ta thy: Mu khng tan l BaSO4 Mu tan m khng c kh thot ra l NaCl Mu tan m c kh thot ra l Na2CO3, BaCO3 Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O
GV: Trm Phc Ho Trang 17

Trng THCS Long Hip

Luyn thi HS gii ha hc 9 ( Dng:Phn bit v nhn bit)

BaCO3 + 2HCl BaCl2 + CO2 + H2O - Ln lc cho 2 cht rn vo 2 dung dch va to ra ta nhn ra Na2CO3 to kt ta. Cn BaCO3 khng to kt ta. Na2CO3 + BaCl2 BaCO3 + 2NaCl c/ Trch mi cht lm mu th - Ha tan cc mu vo dd HCl ta thy: Mu c kh thot ra l Na2CO3 Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O Mu to kt ta l AgNO3 AgNO3 + HCl AgCl + HNO3 Mu khng hin tng l: BaCl2, KI, Zn(NO3)2 - Dng AgNO3 vo 3 mu cn li ta thy: Mu khng c hin tng l Zn(NO3)2 Mu to kt ta l: BaCl2, KI AgNO3 + KI AgI + KNO3 2AgNO3 + BaCl2 2AgCl + Ba(NO3)2 - Cho Na2CO3 vo 2 mu cn li, mu c hin tng kt ta l BaCl2 mu khng c hin tng l KI Na2CO3 + BaCl2 BaCO3 + 2NaCl Cu 25: Nhn bit cc cht trong mi cp sau y ch bng 1 kim loi: a. 4 dung dch: AgNO3, NaOH, HCl, NaNO3. b. 6 dung dch: HCl, HNO3, NaOH, AgNO3, NaNO3, HgCl2. c. 5 dung dch: HCl, HNO3, AgNO3, KCl, KOH. d. 4 dung dch: (NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3, FeSO4, AlCl3. Hng dn gii a/ Kim loi dng lm thuc th l Cu. - Nhn c AgNO3 do to dung dch mu xanh lam: Cu + 2AgNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag - Dng AgNO3 nhn c dung dch HCl do to kt ta: AgNO3 + HCl AgCl + HNO3 - Dng Cu(NO3) l sn phm to ra nhn c dung dch NaOH kt ta xanh Cu(NO)3 + 2NaOH Cu(OH)2 + 2NaNO3 - Cn li l NaNO3 b/ Kim loi dng lm thuc th l Cu - Nhn ra HNO3 NO (khng mu) ngoi khng kh ha nu: 3Cu + 8HNO3 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O 2NO + O2 2NO2 (mu nu) - Nhn ra AgNO3 v HgCl2 do to ra dung dch mu xanh Cu + 2AgNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag Cu + HgCl2 CuCl2 + Hg - Dng dd Cu(NO3)2 to ra nhn c NaOH Cu(NO)3 + 2NaOH Cu(OH)2 + 2NaNO3 - Lc ly kt ta Cu(OH)2 dng nhn ra HCl do kt ta tan: Cu(OH)2 + 2HCl CuCl2 + 2H2O - Cn li l NaNO3 - Dng dd HCl phn bit AgNO3 vi HgCl2 AgNO3 + HCl AgCl + HNO3 - Cn li HgCl2 khng phn ng c/ Tng t (b).
GV: Trm Phc Ho Trang 18

Trng THCS Long Hip

Luyn thi HS gii ha hc 9 ( Dng:Phn bit v nhn bit)

d/ Kim loi dng lm thuc th l Ba do: Ba + 2H2O Ba(OH)2 + H2 - Nhn ra NH4NO3 ch c kt ta thot ra 2NH4NO3 + Ba(OH)2 Ba(NO3)2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O - Nhn ra (NH4)2SO4 va c kh bay ra va c kt ta (NH4)2SO4 + Ba(OH)2 BaSO4 + 2NH3 + 2H2O - Nhn ra FeSO4 to kt ta trng, ngoi khng kh ha nu: FeSO4 + Ba(OH)2 BaSO4 + Fe(OH)2 4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O 4Fe(OH)3 - Nhn ra AlCl3 do to kt ta trng v kt ta s tan nu d Ba: 3Ba(OH)2 + 2AlCl3 2Al(OH)3 + 3BaCl2 Ba(OH)2 + 2Al(OH)3 Ba(AlO2)2 + 4H2O Cu 26: Ch dng 1 oxit (rn) nhn bit: NaCl, Na2SO4, MgSO4, Al2(SO4)3, BaCl2 Hng dn gii S dng oxit rn l: Na2O Trch lm mu th, cho ln lc Na2O vo cc mu th trn, lc u xy ra phn ng: Na2O + H2O 2NaOH - Mu th xut hin kt ta trng l: MgSO4 MgSO4 + 2NaOH Mg(OH)2 + Na2SO4 - Mu th xut hin keo trng l Al2(SO4)3 Al2(SO4)3 + 6NaOH 2Al(OH)3 + 3Na2SO4 - Cc mu th khng c hin tng l: NaCl, Na2SO4, BaCl2 + Cho dd MgSO4 vo 3 mu th cn li: - Mu th to kt ta trng l BaCl2: MgSO4 + BaCl2 MgCl2 + BaSO4 - Mu th khng c hin tng l NaCl, Na2SO4 + Cho dd BaCl2 vo 2 mu th cn li: - Mu th c kt ta trng l Na2SO4 BaCl2 + Na2SO4 BaSO4 + 2NaCl - Mu th khng hin tng l NaCl Cu 27: Nhn bit cc cht trong mi cp sau y ch bng 1 ha cht t chn: a. 4 dung dch: MgCl2, FeCl2, FeCl3, AlCl3. b. 4 dung dch: H2SO4, Na2SO4, Na2CO3, MgSO4. c. 4 dung dch: HCl, Na2SO4, Na2CO3, Ba(NO3)2. d. 4 dung dch long: BaCl2, Na2SO4, Na3PO4, HNO3. e. 5 dung dch: Na2CO3, Na2SO3, Na2SO4, Na2S, Na2SiO3. f. 6 dung dch: KOH, FeCl3, MgSO4, FeSO4, NH4Cl, BaCl2. g. 4 cht bt trng: K2O, BaO, P2O5, SiO2. h. 4 axit: HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, H3PO4. Hng dn gii a/ Ha cht t chn l NaOH d: - Nhn ra MgCl2 Mg(OH)2 kt ta trng khng tan - Nhn ra FeCl3 Fe(OH)3 kt ta nu khng tan - Nhn ra FeCl2 Fe(OH)2 kt ta trng ngoi khng kh chuyn thnh Fe(OH)3 kt ta nu khng tan - Nhn ra AlCl3 Al(OH)3 kt ta trng, nu d NaOH s tan. b/ Ha cht t chn l NaOH: - Nhn ra MgSO4 Mg(OH)2 kt ta trng khng tan
GV: Trm Phc Ho Trang 19

Trng THCS Long Hip

Luyn thi HS gii ha hc 9 ( Dng:Phn bit v nhn bit)

- Dng kt ta Mg(OH)2 nhn ra H2SO4 do kt ta tan. - Dng H2SO4 nhn ra Na2CO3 do thot ra CO2 , cn li l Na2SO4. c/ Thuc th t chn l qu tm: - Nhn c HCl qu tm ha - Dng HCl nhn ra Na2CO3 thot ra CO2 - Dng Na2CO3 nhn ra Ba(NO3)2 do kt ta BaCO3 Cn li l Na2SO4 d/ Thuc th t chn l dd AgNO3 - Nhn ra BaCl2 AgCl kt ta trng - Nhn Na3PO4 Ag3PO4 to kt ta mu vng. - Dng Ag3PO4 vo 2 dung dch cn li. Dung dch no ha tan kt ta l dd HNO3 Ag3PO4 + 3HNO3 3AgNO3 + H3PO4 - Dung dch no khng ha tan kt ta l dd Na2SO4 e/ Thuc th chn l dd HCl - Nhn ra c Na2SiO3 do to kt ta H2SiO3 - Nhn ra c Na2S do to kh c mi trng thi H2S . - Nhn ra c Na2SO3 do to ra kh SO2 c mi hc - Nhn ra c Na2CO3 do to ra kh CO2 khng mi. Cn li l Na2SO4. f/ Ha cht t chn l qu tm: - Duy nht KOH lm qu tm ha xanh. - Dng KOH nhn ra c NH4Cl NH3 KOH + NH4Cl KCl + NH3 + H2O - Nhn ra MgSO4 to kt ta trng MgSO4 + 2KOH Mg(OH)2 + K2SO4 - Nhn ra FeCl3 to kt ta nu KOH + FeCl3 Fe(OH)3 + 3KCl - Nhn ra FeSO4 to kt ta trng, trong khng kh chuyn thnh mu nu FeSO4 + 2KOH K2SO4 + Fe(OH)2 4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O 4Fe(OH)3 - Cn li l BaCl2 g/ Thuc th chn l H2O - Nhn ra c SiO2 khng tan, cn li l tan K2O + H2O 2KOH BaO + H2O Ba(OH)2 P2O5 + 3H2O 2H3PO4 - Nhn ra c K2O nh dung dch KOH to ra khng c kh nng to kt ta vi 2 dd cn li. 3Ba(OH)2 + 2H3PO4 Ba3(PO4)2 + 6H2O Cn dd Ba(OH)2 khng ha tan kt ta. h/ Thuc th l kim loi Ba - Axit gii phng NO2 mu nu l HNO3 (khi un nng) Ba + 4HNO3 Ba(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O - Axit phn ng khng to kt ta l HCl, 2 axit phn ng to kt ta l H2SO4 v H3PO4 Ba + H2SO4 BaSO4 + H2 3Ba + 2H3PO4 Ba3(PO4)2 + 3H2 - Lc 2 kt ta th vo axit HCl, nu kt ta khng tan l BaSO4, cn kt ta tan l Ba3(PO4)2 Ba3(PO4)2 + 6HCl 3BaCl2 + 2H3PO4 GV: Trm Phc Ho Trang 20

Trng THCS Long Hip

Luyn thi HS gii ha hc 9 ( Dng:Phn bit v nhn bit)

Cu 28: Nhn bit 9 cht rn: Ag2O, BaO, MgO, MnO2, Al2O3, FeO, Fe2O3, CaCO3, CuO. Ch bng hai ha cht n gin t chn: Hng dn gii Hai thuc th l H2O v HCl - Nhn ra BaO tan trong nc to ra dd Ba(OH)2 - Dng Ba(OH)2 nhn Al2O3 tan Ba(OH)2 + Al2O3 Ba(AlO2)2 + H2O - Dng HCl nhn : Ag2O + 2HCl 2AgCl + H2O CuO + 2HCl CuCl2 + H2O (mu xanh) CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O (khng mu) MnCl + Cl + 2H O MnO2 + 4HCl 2 2 2 (vng lc) - Cn MgO, FeO, Fe2O3 tan thnh cc dd MgCl2, FeCl2, FeCl3, Dng dd Ba(OH)2 to ra phn bit 3 dd thng qua cc kt ta khc nhau: Mg(OH)2 ( mu trng), Fe(OH)3 ( mu nu ), Fe(OH)2 ( trng khng bn, trong khng kh chuyn thnh mu nu ) Cu 29: Nhn bit 6 cht bt: Mg(OH)2, Zn(OH)2, Fe(OH)3, BaCl2, xoa, xt n da. Ch bng hai ha cht n gin t chn: Hng dn gii Hai thuc th chn l H2O v H2SO4 - Dng nc nhn ra NaOH, Na2CO3, BaCl2 tan - Dng H2SO4 nhn ra Na2CO3 CO2 v BaCl2 BaSO4 . Cn li l NaOH - Dng NaOH nhn ra kt ta Zn(OH)2 tan Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH Na2ZnO2 + 2H2O - Phn bit 2 kt ta cn li bng mu sc. Cu 30: Nhn bit 3 dung dch: NaCl, HCl, NaNO3 (ch bng 2 kim loi). Hng dn gii Hai thuc th l Cu v Fe - Trn 2 trong 3 dd vi nhau v cho Cu vo hn hp nu c kh khng mu thot ra gp khng kh ha nu th nhn c HCl + NaNO3 3Cu + 8NaNO3 + 8HCl 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 8NaCl (khng mu) 2NO + O2 2NO2 (mu nu) Dung dch cn li l NaCl - Phn bit 2 dd HCl v NaNO3 bng kim loi Fe Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2 Cu 31: Nhn bit 4 cht bt: Na2CO3, NaCl, BaCO3, BaSO4 (ch bng CO2, H2O). Hng dn gii Ha tan 4 cht bt bng nc chia thnh 2 nhm: + Nhm 1: Gm 2 cht bt tan: Na2CO3, NaCl. + Nhm 2: Gm 2 cht khng tan: BaCO3, BaSO4 - Sc kh CO2 i qua mi cht bt nhm 2 trong nc, nu bt vn khng tan l BaSO4, nu bt tan l BaCO3 BaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Ba(HCO3)2 (tan) - Dng dd Ba(HCO3)2 l sn phm to ra thm vo 2 dd to ra t nhm 1, nu c kt ta l Na2CO3 Na2CO3 + Ba(HCO3)2 BaCO3 + 2NaHCO3
GV: Trm Phc Ho Trang 21

Trng THCS Long Hip

Luyn thi HS gii ha hc 9 ( Dng:Phn bit v nhn bit)

Cn li l NaCl

3/ Khng dng thm thuc th:

Cu 32: C 4 ng nghim cha 4 dung dch: Na2CO3, CaCl2, HCl, NH4HCO3 mt nhn c nh s t 1-4. Hy xc nh s ca mi dung dch nu bit: + ng 1 vo ng 3 thy c kt ta. + ng 3 vo ng 4 thy c kh bay ra. Gii thch. Hng dn gii - Dung dch 3 va to kt ta, va to kh bay ra khi tc dng vi 2 dd khc nn (3) l Na2CO3 (1) l CaCl2 v (4) l HCl (2) l NH4HCO3 Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O Na2CO3 + CaCl2 CaCO3 + 2NaCl NH4HCO3 + HCl NH4Cl + CO2 + H2O Cu 33: C 4 l mt nhn A, B, C, D cha KI, HI, AgNO3, Na2CO3. + Cho cht trong l A vo cc l: B, C, D u thy c kt ta. + Cht trong l B ch to 1 kt ta vi 3 cht cn li. + Cht C to 1 kt ta v 1 kh bay ra vi 2 trong 3 cht cn li. Xc nh cc cht trong mi l v gii thch? Hng dn gii - A to kt ta vi B, C, D nn A l AgNO3 AgNO3 + KI AgI + KNO3 AgNO3 + HI AgI + HNO3 2AgNO3 + Na2CO3 Ag2CO3 + 2NaNO3 - C to kt ta vi A v to kh vi HI nn C l Na2CO3 - B ch to kt ta vi 1 trong 3 cht cn li nn B l KI D l HI 2HI + Na2CO3 2NaI + CO2 + H2O Cu 34: Trong 4 l mt nhn A, B, C, D cha AgNO3, ZnCl2, HI, Na2CO3. Bit cht trong l B to kh vi cht trong l C nhng khng phn ng vi cht trong l D. Xc nh cht cha trong mi l. Gii thch? Hng dn gii - C 2 cht to kh khi tc dng vi nhau l: HI v Na2CO3 nhng ch c HI khng phn ng vi ZnCl2 nn B l HI, C l Na2CO3, D l ZnCl2, A l AgNO3. Cu 35: Trong 5 dung dch k hiu A, B, C, D, E cha Na2CO3, HCl, BaCl2, H2SO4, NaCl. Bit: + A vo B c kt ta. + A vo C c kh bay ra + B vo D c kt ta. Xc nh cc cht trong mi l v gii thch? Hng dn gii - B c kh nng to kt ta vi 2 cht A v D nn B l BaCl2 BaCl2 + Na2CO3 BaCO3 + 2NaCl BaCl2 + H2SO4 BaSO4 + 2HCl - A to kt ta vi B v to kh vi C. Nu A l H2SO4 v D l Na2CO3 th ch c Na2CO3 mi to kh khi tc dng vi axit (tri gi thuyt) - Vy A l Na2CO3 v D l H2SO4 C l HCl Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O - Cn E l NaCl. Cu 36: Hy phn bit cc cht trong dung dch sau y m khng c thuc th khc: a. CaCl2, HCl, Na2CO3, KCl.
GV: Trm Phc Ho Trang 22

Trng THCS Long Hip

Luyn thi HS gii ha hc 9 ( Dng:Phn bit v nhn bit)

NaOH, FeCl2, HCl, NaCl. AgNO3, CuCl2, NaNO3, HBr. NaHCO3, HCl, Ba(HCO3)2, MgCl2, NaCl. HCl, BaCl2, Na2CO3, Na2SO4. NaCl, HCl, Na2CO3, H2O NaCl, H2SO4, CuSO4, BaCl2, NaOH Ba(HCO3)2, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, Na2SO4, NaHSO3, NaHSO4. NaOH, NH4Cl, BaCl2, MgCl2, H2SO4. NaCl, H2SO4, Ba(OH)2, Na2CO3. Ba(NO3)2, HNO3, Na2CO3. BaCl2, HCl, H2SO4, K3PO4. Hng dn gii a/ Trch mi dung dch mt t lm mu th. . Ly ngu nhin mt mu, ln lc cho tc dng vi cc mu cn li. Ta c bng sau: CaCl HCl Na2CO3 KCl
2

b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l.

CaCl2 HCl Na2CO3 KCl . Da vo bng trn ta c: Mu th ch to kh bay ra l: HCl Mu th c 1 kt ta trng l: CaCl2 Mu th va c kh va c kt ta l: Na2CO3 Mu th khng c hin tng g l: KCl Phn ng: CaCl2 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2NaCl 2HCl + Na2CO3 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O b/ Trch mi dung dch mt t lm mu th . Ly ngu nhin mt mu, ln lc cho tc dng vi cc mu cn li. Ta c bng sau: NaO H FeCl2 HCl NaCl

NaO H FeCl2 HCl NaCl . Da vo bng trn ta c: - Nhm 1: Khng hin tng l HCl, NaCl - Nhm 2: To kt ta l NaOH, FeCl2 Lc ly kt ta sau nh tng dd nhm 1 vo nu kt ta tan l HCl, cn kt ta khng tan l NaCl Trn mt t HCl vi 1 trong 2 dd nhm 2 sau nh dd cn li vo hn hp: + Nu c kt ta th dd nh git l FeCl2. V sau khi trung ha NaOH cn d s to kt ta vi FeCl 2. Dd trn vi HCl l NaOH. + Nu khng c kt ta th dd nh l NaOH. V trong hn hp c HCl nn NaOH nh vo d phn ng trung ha cha c phn ng to kt ta. Phn ng: NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
GV: Trm Phc Ho Trang 23

Trng THCS Long Hip

Luyn thi HS gii ha hc 9 ( Dng:Phn bit v nhn bit)

2NaOH + FeCl2 Fe(OH)2 + 2HCl FeCl2 + 2H2O c/ Trch mi dung dch mt t lm mu th. . Ly ngu nhin mt mu, ln lc cho tc dng vi cc mu cn li. Ta c bng sau: AgNO
3

Fe(OH)2 + 2NaCl

CuCl2

NaNO3

HBr

AgNO3 CuCl2 NaNO3 HBr . Da vo bng trn ta c: - Nhm 1: Mu th c 2 kt ta l AgNO3 - Nhm 2: Mu th khng c hin tng l NaNO3 - Nhm 3: Mu th c 1 kt ta l CuCl2, HBr Ly 1 t mu ca nhm 3 em c cn th mu khng cn cn trng l HBr (v HBr bay hi cng vi nc), cn mu c cn trng l CuCl2 (v l mui). Phn ng: AgNO3 + HBr AgBr + HNO3 2AgNO3 + CuCl2 Cu(NO3)2 + 2AgCl d/ un nng 5 dd nhn c: Dd chuyn dn c v c kh thot ra l Ba(HCO3)2, dd c kh thot ra l NaHCO3. Ba(HCO3)2 BaCO3 + CO2 + H2O 2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O + Dng Na2CO3 va to thnh cho vo 3 dd cn li ta thy - C kh bay ra l HCl - Xut hin kt ta l MgCl2 2HCl + Na2CO3 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O Na2CO3 + MgCl2 MgCO3 + 2NaCl - Khng hin tng l NaCl e/ Ging c f/ Ging c g/ Nhn ngay c dd CuSO4 c mu xanh lam. Trch mi dung dch mt t lm mu th. - Dng CuSO4 cho vo 4 l cn li ta bit: + Nhm 1: Kt ta xanh lam l mu NaOH, Kt ta trng l mu BaCl2 CuSO4 + 2NaOH Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4 (xanh lam) BaSO4 + CuCl2 CuSO4 + BaCl2 (trng) + Nhm 2: Khng hin tng l H2SO4, v NaCl - Dng BaCl2 cho vo nhm 2. Nu c kt ta l H2SO4, khng hin tng l NaCl. H2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2HCl h/ Trch mi dung dch mt t lm mu th. un nng 6 dd nhn c: Dd chuyn dn c v c kh thot ra l Ba(HCO3)2, dd c kh thot ra l NaHSO3. Ba(HCO3)2 BaCO3 + CO2 + H2O 2NaHSO3 Na2SO3 + SO2 + H2O - Dng Ba(HCO3)2 nhn ra NaHSO4 c kt ta v c kh bay ra:
GV: Trm Phc Ho Trang 24

Trng THCS Long Hip

Luyn thi HS gii ha hc 9 ( Dng:Phn bit v nhn bit)

Ba(HCO3)2 + 2NaHSO4 BaSO4 + Na2SO4 + 2CO2 + 2H2O Cn 2 dd Na2SO4 v Na2SO3 ch to kt ta Ba(HCO3)2 + Na2SO4 BaSO4 + 2NaHCO3 Ba(HCO3)2 + Na2CO3 BaCO3 + 2NaHCO3 - Dng NaHSO4 phn bit Na2SO4 v Na2CO3 do Na2CO3 + 2NaHSO4 2Na2SO4 + CO2 + H2O Cn Na2SO4 khng phn ng i/ un nng 5 dd nhn c NH4Cl do to ra NH3 c mi khai NH4Cl NH3 + HCl - Dng NH4Cl nhn ra NaOH: NH4Cl + 2NaOH NaCl + NH3 + H2O - Dng NaOH nhn ra MgCl2: 2NaOH + MgCl Mg(OH)2 + 2NaCl - Lc kt ta nhn ra H2SO4 kt ta tan: H2SO4 + Mg(OH)2 MgSO4 + 2H2O Cn li l BaCl2. j/ H2SO4 va to kt ta va to kh bay ra vi 2 trong 3 cht cn li H2SO4 + Ba(OH)2 BaSO4 + 2H2O Na2CO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + CO2 + H2O - Cht c kt ta vi H2SO4 l Ba(OH)2 - Cht khng c kh bay ra l Na2CO3 v cht cn li l NaCl k/ Na2CO3 l cht to kt ta v to kh bay ra vi 2 cht cn li. l/ BaCl2 l cht kt ta vi 2 trong 3 cht cn li H2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2HCl 3BaCl2 + 2K3PO4 Ba3(PO4)2 + 6KCl => Cht th 4 l HCl. Lc kt ta em th vo HCl. Kt ta khng tan l BaSO4 (nhn c H2SO4). Kt ta tan l: Ba3(PO4)2 + 6HCl 3BaCl2 + 2H3PO4 Cu 37: Hy phn bit cc cht trong dung dch sau y m khng c thuc th khc: MgCl2, Ba(OH)2, HCl Hng dn gii Trch mi dung dch mt t lm mu th. . Ly ngu nhin mt mu, ln lc cho tc dng vi cc mu cn li. Ta c bng sau: MgCl Ba(OH)2 HCl
2

MgCl2 Ba(OH)2 HCl . Da vo bng trn ta c: - Mu th khng c hin tng l HCl - Mu th c 1 kt ta l MgCl2, Ba(OH)2 Nh t t dd HCl() vo kt ta: 2HCl + Mg(OH)2 MgCl2 + 2H2O Cho ln lc 2 mu th cn li vo sn phm ca phng trnh (1) mu cho kt ta l Ba(OH)2, mu cn li l MgCl2

II/ NHN BIT S C MT CA CC CHT TRONG CNG MT HN HP:

GV: Trm Phc Ho Trang 25

Trng THCS Long Hip

Luyn thi HS gii ha hc 9 ( Dng:Phn bit v nhn bit)

Cu 38: Bng phng php ha hc lm th no nhn ra s c mt ca mi kh trong hn hp gm: CO, CO2, SO2, SO3. Vit phng trnh phn ng. Hng dn gii Dn hn hp kh qua dung dch BaCl2 nu c kt ta trng l nhn c c kh SO3. SO3 + H2O + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2HCl Cn li 3 kh tip tc dn qua dung dch nc brom, nu dd brom mt mu th nhn c c kh SO2 SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O H2SO4 + 2HBr Cn li 2 kh tip tc dn qua dung dch nc vi trong d, nu nc vi trong b c th nhn c c kh CO2 CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O Kh cn li dn qua CuO nng thy xut hin mu v dn kh vo nc vi trong th nc vi trong b c th ta nhn c kh CO CO + CuO Cu + CO2 (en) () CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O Cu 39: Lm th no nhn bit s c mt ng thi ca 3 cht Na 2CO3, NH4HCO3, NaHCO3 trong dung dch A Hng dn gii Nhn ra s c mt ca 3 cht ny tc l xc nh c cc ion: Na+, NH4+, HCO3-, v CO32- trong dung dch A. Trch mi cht lm mu th - Nhng a thy tinh vo dung dch A ri t vi ngn la n cn, thy chy vi ngn la mu vng ti l nhn bit c c Na+ - Cho dung dch NaOH vo mu dung dch A, un nh c kh mi khai thot ra l nhn bit c NH4+ NH4HCO3 + NaOH Na2CO3 + NH3 + H2O - Cho dung dch BaCl2 d vo mu dung dch A nu c kt ta xut hin l nhn c CO32BaCl2 + Na2CO3 BaCO3 + 2NaCl - Lc kt ta, nc lc thu c cho vo dung dch Ba(OH)2 nu c kt ta xut hin chng t c HCO3Ba(OH)2 + 2NaHCO3 BaCO3 + Na2CO3 + H2O Cu 40: Nhn bit s c mt ca cc kh sau trong cng mt hn hp CO2, SO2, C2H4, CH4. Hng dn gii - Dn hn hp kh qua dd Ca(OH)2 d th CO2 v SO2 b gi li di dng kt ta. CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O SO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaSO3 + H2O - Dn 2 kh qua dd nc brom, nu dd nc brom mt mu th bit c kh C2H4. Br2 + C2H4 C2H4Br2 (nu ) (khng mu) - t kh cn li, cho sn phm qua dd Ca(OH)2 to kt ta => kh ban u l CH4. - Cho dd HCl vo hai kt ta , ri dn hn hp qua dd nc brom, dd brom b nht mu l cha kh SO2. SO2 + Br2 + H2O HBr + H2SO4 - Kh cn li l CO2 (lm c nc vi trong) 6/ Hy phn bit cc dung dch sau y m khng c thuc th khc: NaHCO3, Ca(HCO3)2, Na2CO3, CaCl2. 7/ Hy phn bit cc dung dch sau y m khng c thuc th khc: NaCl, AlCl3, NaOH. 16/ Nu phng php ha hc phn bit cc cp kh sau y: a. Etylen, matan, hidro, oxi b. CH4, C2H2, C2H4, SO2 c. NH3, H2S, HCl, SO2 d. Cl2, CO2, CO, SO2, SO3 e. NH3, H2S, Cl2, NO2, NO
GV: Trm Phc Ho Trang 26

Trng THCS Long Hip

Luyn thi HS gii ha hc 9 ( Dng:Phn bit v nhn bit)

24/ A, B, C l hp cht v c ca mt kim loi, khi t nng nhit cao cho ngn la mu vng. A tc dng vi B to thnh C. Nung nng B nhit cao thu c cht rn C, hi nc v kh D. Bit D l hp cht ca cacbon, D tc dng vi A cho ra B hoc C. Hi A, B, C l nhng hp cht g? Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra trong cc qu trnh trn. 25/ X l hp cht ca 2 nguyn t A v B. Dung dch X lm qu tm ha . Y l hp cht ca 2 nguyn t M v B. Kh Y tan trong nc to thnh dung dch c pH>7. Z l hp cht ca A, B, M kh ph bin trong t nhin, khng tan trong nc nhng tan trong hn hp X v nc. Xc nh X, Y, Z v vit c phng trnh phn ng xy ra 8/ Ch dng nc v kh CO2, hy phn bit 4 cht rn: NaCl, Na2CO3, BaCO3, BaSO4. 7/ Ch dng thm 1 cht, hy phn bit 5 cht rn sau: Na, Na2O, Al, Al2O3, NH4Cl. 9/ Ch c dng thm dung dch HCl, hy phn bit 4 cht bt mu trng: Na2CO3, Na2SO4, MgCO3, BaSO4.

GV: Trm Phc Ho

Trang 27

Trng THCS Long Hip

Luyn thi HS gii ha hc 9 ( Dng:Phn bit v nhn bit)

6/ Hy phn bit cc dung dch sau y m khng c thuc th khc: NaHCO3, Ca(HCO3)2, Na2CO3, CaCl2. 7/ Hy phn bit cc dung dch sau y m khng c thuc th khc: NaCl, AlCl3, NaOH. 16/ Nu phng php ha hc phn bit cc cp kh sau y: f. Etylen, matan, hidro, oxi g. CH4, C2H2, C2H4, SO2 h. NH3, H2S, HCl, SO2 i. Cl2, CO2, CO, SO2, SO3 j. NH3, H2S, Cl2, NO2, NO 24/ A, B, C l hp cht v c ca mt kim loi, khi t nng nhit cao cho ngn la mu vng. A tc dng vi B to thnh C. Nung nng B nhit cao thu c cht rn C, hi nc v kh D. Bit D l hp cht ca cacbon, D tc dng vi A cho ra B hoc C. Hi A, B, C l nhng hp cht g? Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra trong cc qu trnh trn. 25/ X l hp cht ca 2 nguyn t A v B. Dung dch X lm qu tm ha . Y l hp cht ca 2 nguyn t M v B. Kh Y tan trong nc to thnh dung dch c pH>7. Z l hp cht ca A, B, M kh ph bin trong t nhin, khng tan trong nc nhng tan trong hn hp X v nc. Xc nh X, Y, Z v vit c phng trnh phn ng xy ra 8/ Ch dng nc v kh CO2, hy phn bit 4 cht rn: NaCl, Na2CO3, BaCO3, BaSO4. 7/ Ch dng thm 1 cht, hy phn bit 5 cht rn sau: Na, Na2O, Al, Al2O3, NH4Cl. 9/ Ch c dng thm dung dch HCl, hy phn bit 4 cht bt mu trng: Na2CO3, Na2SO4, MgCO3, BaSO4.

GV: Trm Phc Ho

Trang 28