CNG TY C PHN NG XANH

BO CO NH GI TC NG MI TRNG
D N U T XY DNG NH MY SN XUT CN ETHANOL I TN - I LC - QUNG NAM
(Bo co c chnh sa theo kin ca Hi ng thm nh vo ngy 11/4/2007 ti S TN&MT tnh Qung Nam)

Qung Nam, Thng 4 nm 2007

CNG TY C PHN NG XANH

BO CO NH GI TC NG MI TRNG
D N U T XY DNG NH MY SN XUT CN ETHANOL I TN - I LC - QUNG NAM
(Bo co c chnh sa theo kin ca Hi ng thm nh vo ngy 11/4/2007 ti S TN&MT tnh Qung Nam)

C QUAN CH D N Gim c

Nguyn Vn khnhC QUAN T VN Q. Gim c

PGS.TS Phng Ch S

Qung Nam, Thng 4 nm 2007

MC LC
CHNG 1........................................................................................................................................6 M T TM TT D N..............................................................................................................6

1.1. TN D N.................................................................................................................6 1.2. CH D N................................................................................................................6 1.3. V TR A L CA D N.....................................................................................6 1.4. NI DUNG CH YU CA D N........................................................................7

1.4.1. Sn phm v cng sut ca d n : ......................................................................................7

1.6. THI GIAN HOT NG V TIN THC HIN D N..........................25 1.7. VN U T D N.............................................................................................25
CHNG 2 IU KIN T NHIN, MI TRNG V KINH T - X HI.........................................29

2.1. IU KIN T NHIN V MI TRNG..........................................................29

2.1.3. a hnh, a mo.................................................................................................................30 2.1.7. Hin trng cc thnh phn mi trng t nhin .................................................................33

2.2. IU KIN KINH T X HI X I TN NM 2006....................................35

2.2.3. iu kin x hi...................................................................................................................37 CHNG 3 NH GI CC TC NG MI TRNG...........................................................................38

3.1. NGUN GY TC NG......................................................................................38

3.1.1. Cc ngun gy tc ng trong giai on xy dng.............................................................38 3.1.2. Cc ngun gy tc ng trong giai on hot ng ca Nh my ....................................39 3.1.3. D bo nhng ri ro v s c mi trng do d n gy ra................................................40

3.2. I TNG, QUY M B TC NG................................................................42

3.2.1. i tng, quy m b tc ng trong giai on xy dng .................................................42 3.2.2. i tng, quy m b tc ng trong giai on vn hnh hot ng.................................42

3.3. NH GI TC NG..........................................................................................43
3.3.1. nh gi tc ng mi trng trong giai on xy dng...................................................43 3.3.2. nh gi tc ng mi trng trong giai on hot ng..................................................50

3.4. NH GI V PHNG PHP S DNG..........................................................67

3.4.1.Cc phng php s dng nh gi tc ng mi trng..............................................67 3.4.2. nh gi tin cy ca cc phng php..........................................................................67 CHNG 4 BIN PHP LM GIM THIU TC NG XU, PHNG NGA V NG PH S C MI TRNG..........................................................................................................................69 4.2.6. Phng chng st...................................................................................................................86 CHNG 5 CAM KT THC HIN BIN PHP BO V MI TRNG............................................88

5.1. CAM KT THC HIN CC BIN PHP GIM THIU CC TC NG XU...................................................................................................................................88 5.2. CAM KT THC HIN TT C CC BIN PHP, QUY NH CHUNG V BO V MI TRNG C LIN QUAN N D N..............................................89 ii

CHNG 6 CC CNG TRNH X L MI TRNG, CHNG TRNH QUN L V GIM ST MI TRNG........................................................................................................................90

6.1. DANH MC CC CNG TRNH X L MI TRNG...................................90 6.2. CHNG TRNH QUN L MI TRNG........................................................90 6.3. CHNG TRNH GIM ST MI TRNG......................................................91
CHNG 7 D TON KINH PH CHO CC CNG TRNH MI TRNG.........................................93

7.1. KINH PH D KIN CHO PHNG CHNG V X L NHIM...................93 7.2. KINH PH D KIN CHO CNG TC GIM ST CHT LNG MI TRNG...........................................................................................................................93
CHNG 8 THAM VN KIN CNG NG............................................................................................98 CHNG 9 CH DN NGUN CUNG CP S LIU, D LIU V.......................................................100 PHNG PHP NH GI......................................................................................................100

9.1. NGUN CUNG CP S LIU, D LIU............................................................100 9.2. PHNG PHP P DNG TRONG QU TRNH TM...................................100
9.2.1. Danh mc cc phng php s dng................................................................................100 9.2.2. nh gi mc tin cy ca cc phng php s dng.............................................101

iii

DANH MC CC T VIT TT
BOD5 BVMT CBCNV CCN CHXHCN COD DO TM EC ENTEC KCN MPN PCCC Pt-Co SS SX TCVN TE/F THC UBND UBMTTQVN WHO XD - Nhu cu oxy sinh ha o 20 0C - o trong 5 ngy. - Bo v mi trng. - Cn b cng nhn vin. - Cm cng nghip - Cng ha X hi Ch ngha. - Nhu cu oxy ha hc. - Oxy ha tan. - nh gi tc ng mi trng. - dn in. - Trung tm Cng ngh Mi trng. - Khu cng nghip. - S ln nht c th m c (phng php xc nh vi sinh). - Phng chy cha chy. - n v o mu (thang mu Pt Co). - Cht rn l lng. - Sn xut. - Tiu chun Vit Nam. - n v o c. - Tng hydrocacbon. - y ban Nhn dn. - y ban Mt trn T quc Vit Nam. - T chc Y t Th gii. - Xy dng.

M U
1. XUT X CA D N Cn Ethanol c loi ngi sn xut t hng nghn nm nay ch yu lm ru. Khong 50 nm trc M v mt s nc sn xut Ethanol lm nhin liu , nhng do cng ngh cn lc hu, gi thnh cao nn khng c sc cnh tranh vi du m . Khong 10 nm tr li y ( ring Braxin khong 30 nm nay ) cc nc tng cng sn xut Ethanol lm nhin liu, c bit t nm 2005 k nguyn nhin liu sinh hc mi tht s bt u cng l thi im nng lc sn xut du m ca th gii t nh im, t nm 2007 biu sn lng xng du th gii s i xung cho n khi n chm dt sau khong 50 nm na . Sn lng Ethanol th gii nm 2005 khong 35 triu tn (ring M v Braxin khong 25 triu tn) tip theo l cc nc Trung Quc, n , EU, Thi Lan ... Tuy nhin sn lng trn ch p ng mt phn nh nhu cu ca th gii : v d Trung Quc nu s dng xng pha 10% cn th nm 2007 cn 6 triu tn Ethanol nhng kh nng sn xut ch c khong 4 triu tn . Nht Bn cn 5 triu tn Ethanol nu s dng xng pha 10% cn. Tuy nhin n nay mi sn xut c khong 10% v phi nhp khu t Braxin vi mt s lng hn ch, n nay t l pha cn vo xng Nht Bn mi t di 3%. Nhu cu thng mi Ethanol ton cu n nm 2010 l 10 triu tn trong khi nm 2006 mi t khong 3 triu tn . Thi Lan theo k hoch ca Chnh ph nm 2006 phi t t l 10% cn pha vo xng nhng mi t c 5% do vic xy dng cc nh my b chm tr . Ti Vit Nam, Chnh ph c ch trng khuyn khch pht trin nng lng ti to trong c nhin liu sinh hc t hn 5 nm nay nhng hu nh cha c s trin khai ng k no, cc nh my sn xut cn ca Vit Nam u c cng sut nh, ch yu lm cn thc phm. Nm 2006 Nh my ng Lam Sn a vo hot ng nh my cn cng sut khong 20 triu lt/nm v lin hip ma ng II a vo hot ng 2 nh my cng sut mi nh my 6 triu lt/nm- u sn xut cn thc phm. Nm 2006 lng xng s dng cho ng c t trong nc ta khong 3 triu tn tng ng s ngoi t phi b ra nhp khu gn 2 t USD. Nu s dng xng pha cn 10% (E10) th cn 300.000 tn cn Ethanol. iu ny hon ton c th thc hin c trong vng 2 - 3 nm, khi s tit kim c mi nm 200 triu USD tin nhp khu xng. Mt khc 70% gi thnh cn l nguyn liu sn, iu ny cng c ngha l i sng hng vn nng dn s c ci thin . Vic p dng trn thc tin xng pha cn l n gin v rt hin thc. Hin nay Chnh ph ang cho xy dng v s ban hnh trong mt thi gian gn y tiu chun Nh nc v cn nhin liu v xng pha cn . Sau khi c php ca Chnh ph cc Cng ty kinh doanh 2

xng du s t chc thm cc trm bn xng pha cn (Thng b tr ngay ti cc trm bn xng sn c ch lp thm ct bm ). i vi t l pha cn 10% (E10) th hon ton khng phi thay i bt k chi tit no ca t , xe my (Hin nay trong Catalog hng dn s dng ca cc loi t , xe my u cho php s dng xng pha cn 10% ) : T nm 2009 v 2010 hu ht cc hng xe t trn th gii u lp ng c nhin liu linh hot (xe FFV ) c th s dng xng pha cn ti 85% . Theo d tnh ca chng ti n 2015 Vit Nam c th s dng t 2 - 3 triu tn cn Ethanol/nm s tit kim c 1,3 t USD/nm (theo gi xng hin nay), ng thi gim 6,2 triu tn CO2 ca nhin liu ho thch pht thi vo mi trng. Hng trm triu USD l s tin m ngi nng dn s c hng mi nm t li nhun tng ln. D n ca Cng ty C phn ng Xanh xy dng nh my cn thc phm v cn nhin liu cng sut 60 triu lt/nm (Giai on I ) v 120 triu lt/nm (Giai on II) l mt bc t ph vo th trng ny , chc chn thi gian ti nhiu doanh nghip thuc cc thnh phn kinh t s tham gia v tim nng sn xut cn Ethanol Vit nam l ln nht. Thc hin nghim chnh Lut Bo v mi trng c Quc hi nc Cng ha X hi Ch ngha Vit Nam thng qua ngy 29/11/2005 v theo Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP ca Chnh ph v vic quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Bo v mi trng, trong quy nh d n u t xy dng nh my sn xut cn phi lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM), Cng ty C phn ng Xanh tin hnh lp Bo co TM cho D n vi s t vn ca Trung tm Cng ngh Mi trng (ENTEC). D n u t xy dng mt nh my sn xut thc phm v cn nhin liu cng sut 50.000 tn/nm (giai on 1) v tng ln 100.000tn/nm (giai on 2) l d n thuc loi d n mi. UBND tnh Qung Nam l c quan c thm quyn thm nh v ph duyt bo co TM ca D n ny. 2. CN C PHP LUT V K THUT CA VIC THC HIN NH GI TC NG MI TRNG (1). C s php l nh gi tc ng mi trng: Lut Bo v mi trng c Quc hi nc CHXHCN Vit Nam thng qua ngy 29/11/2005 v Ch tch nc k lnh cng b ngy 12 thng 12 nm 2005; Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP ngy 09/08/2006 ca Chnh ph v vic quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Bo v mi trng; Ngh nh s 81/2006/N-CP ngy 09/08/2006 ca Chnh ph v x pht vi phm hnh chnh trong lnh vc bo v mi trng; Thng t s 08/2006/TT-BTNMT ngy 08/09/2006 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng v Hng dn nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng v cam kt bo v mi trng; Quyt nh s 22/2006/Q-BTNMT ngy 18/12/2006 ca B trng B Ti nguyn v Mi trng v vic bt buc p dng Tiu chun Vit Nam v mi trng; 3

 Quyt nh s 23/2006/Q-BTNMT ngy 26/12/2006 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng v/v ban hnh Danh mc cht thi nguy hi. Thng t s 12/2006/TT-BTNMT ngy 26/12/2006 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng v/v hng dn iu kin hnh ngh v th tc lp h s, ng k, cp php hnh ngh, m s qun l cht thi nguy hi. Ngh nh s 04/2007/N-CP ngy 08/01/2007 ca Chnh ph v/v sa i, b sung mt s iu ca Ngh nh 67/2003/N-CP ngy 13/06/2003 ca Chnh ph v ph bo v mi trng i vi nc thi. Ch th s 199TTg ngy 03/04/1997 ca Th tng chnh ph v nhng bin php cp bch trong cng tc qun l cht thi rn cc th v cc khu cng nghip; T trnh s 179/TT-UBND ca UBND huyn i Lc ngy 25/10/2006 gi cho UBND tnh Qung Nam, S Cng nghip, S K hoch v u t, S Ti nguyn v mi trngV/v Tha thun cho php Cng ty ng Xanh c chn a im cm cng nghip i Tn lp d n u t nh my sn xut cn Ethanol. Ch trng s 3551/UBND-KTN ca UBND tnh Qung Nam ngy 16 thng 11 nm 2006 V/v thng nht ch trng cho Cng ty CP ng Xanh u t d n sn xut cn Ethanol ti cm cng nghip i Tn, huyn i Lc. Thng bo s 115/TB-UBND ca UBND huyn i Lc ngy 23 thng 11 nm 2006 V/v cho php Cng ty CP ng Xanh chn a im lp d n u t xy dng nh my sn xut cn Ethanol ti Cm cng nghip lng ngh i Tn. Thng bo s 123/TB-UBND ca UBND huyn i Lc ngy 20/12/2006 V/v Thng qua quy hoch chi tit nh my sn xut cn Ethanol ti Cm cng nghip lng ngh i Tn thuc x i Tn. Cc vn bn php l lin quan n D n c a ra trong Ph lc I. (2). Cc tiu chun mi trng Vit Nam: Gii hn ti a cho php ting n ti khu vc lao ng (TCVN 3985:1985); Gii hn ti a cho php ting n khu vc cng cng v dn c (theo mc m tng ng, TCVN 5949:1995); Tiu chun cc cht nhim trong khng kh ti ni sn xut (Tiu chun ca B Y t nm 2002); Gi tr gii hn cho php ca cc thng s v nng cc cht nhim trong nc mt (TCVN 5942:1995); Gi tr gii hn cho php ca cc thng s v nng cc cht nhim trong nc ngm (TCVN 5944:1995); TCVN 6772:2000 : Cht lng nc Nc thi sinh hot Gii hn nhim cho php (Mc I); TCVN 5937:2005 : Cht lng khng kh Tiu chun cht lng khng kh xung quanh; TCVN 5938:2005 : Cht lng khng kh Nng ti a cho php ca mt s cht c hi trong khng kh xung quanh; TCVN 5939:2005 : Cht lng khng kh Tiu chun kh thi cng nghip i vi bi v cc cht v c; 4

 TCVN 5940:2005 : Cht lng khng kh Tiu chun kh thi cng nghip i vi mt s cht hu c; TCVN 5945:2005 : Nc thi cng nghip Tiu chun thi. 3. T CHC THC HIN TM Cng ty C phn ng Xanh phi hp vi Trung tm Cng ngh Mi trng (ENTEC) tin hnh xy dng Bo co TM cho D n u t xy dng nh my sn xut cn ti x i Tn, huyn i Lc, tnh Qung Nam. Qua Bo co s nh gi, d bo cc tc ng bt li, cng nh mt tch cc v xy dng cc phng n kh thi nhm gim thiu cc tc ng c hi ti mi trng khu vc. Cng ty C phn ng Xanh l c quan ch tr thc hin bo co TM. C quan t vn l Trung tm Cng ngh Mi trng (ENTEC). a ch lin h c quan t vn: TRUNG TM CNG NGH MI TRNG (ENTEC) a ch in thoi Fax : 439A9 Phan Vn Tr, phng 5, qun G Vp, Tp. H Ch Minh. : 08.9850540 8957743 : 08.9850541

Nhng thnh vin chnh thc hin lp bo co TM ca d n gm: 01 PGS.TS. Phng Ch S Trung tm Cng ngh Mi trng 02 KS. Trn nh Quc Trung tm Cng ngh Mi trng 03 KS. Trn Vit Hi Trung tm Cng ngh Mi trng 04 KS. Ngc Hun Cng ty C phn ng Xanh V cc thnh vin khc ca Trung tm Cng ngh Mi trng, Trong qu trnh thc hin chng ti nhn c s gip ca cc c quan sau: S Ti nguyn v Mi trng tnh Qung Nam; UBND x i Tn, huyn i Lc, tnh Qung Nam; UBMTTQ x i Tn, huyn i Lc, tnh Qung Nam;

CHNG 1 M T TM TT D N
1.1. TN D N U T XY DNG NH MY SN XUT CN ETHANOL I TN I LC - QUNG NAM 1.2. CH D N CNG TY C PHN NG XANH - Tr s giao dch chnh : 137 Trng N Vng, Thnh Ph Tam K, Tnh Qung Nam - in thoi : 0510.813217 Fax : 0510.813217 - Email : Greenfieldtk@vnn.vn Vn iu l Ch tch HQT : 18.000.000.000 ( Mi tm t ng Vit Nam ) : ng LU QUANG THI

Gim c iu hnh : ng NGUYN VN KHNH Cng ty C phn ng Xanh c thnh lp theo Giy chng nhn ng k kinh doanh s 3303070224 ca S K hoch v u t tnh Qung Nam ngy 5/09/2006 vi ngnh ngh kinh doanh chnh nh sau: - Kinh doanh nng lm sn v nng lm sn ch bin. - Kinh doanh vt t thit b phc v cc ngnh nng lm nghip, cng nghip, giao thng vn ti v xy dng . Cng ty C phn ng Xanh do 5 c ng sng lp, cc c ng u l nhng doanh nhn lu nm c uy tn v danh ting trong nc v Quc t - Chuyn kinh doanh cc mt hng nng sn, vt t thit b cho ngnh nng nghip, cng nghip, giao thng vn ti v xy dng. 1.3. V TR A L CA D N Nh my sn xut cn Ethanol d kin xy dng trn khu t c tng din tch 16,7 ha ti x i Tn, huyn i Lc, tnh Qung Nam, cch TP. Nng khong 40km, cch Th trn i Ngha khong 10km; cch ng 14B hn 4km, nm trn trc Huyn l H102, cch sng Vu Gia hn 1km. y l khu vc bn sn a, xa khu vc dn c tp trung thun li cho cng tc x l mi trng cng nh quy hoch cc nh my . V tr ca d n c xc nh trong hnh II.1, phc lc II. 6

1.4. NI DUNG CH YU CA D N 1.4.1. Sn phm v cng sut ca d n : (1). Sn phm chnh: Cn Ethanol (C2H5OH) c th c tinh ch t nhiu ngun nguyn liu thc vt nh: Ng, khoai, sn, ma ng, r ng, la go, hoa qu, c ci, cht x thc vt (Xenlulo). Ngun nguyn liu s dng cho D n ny l sn lt kh. Cn Ethanol l cht khng c hi c s dng rt rng ri trong cng nghip, thc phm , dc phm v lm nhin liu sinh hc. D n s sn xut 50.000 tn/nm cn thc phm v cn nhin liu (giai on 1) v tng ln 100.000 tn/nm (giai on 2). Tiu chun cn thc phm v cn nhin liu c trnh by trong cc bng 1.1 v 1.2. Bng 1.1 : Tiu chun cn thc phm : STT Thnh phn n v Ch Tiu 1 Nng Ethanol % 96,2 2 Hm lng aldehyt mg/l 4 3 Hm lng este mg/l 30 4 Hm lng du fusel mg/l 4 5 Hm lng mEthanol % 0,05 6 Hm lng axit axetic mg/l 15 7 Hm lng furfurol mg/l Khng c 8 Ngoi quan Trong sut, mi thm c trng ca ru Ngun : Tiu chun Nh nc Trung Quc Bng 1.2 : Tiu chun cn nhin liu : STT Thnh phn 1 Nng Ethanol 2 Hm lng mEthanol 3 Nc 4 Clorua 5 Axit 6 ng 7 pH 8 Ngoi quan Ngun : Tiu chun EU (2). Sn phm ph: - CO2 lng : CO2 lng vi tinh khit 99,8% c s dng cho cng nghip thc phm (nc gii kht c gas , bia ), s dng bo qun lnh thc phm trong cc kho cha v 7 n v % % % mg/l mg/l mg/l Ch Tiu 99,5 0,5 0,3 32 56 0,08 6,5 - 9,0 Trong sut

siu th, s dng cho ngnh cng nghip sn xut t v tu thu nh cht bo v mi hn v nhiu ngnh cng nghip khc. Cng sut CO2 lng l 20.000 tn/nm (Giai an I) v 40.000 tn /nm (Giai an II). - Phn bn vi sinh : B thi ca qu trnh sn xut cn c sy kh v trn mt t l thch hp cc cht dinh dng cho cy trng, ng bao v cung cp cho sn xut nng nghip. Phn bn vi sinh rt c hiu qu cho nh nng v gi r v c tc dng ci to t, khng gy hi mi trng nh phn ho hc. Cng sut phn vi sinh l 20.000 tn/nm (Giai an I) v 40.000 tn /nm (Giai an II). 1.4.2. Nguyn liu, nhin liu cho nh my v ngun cung cp: Nguyn liu chnh cho nh my l sn kh, ch yu c thu mua trong thi gian 1-2 nm u t vng nguyn liu sn c l Kon Tum. Sn lng sn ca Kon Tum trong nm 2006 khong 400.000 tn (sn kh), tc tng trng sn lng hng nm trn 10%. Nh my sn xut cn tuyt i ti Qung Nam s s dng khong 150.000 tn sn kh/nm (Giai an I) v 300.000 tn sn kh (Giai an II) (chim khong 35-70% sn lng sn kh nu trn). T nm 2007 Cng ty C phn ng Xanh s cng cc ngnh lin quan v chnh quyn a phng u t pht trin vng nguyn liu ti ch gm cc huyn i Lc, in Bn, Nam Giang, Hip c, Ty Giang, ng Giang. Vi nng sut ti thiu 10 tn sn kh/hecta (2,5 tn sn ti/tn kh), Cng ty s cn khang 15.000 ha (Giai an I) v 30.000 ha (Giai an II) t trng sn. Din tch trn hon ton c th p ng c ti cc huyn nu trn ca tnh Qung Nam. Thc t nng sut bnh qun ca Kon Tum l 15 tn sn kh/ha, nu sn xut thm canh c th t 20 tn sn kh/ha. Ngoi ra, tnh Qung Nam c th hp tc vi Nc CHDCND Lo pht trin vng trng sn st bin gii (Vng k Chng) vi din tch hng chc nghn hecta. Vic m bo nguyn liu cho nh my l iu chc chn do nguyn liu sn kh c th bo qun hng nm v vn chuyn t xa n d dng. Nguyn liu ph ca nh my l mt s ho cht thng dng, sn c trn th trng vi s lng t nh trnh by trong bng 1.3. Bng 1.3 :Nguyn liu ph ca nh my cn tuyt i Khi lng s dng (Tn/nm) Giai an I Giai an II 01 Axit Sulfuric 250 500 02 Xt (NaOH) 100 200 03 Clorua Canxi (CaCl2) 75 150 04 Sulfat Amni (NH4)2SO4 35 70 05 Men vi sinh cc lai 150 300 06 Thuc khng sinh 0,2 0,4 Ngun : Lun chng KTKT ca D n, 02/2007 8 TT Nguyn vt liu

Nhin liu s dng cho nh my l than nhit lng thp (5.500 - 6.500 KCal/kg) c khai thc ti a phng (i Lc c 3 m than vi tr lng > 6 triu tn). Trong khi nh my ch s dng 20.000 tn/nm (giai on I) v 40.000 tn/nm (giai on II ). Ngun nhin liu chnh ca nh my l kh Biogas thu c t h thng x l nc thi ca nh my vi cng sut khong 35.000m3/ngy (Giai an I) v 70.000 m3/ngy (Giai an II) (Hm lng CH4 trung bnh l 65%). Ngun cung cp in : Hin c in 15 KV n nh my gch Tuynel, Cng ty s ko ng dy thm 500m n nh my sn xut cn . - Ngun in c ly trc tip t ng dy trung th trn trc ng DH 107 gn x i Tn. Ngun in ny c s dng khi nh my cha hot ng (in sinh hot, xy lp, bo dng thit b) v khi nh my bt u vn hnh (in t pht cha c) v d phng khi nh my c trc trc v nh my pht in. - Ngun in th 2 do nh my t pht bng my pht in tuabin hi nc c cng sut 6.000 KVA, nh my s dng ht 3.000 KVA v cn d s bn li cho in lc a phng 3.000 KVA. Nc cp : S dng ngun nc sng Vu Gia cch nh my t 1,3 - 1,5 km c lu lng bnh qun 450m3/s. Lng nc th bm l: 4.000 m3/ngy, trong s dng cho cng ngh sn xut 50 % v gii nhit 50%. Ngun nc ngm ti khu vc cha c kho st. 1.4.3. Phng n k thut v cng ngh Cng ngh sn xut cn nhin liu v cn thc phm ca d n ny l k thut mi : Ln men Ethanol lin tc trong dung dch, men t ngng t. Cng ngh c k thut ng tin cy, vn hnh n nh, c chng minh qua thc t sn xut nhiu nh my Trung Quc v c cc c quan hu quan ca Nh nc Trung Quc gim nh v cng nhn vo nm 2005. Phng n k thut cng ngh gm 4 cng on chnh sau y: Chun b nguyn liu; ng ho; Ln men;Chng ct cn v tch nc thnh cn tuyt i. (1). Chun b nguyn liu v ng ho a). Chun b nguyn liu : Tt c cc loi ng cc, ma v mt s loi xenlul u c th sn xut thnh cn. Tuy nhin, Cng ty la chn sn lt kh sn xut cn v cc l do sau y: - Sn lt kh c hm lng tinh bt cao trn 70% nn s lng nguyn liu a vo sn xut s t. - Sn lt kh d ch bin, do d nghin nh, d thu phn. - Sn lng sn lt kh ca Vit Nam rt ln. Ti khu vc Min Trung gn a im xy dng nh my, sn lng sn kh chim khong 35-40% so vi c nc, tng ng vi hn 500.000 tn/nm. - Gi sn lt kh so vi cc loi ng cc khc v ma l r nht, dn n gi thnh sn xut 9

thp. - Cn c cng sut nh my giai on I (50.000 tn cn/nm), lng sn lt kh phc v cho sn xut l 150.000 tn/nm, v sn xut 300 ngy/nm. Nh vy mi ngy s s dng ht khang 500 tn sn. Giai an II, nhu cu s dng sn lt kh s tng gp i (300.000 tn/nm). b). Gii php cng ngh s c la chn l ch bin kh. Sn lt s c nghin 2 ln, qua sng lc, sau thi gi, thu gom bt sn kh bng xyclon t hp hiu sut cao. Phng php ny cho nguyn liu bt c kch thc ht vi ng u cao. Quy trnh cng ngh ca khu chun b nguyn liu c a ra trn Hnh 1.1: Sn lt kh Phu tr liu Phu tr bt Qua cn Kh st t tnh Kh tp cht

My nghin th Vt ti

My nghin mn Trn nc v gia nhit Nu dung dch tinh bt

Hnh 1.1: Quy trnh cng ngh ca khu chun b nguyn liu Trong nh my sn xut cn i a s cc cng an c vn chuyn bng bng ti, gu ti v vt ti. Vt ti c np y, nguyn liu s c chuyn trong h thng kn. i vi bt sn chuyn ti bng phng php ny s hn ch c bi pht tn vo khng kh. Sn lt kh c chuyn ti vo ng dn bng qut gi p sut cao, cc tp cht trong nguyn liu c t trng ln hn nh , t, st s c tch ra v ri xung. Phng php ny rt thch hp vi nguyn liu dng cc, dng ht. Do tch c t v st, nn my nghin khng b ph b v t b mi mn, gim bt s ph hng mt sng bt, gim ti cho thit b kh st v lc bi. Bt c trn vi nc nng v gia nhit bng ni hi. (2). ng ho dch ln men a). Phng n k thut cng ngh - ng ho dch tinh bt di tc dng ca men tinh bt v men tinh bt c tc dng thu phn Glycoside 1,4 thay phn t tinh bt v hnh thnh tinh h v Oligomer. Theo s ct on ca Glycoside, mch tinh bt ngn dn v m c gim dn, gim nht v tnh chy tng ln. Hin tng trn trong cng nghip ln men gi l dch ho. Sn phm chnh khi thu phn l tinh h v mt s t ng mch nha. ng ho l li dng ng Glyc ca men tinh bt dch ho cc phn t nh ca tinh bt v Oligomer hnh thnh trong cng on dch ho. Qu trnh phn ng ho hc trong cng ngh ny nh sau : (C6H10O5)n + nH2O nC6H10O6 10

Tinh bt 162 100 gram

Nc 18

ng Glyc 180 111,11 gram

Cng thc trn cho thy hiu sut l thuyt thu c Glyc t tinh bt l 111,11 %. Do yu cu sn sinh ra ng Glyc nhiu nht, nn tinh bt cn c thu phn hon ton. Tuy nhin, trong thc t sn xut, hiu sut chuyn ha tinh bt thnh ng Glyc ch t khang 105 108%. Men ng vai tr quan trng trong cng on ng ho. Nu men c ln men tp, khng thun khit, th qu trnh ng ha s xy ra khng han tan, dn ti cn st tinh bt, nng sut ng ho thp. Quy trnh cng ngh ng ho c trnh by trn Hnh 1.2 : Dung dch tinh bt Lc Ni pha ch Bm Ni nu Ni phn ly

Dch ng ho B men s c sy kh, Ch bin thnh thc n gia sc hoc phn bn

Hnh 1.2: Quy trnh cng ngh ng ho Dung dch tinh bt sau khi s ch c a vo ni pha ch, trn u v c gia nhit n 60-70oC, ri dng bm a vo phn di ca ni hnh chp, tng hi gia nhit ti nhit nu d nh. Sau khi y ni s 1, t nh ni s chy trn sang ni s 2 v theo trnh t y ni s 2 v 3. Ni nu th 4 ch dng lm phn ly tch hi v dung dch, dung dch nu t phn gia ni chy vo, hi nng th 2 t nh ni thot ra v c ti s dng gia nhit cp thp hn tng hiu qu s dng hi nng, gim nhin liu (than ). Dung dch sau khi dch ho xong s chy vo mng trung chuyn ri qua bm i lc. Sau khi lc s a vo ni ng ho. Cn b sau khi sy kh s ch bin thc n gia sc hoc phn vi sinh. Ni ng ho c cho thm men (enzim), trn u s bt u qu trnh ng ho. Qu trnh ng ho c duy tr nhit 60oC. Trong ni ng ho c h ng gia nhit duy tr nhit n nh. Thi gian ng ho ko di 13 ting. Qua kim tra, khi hiu sut chuyn ha (DE) t 92 % th kt thc ng ho, chuyn sang thng cha chun b ln men. Dung dch ng ho xong, hm lng Glyco t n 23%. Qu trnh ng ha phi cho Axt Sulphuric nng cao thu phn v iu chnh nng pH. Kt qu so snh cc lai men c trnh by trong Bng 1.4. 11

Bng 1.4: So snh cc loi men ng ho Ch tiu so snh Men chuyn ho cao ng Glyc chuyn ho Vi lng ng ho kt thc tinh h Khng Hiu sut chuyn ha (DE) % 98,0 Ngun : Lun chng KTKT d n, 02/2007 (3). Ln men a). Phng n k thut cng ngh : Ln men l lm cho dung dch ng ho qua cng on ln men thnh dung dch c hm lng cn vi nng 12%, cung cp cho phn xng chng ct cn. Di iu kin nng men n nh v t tiu chun th khng ngng di chuyn ra ngoi. Tc l hnh thc ln men lin tc, lun lun gi cn bng gia men gy ra v men tch ra. p dng k thut ln men dung dch trong. Chn dng men kh hot tnh chu nhit cao v cng ngh ln men ni tip 6 thng ln men. Trong qu trnh ln men s dng my vi tnh iu khin t ng ho quy trnh. Men sinh trng u m bo c nng men, sao cho s lng men pht trin mi bng vi men phn ly. Loi men phn ly c hm lng cn nht nh nn cho quay tr v thng ln men tip tc ln men. Dung dch sau phn ly s trc tip chuyn sang b phn chng ct cn. Quy trnh cng ngh ln men lin tc v ln men dung dch trong sn xut cn ca n ny. Nu em so vi cng ngh ln men truyn thng th cng ngh mi ny c nhng c im sau : - S dng cng ngh ln men dung dch trong. Trong dung dch ln men lun gi mt men cao, tc thnh cn nhanh, chu k ln men ngn, vn vn 30 ting nn nng cao nng sut v t sut tn dng thit b. So vi ln men truyn thng l 60 ting v gin on. - S dng cng ngh ln men t lng, nng cao cht lng sn phm v cn tit kim c nng lng khi tch xc men ra khi dch hm v s dng t thit b bm v thit b lc. - Sau khi sn xut ra cn cn tn dng xc men sn xut thc n gia sc hoc phn vi sinh . V vy vn u t t, hiu qu tng hp thu hi cao, c sc cnh tranh trn th trng. - Men kh chu c nhit cao, chu c mi trng axt, chu c hm lng cn cao, chu c hm lng ng cao ca dung dch ln men. V vy, s gim c s thng ln men do pha nng dung dch cao hn. - V nng cao nhit ln men, nn trong qu trnh ln men c th tit kim c nng lng - S dng lm mt cng bc ngoi thng ln men, khng nhng n nh c nhit dung dch m c li cho tin trnh ln men do o trn u dch men trong thng. Ngoi ra, h thng lm mt nm ngoi thng nn khi v sinh thng ln men khng b tr ngi, d dng v sinh v tit trng. 12 Men thng 2.000 Vi lng 95,5

Kt qu so snh gia cng ngh ln men truyn thng v ln men mi c tm tt trong Bng 1.5. Bng 1.5 : Kt qu so snh gia cng ngh ln men truyn thng v ln men mi Thng s Dung dch cn ln men S t bo men (trm triu/ml) Chu k ln men (gi) Hm lng cn trong dung dch (%) Ngun : Lun chng KTKT, 02/2007 b). Quy trnh sn xut : Nhn ging men, loi men kh hot tnh chu c nhit cao, hm lng cht kh dung dch cao. Sau khi pha vo nc phc hi ging chuyn vo thng nui cp I, nhn ging tip cp II, sau cng chuyn xung thng cp III ln men. Thng cp III nui men bng dung dch Glyc ca cng on ng ho (gc ....) v khng ngng b sung thm, thng gi gin on v o chiu. Sau khi t tiu chun ri cho vo thng ln men chnh ln men cn. Ln men cn s s dng cng ngh ln men lin tc, thm dung dch ng ho lin tc. S dng 12 thng ln men v chia thnh 2 nhm ln men. 5 thng u lm mt dch ln men bng thit b trao i nhit dng tm ngoi thng. Kh CO2 c thu hi t thng ln men v c ra sch bng nc phun thu hi c lng cn st ln trong kh CO2 . Dung dch ln men trong tch phn trn ca thng 6 a i chng ct, men ngng t lng xung y thng 6 s c chuyn qua thng lng tch men. Phn men trong bn trn thng lng a v thng ging cp II, cn xc men sau khi lng s vo thng cha tm v cho bc bt hi nc, tin ti say kh, nghin nt thnh thc n gia sc. Cn cn nht thu hi c t bc hi nc xc men a tr li thng dung dch trong. S quy trnh cng ngh ln men c trnh by trong Hnh 1.3. (4). Chng ct cn : a). La chn phng n k thut cng ngh : K thut cng ngh chn loi k thut mi nht hin nay ang c p dng ch mi vi nh my sn xut cn ca trung Quc. l chng ct cn bng phng php chnh lch p sut v k thut tch nc trong cn giai on cui bng sng phn t. K thut ny do Trung tm ho du m ca Trng i hc Thin Tn nghin cu v rt ra kt qu. Phng php sn xut l dng nguyn liu sn lt kh qua ln men thnh ru c nng 13 Ln men gin on (Truyn thng) Ln men c ln b 1 60 9 Ln men lin tc (Cng ngh mi) Ln men trong 4-5 30 12

cao ri qua cng on chng ct bng phng php chnh lch p sut v tch nc bng sng phn t v sn xut ra sn phm cn nhin liu. K thut cng ngh gm nhng c im sau : - K thut chng ct tinh vi hiu sut cao nn nng cao c t sut phn ly v thu hi sn phm. - S dng k thut nhit ngn hp l, tin tin v tn dng tim nng ca nhit lng, gim s tiu hao nng lng trong qu trnh chng cht. - S dng k thut tch nc bm bng sng phn t bin p, nhit cao. Gim s tiu hao nng lng trong qu trnh tch nc. - S dng k thut m phng trong c qu trnh ca ton b lu trnh sn xut nhm thc hin ti u v thit k ca mi cng on v mi thit b.

14

Thng cha ng ha

Nc

Thng cha cp I, II

Nc KHPO4H2O NH3HPO4 Nc Thng ln men s 1 CO2 sch Nc Thng cha cp III

Thng ln men s 2-3

Ty ra

Thng ln men s 4-5-6 Nc

Nc ra

Phn ly lng t ngng t

Men dung dch

Thu hi cn

Cn chn Xc men Sy kh men

Chng ct

Cn thnh phm Hnh 1.3: S quy trnh cng ngh ln men

15

Nu so snh gia cng ngh chng ct chnh lch p sut v chng ct nh trc y, nng lng tit kim c 60% tr ln. Nu so snh gia cng ngh tch nc sng phn t v tch nc si lin tc th cng ngh ny c hiu sut phn ly nhanh, m ca sn phm thp, hiu qu tit kim nng lng r rt. ng thi, s dng cng ngh sng phn t cn min c cng vic x l cht cng si nhim mi trng. b). Quy trnh cng ngh : - Cng on ct th : Nhim v chnh ca cng on ct th l kh m, axt hu c, tp cht trong sn phm mang t cng on ln men thnh ru nng cao. Hm ru t cng on ln men qua b tin gia nhit cp I, II, III ri ln nh thp chng ct, ti on thot hi ti nh thp th, qua s phn ly chuyn cht kh ho th kh CO2 cn st trong ru b thi ra. Cn c ct xong v kh CO2 thi li tr v tin gia nhit cp I,II v b phn lm mt ch yu. Ri cn v nc ngng t chy v thp hi lu, thng qua iu chnh nhit u ra v lng nc lm mt ca b phn lm ngui. Ch yu dng h thng bm chn khng x kh CO2 khng ngng t.vo thp ty ra ca cng on ln men v sau khi thu hi cn ri mi thi ra ngoi. Ru nng cao sau khi tch kh c a v nh thp ca thp chng ct. Nc ra kh CO2 c mang theo cn c lm mt v ngng t c a v ni hi lu, tip tc c bm ln nh thp th on ct th hi lu, lng hi lu do ng h o iu khin, tit ch lu lng vo thp. Ngoi ra, c mt phn ru th c ly t bm ru th a v my tin gia nhit cp I, lng ru do b phn khng ch dch quyt nh. B hm qua cng on tch cn c a ra khi h thng thp ct. Lu lng rt ra tu theo tnh hnh thc t chng ct khng ch. Nu cn st cn ln th s c gia nhit v hi lu li ln nh thp ct li, tn thu cho ht cn trong b hm. Hi th 2, 3 dng cp hi cho thp tinh, tn dng ti a hi th s l bin php tt nht tit kim hi, l tit kim nhin liu t l hi. Nu hi th b thp s dng gia nhit nhiu cp hoc b sung hi chnh nng nhit hi. Cn chng ct xong qua ngng t c thu hi a vo bn cha v a sang phn tch nc cui cng tr thnh cn nhin liu 99,5%. - Cng on tch nc : Nhim v tch nc cn ch yu l dng cht ht bm v s dng cng ngh k thut ht bm thay i nhit v p sut tch nc ra khi cn. Sn phm cn to thnh c hm lng nc nh hn 8.000 ppm. C qu trnh tch nc ca thp hp th l qu trnh gin on gm 2 qu trnh hp th v phn gii. Hai thp s thay nhau lin tc thc hin hai qu trnh np liu v ly sn phm. Thit b ch yu l sng hp th. Sn phm c kim tra nghim ngt v y l sn phm cui cng a i tiu th. V vy, 16

nu cht lng cha t phi hi lu x l li, sn phm lun n nh v cht lng cao. S cng ngh chng ct cn c trnh by trong Hnh 1.4. n t phn xng ln men Vo b phn x l B hm Chng ct Tch nc Vo x l nc thi Hnh 1.4 : S cng ngh chng ct cn (5). La chn thit b : a). Thp chng ct - Thp th : Ta la chn loi thp tm sng c 28 tm sng. Mt thp th - Thp tinh cng mt thp, chn loi thp hn hp kiu tm v ni liu. Hai loi thp trn u do Trung tm khai thc khoa hc k thut ho cht du m, Trng i hc Thin Tn thit k. b). Thp hp th sng cao phn t : Cng do Trng i hc Thin Tn thit k, tp trung ri u kh v tc dng gi nhit vo mt my, thc hin hiu qu cao trong qu trnh hp th. c). Thit b trao i nhit : Mu cht ca kt cu thit b ny l iu khin gim sc p ca my lm lnh ngng t trong iu kin chn khng. Da vo kinh nghim nhiu nm ca h thng chn khng, nh thit k chn hnh thc kt cu hi kp, x dung dch kp v tm ct b dng ln, nhm khi gim p c hiu sut cao. 1.4.4. Th trng tiu th sn phm : Th trng tiu th Ethanol rt rng ln v nhu cu n nh lu di, bao gm : - Th trng EU : Thng qua cc Cng ty chuyn kinh doanh nhin liu sinh hc nh : BronZoeak Anh Quc . - Th trng Nht : Thng qua Cng ty ITOCHU. - Th trng Hn Quc :Thng qua Samsung Trading Corporation . - Th trng Trung Quc : Thng qua Taixing Jinjiang Chemical Industrial Co.,Ltd. - Th trng trong nc : Thng qua Tng Cng ty Xng Du Vit Nam (sau khi Nh nc ban b cc tiu chun xng pha cn). 17 Cn nhin liu

Sn phm CO2 lng c Cng ty C phn kh Cng nghip Bc H bao tiu ton b . Phn bn vi sinh c Cng ty Foodinco bao tiu ton b. 1.4.5. Quy hach s dng t Tng din tch t s dng l 19,0 ha, trong : - t xy dng Nh my ti Cm Cng nghip i Tn i Lc : 16,7 ha; - Trm cp v x l nc ti x i Phong (bn b sng Vu Gia ) : 0,65 ha; - Khu nh tp th CNV, nh khch chuyn gia, khu gii tr cho CBCNV v chuyn gia : 1,65 ha; Phng n xy dng : Nh my chnh t ti cm cng nghip i Tn c din tch 16,7 hecta c b tr theo s mt bng trong Hnh II.2, Ph lc II. Trong khu vc iu hnh v sinh hot gm nh vn phng, nh xe, nh n ca, nh thay ca, nh v sinh chim 2 ha, khu vc sn xut gm kho nguyn liu, bi cha nguyn liu, phn xng sn xut cn, phn xng sn xut CO2, phn xng sn xut phn vi sinh, nh my in, khu vc x l nc thi v sn xut Biogas 9,2 ha, din tch cn li dnh cho ng ni b, cy xanh, thm c. Cu trc xy dng tng i n gin, t 3 tng tr xung. Ring thit b tinh luyn c cao 45m; ng khi cao 65m, mt s bn cha, l hi c trng ti ln c thit k v yu cu xy dng ring. Trm bm v x l nc cp chim din tch 0,5 ha bn b sng Vu Gia c thit k v kt cu xy dng bnh thng nh cc trm x l nc khc . Khu vc nh tp th, khu dch v v gii tr cho CNV din tch 2 ha s xy dng sau theo quy hoch ca a phng. Trong thi gian xy dng nh my s xy cc nh tm cho cng nhn v chuyn gia . Vic xy dng c s h tng v cc hng mc kin trc do cc n v c chc nng trong nc m nhim di hnh thc chn thu. Ch to, lp t thit b do cc Cng ty Trung Quc thc hin . m bo tin thi cng nhanh Cng ty ngh c p dng linh hot cc quy nh v xy dng c bn, bi b vic cp giy php xy dng nhng hng mc khng cn thit giy php xy dng v ph hp vi thit k chung ca Cm cng nghip. Cc hng mc lin quan n PCCC, mi trng, an ton lao ng s c thm nh trc khi thi cng v kim tra nghim thu sau khi thi cng bi cc c quan chc nng theo quy nh ca Nh nc . Cng tc r ph bom mn do c quan Cng binh qun i thc hin . Kho st a cht do cc n v tnh Qung Nam v TP Nng thc hin lm c s cho thit k xy dng. Ton b khu thit k do Cng ty Trung Quc thc hin trn c s cc 18

nh my c xy dng ti Trung Quc v Thi Lan c s ci tin, c kt cc u im ca cc nh my khc. Kh nng chu ng t trn 7 Ricte, chu bo cp 12. V y l nh my c thit k v cng ngh ln u tin p dng Vit Nam nn cc Cng ty ca Vit Nam cha c kh nng thit k, ch to thit b cng nh lp rp v vn hnh nh my . 1.4.6. Lao ng v t chc sn xut S t chc ca Cng ty c trnh by trn Hnh 1.5 di y. (1) Trc tip sn xut (Mt ca ) : - B phn cung cp nguyn liu - B phn nu v ng ho - B phn ln men - B phn tinh luyn - B phn x l cht thi v sn xut Biogas - B phn trm in - B phn phng th nghim sn xut - Th c kh - B phn nn kh v lm lnh - B phn cp nc v iu hnh h thng nc - B phn ni hi v pht in - B phn thnh phm ( cn ) - B phn sn xut CO2 - B phn sn xut phn vi sinh Tng s lao ng cho 1 ca sn xut Tng s lao ng cho 3 ca sn xut : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 6 ngi 4 ngi 5 ngi 5 ngi 2 ngi 2 ngi 2 ngi 3 ngi 2 ngi 4 ngi 3 ngi 1 ngi 2 ngi 2 ngi

: 43 ngi : 129 ngi .

19

Hi ng qun tr

Ch tch HQT

Gim c

Ph gim c t chc Hnh chnh - LT

Ph gim c sn xut

Ph G kinh doanh

Phng T chc & HC, LTL

Trng o to & chuyn gia

Phn xng
SX

chnh

Phn xng SX ph

Phn xng ph tr phng TN

Phng KD & XNK

Phng NC & PT

Phng ti chnh k ton

Hnh 1.5 :S t chc ca Cng ty C phn ng Xanh (2). B tr sn xut : - Phng th nghim v men ging - Li xe + li cu - Th kho - Cn b k thut - Bo v Tng cng (3). Gin tip : - Gim c : 1 ngi 20 : 3 ngi : 3 ngi : 3 ngi : 6 ngi : 6 ngi : 21 ngi

- Ph Gim c - Phng HCTC & LTL - Trng o to - Qun c phn xng - Phng kinh doanh - Phng nghin cu v Pht trin - Phng ti v v k ton Tng cng

: : : : : : :

3 ngi 3 ngi 5 ngi 3 ngi 6 ngi 3 ngi 4 ngi

:28 ngi

Tng s cn b cng nhn vin nh my l 178 ngi, trong c 40 chuyn gia . 1.5. LI CH KINH T X HI V MI TRNG CA D N 1.5.1. Li ch v kinh t x hi Mi ngi du bit ngun nng lng ho thch ca Th gii s cn kit trong vng 50 n 60 nm na. Chnh v vy cc Quc gia trn th gii u lao vo tm kim ngun nng lng mi hoc tm cch s dng cc ngun nng lng thay th nh : nng lng mt tri, thu in, nng lng thu triu , nng lng gi , nng lng sinh hc . Nhin liu sinh hc c quan tm hng u v tnh hiu qu v d s dng ca n . Nhin liu sinh hc bao gm : cn, du thc vt, du ng vt, kh sinh hc (Biogas), trong cn Ethanol c sn lng ln nht . Nm 2005 ring 6 Quc gia : Braxin , M , Nht bn , Trung quc , n v Thi lan v cc nc EU tiu th 33,7 t lt (Tng ng 27 triu tn ) v d kin n 2010 su nc trn + EU s tiu th 80 t lt (Tng ng 64 triu tn Ethanol ). i tin phong ng thi thu c kt qu rc r nht l Braxin, nh chnh sch ng n v iu kin t nhin thun li (sn lng ma ng, sn v nng sn khc di do) n nay Braxin sn xut hn 10 triu tn Ethanol/nm, vi hn 320 nh my v ang xy dng thm khong 50 nh my na. Braxin ang dn u th gii v xut khu cn v ng th 2 th gii v sn xut cn Ethanol (sau M). Braxin l nc duy nht trn th gii khng bn xng thun, lut php bt buc s dng xng pha Ethanol 22 %, khong 20% phng tin giao thng ch s dng Ethanol. Chng trnh trn tit kim cho t nc Braxin 60 t USD tin nhp khu xng du trong 30 nm qua. S tin trn ln gp 10 ln s tin u t cho d n v gp 50 ln s tin tr cp ban u. Chng trnh cng to ra gn 1 triu vic lm v tng thu nhp cho hng triu nng dn. R rng sn xut nhin liu sinh hc, trong c Ethanol l c hi cho cc nc ngho Chu , Chu Phi v Chu M ci thin ng k nn kinh t v cuc sng . D n ny ca Cng ty C phn ng xanh vi cng sut 50.000 tn/nm (giai on I) to ra sn phm tr gi trn 27 triu USD/nm v tr gi 55 triu USD/nm vi cng sut 100.000 tn/nm (giai on II), tng thu nhp cho a phng, to vic lm mi cho 200 cng nhn nh my v ci thin cuc sng cho hng nghn cng dn ca tnh Qung Nam v cc tnh ln cn . 21

Kt qu c tnh hiu qu kinh t ca d n nh sau : (1). Doanh thu bn hng : Doanh thu bn hng tnh cho 4 nm u (thi gian u i thu thu nhp doanh nghip (TNDN) theo quy nh ) c trnh by trong bng 1.6. Bng 1.6: Doanh thu bn hng tnh cho 4 nm u VT : Triu VN
TT 1 2 3 Sn phm Nm th 1 Nm 2 th Nm th 3 Nm th 4 (90%) (100%) (100% ( 100%) n Sn Sn Sn Sn gi lng Tr gi lng Tr gi lng Tr gi lng Tr gi (tn) (tn) (tn) (tn) 8,8 45.000 396.000 50.000 440.000 50.000 440.600 50.000 440.000 18.000 18.000 10.800 7.200 414.000 20.000 20.000 12.000 8.000 460.000 20.000 20.000 12.000 8.000 460.000 20.000 20.000 12.000 8.000 460.000

Cn Ethanol CO2 0,6 lng Phn vi 0,4 sinh Cng

Tng doanh thu 4 nm u l 1.794.600 triu VN (Trong thi gian u i min thu TNDN ). (2). Gi thnh sn phm : a). Cn Ethanol nhin liu (Tnh cho 1 tn thnh phm ) : - Nguyn liu chnh (sn kh ) : 3 tn x 1.800.000 - Nguyn vt liu ph : - Than : 0,5 tn x 500.000 - Tin lng v BHXH : - Chi ph qun l : - Chi ph sa cha thng xuyn : - Khu hao TSC ( Nh xng vt kin trc - KH 10 nm , thit b phng tin KH 5 nm ): - Li vay NH bng USD ( 8% nm ) (bao gm vn c nh v vn lu ng ) : - Chi ph tiu th sn phm : - Chi ph khc : Cng = 5.400.000 = 639.000 = 250.000 = 200.000 = 50.000 = 100.000 = = = = 875.000 416.000 120.000 30.000

= 8.080.000 (Tng ng 505USD/tn )

b). Gi thnh CO2 lng theo kinh nghim cc nh my tng ng cng sut l : 500.000/tn 22

c). Gi thnh phn vi sinh theo s liu nh my tng ng : 300.000 /tn (3). Khu hao ti sn c nh Kt qu c tnh khu hao TSC trong 4 nm u c trnh by trong Bng 1.7. Bng 1.7: Tnh khu hao TSC trong 4 nm u Stt Ti sn 1 2 Ti sn vt kin trc Ti sn thit b , my mc, phng tin c gii Cng Gi tr u t ( Triu ) 34.900 201.300 T l khu hao 10%/nm 20%/nm Tr gi khu hao 1 nm 3.490 40.260 43.750 Tr gi khu hao 4 nm 13.960 161.040 175.000

Tng tr gi khu hao trong 4 nm l 175,0 t VN. (4). Li nhun trc thu : 4 nm u Li nhun trc thu ca 4 nm u c trnh by trong bng 1.8. Bng 1.8: Li nhun trc thu ca 4 nm u n v : Triu VN
TT Sn phm 1 2 3 Cn Ethan ol CO2 lng Phn vi sinh Cng Gi thnh 1 tn SP 8,08 0,50 0,30 Nm th 1 Nm th 2 Nm th 3 Nm th 4 Sn Li Sn Li Sn Li Sn Li lng nhun lng nhun lng nhun lng nhun ( tn ) ( tn ) ( tn ) ( tn ) 45.000 32.400 50.000 36.000 50.000 36.000 50.000 36.000 18.000 18.000 1.800 1.800 36.000 20.000 20.000 2.000 2.000 40.000 20.000 20.000 2.000 2.000 40.000 20.000 20.000 2.000 2.000 40.000

Tng li nhun 4 nm u l 156,0 t (trong thi gian u i thu TNDN). Li vay trong thi gian xy dng c bn : 160,0 t x 8% (12 thng) = 12,8 t VN. (5). Tr n vay u t : Vn vay u t Li vay u t trong thi gian xy dng Cng Ngun tr n : 100% khu hao : 160,0 t VN : 12,8 t VN : 172,8 t VN : 175,0 t VN 23

Thi gian hon tr vn vay u t (6). Li nhun ( 100% cng sut )

: 3 nm 11 thng :40,0 t VN/nm

T sut li nhun/vn u t : 40,0 t/236,2 t = 16,9%/nm 1.5.2. Li ch v mi trng sng v pht trin con ngi phi s dng nng lng, trong ch yu l nng lng ho thch gm du m, kh t nhin v than , nhng ng thi vic tiu th nng lng ho thch cng pht thi ra mi trng mt lng ln kh CO2 , CO v cc cht kh c hi khc. Hu qu l gy ra hiu ng nh knh lm kh hu tri t nng ln, gy l thng tng zn ngy cng ln. Cc nh khoa hc tnh ton rng nu mc pht thi cc cht kh gy hiu ng nh knh khng gim th ch trong vng 50 nm na mc nc bin s cao thm hn 1mt do s tan bng hai cc tri t, nhiu quc gia ngp trong nc bin, ring Vit Nam s mt mt din tch rt ln . Hng nm D n ny s lm gim hn 200.000 tn CO2 (Giai an I) v 400.000 tn CO2 (Giai an II) pht thi ra mi trng do lng cn thay th nhin liu xng. Nu tr i 60.000 ngn tn CO2 to ra do t chy 20.000 tn than (giai an I) v 120.000 tn CO2 to ra do t chy 40.000 tn than (giai an II), th hng nm D n s gim c 140.000 tn CO2 (Giai an I) v 280.000 tn CO2 (Giai an II). Theo Hip nh Kyoto m nc ta k, Cng ty s lm cc th tc php l bn ch tiu trn cho Nht Bn hoc M theo C ch pht trin sch (CDM). Theo bo co ca B TN-MT ring nc ta nm 2002 lng t xe my thi ra khng kh 6 triu tn CO2, 61.000 tn CO, 35.000 tn NO2, 12.000 tn SO2 v 22.000 tn hydrocarbon (THC) ( Bo Thanh nin ngy 13/11/2005). Theo bo co ca Chnh ph Anh, Th gii thit hi mi nm gn 8.000 t USD (khong 1% GDP ca c th gii ) do hin tng tri t nng ln gy nn . Ngi dn cc thnh ph hng ngy phi ht th khng kh b nhim nng n do cc cht thi t t, xe my v cc nh my cng nghip s dng xng du hoc than . Cn Ethanol l mt loi nhin liu sch, s dng nhin liu ny thc cht l s dng nng lng mt tri . Nhin liu xng pha cn (gazohol) hay du Diezen + du thc vt + cn (Biodiezen) s gim 70% n 90% kh thi c hi ra mi trng (tu t l s dng ) nu kt hp vi bin php t chy trn ng ng x th cht thi c hi gn bng 0.

24

1.6. THI GIAN HOT NG V TIN THC HIN D N - Thi gian hot ng ca D n l 50 nm; - Thi gian d kin thi gian xy dng : 10 thng. Tin thc hin chi tit d n c trnh by trong bng 1.9. Bng 1.9 : Tin thc hin d n .
Stt 1 Ni dung cng vic Hon tt th tc u t gii phng mt bng, san i Xy dng h tng , cc cng trnh kin trc Ch to thit b Vn chuyn tp kt thit b Lp rp nh my o to ,hun luyn Vn hnh , sn xut th Bn giao , sn xut 11/ 06 12/ 06 1/07 2/07 Thi gian 3/07 4/07 5/07 6/07 7/07 8/07

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1.7. VN U T D N 1.7.1.Tng vn u t - Vn c nh - Vn lu ng Tng vn u t 1.7.2. Ngun vn (1). Vn iu l: 18 t VN do 5 c ng sng lp ng gp (c xc nhn ca ngn hng) (2). Vn pht hnh tng c phn - Cng ty TNHH Nguyn Kim - Qung Ty - Trung Quc (Tng ng 1,5 triu USD) : 42,08 t VN : 24,0 t VN 25 : 236,2 T VN : 24,0 T VN : 260,2 T VN

- DNTN Minh n - Khnh Ho - Cng ty C phn thit b ph tng - Cng ty C phn INTIMEX H Ch Minh

: 8,08 t VN : 5,0 t VN : 5,0 t VN

(3) Vn vay trung hn Ngn hng thng mi : 156,12 t VN (4). Vn vay thu mua ti chnh (Phng tin vn ti) : 10,0 t VN (5). Chi ph bo hnh thit b nhp khu 12 thng : 10,0 t VN (6). Vn lu ng : 24 t VN (Vay Ngn hng thng mi trn c s hp ng v L/C ca ngi mua). 1.7.3. Cc hng mc u t D ton cc hng mc u t c trnh by trong bng 1.10 . Bng 1.10 : D ton cc hng mc u t n v : Triu VN Stt 1 Hng mc Quyn s dng (QSD) t 50 nm Din tch: 20 ha (bao gm gii to, n b, r ph bom mn, kho st a cht, san i mt bng, n ct 0, lu ln t nn K: 0,75 ). Nh vn phng (cp 2) din tch s dng 600m2 (3 tng) trang b y tin nghi, thit b dng c lm vic. Vn phng Nng, vn phng Tam k ng ni b: 1.000m x 8m, cp 2; h thng thot nc ngm, tng ro, cy xanh, thm c H thng in chiu sng, bo v, trm bin p 2500KVA H thng chng st, cu ho, bo h lao ng Nh n ca, nh thay ca, nh v sinh, nh chuyn gia, nh tp th cng nhn (100 ngi). Kho c in, phng th nghim tng hp, phng nghin cu nui cy vi sinh Kho nguyn liu 20.000m2 , bi b tng 10.000m2 Trm x l v cp nc sch cng sut 1.500m3/h ng ng cp nc f 500 x 1.800m Cng trnh kin trc phn xng chnh + ph tng cng 10.000m2 Ni hi 1x 50T/h , tuc bin + pht in 3.500kW Tr gi 6.000

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

1.500 200 2.200 1.000 500 1.000 1.000 12.000 3.000 1.800 10.000 16.000 26

Stt 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Hng mc Thit b ton b sn xut cn nhin liu 99,5% : 50.000T/nm + h thng iu khin t ng . Ton b kt cu thp + in cng ngh + chi ph lp t nh my H thng x l cht thi + Sn xut Biogas ( cung cp 60% nhin liu cho ni hi ) Trang thit b cho phn xng c in Thit b sn xut phn vi sinh cng sut 20.000T/nm ( tch b, p, sy , to ht , ng bao ). Thit b sn xut CO2 lng , cng sut 20.000T/nm 4 xe t ( 4 ch , 7ch, 16 ch , 45 ch) 2 xe xc , 1 xe o , 2 xe bn 30T 2 bn cha cn thnh phm mi ci 3.000 m3 Chi ph thit k Chi ph o to v chuyn giao cng ngh Chi ph chy th, nghim thu , gim nh D phng pht sinh Tng cng 26 hng mc

Tr gi 80.000 20.000 50.000 500 4.000 8.000 2.500 4.500 6.000 500 1.000 1.000 2.000 236.200

Trong : - Ti sn c nh (TSC) khu hao 10 nm : 34,9 t ( Mc 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 12 ). - Ti sn c nh (TSC) khu hao 5 nm : 201,3 t (Cc mc cn li). 1.7.4. Tin gii ngn cho d n: (1). C ng ng s vn iu l 18 t ng trong thng 12/2006 : Thc hin gii to n b, np tin thu t 50 nm, san i mt bng xong trc 30/01/2007 (vi iu kin a phng phi thng nht c gi tr gii to n b, giao mt bng chm nht 30/12/2006) (2). M L/C nhp thit b chnh khong 156,12 t ng (vn vay Ngn hng Thng mi) v pht hnh thm c phiu huy ng thm 42,08 t ng t cc i tc chin lc (khng pht hnh ra cng chng) trc 15/2/2007. Tin hnh xy dng cc hng mc h tng t 15/1/2007 n 15/4/2007 . (3). Lp rp xy dng hon chnh nh my v chy th trc 30/10/2007 . Huy ng thm 44 T hon tt d n, bao gm: Thu mua ti chnh 10,0 t mua cc loi xe, my, xe bn chuyn dng phn cn li khong 10,0 t l chi ph bo hnh s thanh ton cho bn B sau khi nh my hot ng v tiu th sn phm v 24,0 t vn lu 27

ng vay ngn hng khi c hp ng bn sn phm. (4). Ngun vn d phng : Tin ng trc ca ngi mua cn Tin ng trc ca ngi mua CO2 Tin ng trc ca ngi mua phn hu c Cng : 15,0 t : 10,0 t : 5,0 t : 30,0 t

Sau khi nh my xy dng c 70% hng mc s k cc hp ng tiu th sn phm vi ngi mua .

28

CHNG 2 IU KIN T NHIN, MI TRNG V KINH T X HI

2.1. IU KIN T NHIN V MI TRNG 2.1.1. c im khu t quy hoch 2.1.1.1. V tr v gii hn khu t Cm cng nghip - lng ngh i Tn nm trn a bn ca x i Tn, huyn i Lc, tnh Qung Nam vi din tch khong 10 ha, quy hoch thm cho nh my cn 16 ha. C cc mt tip gip: - Pha Ty: gip i t v sui nc - Pha Bc: gip i t - Pha ng: gip ng H107 v knh nc b tng - Pha Nam: gip rung la, vn rng 2.1.1.2. Hin trng xy dng (1). Tnh hnh s dng t. Tnh hnh s dng t ai hin nay nh bng 2.1: Bng 2.1. Tnh hnh s dng t ai khu vc d n Loi t Din tch (m2) t ng giao thng 6.650 t nng nghip 15.000 t lm nghip 120.065 t dn c + Vn 25.000 Tng cng 166.715 Ngun: Lun chng KTKT d n, 02/2007 STT 1 2 3 4 T l (%) 3,99 9,0 72,02 14,99 100

(2). Hin trng cc cng trnh kin trc: Trong khu vc xy dng Cm CN - LN ch c mt s nh dn gm cc loi nh xy cp 4 v nh tm, hnh thi kin trc cc nh u lm theo kiu nh truyn thng ca nng thn min trung du i Lc. Theo kt qu o c, trong phm vi khu t d n c 01 nh tnh cp bn s phi gii to, ti nh c (Nh tnh thng ca B Nguyn Th Mi). (3). Hin trng cc cng trnh k thut (a). Hin trng ng giao thng : ng hin trng c trong cm CN - LN l ng t th s ni cc khu dn c nng thn v cc vng sn xut nng nghip ca x i Tn. (b). Hin trng li in: Ngun in dng cho sn xut, sinh hot hin nay ca khu vc l trm bin p trung gian 35/15 KV - 2 5 MVA i Lc. Cp in cho trm bin p ny l 29

ng dy 35 KV n dy AC.95 dn t trm bin p gim p 110 KV ti. T trm bin p 35/15 KV ny c ng dy 15 KV theo ng giao thng cp in cho Cm CN - LN v khu vc xung quanh. (c) Hin trng cp thot nc: Dn c trong khu vc ny u dng nc ging o hoc ging bm theo tng h, cc n v sn xut, cc x nghip ti khu ln cn u dng nc theo hnh thc t cp trong n v mnh theo gii php cp nc ti ch. that nc trong trng hp ma ln ko di th da vo cc tuyn mng tiu. Nc thi sinh hot v ma nh th t thm xung nn t. 2.1.2. iu kin kh tng - Nhit trung bnh hng nm - Nhit trung bnh cao nht - Nhit trung bnh thp nht - Nhit cao tuyt i - Nhit thp tuyt i - Bin nhit ngy m - Lng ma trung bnh hng nm - Lng ma cc i - Lng ma cc tiu - Thng ma nhiu nht - Thng ma t nht - S ngy ma trung bnh hng nm - m khng kh trung bnh - Gi ma ch yu - Gi ma ng Bc - Gi ma Ty Nam - Bo thng xut hin : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 25,8oC 39,0oC 16,0oC 40,5oC 14,3oC 11,0oC 2.015 mm 3.200 mm 1.796 mm Cc thng 10, 11 Cc thng 2, 3 v 4 129 ngy 82% Theo 2 hng ng Bc v Ty Nam T thng 11 n thng 2 T thng 4 n thng 9 (T thng 5 n 7 c gi Ty kh nng ) T thng 9 n thng 11 c nhng cn bo to n cp 12 hoc trn cp 12

Nhn chung kh hu vng i Lc v tnh Qung Nam l kh hu nhit i gi ma. 2.1.3. a hnh, a mo X i Tn c a hnh dng i ni cao pha Ty, i g xen ln khu vc trung tm x v thp dn v pha ng Bc. Khu vc bng bng phng tp trung thn An Chnh v Xun Ty. Khu t ca Cm CN - LN c a hnh tng i dc, chnh cao khng ln, ch yu l rung la, hoa mu v mt s t th c v t lm nghip l ch yu. 2.1.4. Thu vn Khu vc d n c h H Chnh, thuc thn Nam Phc l ngun nc ti cho 50-80 ha t nng nghip thuc 2 thn Nam Phc v An Chnh. 30

Vo ma ma din tch mt nc ca h ln nht l 50ha v ma kh th thng nh hn 30ha. Theo kt qu kho st dung tch ca h H Chnh l 2,4 triu m3. Xung quanh khu vc d n cn c sng Thu Bn v sng Vu Gia. Ngun nc cp cho sn xut ca d n c ly t sng Vu Gia. Vo ma ma lu lng nc a v h H Chnh ln v trn qua trn chy v sng Thu Bn theo khe . on u sui c chiu rng trung bnh 2-3m, chiu su 1,5-2m nhng on cui khi nhp lu sng Thu Bn th chiu rng mt nc ca sui l 15-20m, chiu su 2,0-2,5m. Thu Bn l h thng sng ln nht min Trung, din tch lu vc l 10.350 km2, gm nhiu ph lu v chi lu, tri rng hu nh trn ton b din tch tnh Qung Nam, vi hai nhnh chnh ngy nay thng c gi l Thu Bn v Vu Gia (sng Ci). Dng chnh sng Thu Bn bt ngun t vng ni cao Ngc Linh cao 1500m, thuc a phn tnh Kon Tum ti v tr c to 107055 kinh ng, 1500110 v Bc, ra bin ng qua ca i ti Hi An. Sng di 205km. Lu vc sng Thu Bn di 148 km, din tch 10.350km2, pha Bc gip dy Bch M ngn cnh vi Tha Thin - Hu, ty gip dy Trng Sn, ngn cch vi tnh Kon Tum v nc bn Lo, nam gip vng ni thp v trung bnh, ngn cch vi Qung Ngi. ng chia nc ca lu vc i qua cc nh cao nh ni My 1.708m, ni Lum Heo 2.045m, nh Ngc Linh 2.598m, ni Hn Ba 1.358m, ni Cha 1.362m. Do a hnh dc t sn ng dy Trng Sn ra bin ng v nghing dn v pha Nam ln Bc nn dng chnh sng Thu Bn chy theo hng Nam - Bc on thng lu v hng ng - Ty h lu. cao bnh qun lu vc 552m, dc bnh qun 25,5%, h s un khc 1,86, mt sng sui 0.47km/km2. H thng sng Thu Bn c 19 ph lu cp I, 36 ph lu cp II v nhiu ph lu cp III cng nhng nhnh sng sui nh. Sng Thu Bn on chy qua ng bng n bin ng pht trin thnh h thng dng chy rt phc tp vi cc phn lu, ngoi dng chnh ra ca i cn c phn lu sng Yn (Cm L) v sng Vnh in ra ca sng Hn vnh Nng, phn lu sng Trng Giang chy dc theo di cn ct ven bin v vo vng An Ho trc khi ra bin. 2.1.5. a cht, th nhng 2.1.5.1. a cht t ai ca cc khu ny mt phn thuc loi t vng g i, mt phn thuc loi t bi tch; cng chu nn t 1 - 2 kg/cm2. Mc nc ngm mch nng xut hin cch mt t 2 - 3 m, v ma kh xut hin cch mt t trung bnh 5 - 6 m, v ma ma xut hin cch mt t trung bnh 1- 2 m; cha c ti liu thm d nc ngm mch ng. 31

2.1.5.2. Th nhng Theo kt qu iu tra ca Vin Quy hoch thit k nng nghip, B Nng nghip nm 1978, x i Tn c cc thnh phn t chnh sau: - t ph sa (P): din tch l 454,56ha, chim 34,18% din tch t nhin, thuc khu vc thn Xun Ty, Ph Phong, M Nam, Tr c, phn b a hnh cao. Thnh phn ch yu ct pha c tng dy su trn 100cm. su 0-30cm xut hin hin tng glay. - t vng nht trn t ct (Fq): din tch l 298,06ha, chim 22,41% din tch t nhin, nm tp trung thn Nam Phc v phn b mt vi ni thn ph Phong. Thnh phn ch yu ct pha v ct kt. Phn b su trn 50cm. - t xi mn tr si (E): din tch l 198,96ha, chim 14,96% din tch t nhin, t c hnh thnh t i ni b xi mn, ra tri, tp trung thn Tr c. - t nu vng trn ph sa c (Fp): din tch l 248,66ha, chim 18,69% din tch t nhin, thuc thn An Chnh v Xun Ty. t ny l sn phm phong ho ca cc loi Macma axt v bin cht, phn b ch yu su 50-100cm. - t nu tm (Fe): din tch khong 35,6ha, chim 2,69% din tch t nhin, phn b tp trung thn Nam Phc. Thnh phn chnh l ct pha c ln su di 50cm. - t xm (X): din tch khong 59,40ha, chim 4,47% din tch t nhin, b thn M Nam, Tr c. Thnh phn dng ct kt, phn b khu vc a knh cao, sau t 0-30cm. 2.1.6. Ti nguyn sinh hc y l khu vc t nng lm nghip xen k, hiu qu kinh t khng cao. Theo kt qu kho st cho thy : (1). Thc vt: Ch yu l cy bch n, keo trm, mt t cy iu, mt v cam bi ca cc h dn xung quanh. Thnh phn cn li ch yu l cc loi cy c bi khng c gi tr v kinh t cng nh a dng sinh hc. (2). ng vt: Ch yu l gia sc, gia cm (heo, b, g ) ca cc h dn xung quanh. Ngoi ra cn c cc loi chim, b st khc ti khu vc nhng khng c gi tr ng k v mt a dng sinh hc. i vi ng vt di nc ch yu cc loi c h, c sng trong h H Chnh. Tuy nhin do c tnh khu vc c dc cao nn thng ma ma nc nhiu, ma kh nc cn nn h H Chnh khng c tim nng nhiu v pht trin nui trng thu sn.

32

2.1.7. Hin trng cc thnh phn mi trng t nhin 2.1.7.1. Cht lng khng kh Kt qu phn tch cht lng khng kh xung quanh khu vc d n c trnh by trong bng 2.2 Bng 2.2. Cht lng khng kh xung quanh khu vc d n Kt qu KK-1 KK-2 KK-3 o 01 Nhit C 26,5 28,0 26,0 02 m % 68 68 68 03 Tc gi m/s 1-3 1-2 1-3 04 n dBA 55-60 45-50 45-50 3 05 Bi tng mg/m 0,5 0,1 0,5 3 06 CO mg/m 2 2 3 07 NOx mg/m3 0,01 0,01 0,01 08 SOx mg/m3 0,009 0,007 0,009 3 09 H2S mg/m 0,005 0,002 0,003 3 10 NH3 mg/m 0,005 0,004 0,003 Ngun: Trung tm bo v mi trng (S TN&MT Nng), 03/2007 STT Ch tiu n v Ghi ch: - (*) TCVN 5949 - 1995: m hc - Ting n khu vc cng cng v dn c - mc n ti a cho php; - (**) TCVN 5937 - 2005: Cht lng khng kh - Tiu chun cht lng khng kh xung quanh (trung bnh 1 gi); - (***) TCVN 5938 - 2005: Cht lng khng kh - Nng ti a cho php ca mt s cht c hi trong khng kh xung quanh (trung bnh 1gi); - Kt qu phn tch chi tit c nh km trong ph lc III. V tr ly mu c xc nh trong hnh III.1, ph lc III: - KK-1: Mu ly ti khu t d n - KK-2: Mu ly ti khu vc xung quanh khu vc d n, u hng gi - KK-3: Mu ly ti khu vc xung quanh khu vc d n, cui hng gi (nh b Trng Th Xun). Nhn xt: Kt qu ly mu phn tch xung quanh cho thy ch tiu bi ti v tr mu K-1 v K-3 cao hn tiu chun cho php khong 1,7 ln. Cc ch tiu cn li u t yu cu cho php. TCVN 60(*) 0,3(**) 30 (**) 0,2(**) 0,35(**) 0,042(***) 0,2(***)

33

2.1.7.2. Cht lng nc

(1). Cht lng nc mt: Kt qu mu nc mt khu vc xung quanh d n c trnh by trong bng 2.3 Bng 2.3. Cht lng nc mt khu vc xung quanh d n Stt Ch tiu 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 pH Mu Mi c TSS NO3N tng (as N) P tng (as PO43-) DO COD BOD5 n v Pt Co NTU mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l NM-1 7,3 90 K.mi 15 23 3,2 KPH 1,27 NM-2 7,5 83 K.mi 10 12 1,4 KPH 0,8 Kt qu NM-3 7,2 86 K.mi 10 14 1,1 KPH 0,9 NM-4 7,5 123 K.mi 30 27 KPH KPH 1,2 NM-5 7,2 82 K.mi 5 16 1,5 KPH 0,1 TCVN 5942-1995 (B) 5,5-9,0 80 15 2 35 25 10.000

mgO2/l 3,0 3,0 3,6 3,2 3,0 mgO2/l 5 7 10 10 8 mgO2/l 2 4 5 5 4 MNP/ Coliforms 2.300 600 2.400 4.600 1.200 100ml Ngun: Trung tm bo v mi trng (S TN&MT Nng), 03/2007 Ghi ch: -KPH: Khng pht hin - Kt qu phn tch chi tit c nh km trong ph lc III. V tr ly mu c xc nh trong hnh III.1, ph lc III

- NM-1: Mu ly nc ti H Ch Minh - NM-2: Mu nc knh dn t H Ch Minh - NM-3: Mu nc ly ti cu khe thn Tp Phc, i Chnh - NM-4: Mu nc ly ti khe Xun Nam, i Thng - NM-5: Mu nc ly ti sng thu Bn, cch ni tip nhn nc 30m v pha h lu. Nhn xt: Kt qu ly mu phn tch cht lng nc mt khu vc d n cho thy cc ch tiu phn tch u c gi tr nm trong gii hn cho php ca tiu chun. (2). Cht lng nc ngm: Kt qu mu nc ngm khu vc xung quanh d n c trnh by trong bng 2.4. 34

Bng 2.4. Cht lng nc ngm khu vc xung quanh d n. Kt qu NG-1 NG-2 NG-3 01 pH 7,1 7,1 7,1 02 Mu Pt- Co APHA 10 9 3 03 Mi K.mi K.mi K.mi 04 c NTU 5 1 10 05 cng (CaCO3) mg/l 26,7 166 58,7 06 TDS mg/l 3 1 8 07 NO3 mg/l 4,1 4,3 7,0 308 P tng (PO4 ) mg/l 0,2 0,1 0,46 209 S mg/l 0,004 0,003 0,002 10 Coliforms MNP/100ml 930 23 39 Ngun: Trung tm bo v mi trng (S TN&MT Nng), 03/2007 STT Tn ch tiu n v TCVN 5944-1995 6,5 - 8,5 15 (*) Khng mi (*) 2 (*) 300 1000 (*) 45 0,05 (*) 3

Ghi ch: - (*). Tiu chun v sinh nc n ung (Ban hnh km theo Quyt nh ca B trng B Y t s 1329/ 2002/BYT/Q ngy 18 / 4 /2002) - KPH: khng pht hin V tr ly mu c xc nh trong hnh III.1, ph lc III: - Kt qu phn tch chi tit c nh km trong ph lc III. - NG-1: Mu nc ging nh ng V Danh, thn Thch Ph, i Chnh - NG-2: Mu nc ging b Phm Th Su - NG-3: Mu nc ging h ng Phan Vn Tun, Xun Nam, i Thng Nhn xt: Kt qu ly mu phn tch cht lng nc ging cho thy ch tiu c ti mu NG-1 v NG-3 cao hn mt t so tiu chun cho php. Ch tiu Coliforms th cao t 7310 ln so vi tiu chun ti c 3 mu phn tch. 2.2. IU KIN KINH T X HI X I TN NM 2006 2.2.1. Din tch, dn s, lao ng Din tch t nhin ca x i Tn l 1.330 ha, trong t nng nghip l 1.029,21ha, t phi nng nghip l 149,79ha v t cha s dng l 151,00ha. Dn s ca x l 6.500 ngi vi 1.450 h, trong nam chim 51% (theo thng k nm 2006). Tng s lao ng l 3.215 ngi, trong lao ng nng nghip hoc lao ng nng nghip kt hp vi ngnh ngh khc chim 94%, cn li l lao ng ngnh dch v, tiu th cng nghip. S ngi c vic lm n nh l 2.540 ngi. T l lao ng c o 35

to l 0,7%, t l h ngho gim t 78% xung 69%. 2.2.2. iu kin kinh t Trong nm 2006, tng gi tr GDP t c l 28,084 t ng. Tc tng trng l 10,8%. (1). Ngnh nng lm nghip, thu sn Tng gi tr sn lng t hn 12,896 t ng, t 97,5% so vi k hoch, chim 46% tng gi tr GDP - Trng trt: Tng sn lng cy lng thc c ht l 3.449,2 tn gm 3.449,2 tn thc v 102,5 tn bp, t 100,88% so vi k hoch. Bnh qun lng thc u ngi t 512kg tng 49kg so vi nm 2005. Tng gi tr ca ngnh trng trt l 7,449 t ng t 100,80% k hoch nm 2006. - Chn nui: Tng gi tr ngnh chn nui l 5,170 t ng t 76,1%. Nm 2006, n tru vi tng s l 392 con, t 78,4% k hoch; n b c 901 con, t 69,1% k hoch; n ln c 3.876 con, t 51,7% k hoch; n gia cm c 16.606 con, t 46% k hoch; c nc ngt l 13,7%, t 68,5% k hoch. - Lm nghip: Trong nm 2006 tng khi lng g khai thc c l 350m3 vi tng gi tr l 210 triu ng. X trng mi c 30 ha rng tp trung, 33ha rng phn tn v tuyn truyn vn ng nhn dn thc hin tt cng tc phng chy cha chy nn khng xy ra hin tng chy rng. (2). Ngnh CN TTCN v XDCB Ngnh CN-TTCN hot ng n nh v c chiu hng pht trin. Nh my gch tuynen ti thn Nam Phc a vo hot ng. Nh my cn tuyt i ang trong giai on lp d n. Tng gi tr ngnh CN-TTCN v XDCB l 9,028 t ng, t 122,8% k hoch, chim 32% tng GDP. Tng vn u t xy dng c bn l 1,418 t ng. (3). Ngnh thng mi dch v Trong nm 2006, ngnh TMDV pht trin chm, nguyn nhn chnh do ch i Tn cha a vo hot ng, ng thi gi c th trng bin ng nn nh hng n vic mua bn trao i hng ho ca nhn dn. Tng gi tr ngnh TMDV l 6,160 t ng, t 90,7%, chim 22% tng GDP. 36

(4). Thu chi ngn sch Tng thu ngn sch l 1,066 t ng, t 152,12% k hoch. Tng chi ngn sch l 1,066 t ng, t 143,9% k hoch. 2.2.3. iu kin x hi (1). Gio dc Ngnh gio dc c nhiu tin b ng k, i ng gio vin cc cp Mm non, Tiu hc, trung hc c s (THCS) c nhiu n lc phn u trong cng tc dy v hc. Phong tro x hi ho gio dc ngy c nng cao. Cng tc ph cp gio dc tiu hc ng tui, chng m ch v ph cp gio dc THCS c cng c v cht lng ngy cng c nng cao. (2). Y t Cc chng trnh y t quc gia c trin khai t hiu qu, cng tc khm v iu tr ti Trm Y t cho cc i tng chnh sch, cc h ngho, tr em di 72 thng tui. i ng y bc s v y t thn bn th hin tt trch nhim ca mnh trong cng tc chm sc sc kho cho nhn dn. Tng s lt ngi n khm cha bnh ti Trm y t trong nm 2006 l 12.446 lt, trong s lt ngi iu tr ti trm l 162 lt. S bnh nhn phi chuyn ln tuyn trn l 446 ngi.

37

CHNG 3

NH GI CC TC NG MI TRNG
3.1. NGUN GY TC NG 3.1.1. Cc ngun gy tc ng trong giai on xy dng 3.1.1.1. Ngun gy tc ng c lin quan n cht thi Cc hat ng trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng Nh my cn l : - Gii to, san lp mt bng; - Vn chuyn , tp kt, lu gi nguyn vt liu; - Xy dng nh xng, nh vn phng v lp t thit b; - Xy dng h thng c s h tng k thut (giao thng ni b; cp in; thot nc ma v thu gom, x l nc thi, xy dng h thng cp nc, trng cy xanh, bn hoa, thm c); - Sinh hat ca cng nhn xy dng ti cng trng. Cc hot ng v ngun gy tc ng mi trng trong giai on xy dng c trnh by trong bng 3.1. Bng 3.1. Cc hot ng v ngun gy tc ng mi trng trong giai on xy dng. Ngun gy tc ng Cng nhn pht quang, cht b thm thc vt ti khu t d n; p b tho d nh ca Xe ti vn chuyn thc vt b cht, vn chuyn c khi di di. Xe i san lp mt bng 2 Vn chuyn , tp kt, lu gi Xe ti vn chuyn nhin, nguyn, vt liu nh: nguyn vt liu vt liu xy dng, ct, , sn, xng du, Cc thng cha xng du, sn. 3 Xy dng nh xng, nh Cc my mc phc v thi cng xy dng: ba vn phng v lp t thit b; my, cn cu, xe ti Qu trnh thi cng c gia nhit: ct, hn, t nng chy nha ng 4 Xy dng h thng c s h Xe ti vn chuyn vt liu xy dng, ct, , st tng k thut (giao thng ni thp, ng cng, ct in, ng dy, trm bin b; cp in; thot nc ma in, thit b my mc v thu gom, x l nc thi, Cc my mc phc v thi cng xy dng: ba xy dng h thng cp nc, my, cn cu, my xc trng cy xanh, bn hoa, Qu trnh thi cng c gia nhit: ct, hn, t thm c) nng chy 5 Sinh hot ca cng nhn ti Sinh hot ca cc cng nhn trn cng trng cng trng. thi ra nc thi, phn rc, kh thi do un nu. Ngun: Trung tm Cng ngh Mi trng, thng 02/2007. 38 Stt 1 Cc hot ng Gii to, san lp mt bng

3.1.1.2. Ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi Cc ngun gy tc ng mi trng khng lin quan n cht thi trong giai on xy dng c trnh by trong bng 3.2. Bng 3.2. Cc ngun gy tc ng mi trng khng lin quan n cht thi trong giai on xy dng Ngun gy tc ng Gy ting n, rung trong qu trnh xy dng Nc ma chy trn qua ton b khu vc d n, gy ngp ng cc b n b, gii ta, ti nh c S tp trung lng ln cng nhn xy dng gy ra xo trn i sng x hi a phng, gia tng nguy c tai nn giao thng. Ngun: Trung tm Cng ngh Mi trng, thng 01/2007. 3.1.2. Cc ngun gy tc ng trong giai on hot ng ca Nh my 3.1.2.1. Ngun gy tc ng c lin quan n cht thi Cht thi pht sinh t cc ngun sau y: (1). Cc ngun kh thi a). Kh thi t dy chuyn cng ngh - Kh CO2 gii phng trong qu trnh sn xut cn . - Kh thi t than v biogas c cha bi, SOx, NOx , COx, THC, Aldehyt. b). Kh thi t hot ng giao thng vn ti Hot ng ca cc phng tin giao thng, vn ti chuyn ch cc loi nguyn liu, nhin liu, hng ho v cng nhn ra vo Nh my s pht sinh kh thi c cha bi, SOx, NOx, CO, THC, Aldehyt, c). Kh thi t cc hot ng khc Cc hot ng khc nh thu gom, x l nc thi, sn phi bn hoc v hot ng thu gom, tn tr, vn chuyn rc thi, cht thi cng nghip s pht sinh cc kh nhim nh: NH3, H2S, CH4, mercaptan v cc cht gy mi khc. (2). Cc ngun nc thi - Cht thi lng t qu trnh cng ngh (ln men, trng ct cn) c nhit cao, c cha hm lng rt cao cc cht hu c (BOD, COD), cc cht rn l lng (SS). 39 TT 1 2 3 4

- Nc thi sinh hat c cha cc cht cn b, cc cht hu c, cc cht dinh dng v vi sinh. - Nc lm lnh ngng t trong qu trnh trng ct cn. - Nc ma chy trn cun theo t, ct, rc ri vi xung ngun nc. (3). Cc ngn cht thi rn - B thi ra t qu trnh sn xut c tch ra qua my ly tm c thnh phn ch yu l cht x, 1 n 2 % tinh bt cn st cha c chuyn ho thnh cn, mt lng nh cht vi lng v ct sn. - Tro, x than ca l hi t than. - Rc thi sinh hat ca cn b, cng nhn vin ca nh my. 3.1.2.2. Ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi Cc ngun gy tc ng mi trng khng lin quan n cht thi trong giai on vn hnh c trnh by trong bng 3.3. Bng 0.3. Cc ngun gy tc ng mi trng khng lin quan n cht thi trong giai on vn hnh Stt Ngun gy tc ng 1 To cng n vic lm, thc y pht trin nng nghip v dch v 2 Tng ngun thu cho ngn sch nh nc v a phng, tit kim ngai t 3 Gia tng nguy c tai nn giao thng do gia tng mt giao thng. 4 S tp trung lng ln cng nhn gy ra xo trn i sng x hi a phng Ngun: Trung tm Cng ngh Mi trng, 02/2007. 3.1.3. D bo nhng ri ro v s c mi trng do d n gy ra 3.1.3.1. Nhng ri ro trong giai on thi cng xy dng (1). Tai nn lao ng Nhn chung, tai nn lao ng c th xy ra ti bt k mt cng on thi cng xy dng no ca d n. Nguyn nhn ca cc trng hp xy ra tai nn lao ng trn cng trng xy dng l : nhim mi trng c kh nng gy mt mi, chong vng hay ngt cho cng nhn trong khi lao ng; Cng vic lp rp, thi cng v qu trnh vn chuyn nguyn vt liu vi mt xe, cao hn c th gy ra cc tai nn lao ng, tai nn giao thng, ... Tai nn do tnh bt cn trong lao ng, thiu trang b bo h lao ng, hoc do thiu thc tun th nghim chnh v ni quy an ton lao ng ca cng nhn thi cng. Ch u t s quan tm p dng cc bin php bo m an ton lao ng cho cng nhn. 40

(2). S c chy n S c chy n c th xy ra trong trng hp vn chuyn v tn cha nhin liu, hoc do s thiu an ton v h thng cp in tm thi, gy nn cc thit hi v ngi v ca trong qu trnh thi cng. C th xc nh cc nguyn nhn c th nh sau : Cc kho cha nguyn nhin liu tm thi phc v cho thi cng (xng, du DO, du FO, sn, keo...) l cc ngun c th gy chy n. Khi s c xy ra c th gy ra thit hi nghim trng v ngi, kinh t v mi trng; H thng cp in tm thi cho cc my mc, thit b thi cng c th gy ra s c in git, chp, chy n gy thit hi v kinh t hay tai nn lao ng cho cng nhn; Vic s dng cc thit b gia nhit trong thi cng (un, ri nha ng, hn x ...) c th gy ra chy, bng hay tai nn lao ng nu nh khng c cc bin php phng nga. Do cc trng hp s c ny c th xy ra bt k lc no, nn Ch u t s p dng cc bin php phng chng, khng ch hiu qu nhm hn ch ti a cc tc ng tiu cc ny. (3). Tai nn giao thng Tai nn giao thng c nguy c xy ra trong qu trnh thi cng, gy thit hi v ti sn v tnh mng. Nguyn nhn c th do phng tin vn chuyn khng m bo k thut hoc do cng nhn iu khin khng tun th cc nguyn tc an ton giao thng. S c ny hon ton phng trnh c bng cch kim tra tnh trng k thut cc phng tin vn ti, tuyn truyn nng cao thc chp hnh lut l giao thng ca ngi iu khin phng tin giao thng v cho cng nhn . 3.1.3.2. Nhng ri ro trong giai on hot ng (1). Tai nn lao ng Tai nn lao ng c th xy ra trong qu trnh lao ng ti Nh my sn xut cn . Nguyn nhn ch yu ca tai nn lao ng l :
-

thc chp hnh ni quy v an tan lao ng km;

S bt cn ca cng nhn trong qu trnh iu khin my mc, thit b, phng tin

giao thng;

Tnh trng sc kho ca cng nhn khng tt dn n ng gt trong lc lm vic hay do lm vic qu sc. (2). R r nguyn nhin liu R r nhin liu, ha cht, cn tuyt i dng lng hay kh s gy nh hng n sc khe con ngi, tc ng n ng thc vt. R r c th dn n s c gy chy, n, trn du, 41

trn ha cht ... gy thit hi ln v kinh t - x hi cng nh h sinh thi trong khu vc v cc vng ln cn. (3). S c chy n S c chy n c th xy ra trong trng hp vn chuyn v tn cha nhin liu, cn nhin liu, cn thc phm hoc do chp in, gy nn cc thit hi v ngi v ti sn ca doanh nghip v cng ng dn c xung quanh. C th xc nh cc ngun gc gy chy n nh sau: - Cc kho cha nhin liu (xng, du DO, du FO, kh biogas ...), cc kho cha ha cht (sn, keo, vecni ) v cn thc phm, cn nhin liu . - Trm bin th, h thng cp in ti nh my . Ch u t s p dng cc bin php tng hp nhm ngn nga v ng cu kp thi cc s c nhm hn ch ti a cc tc ng tiu cc n mi trng. 3.2. I TNG, QUY M B TC NG 3.2.1. i tng, quy m b tc ng trong giai on xy dng i tng, quy m b tc ng trong giai on xy dng c trnh by trong bng 3.4. Bng 3.4. i tng, quy m b tc ng trong giai on xy dng. Quy m b tc ng Ton b t ai trong khu vc d n. Bn knh vng nh hng khi xy ra s c chy n c th lan rng n mt vi km (tnh t tm khu t d n). Sng Thu Bn, h H Chnh v sng Vu Gia s b nh hng trong qu trnh xy dng Nh my Khong 100 cng nhn trn cng trng xy dng nh my . 5 Nhn dn a phng - 01 h dn trong khu vc d n phi gii ta di di; - Cc h dn nm gn khu vc d n. Ngun: Trung tm Cng ngh Mi trng, thng 02/2007. 3.2.2. i tng, quy m b tc ng trong giai on vn hnh hot ng i tng v quy m b tc ng trong giai on hot ng ca Nh my cn tuyt i c a ra trong bng 3.5. Stt i tng b tc ng 1 t ai 2 Khng kh ti khu vc d n 3 Ngun nc mt ti khu vc d n 4 Cng nhn

42

Bng 3.5. i tng, quy m b tc ng trong giai on hot ng. Quy m b tc ng Bu khng kh trong phm vi nh my Sng Thu Bn l ngun tip nhn nc thi nh my sau khi x l v sng Vu Gia l ngun nc cp cho sn xut ca Nh my 03 Ngun nc ngm ti khu vc d n Cc ging khoan, ging o ti khu vc d n v vng ln cn 04 Thc vt ti khu vc d n Tan b thm thc vt ti khu vc nh my 05 H tng ng giao thng khu vc d H thng giao thng ti khu vc d n v n vng ln cn s b xung cp do hat ng vn ti ca nh my 06 Cng nhn Ton b cng nhn lm vic trong nh my 07 C dn a phng Cc h dn sng gn khu vc nh my Ngun: Trung tm Cng ngh Mi trng, thng 02/2007. 3.3. NH GI TC NG 3.3.1. nh gi tc ng mi trng trong giai on xy dng 3.3.1.1. Tc ng ti cht lng khng kh Cc hot ng v ngun gy tc ng trong qu trnh xy dng d n c trnh by trong bng 3.1 trn. C th nh sau: - Bi do o p t ct, san i mt bng; - Bi pht sinh do qu trnh vn chuyn v bc d: + Khi lng thc vt do pht quang mt bng; + t, ct phc v cho cng tc san lp mt bng; + Nguyn vt liu phc v xy dng (, ct, xi mng, st, vv..); + Thit b my mc phc v xy dng c s h tng; - Hi xng du pht sinh trong qu trnh tp kt, lu tr nhin liu; - Bi v cc cht kh SO2, NO2, CO, THC do khi thi ca cc phng tin giao thng vn ti v cc phng tin thi cng c gii. - Bi do gi cun t ng ln. - Bc x nhit t cc qu trnh thi cng c gia nhit, khi hn (nh qu trnh ct, hn st thp; ct, hn lp rp thit b; t nng chy Bitum tri nha ng ...); - Ting n, rung do cc phng tin giao thng vn chuyn, cc thit b thi cng; - Mi hi pht sinh t khu v sinh tm v t ni tp trung cht thi sinh hot ca cng nhn. 43 TT i tng b tc ng 01 Khng kh khu vc d n 02 Ngun nc mt ti khu vc d n

Cc tc ng nu trn ch l tm thi, khng lin tc v s kt thc sau khi han thnh giai an xy dng. 03 yu t tc ng chnh ti cht lng khng kh trong qu trnh xy dng l bi, kh thi v ting n ca cc phng tin giao thng vn ti v phng tin thi cng c gii .Cc tc ng ny s c nh gi chi tit nh sau: (1). nhim do bi trong qu trnh xy dng Trong qu trnh san lp mt bng d n, th cc hot ng o, p v san lp mt bng s lm pht sinh ra bi. Do hin nay cha c thng tin xc nh nng bi trong khng kh trong qu trnh xy dng. Trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng, bi cn pht sinh do qu trnh vn chuyn v bc d nguyn, nhin vt liu, thit b my mc thi cng xy dng. Tc ng ca bi t cc ngun ny khng ln, ch nh hng cc b ti ni bc d, pht sinh gin on. Ch u t s p dng cc bin php gim thiu bi v trang b y phng tin bo h lao ng cho cng nhn . (2). nhim do kh thi t cc phng tin giao thng vn ti v cc thit b thi cng c gii Kh thi t cc phng tin giao thng vn ti v cc thit b thi cng c gii s dng cc loi nhin liu (xng, du DO,) c cha bi, SOx, NOx, COx, THC v aldehyt gy tc ng trc tip n cng nhn thi cng v mi trng khng kh xung quanh. Tc ng do kh thi t cc phng tin giao thng, vn chuyn nguyn vt liu, my mc thit b trong qu trnh thi cng v do hot ng ca cc phng tin thi cng c gii c th nh gi trn c s tng khi lng nguyn vt liu, thit b, my mc cn vn chuyn, qung ng vn chuyn v cng sut tiu th nhin liu ca cc phng tin thi cng c gii trong qu trnh xy dng d n. Tuy nhin, do thiu nhng thng tin cn thit, nn kh c th nh gi c nh lng cc tc ng ny. (3). nh gic tc ng ca cc cht gy nhim khng kh Tc ng ca cc cht gy nhim khng kh c th hin qua bng 3.6 di y. Bng 3.6. Tc ng ca cc cht gy nhim khng kh. TT Cht gy nhim 1 Bi 2 Kh axt (SOx, NOx) Tc ng - Kch thch h hp, x ho phi, ung th phi - Gy tn thng da, gic mc mt, bnh ng tiu ho - Gy nh hng h h hp, phn tn vo mu - SO2 c th nhim c qua da, lm gim d tr kim trong mu - To ma axt nh hng xu ti s pht trin thm thc 44

TT

Cht gy nhim

Tc ng

vt v cy trng - Tng cng qu trnh n mn kim loi, ph hy vt liu b tng v cc cng trnh nh ca - nh hng xu n kh hu, h sinh thi v tng zon 3 Oxyt cacbon (CO) - Gim kh nng vn chuyn xy ca mu n cc t chc, t bo do CO kt hp vi hemoglobin v bin thnh cacboxyhemoglobin 4 Kh cacbonic (CO2) - Gy ri lon h hp phi - Gy hiu ng nh knh - Tc hi n h sinh thi 5 Tng hydrocarbons - Gy nhim c cp tnh : suy nhc, chng mt, nhc (THC) u, ri lon gic quan c khi gy t vong Ngun: Trung tm Cng ngh Mi trng tng hp, nm 2007. (4). nhim do ting n t cc phng tin giao thng, thit b thi cng nc ta cha c tiu chun quy nh c th v mc ting n cho cng tc thi cng xy dng ni chung. Tuy nhin, theo tiu chun ban hnh v mc cho php ting n ti khu vc lao ng (TCVN 3985-1985) v gii hn ti a cho php ting n khu vc cng cng v dn c (TCVN 5949-1995), th mc n ln nht cho php l 85 dBA trong khu vc sn xut v mc n thp nht l 40 dBA ti cc bnh vin, th vin, nh iu dng, trng hc t 22 gi n 6 gi sng. i vi khu dn c gn cc KCN, mc n ti a cho php (TCVN 5949-1995) khng c vt qu 75 dBA. Vi mc n pht ra t hot ng ca cc thit b thi cng trn cng trng nh trnh by trong bng 3.7 di y, th mc n cc i do cc thit b thi cng gy ra u vt qu tiu chun cho php i vi khu dn c. Tuy nhin, khu vc thi cng d n nm cch xa khu dn c, nn tc ng ny l nh . Bng 3.7. Mc n sinh ra t hot ng ca cc thit b thi cng trn cng trng. Stt 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 09 10 11 12 13 Thit b My i My khoan My m nn (xe lu) My xc gu trc Gu ngc My ko My cp t My lt ng Xe ti My trn b tng Bm b tng My p b tng Mc n (dBA), cch ngun n 15 m Ti liu (1) Ti liu (2) 93,0 87,0 72,0 - 74,0 72,0 - 84,0 72,0 - 93,0 77,0 - 96,0 80,0 - 93,0 87,0 - 88,5 82,0 - 94,0 75,0 75,0 - 88,0 80,0 - 83,0 85,0 45

Mc n (dBA), cch ngun n 15 m Ti liu (1) Ti liu (2) 14 Cn trc di ng 76,0 - 87,0 15 My pht in 72,0 - 82,5 16 My nn 80,0 75,0 - 87,0 17 Ba chn v my khoan 81,0 - 98,0 18 My ng cc 75,0 95,0 - 106,0 Ngun: Ti liu (1) - Nguyn nh Tun v cc cng s; Ti liu (2) - Mackernize, L.Da, nm 1985. Stt Thit b Trong khi , mc n cc i ca cc loi xe c gii c tng hp theo cc ti liu k thut v trnh by nh trong bng 3.8 di y. Bng 3.8. Mc n ca cc loi xe c gii. TT Loi xe Mc n (dBA) 01 Xe du lch 77 02 Xe mini bus 84 03 Xe vn ti 93 04 Xe m t 4 th 94 05 Xe m t 2 th 80 Ngun: Trung tm Cng ngh Mi trng tng hp, nm 2007. Theo bng 3.8, th n cc i ca cc loi xe vn ti (93 dBA) cng vt qu tiu chun cho php i vi khu dn c. Do , Ch u t s p dng cc bin php tng hp nhm hn ch nhim ting n do cc phng tin giao thng vn ti, nht l khi i ngang qua khu vc dn c. 3.3.1.2. Tc ng ca cc ngun gy nhim mi trng nc Cc tc nhn gy nhim mi trng nc trong giai on xy dng d n l: - Nc thi sinh hot ca cng nhn; - Nc ma chy trn qua ton b khu t d n cun theo bi, t, ct, , xi mng, xng du, sn, ri vi, r r trn mt t. (1). nhim do nc thi sinh hot ca cng nhn xy dng Tc ng n mi trng nc do qu trnh thi cng xy dng d n ch yu do nc thi sinh hot ca cc cng nhn xy dng. Thnh phn cc cht nhim ch yu trong nc thi sinh hot gm: Cc cht cn b, cc cht l lng (SS), cc hp cht hu c (BOD/COD), cc cht dinh dng (N, P) v vi sinh gy bnh (Coliform, E.Coli). Nc thi sinh hot cha nhiu cht hu c d phn hy, cha hm lng ln cc vi khun Coli v cc vi khun gy bnh khc nn c th gy nhim ngun nc mt v nc ngm nu khng c x l. 46

Lu lng nc thi sinh hot c tnh ton trn c s nh mc nc thi v s lng cng nhn. Theo tiu chun xy dng, nh mc nc cp sinh hot l 120lt/ngi.ngy. nh mc pht sinh nc thi sinh hot l 96 lt/ngi/ngy.m (tng ng khong 80% nc cp). Da vo s lng cng nhn lao ng ti cng trng khang 100 ngi/ngy, c th c tnh c tng lu lng nc thi sinh hot pht sinh trong qu trnh xy dng d n l khong 9,6 m3/ngy. Theo tnh ton thng k, i vi nhng quc gia ang pht trin th h s nhim do mi ngi hng ngy a vo mi trng (khi nc thi sinh hot cha qua x l) nh c trnh by trong bng 3.9. Bng 3.9. H s nhim do mi ngi hng ngy sinh hot a vo mi trng (nc thi sinh hot cha qua x l). TT Cht nhim 01 BOD5 02 COD (dicromate) 03 Cht rn l lng (SS) 04 Du m phi khong 05 Tng nit (N) 06 Amoni (N-NH4) 07 Tng photpho (P) Ngun: Rapid Environmental Assessment, WHO, 1993. H s (g/ngi/ngy) 45 54 72 102 70 145 10 30 6 12 2,4 4,8 0,8 4,0

Cn c vo cc h s nhim tnh ton nhanh nu trn, c th d bo ti lng cc cht nhim sinh ra t nc thi sinh hot trong giai on thi cng xy dng d n nh c trnh by trong bng 3.10. Bng 3.10. Ti lng cht nhim sinh ra t nc thi sinh hot (cha qua x l) trong giai on thi cng xy dng d n. TT Cht nhim 01 BOD5 02 COD (dicromate) 03 Cht rn l lng (SS) 04 Du m 05 Tng nit (N) 06 Amoni (N-NH4) 07 Tng photpho (P) Ngun: Trung tm Cng ngh Mi trng, thng 02/2007. Ti lng (kg/ngy) 4,5-5,4 7,2-10,2 7,0-14,5 1,0-3,0 0,6-1,2 0,24-0,48 0,08-0,40

Nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi sinh hot c tnh ton da trn ti lng nhim, lu lng nc thi v hiu sut x l ca b t hoi (3 ngn), kt qu c trnh by trong bng 3.11.

47

Bng 3.11. Nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi sinh hot. TT 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 Cht nhim Nng cc cht nhim (mg/l) Khng qua X l bng TCVN 6772-2000 X l b t hoi (mc I) 59 469 562 281 338 30 750 1.062 450 638 729 1.510 438 906 50 104,2 312,5 62,5 187,5 20 62,5 125,0 37,5 - 75,0 25,0 50,0 15,0 - 30,0 8,33 41,66 5,00 - 25,00 6 1.000

pH BOD5 COD (dicromate) Cht rn l lng (SS) Du m Tng nit (N) Amoni (N-NH4) Tng photpho (P) Tng coliform 106 109 108 (MPN/100ml) Ngun: Trung tm Cng ngh Mi trng, thng 02/2007.

Ghi ch : Tiu chun p dng : TCVN 6772 2000 Cht lng nc Nc thi sinh hot Gii hn nhim cho php (Mc I) Nhn xt: So snh vi tiu chun c th thy rng, khi nc thi cha qua x l hoc a qua x l s b bng b t hoi (3 ngn), th cc ch tiu nhim u vt tiu chun TCVN 6772-2000 (Mc I). hn ch tc ng do nc thi sinh hat, Ch d n s xy dng cc b t hoi loi ba ngn t thm. iu ny c th chp nhn c v lu lng v ti lng nhim trong nc thi trong giai on xy dng l khng nhiu. (2). Tc ng do nc ma chy trn trn khu vc d n Trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng, lu lng nc ma trung bnh chy trn trn din tch d n c tnh t trung bnh 2.968 m3/ngy (tnh theo lng ma trung bnh ti khu vc d n l 2.015 mm/nm, cha tnh lng nc bc hi) v c th gy nn cc tc ng tiu cc nh: - Nc ma gy ng, ngp ng v snh ly trn khu t d n; - Nc ma cun theo rc thi, cn du m, bi, t xung h H Chnh v sng Thu Bn, lm tng c, tng kh nng nhim ngun nc sng, h, tng kh nng bi lng dng sng, h. Tc ng gy ngp ng cc b ca nc ma chy trn l kh xy ra do y l vng t kh cao. 3.3.1.3. Tc ng ti mi trng t - Hot ng san lp mt bng chun b thi cng gy ph hy lp thc vt trn b mt t. 48

- Hot ng ca cc phng tin thi cng c gii; vic tp kt, lu tr nhin, nguyn vt liu v sinh hot ca cng nhn ti cng trng s lm pht sinh cc cht thi gy nhim mi trng t nh : nc thi, cht thi rn, nguyn vt liu, du nht ri vi, r r. Nhn chung, mc tc ng ca qu trnh xy dng Nh my cn n mi trng t l nh. 3.3.1.4. Tc ng do cht thi rn Trong qu trnh xy dng, cht thi rn thi ra s bao gm x bn, g vn, bao b nguyn liu, rc thi sinh hot ca cng nhn . Theo c tnh, mi cng nhn lm vic ti khu vc d n thi ra t 0,3 0,5 kg rc thi sinh hot mi ngy. Vy vi 100 cng nhn lao ng ti cng trng mi ngy th tng lng rc thi sinh hot pht sinh trong qu trnh xy dng d n s khong 30 50 kg/ngy. Mc d khi lng rc thi sinh hot khng qu ln nhng nu khng c bin php thu gom x l hp l th kh nng tch t trong thi gian xy dng ngy cng nhiu v gy tc ng n cht lng khng kh do phn hy cht thi hu c gy mi hi. Ngoi ra vic tn ng rc cn to iu kin cho cc vi sinh vt gy bnh pht trin, gy nguy c pht sinh v ly truyn mm bnh nh hng n sc khe ca cng nhn thi cng v cc khu dn c ln cn. Ch u t s k hp ng vi n v dch v mi trng a phng thu gom, vn chuyn v chn lp hp v sinh rc thi sinh hat ti bi rc c quy hach ca a phng. 3.3.1.5. Tc ng v kinh t x hi (1). Tc ng tch cc Cc tc ng tch cc trong giai on xy dng d n l : - Huy ng mt lng lao ng nhn ri a phng; - Gp phn gii quyt lao ng v tng thu nhp tm thi cho ngi lao ng; - Kch thch pht trin mt s loi hnh dch v nh cho thu nh tr, kinh doanh n ung, cc dch v gii tr khc nhm phc v cho nhu cu sinh hot ca cng nhn ti khu vc d n. (2). Tc ng tiu cc - Vic tp trung mt lc lng cng nhn xy dng kh ln (khong 100 cng nhn xy dng mi ngy) trong thi gian xy dng s gy ra cc tc ng tiu cc ti an ninh trt t x hi ti khu vc d n. - Trong qu trnh thi cng s lt xe ra vo cng trng s gia tng v vy s lm gia tng mt giao thng ti khu vc, dn n gia tng nguy c tai nn giao thng trn khu vc. Ch d n s quan tm b tr k hoch thi cng, iu ng my mc, xe c, thit b k 49

thut mt cch khoa hc v qun l an ton giao thng nhm hn ch ti a cc tc ng c hi ti mi trng. 3.3.1.6. nh gi tng hp cc tc ng mi trng do cc hot ng trong giai on xy dng d n Cc tc ng mi trng do cc hot ng trong giai on xy dng d n c tng hp trnh by tm tt trong bng 3.12. Bng 3.12. nh gi tng hp cc tc ng mi trng trong qu trnh xy dng d n. TT 1 2 Hot ng nh gi t Nc Khng Ti nguyn kh sinh hc *** ** *** ** * * Kinh t -x hi *** ** *

Gii to, san lp mt bng ** * Vn chuyn , tp kt, lu gi * * nguyn vt liu 3 Xy dng nh xng, nh vn * ** phng v lp t thit b; 4 Xy dng h thng c s h tng k thut (giao thng ni b; cp in; thot nc ma v thu * ** gom, x l nc thi, xy dng h thng cp nc, trng cy xanh, bn hoa, thm c) 5 Sinh hot ca cng nhn ti cng * ** trng. Ngun: Trung tm Cng ngh Mi trng, thng 02/2007. Ghi ch : * ** *** : Tc ng c hi mc nh; : Tc ng c hi mc trung bnh; : Tc ng c hi mc mnh.

***

**

**

**

3.3.2. nh gi tc ng mi trng trong giai on hot ng 3.3.2.1. Tc ng ca cc ngun gy nhim mi trng khng kh, ting n (1). Ngun nhim Theo dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut ca Nh my v cc ti liu k thut c lin quan, c th xc nh cc ngun gy nhim khng kh v cc cht nhim ch th ch yu c a ra trong bng 3.13.

50

Bng 3.13 : Cc ngun gy nhim khng kh v cc cht nhim ch th Ngun nhim v cc cht nhim ch th - Bi, t ct sinh ra trong qu trnh bc d nguyn liu. - Kh SOx (SO2, SO3) sinh ra t qu trnh t l bng than v biogas trong khu chng ct cn. - Kh CO2 pht sinh trong qu trnh ln men. - Mi hi sinh ra t qu trnh bay hi cn, t b hm v tn ng nc thi. 2 Phn xng kh CO2 - R r kh CO2 ra ngoi mi trng. 3 Phn xng Phn vi - Mi hi (NH3, H2S ) sinh ra trong qu trnh sy kh b sinh thi v ym kh men vi sinh v cc cht thi nh dung dch hm - Kh CH4 pht sinh t cc hm Biogas 4 Cc ngun khc - Kh thi l hi, my pht in (d phng) - Kh thi v ting n sinh ra t cc phng tin giao thng vn ti - Cc tc nhn vt l nh ting n, rung, nhit, bc x sinh ra trong qu trnh sn xut. - Mi hi sinh ra t trm x l nc thi tp trung do qu trnh phn hu cc cht hu c. Ngun: Trung tm Cng ngh Mi trng ENTEC tp hp, 02/2007. (2). c trng nhim t phn xng cn v CO2 a). Bi sinh ra t qu trnh sn xut Bi pht sinh vo thi im vn chuyn nguyn liu t kho ti khu vc sn xut cn, bi sinh ra t qu trnh nhp liu (Than cm s 5), qu trnh ly tro v x l. Nhn chung, bi pht sinh t nhng khu vc ny ch yu l bi lng v mt phn nh hn l bi l lng. Nh vy, bi ch pht sinh trong xng sn xut m khng c kh nng pht tn i xa gy ra nh hng n cc khu vc xung quanh. Hu ht bi lng s li trong xng v c thu hi li. Bi l lng c th nh hng n sc kho ngi cng nhn lm vic trc tip. Thng thng nng bi l lng trung bnh trong khu vc np liu thng dao ng trong khong 4,5 5,5 mg/m3. So snh vi tiu chun cho php cc cht nhim trong mi trng lao ng (tiu chun tm thi ca B Y t 505 BYT/Q ngy 13/04/1992 quy nh cho php bi tr 6 mg/m3) th nng bi cn thp hn tiu chun cho php. Tuy vy, i vi cc cng nhn lao ng trc tip ti cc khu vc pht sinh bi yu cu phi c bo v an ton bng knh mt v khu trang. b). Kh CO2 sinh ra trong cng on ln men Trong cng on ln men, mt phn kh CO2 sinh ra tht thot vo khng kh l nguyn nhn gy nhim trong khu vc sn xut. Theo l thuyt khi ln men 1 lt dch ng 100S s sinh ra 48g CO2 (tnh cho trng hp hiu sut ln men t 100%). 51 Stt Phn xng sn xut 1 Phn xng sn xut cn

Khi nh my hot ng cng sut sn xut cn nhin liu v thc phm cng sut 50.000 tn/nm (Giai an I) th lng CO2 lng sinh ra ng vi cng sut sn xut trn l 47.800 tn/nm. Tuy nhin, trn thc t hiu sut ln men ch t 85% do lng CO2 sinh ra thc t l 40.600 tn/nm. Khi nng cng sut ln 100.000 tn/nm (Giai an II), th lng CO2 sinh ra s tng gp i. Tuy nhin, ch 50% lng CO2 ny c thu hi v ho lng sn xut CO2 lng (Cng sut khong 20.000 tn/nm). c). Kh thi t l hi trong khu chng ct cn L hi cng sut 50 tn hi/gi c s dng chng ct cn, cp nhit quay tuabin pht in v sy lm phn vi sinh. L hi c t bng than (40%) v biogas (60%). Trong giai on u khi cha c Biogas th l hi dng than t lm nhin liu vi nh mc 84 kg than /tn hi.gi. Vi nh mc trn th trung bnh Nh my s dng 100,80 tn than/ngy (hay 30.240 tn/nm). Lng kh Biogas khi Nh my i vo hot ng: Theo UNFCCC (Cng c khung Lin Hip Quc v Bin i Kh hu) v kinh nghim sn xut ti Trung Quc, Thi Lan vi Cng ngh sn xut biogas tng t cho thy lng nc thi pht sinh khi sn xut 1tn tinh bt sn s sinh ra 80-85m3 Biogas. Trung bnh 1,6 tn sn kh sn xut c 1 tn tinh bt. Nh my s dng khong 1.000 tn sn kh/ngy tng ng lng tinh bt sinh ra l 625 tn/ngy. Trn c s lng tinh bt thnh phm l 625 tn/ngy xc nh lng Biogas sinh ra l 50.000m3/ngy. Khi c kh Biogas th trung bnh Nh my dng 40,32 tn than/ngy v 30.000m3 kh CH4/ngy (50.000m3 biogas/ngy) vn hnh l hi cng sut 50 tn hi/gi. Chiu cao ng khi l 65 m, ng knh 2,0 m. Ngun cung cp than ca nh my l than cm s 5. Tnh cht ca than cm s 5 nh sau : - Mt trng lng khi chy : 10% - Hiu sut : 31,8% - Gi tr nhit ca than : 6.850 kcal/kg - Hm lng tro : 16,5% - Vt cht bay hi : 6,5% - Hm lng lu hunh : 0,72% Da vo h s nhim ca T chc Y t th gii (Bng 3.14) c th c tnh ti lng cc cht nhim trong kh thi t qu trnh t than v CH4 trong cc bng 3.15-3.16.

52

Bng 3.14 : H s nhim i vi qu trnh t than v t Biogas H s t Biogas KgCO2/Nm3 CH4 01 Bi 02 SO2 03 NO2 04 CO 05 THC CO2 10 Ngun : US EPA, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, 1973 Bng 3.15: Ti lng nhim kh thi t qu trnh t than v biogas (Giai an I) Ti lng (khng c kim sot nhim) (kg/ngy) t than t Biogas Tng cng Khi cha c kh Biogas (giai on ngn) Bi 504 504 SO2 1.306 1.306 NO2 151 151 CO 4.536 4.536 THC 126 126 CO2 Khi c Biogas Bi 202 202 SO2 522 522 NO2 60 60 CO 1.814 1.814 THC 50 50 CO2 300.000 300.000 Ghi ch : S l hm lng lu hunh trong than (0,72%) Ngun : US EPA, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, 1973 Vo giai on II, Nh my d kin s lp thm 1 l hi cng sut 25 tn/gi. Bng 3.16 : Ti lng nhim kh thi t qu trnh t than v biogas (Giai on II) Ti lng (khng c kim sot nhim) (kg/ngy) t than t Biogas Tng cng Bi 303 303 SO2 783 783 NO2 90 90 CO 2.721 2.721 THC 75 75 CO2 450.000 450.000 Ngun : US EPA, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, 1973 53 Cht nhim Cht nhim TT Cht nhim H s t than Kg/tn than 5,0 18xS 1,5 45,0 1,25

Ghi ch : S l hm lng lu hunh trong than (0,72%) Lu lng kh thi sinh ra khi t than c tnh theo cng thc sau : L = B x [ VO20 + ( - 1)VO ] x (273 + t)/273 Trong : B : lng than t trong 1 gi VO20 : khi sinh ra khi t 1 kg than, ly bng 7,5 m3/kg. : h s d kh, ly = 1,3 VO : lng khng kh cn t 1 kg than, ly bng 7,1 m3/kg. t : Nhit khi thi, ly t = 200oC.

Thay s vo ta tnh c L = 28.030 m3/gi hay 7,786 m3/s (tng ng 6,123 Nm3/s). Lu lng kh thi sinh ra khi t biogas l 6.313 m3/h hay hay 1,75 m3/s (tng ng 0,88 Nm3/s). Tng lu lng kh thi sinh ra t qu trnh t than v Biogas l 34.343 m 3/gi (Giai on I) v 51.515 m3/gi (Giai on II). Nng ca kh thi sau khi tnh c a ra trong bng 3.17. Bng 3.17 : Nng cc cht nhim trong kh thi t than (khng c kim sot nhim) Nng tnh iu Nng tnh iu kin kin thc (mg/m3) tiu chun (mg/Nm3) Bi 245 SO2 633 1.097 NO2 73 126 CO 2.201 3.813 THC 61 105 Ngun : Trung tm Cng ngh Mi trng ENTEC, 02/2007 Cht nhim TCVN 939:2005, ct B, (mg/Nm3) 252 630 1.071 1.260 -

Ghi ch: - TCVN 5939:2005, ct B : Cht lng khng kh Tiu chun kh thi cng nghip i vi bi v cc cht v c; So snh nng cc cht nhim trong kh thi t than v Biogas vi tiu chun kh thi (TCVN 5939 :2005) (H s Kv =1,4, Kf =0,9) cho thy nng SO2 cao hn Tiu chun khong 1,7 ln, CO cao hn tiu chun khong 3,0 ln. Nng cc cht nhim khc u nm trong gii hn cho php. Do vy Cng ty s p dng cc bin php khng ch nhim kh thi t than v Biogas.

54

(3). c trng nhim t phn xng Phn vi sinh a). Kh thi ni hi Hi nng cung cp cho cho cc khu vc bung sy 1, bung sy 2 ca phn xng sn xut phn vi sinh c ly t l hi cng sut 50tn/gi ( tnh phn trn) nn ngun gy nhim c xt. b). Mi hi Mi hi cha kh H2S, NH3 v cc cht khc sinh ra t qu trnh phn hu ym kh ti phn xng sn xut phn vi sinh. (4). c trng nhim t cc ngun khc a). nhim do cc phng tin giao thng (a.1). Bi trn ng vn chuyn v tp kt nguyn liu Trong qu trnh vn chuyn v bc d nguyn liu c kh nng pht sinh bi than v bi t ct. Tu theo iu kin cht lng ng s, phng thc bc d v tp kt nguyn liu m nhim pht sinh nhiu hay t. Nng bi s tng cao trong nhng ngy kh, nng gi. Bi do nguyn liu ri vi hoc t cc bi cha cun theo gi pht tn vo khng kh gy nn nhim cho cc khu vc xung quanh. Mt thc t khch quan l nhim bi trn ng vn chuyn v tp kt nguyn liu rt ph bin cc c s sn xut vt liu xy dng. Kt qu tnh ti lng bi trong qu trnh vn chuyn, tp kt nguyn liu nh sau : s S W w 365-p 0,7 0,5 L = 1,7k [----------]x[---------]x[----------] x [-----------] x[------------] 12 48 2,7 4 365 Trong : L : H s pht thi bi (kg/km/lt xe/nm). k : kch thc ht; 0,2. s : lng t trn ng; 8,9% S : tc trung bnh ca xe; 20 km/h W : trng lng c ti ca xe; 10 tn w : s bnh xe; 6 bnh p : s ngy hot ng trong nm

Thay s ta c h s pht thi bi l 0,15 kg/km/lt xe/nm. Thng thng hm lng bi l lng o c ti khu vc bi cha nguyn liu thng dao ng trong khong 0,9-2,7mg/m3 tc cao hn tiu chun khng kh xung quanh 3-9 ln (TCVN 5937-2005, quy nh bi : 0,3 mg/m3). nhim bi s gim khi cht lng ng 55

s c ci thin v thc trch nhim ca lnh o Nh my trong vic thc hin cc bin php phng nga nhim nh v sinh mt bng, cch ly ngun nhim hoc to m cho nguyn liu Ch D n s p dng trit cc bin php k thut v qun l nhm hn ch nhim bi do qu trnh vn chuyn v tp kt nguyn liu. (a.2). Kh thi ca cc phng tin giao thng Theo bo co Nghin cu cc bin php kim sot nhim khng kh giao thng ng b ti Tp. H Ch Minh cho thy lng nhin liu tiu th trung bnh tnh chung cho cc loi xe gn my 2 v 3 bnh l 0,03 lt/km, cho cc loi t chy xng l 0,15 lt/km v cc loi xe t chy du l 0,3 lt/km. Theo c tnh s b, lng xe c ra vo nh my c khong 100 lt xe t ch nguyn liu/ngy (chy du Diezel), 60 lt xe t /ngy (chy xng) v 120 lt xe gn my/ngy. p dng vi khong cch hot ng giao thng trung bnh l 10 km cch trung tm nh my, th lng nhin liu cn cung cp cho hot ng ca ng c s dng c khong 426 lt xng du/ngy. Da vo h s nhim do t nhin liu ca T chc Y t Th gii th trung bnh mi ngy c 0,218 kg bi, 0,855 kg SO2, 4,278 kg NO2, 32,041 kg CO v 4,260 kg THC thi vo mi trng khng kh khu vc do hot ng giao thng. b). Mi hi pht sinh t cc ngun phn tn Mi hi do vic phn hu cc cht hu c sinh ra t khu vc kho, bi cha nguyn liu, h thng x l nc thi tp trung, khu vc cha cht thi. Tuy nhin, Cng ty s thc hin cc bin php nh xy dng kho c h thng thng gi, b tr h thng x l nc thi tp trung v khu lu gi cht thi cui hng gi nn nh hng do mi hi t cc khu vc ny l khng ng k. (5). Tnh ton pht tn cc cht nhim vo khng kh a). C s tnh ton : tnh ton pht tn cc cht nhim vo khng kh, chng ti s dng m hnh pht tn Gauss i vi l hi t than v biogas. 2 thng s c trng c tnh ton l SO2 v CO. Cc thng s u vo (Input) cho m hnh tnh ton c tm tt trong bng 3.18. Bng 3.18 : Cc s liu u vo tnh ton m hnh Thng s Ti lng nhim (g/s) L hi t than

56

L hi t than + SO2 6,042 + CO 20,995 Lu lng kh thi (m3/s) 9,540 ng knh ng khi (m) 2 Chiu cao ng khi (m) 65 0 Nhit thi ( K) 473 Ngun : Trung tm Cng ngh Mi trng ENTEC, 02/2007 b). Kt qu tnh ton pht tn Kt qu tnh ton pht tn c a ra trong phn ph lc III. Kt qu tnh ton nng cc i ti mt t c a ra trong bng 3.19. Bng 3.19 : Kt qu tnh ton nng cc i ti mt t Nng cc i tuyt i ti mt t SO2 0,10 CO 0,36 Ngun : Trung tm Cng ngh Mi trng ENTEC, 03/2007 Nhn xt :
Kt qu pht tn cho thy vn tc gi nguy him l 1,9 m/s trong tt c cc trng hp. i vi SO2 nng nhim cc i bng 0,10mg/m3 ng vi khong cch 270 m k

Thng s

Thng s

n v : mg/m3 Tiu chun Vit Nam (TCVN 5937 2005) 0,35 30

t chn ng khi. i vi CO nng nhim cc i bng 0,36mg/m3 ng vi khong cch 270 m k t chn ng khi. So snh vi tiu chun (TCVN 5937:2005) th CO v SO2 u t tiu chun cho php. Vy kh thi ch nh hng nh trong khun vin nh my. Hn na, Nh my s u t h thng lc bi tnhm gim nh hng ng k n khu dn c ln cn. (6). Tc ng ca cc cht nhim khng kh Tc ng ca cc cht gy nhim khng kh c th hin qua bng 3.6 nh trnh by trn. (7). Tc ng ca cc yu t vt l trong mi trng lao ng a). nhim do ting n Ting n pht sinh t cc ngun (my xay, my nghin, my nn kh, my pht in) mc 57

n pht sinh trong xng thng tng i cao v lin tc (trung bnh 80-85 dBA). Ngoi ra, tu theo chu k vn hnh thit b, ting n cc b c th > 90 dBA vt tiu chun cho php trong khu sn xut (Tiu chun tm thi ca B Y t 505 BYT/Q ngy 13/04/1992 quy nh 90 dBA). Vic tip xc thng xuyn vi ngun n t 80 dBA tr ln lm c ch thn kinh trung ng, gy trng thi mt mi kh chu v lm gim nng sut lao ng, d dn n tai nn lao ng. Khi lm vic cc c s sn xut hoc cc khu vc c n cao (my pht in, sn bay, nh my dt...) ngi cng nhn phi c trang b ni bt tai chng n. b). nhim do nhit d Nhit trong xng sn xut ph thuc vo nhit mi trng xung quanh, mt cng nhn v kt cu ca nh xng. Ngoi ra, cc yu t nh tc gi cng l mt trong cc nguyn nhn lm nh hng ti nhit trong khu vc sn xut. Tuy nhin, tc gi cn ph thuc nhiu vo cu trc nh xng v iu kin thng gi. Thng thng, vo nhng ngy nng nng nhit ti khu vc xng sn xut thng cao hn tiu chun cho php t 1-30C (Quy nh tm thi ca B Y t 505 BYT/Q ngy 13/04/1992 : 18-320C). Nh vy ti khu vc ny, D n s phi tng cng cc bin php lm mt cc b, gii nhit bng nc gii kht c b sung thm ng v mui khong cho cng nhn. 3.3.2.2. Tc ng ca cc ngun nc thi (1). Ngun nhim Trong giai on hot ng, ngun gc gy nhim ngun nc v cc cht ch th ch yu c a ra trong bng 3.20. Bng 3.20: Cc ngun gy nhim nc v cc cht nhim ch th Stt Phn xng sn xut 1 Phn xng Cn Ngun nhim v cc cht nhim ch th - Nc pht sinh t qu trnh ra nguyn liu c cha cn l lng, cc cht hu c, hp cht xianua gy mi. - Nc thi pht sinh trong qu trnh ra my mc, thit b lc c cha cn l lng, cc cht hu c vi hm lng cao. - Hm cn vi hm lng cc cht hu c cao. - Nc thi pht sinh t qu trnh gii nhit. - Nc thi v sinh nh xng. - Nc thi v sinh nh xng. - Nc thi sinh ra t hm phn vi sinh c cha cn, cc cht hu c, cht dinh dng v vi sinh vt. - Nc thi pht sinh t qu trnh ra my mc thit b, nh xng. - Nc thi sinh hot ca cn b cng nhn vin. 58

2 3

Phn xng kh CO2 Phn xng Phn vi sinh Cc ngun khc

- Nc ma chy trn qua khu vc nh my cun theo ct, t, rc, ri vi xung ngun nc. Ngun: Trung tm Cng ngh Mi trng, 02/2007 (2). c trng nc thi sn xut a). c trng nc thi Phn xng cn v CO2

Nc thi t cng on lc th thng cha cc cht l lng, cc cht hu c, ho cht ty ra. Nguyn liu l sn lt kh c nghin dng kh theo 2 cp (th v mn) nn khng c cng on ra sn kh do pht sinh nc thi ra sn kh. Thnh phn xianua ch yu trong lp v khoai m v c tnh cht khng bn vng. Nguyn liu ca nh my l sn lt kh nn hm lng xianua trong nc thi l khng nhiu. Nc thi t cc cng on sn xut cn v ln men, xc ra thit b lc c tnh c nng cc cht rn l lng (SS), cc cht hu c (BOD/COD) v tng nit rt cao. Hm cn pht sinh t phn xng sn xut cn c nng cc cht hu c, cht rn l lng cao vi hm lng BOD t 20.000 30.000 mg/l, COD t 40.000 50.000 mg/l. Ngun cht thi lng ny c thu gom v a qua phn xng phn vi sinh sn xut phn bn. Tng lng nc thi ca nh my d kin gn 2.500m3/ngy m (giai on I), giai on II tng ln gp 2 ln.

Kt qu phn tch nc thi ti c s sn xut cn c cng ngh tng t (C s sn xut cn Thi Hng, tnh Tin Giang) c a ra trong bng 3.21. Bng 3.21: Kt qu phn tch mu nc thi ca c s sn xut cn Thi Hng Kt qu phn tch Nc thi sn xut Nc thi chung 1 pH 4,3 6,2 2 SS mg/l 2.360 210 3 Tng N mg/l 340 14 4 Tng P mg/l 27 0,05 5 COD mg/l 76.000 1.170 6 BOD5 mg/l 26.000 300 4 7 Tng Coliform MNP/100ml 6.10 1,1.106 4 8 F.Coliform MNP/100ml 4.10 4,6.105 Ngun : Vin K thut Nhit i v Bo v Mi trng So snh cc ch tiu nhim trong nc thi ca C s sn xut cn Thi Hng vi Tiu chun TCVN 5945 2005 (Kf= 1,0, Kq=1,1) cho thy : - Nc thi sn xut ca C s c pH mc thp, cha t tiu chun cho php, BOD5 v COD, SS, tng P, tng Nit v tng Coliform u cao hn tiu chun rt nhiu ln. 59 STT Thng s n v

- i vi mu nc ti cng thi chung ca C s, nng SS, BOD5 ,COD v cc ch tiu khc c pha long, nhng nng vn cn cao hn so vi tiu chun nhiu ln. b). c trng nc thi Phn xng sn xut phn vi sinh - Nc thi t phn xng sn xut phn vi sinh c SS, BOD/COD, tng N, tng P cao hn Tiu chun. - Nc thi ca qu trnh v sinh my mc thit b c cc cht l lng, cc cht hu c, ho cht ty ra. - Nc ma chy trn qua cc bi , sn phi. Theo kt qu tng hp ca Trung tm Cng ngh Mi trng (ENTEC) t kt qu ly mu cc nh my sn xut ru, bia, phn vi sinh; nh my ng trn c nc th nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi sn xut ca nh my c c tnh nh bng 3.22. Bng 3.22 : D bo nng trung bnh cc cht nhim trong nc thi sn xut ca nh my Stt Thng s n v 1 pH 2 SS mg/l 3 BOD5 mgO2/l 4 COD mgO2/l Ngun : ENTEC tng hp, 2007. Nng (mg/l) 3 - 12 1.570 2.688 1.860 2.558 3.376 4.074 TCVN 5,5-9,0 110 55 88

Ghi ch : TCVN 5945 2005 (Kf = 1,0, Kq = 1,1) Lu lng sng Tr Bng v ma kit > 300 m3/s Nhn xt : So snh nng cc cht nhim chnh trong nc thi sn xut vi tiu chun nc thi (TCVN 5945 2005 (Kf = 1,0, Kq = 1,1) cho thy : Nng cc cht nhim u cao hn tiu chun cho php rt nhiu ln. C th : BOD5 vt hn tiu chun 34 - 34 ln, COD vt hn tiu chun 38 - 46 ln, SS vt hn tiu chun 14 24 ln. Tuy nhin, nh my s u t h thng x l nc thi (trnh by c th trong chng IV) nhm x l cc cht ny t tiu chun trc khi a ra sng Thu Bn. (3). c trng nc thi sinh hot a). Lu lng nc thi : c tnh tng s cn b, cng nhn vin ca Nh my Cn thuc ca Cng ty C phn ng Xanh vo giai on I l 178 ngi. Nu mi ngy trung bnh 1 nhn vin nh my s dng 120 lt nc th lu lng nc thi sinh hot ca nh my l khong 17m 3/ngy (lu lng nc thi chim 80% lng nc s dng). b). Tnh cht nc thi : 60

Theo tnh ton thng k ca mt s Quc gia ang pht trin v khi lng cht nhim do mi ngi hng ngy a vo mi trng c th tnh ti lng nhim trong nc thi ca Nh my nh bng 3.23. Bng 3.23 : Ti lng cc cht nhim trong nc thi sinh hot H s nhim trung bnh (g/ngi.ngy) BOD5 49,5 COD 87,0 SS 107,5 Du m 20,0 Tng Nit 9,0 Amni 3,6 Tng Phospho 2,4 Ngun : Trung tm Cng ngh Mi trng, 02/2007 Cht nhim Ti lng nhim (kg/ngy) 8,8 15,5 19,1 3,6 1,6 0,6 0,4

Vi ti lng v lu lng nc thi c tnh trn, nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi sinh hot s c a ra trong bng 3.24. Bng 3.24 : Nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi sinh hot Stt Cht nhim 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Nng cc cht nhim (mg/l) Khng x l C h thng TCVN 5945:2005 b t hoi (Kf=1,2; Kq=1,1) 518 207 66 912 365 105,6 1124 449 132 212 85 26,4 94 38 39,6 35 14 13,2 24 9 7,92 6 8 4 10 - 10 10 5000

BOD5 COD SS Du m Tng N Amni Tng Phospho Tng Coliform (MPN/100ml) Ngun : Trung tm Cng ngh Mi trng, 02/2007

Ghi ch : TCVN 5945 2005 (Kf= 1,2 v Kq = 1,1) Nhn xt : So snh nng cc cht nhim chnh trong nc thi sinh hot qua x l bng b t hoi vi tiu chun nc thi (TCVN 5945 2005 (Kf= 1,2; Kq=1,1) cho thy : Nc thi sinh hot sau khi qua h thng x l bng b t hoi 3 ngn vn cn cao hn tiu chun cho php. C th : BOD vt hn tiu chun 3,1 ln, COD vt hn tiu chun 3,5 ln, SS vt hn tiu chun 3,4 ln. V vy, nc thi sinh hot cn phi c x l tip chung vi nc thi sn xut trc khi thi ra ngun tip nhn l sng Thu Bn. 61

(4). c trng nc ma chy trn Theo s liu thng k ca T chc Y t Th gii th nng cc cht nhim trong nc ma chy trn thng thng khong 0,5 -1,5 mgN/l, 0,004 - 0,03 mgP/l, 10 - 20 mgCOD/l, 10 - 20 mgTSS/l. Tuy nhin, so vi tiu chun nc thi th nc ma chy trn tng i sch do c th tch ring bit ng nc ma ra khi nc thi v cho thi trc tip ra mi trng sau khi tch rc v lng s b. i vi lng nc ma chy trn qua sn phi, sn th thnh phn nhim ch yu l cht hu c d phn hu, cn v vi sinh vt. Tuy nhin, nng nhim ca lng nc ny khng ng k v khi c tri ma cng ty thit k h thng ph kn khng cho nc ma thm qua v xung quanh sn phi, sn ny c h thng rnh thu gom. (5). Tc ng ca cc cht nhim trong nc thi Tc ng ca cc cht nhim trong nc thi c th hin trong bng 3.25. Bng 3.25: Tc ng ca cc cht nhim trong nc thi Tc ng - nh hng n cht lng nc, nng xy ho tan trong nc (DO) - nh hng n s a dng sinh hc - nh hng tc v dng phn hu cc hp cht hu c trong nc 02 Cc cht hu c - Gim nng xy ho tan trong nc - nh hng n ti nguyn thu sinh 03 Cht rn l lng - nh hng n cht lng nc, ti nguyn thu sinh 04 Du m - nh hng n cht lng nc, nng xy ho tan trong nc (DO) - nh hng n ti nguyn thu sinh 05 Cc cht dinh - Gy hin tng ph dng, nh hng ti cht lng nc, dng (N, P) s sng thu sinh. 06 Cc vi khun gy - Nc c ln vi khun gy bnh l nguyn nhn ca cc dch bnh bnh thng hn, ph thng hn, l, t. - Coliform l nhm vi khun gy bnh ng rut - E.coli (Escherichia Coli) l vi khun thuc nhm Coliform, c nhiu trong phn ngi. Ngun : Trung tm Cng ngh Mi trng ENTEC, 02/2007 (6). Tc ng ti lu lng sng Vu Gia. Cng ty s xy dng 01 trm bm nc bn b sng Vu Gia vi cng sut mi ngy khong 2.500 m3 (Giai on I) v 5.000m3 (giai on II). Nhu cu s dng nc cp cho Nh my cn tuyt i s khng lm nh hng n lu lng nc v nhu cu s dng nc vng h lu sng Vu Gia (Do lu lng trung bnh ca sng Vu Gia l 1.000 m 3/s , lu lng ma kit l 300 m3/s ). 62 Stt 01 Thng s Nhit

(7). Tc ng i vi nc ngm : Cng ty s thm d ngun nc ngm nhm phc v cho nhu cu lm mt thit b (nu c). Lu lng nc ngm d kin s s dng khong 1.000 m3/ ngy. m. 3.3.2.3. Tc ng ca cht thi rn (1). Ngun nhim a). Cht thi rn sn xut Trong giai on hot ng, Nh my sn xut cn thuc Cng ty C phn ng Xanh s pht sinh cht thi rn sn xut nh c a ra trong bng 3.26. Bng 3.26 : Ngun pht sinh cht thi rn sn xut t cc phn xng TT Phn xng sn xut 1 Phn xng Cn 2 3 Phn xng kh CO2 Phn xng Phn vi sinh Ngun nhim v cc cht ch th - Bao b ph thi (giy, nylon, kim lai, g ) - Bi v x than - B khoai m, b hm, xc men - Bao b ph thi - Bao b ph thi.

- Bi v x than 4 Cc ngun khc - Bn cn t h thng x l nc thi Ngun: Trung tm Cng ngh Mi trng tp hp, 02/2007 b). Cht thi rn nguy hi Cht thi nguy hi ca nh my ch yu l cn du, bao b cha ln ho cht ... Cc loi cht thi ny s c qun l, lu tr trong nh kho c mi che. Cng ty s k hp ng vi cc n v chuyn mn thu gom, x l an ton ton b lng cht thi nguy hi pht sinh trong qu trnh hot ng. c). Cht thi rn sinh hot Cht thi rn sinh hot ca cng nhn ch yu l cht hu c d phn hy sinh hc v phn nh giy, thy tinh, kim lai s c thu gom vo cc thng cha ti nh my, sau thu n v dch v cng cng ca a phng thu gom v x l cc bi rc ca huyn. (2). Khi lng pht sinh Cht thi rn pht sinh t Nh my sn xut cn tuyt i ca Cng ty C phn ng Xanh bao gm : a). Cht thi rn sinh hot ca 178 cng nhn vin c tnh khong 53-89 kg/ngy (tnh 63

cho h s pht thi l 0,3-0,5 kg/ngi/ngy) cha ch yu l cc cht hu c d phn hy sinh hc. b). Cht thi rn do qu trnh sn xut: Cc loi cht thi nh bao b ph thi c tnh khong 40 kg/ngy.m. Bi v x than c tnh khong 7 tn/ngy.m (Tng ng vi 16,5% khi lng than s s dng). Bn cn t h thng x l nc thi tp trung ca Nh my c tnh khong 5.300kg/ngy m. Cc loi cht thi sinh hc nh b khoai m, b men khong 50-75 tn/ngy m. Lng cht thi ny s c thu gom v a qua phn xng phn vi sinh sn xut phn bn. Cht thi cha du m ch yu l cc bao b, gi lau thm du m v cn xng du d tha. Cht thi l cc can cha ho cht khong 15 kg/ngy. Lng cht thi ny Cng ty s hp ng vi cc n v chuyn mn thu gom, x l an ton ton. (3). Tc hi ca cht thi rn nhim Cht thi rn sinh hot nh nha, kim loi, nylon... khi thi vo mi trng s kh b phn hu sinh hc, gy tch t trong t, ngun nc, lm mt m quan, gy nh hng n giao thng thy. V lu di, cc cht ny s b phn hy to ra cc hp cht v c, hu c c hi,... lm nhim t, ngun nc, nh hng n s sinh trng ca sinh vt trn cn v di nc. Qu trnh phn hu rc thi sinh hot pht sinh ra cc kh gy nn mi hi, thi (H2S, mercaptan), gy tc ng n cht lng khng kh khu vc, nh hng n sc khe nhn dn ti khu vc ln cn. 3.3.2.4. S c mi trng (1). S c r r nguyn nhiu liu S c r r nguyn nhin liu v cn sn phm c th gy ra nhng tc hi nh gy c cho con ngi, ng thc vt, gy chy, n... Cc s c loi ny c th dn ti thit hi ln v kinh t - x hi cng nh h sinh thi trong khu vc ln cn. Kh nng xy ra s c r r nguyn nhin liu v cn ti nh my l rt ln, v vy Ch u t s p dng cc bin php tng hp hn ch thp nht ri ro c th xy ra. (2). S c chy n S c chy n c th dn ti cc thit hi ln v kinh t - x hi v lm nhim c 3 h 64

thng sinh thi nc, t, khng kh mt cch nghim trng. Hn na cn nh hng ti tnh mng con ngi, vt nui v ti sn ca nhn dn trong khu vc ln cn. Cc tc nhn chnh c th gy chy n l : Nng cn cao trong khng kh; thi la t l hi ra ngoi, chp in v pht chy; st nh Cng ty s tm hiu kinh nghim ca cc nh my cn trn th gii v thc hin thng xuyn cc bin php phng chng chy n hn ch thp nht ri ro c th xy ra. (3). Tai nn lao ng Cc nguyn nhn c th dn n tai nn lao ng l do : - Cng nhn khng tun th nghim ngt cc ni quy v an ton lao ng. - Cng ty khng trang b y cc phng tin bo h lao ng cho cng nhn. - Cng ty khng p dng thng xuyn cc bin php tuyn truyn, gio dc nhm nng cao nhn thc v an tan lao ng cho cng nhn. Cng ty s thc hin thng xuyn cc bin php an tan lao ng nhm hn ch thp nht tai nn c th xy ra. 3.3.2.5. Tc ng ca d n n s pht trin kinh t x hi Hot ng ca D n s gp phn thc y pht trin kinh t v x hi, c th nh sau : (1). Tc ng n kinh t : D n p ng nhu cu tiu th trong nc v xut khu, tng t trng cng nghip ch bin trong tnh, gp phn tng thu ngn sch cho tnh. D n s gp phn thc y hat ng ca mt s lnh vc kinh t khc trong tnh nh nng nghip, dch v, giao thng vn ti, thng tin lin lc, a). Tc ng ti sn xut nng nghip : Nguyn liu sn xut chnh ca Nh my l sn lt kh. Vng nguyn liu sn c ti Kon Tum c sn lng nm 2006 l 400.000 tn sn lt kh, trong khi khi lng s dng ca Nh my l 150.000 tn/nm (Giai on I) v 300.000 tn/nm (Giai on II). Nh vy, d n s khng nh hng ti din tch t sn xut nng nghip nu khng pht trin vng nguyn liu mi. Tuy nhin v li ch ca ngi dn a phng cng nh li ch ca doanh nghip, Cng ty C phn ng Xanh s cng ngnh nng nghip Qung Nam v Chnh quyn a phng cc huyn i Lc, in Bn, Hip c, Nam Giang, Ty Giang, ng Giang u t pht trin trng sn. Din tch trng sn c tnh s b l 20.000 ha (Bnh qun mi huyn trng trn 3.000 ha), trong mt phn ln din tch s chuyn i cy trng. Do hn ch khai hoang t mi trng sn nn s khng c hin tng ph rng trng sn. 65

 khng lm nh hng ti cht lng t, theo kinh nghim ca Trung Quc v Thai Lan i vi vng i ni ch nn trng sn pha di cch chn i t 1/3 n 1/2 cao, pha trn i trng cy lu nm v cy ly g. Trng sn theo lung c nh vng quanh i. Phng php ny s chng c hin tng xi mn, ra tri t. i vi vng t bng phng vic trng sn s c tin hnh bnh thng. Cng ty s t chc cc on cho nng dn v cn b k thut nng nghip i tham quan Thai Lan hc tp kinh nghim trng sn vi trnh thm canh cao v khng lm hng t (Thai Lan c kinh nghim trng sn trn 50 nm ti mt cnh ng m khng lm thoi ho t). (2).Tc ng ti x hi : Cc hot ng sn xut ca D n s gp phn thay i i sng ca ngi dn ti khu vc d n, to thm cng n vic lm, to ngun thu nhp n nh cho cng nhn, gp phn xo i gim ngho, ci thin c s h tng, nng cao trnh dn tr ca nhn dn.
3.3.2.6. nh gi tng hp cc tc ng mi trng trong giai on hot ng ca nh my

Cc tc ng n mi trng trong giai on hot ng ca d n c nghin cu, phn tch v nh gi chi tit trn, c th c nh gi tng hp theo phng php ma trn mi trng khng c trng s nh trnh by trong bng 3.27. Bng 3.27. Tm tt cc tc ng mi trng tng hp trong giai on hot ng lu di ca Nh my.
TT 01 02 03 04 05 Ngun gc tc ng Kh thi Nc thi Cht thi rn nhim nhit Ri ro, s c t * * *** * * Nc * *** ** ** ** Khng kh *** * ** * *** Ti nguyn sinh hc * *** * * * Kinh t x hi ** ** ** * ***

Ngun : Trung tm Cng ngh Mi trng tng hp, thng 01/2007. Ghi ch : * ** *** : t tc ng c hi; : Tc ng c hi mc trung bnh; : Tc ng c hi mc mnh.

66

3.4. NH GI V PHNG PHP S DNG 3.4.1.Cc phng php s dng nh gi tc ng mi trng (1). Phng php thng k Thu thp v x l cc s liu v iu kin kh tng, thy vn, kinh t x hi ti khu vc d n. (2). Phng php ly mu ngoi hin trng v phn tch trong phng th nghim Xc nh cc thng s v hin trng cht lng khng kh, nc, n ti khu t d n v khu vc xung quanh. (3). Phng php nh gi nhanh theo h s nhim do T chc Y t Th gii thit lp: c tnh ti lng cc cht nhim t cc hot ng ca d n theo cc h s nhim ca WHO. (4). Phng php so snh nh gi cc tc ng trn c s so snh vi cc Tiu chun mi trng Vit Nam. (5). Phng php lp bng lit k v phng php ma trn: Phng php ny s dng lp mi quan h gia cc hot ng ca d n v cc tc ng mi trng. (6). Phng php tham vn cng ng Phng php ny s dng trong qu trnh phng vn lnh o v nhn dn a phng ti ni thc hin d n. 3.4.2. nh gi tin cy ca cc phng php tin cy ca cc phng php TM c trnh by trong bng 3.28. Bng 3.28. tin cy ca cc phng php TM . Stt 1 2 3 Phng php TM Phng php thng k Phng php ly mu ngoi hin trng v phn tch trong phng th nghim Phng php nh gi nhanh theo h s nhim do T chc Y t Th gii thit lp Mc tin cy Cao Cao Trung bnh 67

Phng php TM Phng php so snh Phng php lp bng lit k v phng php ma 5 trn 6 Phng php tham vn cng ng 7 Phng php m hnh ho Ngun: Trung tm Cng ngh Mi trng tng hp, nm 2007.

Stt 4

Mc tin cy Cao Trung bnh Cao Trung bnh

68

CHNG 4

BIN PHP LM GIM THIU TC NG XU, PHNG NGA V NG PH S C MI TRNG

4.1. CC BIN PHP GIM THIU CC TC NG C HI TRONG QU TRNH XY DNG D N 4.1.1. Cc phng n v sinh, an ton trong giai on xy dng c s h tng nh my (1). Nhng vn chung Ch D n s thc hin cc bin php k thut v t chc nhm m bo tuyt i an ton cho ngi, my mc, thit b, nguyn vt liu, bao gm : - Lp Ban an ton lao ng ti cng trng bao gm trng ban chuyn trch, mi n v thi cng c 1 u vin bn chuyn trch. - Xy dng v ban hnh cc ni quy lm vic ti cng trng, bao gm ni quy ra, vo lm vic ti cng trng; ni quy v trang phc bo h lao ng; ni quy s dng thit b nng cu; ni quy v an ton in; ni quy an ton giao thng; ni quy an ton chy n - T chc tuyn truyn, ph bin cc ni quy cho cng nhn bng nhiu hnh thc khc nhau nh in ni quy vo bng treo ti cng trng, nh n, ln tri; t chc hc ni quy v thi kim tra; t chc tuyn truyn bng loa phng thanh; thanh tra v nhc nh ti hin trng ... - T chc theo di tai nn lao ng, xc nh kp thi nguyn nhn tai nn v p dng cc bin php khc phc kp thi nhm trnh xy ra tai nn tng t. (2). Bin php an ton khi lm vic vi thit b nng cu - Kim tra bng li ca cng nhn lm vic vi cc thit b nng cu, bng li phi do c quan chc nng cp. - Kim tra cc thng s k thut v iu kin an ton ca thit b nng cu trc khi a thit b vo hot ng. - Lp t bin cm ngi qua li khu lm vic ca thit b nng cu. - C cn b cnh gii v ch huy thit b nng cu. (3). Bin php an ton khi lm vic vi xe my - Kim tra bng li ca cng nhn li xe my (bng li phi do c quan chc nng cp). - Kim tra nh k an ton xe my. nh ch hot ng ca cc xe khng c giy ng kim. - Lp h thng bin bo trn ng, bin bo an ton giao thng ti khu vc cng trng. 69

(4). Bin php an ton chy n ti cng trng - Cng nhn trc tip lm vic ti cng trng s c tp hun, hng dn cc phng php phng chng chy n. - Cc my mc, thit b thi cng lm vic nhit , p sut s c qun l thng qua h s l lch, c kim tra, ng kim nh k ti cc c quan chc nng nh nc. - Cc loi dung mi v nhin liu d chy s c lu tr ti cc kho cch ly ring bit, trnh xa cc ngun c kh nng pht la v tia la in. - Ban hnh ni quy cm cng nhn khng c ht thuc, khng gy pht la ti cc khu vc c th gy chy, - u t cc thit b chng chy n ti cc khu vc kho cha hng ho nhin liu ti cng trng. (5). Bin php an ton khi dng in - Bc kn cc im tip ni in bng vt liu cch in. - Kim tra cng sut thit b ph hp vi kh nng chu ti ca ngun. - T chc cnh gii v treo bin bo khi sa cha in. - Cng nhn lm vic trong lnh vc in s phi c chng ch do c quan chc nng cp. - Xy dng v ban hnh ni quy an ton v in. - T chc tuyn truyn, gio dc, kim tra, thanh tra nh k v an ton in. (6). Trang b bo h lao ng - Cung cp y v ng chng loi cc trang thit b bo h lao ng cho cng nhn. - Tng cng kim tra, nhc nh cng nhn s dng trang b bo h lao ng khi lm vic. Kin quyt nh ch cng vic ca cng nhn khi thiu trang b bo h lao ng. - Xy dng v ban hnh ni quy v an ton v bo h lao ng i vi tt c cc hot ng cng trng, trong c c ni quy khi o h su, o hm trnh b ln, sp. (7). T chc y t ti cng trng - Lp trm y t ti cng trng iu tr m au thng thng, cp pht thuc cho cng nhn. - T chc cu cha cc ca tai nn lao ng nh v s cu cc ca tai nn nghim trng trc khi chuyn v bnh vin. - Cung cp cc ti thuc cp cu, cu thng cho cc nhm cng nhn lao ng ti cng trng. - Xy dng phng n cp cu khn cp khi xy ra m au nng hay tai nn nghim trng ti cng trng. 70

(8). Cng tc v sinh mi trng ti cng trng - Xy dng cc nh v sinh tm ti cng trng c b t hoi (ti cc ln tri v cc cng trng xy dng). - Trang b h thng bm ti nc gim bi vo ma kh ti cng trng. - Bao che kn cng trng ang xy dng nhm gim tc ng bi, ting n - Lp t cc thit b gim m cho nhng thit b c mc n cao nh my pht in. - Dng bt che kn cc phng tin vn chuyn vt liu xy dng ct, khi di chuyn trn ng. - Lp trm v sinh bnh xe trc khi ra khi cng trng. - t cc thng cha rc ti cc cng trng v ln tri. Tin hnh thu gom rc thi v thu chuyn ch ti bi rc tp trung ca a phng x l. - T chc bp n tp trung cho cng nhn ti cng trng, m bo cc yu cu v v sinh, an ton thc phm. - t cc thng nc ung m bo v sinh ti cc cng trng. 4.1.2. Khng ch nhim khng kh (1). Khng ch nhim bi hn ch mc nhim bi ti khu vc cng trng xy dng, n v thi cng s thc hin cc bin php gim thiu nh : - Phn b lung xe ti ra vo cng trng chuyn ch nguyn vt liu ph hp, trnh n tc, gy nhim khi bi cho khu vc. - Khi chuyn ch vt liu xy dng, cc thng xe vn ti s c ph kn trnh ri vi xi mng, ct, gch, ra ng. - Khi bc d nguyn vt liu, cng nhn s c trang b cc phng tin bo h lao ng hn ch nh hng ca bi n sc kho cng nhn. (2). Khng ch nhim do ting n Do nm xa khu dn c, nn tc ng ting n ca cc phng tin thi cng c gii ti sc khe nhn dn s khng ln. gim tc ng ca ting n ti sc kho ca cng nhn, Cng ty s b tr cc hot ng ca cc phng tin thi cng mt cch ph hp, khng gy n vo gi n v gi ngh ca cng nhn. 4.1.3. Khng ch nhim nc Trong giai on xy dng vo ma ma, nc ma chy trn qua mt bng thi cng s cun theo t, ct, rc thi v c bit l du nht ri vi... xung ngun nc mt khu vc (h H Chnh, sng Thu Bn v sng Vu Gia). Vic thu gom, x l nc ma chy trn qua mt bng khu vc ht sc kh khn v khng c hiu qu kinh t vi nhng l do sau : 71

- Din tch mt bng ca khu vc bi tip nhn ln v xa khu dn c. - Ngun tip nhn, tiu thot nc ma l sng Vu Gia c lu lng rt ln (trung bnh l 500 m3/s, vo ma l 27.000 m3/s). Cc bin php xut nhm hn ch tc ng ti cht lng nc sng Vu Gia v h H Chnh nh sau : - Xy dng nh v sinh tm ti cng trng c b t hoi cng nhn xy dng s dng, nghim cm phng u ba bi. - Thu gom trit rc thi sinh hot, khng t rc thi trong khu vc d gy ra ho hon cho khu vc ln cn. - Trong qu trnh sa cha my mc thit b, du nht s c thu gom trit , khng ri vi hoc tu tin trn mt bng khu vc. 4.1.4. Khng ch nhim do cht thi rn Trong qu trnh xy dng, cc loi cht thi rn s thi ra l x bn, g cotpha ph thi, nilon, st thp, rc sinh hot. Cc loi cht thi ny s c thu gom v x l nh sau : - Thu gom v phn lai giy, st thp, nha, g ti s dng lm nguyn liu sn xut cho cc ngnh khc . - Thu gom rc sinh hat hng ngy vo cc thng cha bng nha c lp y kn, sau thu n v dch v cng cng ca a phng thu gom v x l ti bi rc ca khu vc. - Thu gom cc loi cht thi rn tr nh x bn (gch v, b tng...), sau s dng san lp mt bng nh my. 4.2. CC BIN PHP GIM THIU CC TC NG C HI TRONG GIAI AN HOT NG 4.2.1. Cc bin php gim thiu nhim khng kh, ting n (1). Bin php tng hp nhm gim thiu nhim khng kh Cc bin php tng hp nhm hn ch nhim khng kh v tc ng i vi sc kho cng nhn c Nh my p dng trong sut qu qu trnh hot ng nh sau: - Xy dng nh xng theo ng quy nh v an tan, v sinh cng nghip, m bo duy tr thng thong cn thit bng bin php thng gi t nhin v qut mt cc b. - Trng din tch cy xanh (ti thiu 15% tng din tch nh my) hn ch s lan truyn bi, n, kh thi ra xung quanh. - T chc v sinh nh xng sau mi ca lm vic. - Trang b cc dng c bo h lao ng theo quy nh cho cng nhn, gim st vic s dng dng c bo h trong qu trnh lm vic. 72

- Cung cp y thng tin v v sinh, an ton lao ng cho cng nhn. (2). Cc bin php gim thiu nhim khng kh ti Phn xng cn v CO2 a). Bi t qu trnh bc xp nguyn vt liu, bn thnh phm hn ch cc loi bi pht sinh, Ch u t Nh my s trang b b lc bi tay o ti khu vc phu tip liu. Khi s dng cc thit b lc bi ti vi s cho php gim hm lng bi pht sinh ti trn 90%. Hin ti nhiu n v chuyn mn TP. H Ch Minh c kh nng ch to c loi thit b ny vi chi ph thp hn rt nhiu so vi nhp ngoi. Trc mt, Nh my s trang b khong 2 b thit b lc bi ti vi. c tnh kinh ph ch to lp t thit b vi quy m nh Nh my khong 300.000.000 ng. tt c cc cng on sn xut, c bit l cc khu vc pht sinh nhiu bi cng nhn s c trang b khu trang phng bi. b). Khng ch kh thi l t than kt hp Biogas Kh thi l t than kt hp Biogas c a qua h thng x l theo Hnh 4.1. Hiu qu x l ca h thng i vi bi l trn 90-95% v i vi SO2 l trn 80%. Vi chiu cao ng khi l 65 m th hm lng CO ti mt t s t tiu chun cho php.
Than/vi L t Biogas Kh thi Thu hi nhit H thng lc bi tay o

ng khi

Hnh 4.1: H thng x l kh thi l t than kt hp Biogas c). Khng ch tht thot kh CO2 t cng an ln men cn hn ch pht thi kh CO2 Ch u t nh my s trang b h thng thu hi khang 50% pht thi CO2, h thng ny s c nhp v lp rp hon chnh cng vi dy chuyn thit b. Sn phm CO2 lng c nhit -19oC, p sut 17 kg/cm2 s c cung cp cho cc ngnh cng nghip thc phm v ngnh cng nghip khc khc . d). X l cc cht gy mi: Kh gy mi t khu vc ln men v b Biogas s c qut ht thu gom v a vo bung t ca l t than ti phn xng sn xut phn cn. Phng php thiu hu cc cht kh 73

Tro x

H thng lm ngui

Tro x lm ngui

c mi ny gp phn lm gim mc nhim mi trong khu vc phn xng sn xut cn. e). X l kh H2S trong hn hp kh biogas - Kh H2S trong hn hp Biogas c tch ra bng dung dch xt (NaOH). C s ca phng php ny l kh H2S kt hp vi NaOH theo phn ng: H2S + NaOH = Na2S + H2O Na2S + H2S = 2NaHS Na2S + H2O = NaHS + NaOH - Song song vi phn ng trn, NaOH cn tc dng vi CO2: CO2 + NaOH = NaHCO3 NaHCO3 + NaOH = Na2CO3 + H2O - Ngoi phn ng kh H2S, trong dung dch cn xy ra qu trnh oxy ha natri sunfua Na2S to thnh axt natri hyosunfua v hyposunfit: Na2S + H2O = NaHS + NaOH 2NaHS + 2O2 = Na2S2O3 + H2O - V mt bo v mi trng, cc phn ng trn l c li v chng gp phn lm gim nh khu x l dung dch dng trc khi thi vo h thng thot nc. - M t s cng ngh: Kh biogas c a vo thp lc (scruber) H2S vi lp m l khu s. Nng cht kim trong dung dch hp th i vo scruber c khng ch mc 7 g/l. Vn tc kh trong scruber l 0,6 m/s, lng NaOH tiu hao quy v cho 1 kg lu hunh l 8 kg. Dung dch xt qua s dng c x l bng dung dch vi clorua (hn hp cc cht Ca(ClO)2, CaCl2 v Ca(OH)2 oxy ha cc lin kt sunfit). Lng vi clorua s dng khong 6,3 kg cho 1 kg lu hunh (Nng clo trong vi l 35%). Phng php ny m bo kh c 100% H2S trong kh thi v h thng x l ny khng i hi ch to bng vt liu chng axt. 6 Kh lc sch H2S

4 1 Kh biogas vo 2

5 Thi ra ngoi

Hnh. 4.2. S cng ngh x l H2S bng dung dch xt Ghi ch: 1-Thp lc (Scrub); 2-Thng cha dung dch dng; 3-Thng x l dung dch s dng trc khi thi ra ngoi; 4-Bnh cha dung dch mi (xt hoc sa vi); 5-Bnh cha vi clorua; 6-Bm 74

(3). Cc bin php gim thiu nhim khng kh ti Phn xng sn xut phn vi sinh a). Khng ch nhim kh thi l hi Nh my s lp t h thng lc bi ti vi c hiu sut thu bi 90-95%. Khi thi thot ra theo ng khi cao 65m v ng knh 2,0m. Theo tnh ton m hnh th nng cc i ti mt t t thp so vi tiu chun cho php. Giai on u khi cha c kh Biogas th nh my dng khong 100,80 tn than/ngy (giai on ny khong 20 ngy). Nhng khi c kh Biogas th nh my trung bnh s dng 40,32 tn than/ngy. Vi khi lng than khng nhiu nh trn th bin php lc bi ti vi l thch hp hn so vi bin php khc. Vt liu ti vi c kh nng chu nhit t 10000C nn hon ton kh thi. Phng php lc bi tnh in ch c hiu qu cao v mt kinh t v mi trng i vi cc nh my nhit in s dng khi lng than ln. Mc khc, theo kinh nghim ti cc Nh my tng t ca Trung Quc v Thi Lan th bip php lc bi l hi bng phng php lc ti vi l ph hp. Do Nh my s dng phng php lc bi ti vi x l kh thi l hi. b). Khng ch nhim do mi hi khng ch nhim do mi hi ti khu vc sn xut phn vi sinh, Cng ty s p dng cc bin php tng hp sau y cho cc ngun gy nhim khc nhau: - p dng cc gii php sn xut sch hn l bin php c th p dng cho tt c cc cng on, b phn sn xut: Qun l tt ni vi, b tr hp l cc cng on sn xut, hn ch ri vi nguyn vt liu, khi thng cng rnh, v sinh qut dn nh xng, v sinh my mc, thit b l cc bin php sn xut sch hn s c p dng gim thiu nhim mi trng ni chung v gim thiu mi hi ni ring. - Thiu hu cc cht gy mi: Kh gy mi t khu vc phn s c qut ht thu gom v a vo bung t ca ni hi. Phng php thiu hu cc cht kh c mi ny gp phn lm gim mc nhim mi trong khu vc phn xng sn xut. - S dng cc ch phm sinh hc v ho hc : Cng ty s p dng cc ch phm sinh hc v ho hc gim thiu mi hi pht sinh t khu vc sn xut v cc khu vc ph tr (khu vc cha cht thi, khu vc x l nc thi, khu vc h sinh thi, ). Phng n gim cm gic kh chu v mt loi mi ny bng vic s dng mt loi mi d chu hn (hay ni cch khc l s dng cht che mi) cng s c p dng ti khu vc phn xng sn xut phn vi sinh. - xy ho cc cht gy mi : Cc cht gy mi hi s b phn hu bi cc cht xy ho mnh nh H2O2 hay zn (O3). V vy, Cng ty s nh k phun dung dch H2O2 ti cc khu vc pht sinh mi. i vi khu vc vn phng Cng ty s lp t mt s my pht zn x l mi hi. Hin nay my pht zn c ng dng rt nhiu x l mi hi ti Vit Nam. 75

(5). Cc bin php khc nhm gim thiu nhim khng kh a). Khng ch nhim khng kh do giao thng - Bi trn ng vn chuyn v tp kt nguyn liu : Nh my s quan tm n cng tc v sinh cng nghip trong khu vc sn xut v kho cha nguyn liu. Thng xuyn qut dn t, ct, nguyn liu ri vi nhm lm gim lng bi kh pht tn vo khng kh trong nhng ngy nng to, gi nhiu. Cc phng tin vn chuyn nguyn liu v Nh my s c ph kn bng bt trnh bi pht tn vo khng kh. - Khng ch nhim khng kh do hot ng giao thng: Ch u t Nh my s c cc bin php thch hp hn ch ti a nhim khng kh do hot ng giao thng vn ti, bao gm : + B tng ho cc tuyn ng giao thng bn trong nh xng, thng xuyn v sinh cc tuyn ng v lp t h thng ti nc t ng cho cc con ng trong ni b nh my. + Khng cho cc xe n my trong lc ch nhn hng. + Thng xuyn kim tra v bo tr cc phng tin vn chuyn, m bo tnh trng k thut tt. b). Khng ch nhim kh thi my pht in Do my pht in hot ng nh p lc l hi lm quay tuabin nn khng cn xy dng phng n khc phc nhim kh thi my pht in. (6). Khng ch cc yu t vi kh hu Ch u t Nh my s m bo duy tr cc yu t vi kh hu trong mi trng lao ng t tiu chun i vi loi hnh lao ng trung bnh do B Y t ban hnh. - Tc gi trong ton b nh xng: 0,5-1m/s - Tc gi ti khu vc lm vic ca cng nhn : 1-1,5m/s - Nhit trong xng vo ma kh 27 280C - m trong xng vo ma ma 90-92% (7). Gim thiu nhim ting n Ch u t Nh my s p dng cc bin php sau nhm lm gim nhim ting n trong qu trnh hot ng: - Lp m chng rung cho cc my mc thit b c n cao, c bit my nn kh, my pht in phi c t trong bung cch m. - Cch m cc ngun gy n ln (thng l lp tng dy 200 mm, k tip n lp xp cch m dy 100 mm, ca s b tr dng vch nghing tiu m, ca chnh kn v bng g nng). - Kim tra v bo dng nh k cc my mc thit b. Thng thng chu k bo dng 76

i vi thit b mi l 4-6 thng/ln, thit b c l 3 thng/ln. - Trng nhiu cy xanh trong khun vin hn ch lan truyn n i xa. (8). Gim thiu nhim nhit - Khu vc l hi s c chng nng bng h thng qut thng gi cc b. Lp t my iu ho nhit cho phng iu khin. Nh my s trang b h thng qut cng nghip m bo duy tr nhit trong xng vo ma kh 27 280C v tc gi ti khu vc lm vic ca cng nhn : 1-1,5m/s. - Trng nhiu cy xanh to bng mt, hn ch nhim mi trng (T l cy xanh t khong 15% tng din tch t ca nh my). 4.2.2. Cc bin php gim thiu nhim do nc thi (1). ng thu gom v thot nc a). Nc thi sinh hot Nc thi sinh ra t nh n, nh tm, nh v sinh ca cn b cng nhn vin (CNV) nh my c thu gom v x l bng b t hoi, sau c a v x l tip ti h thng x l nc thi (XLNT) tp trung trc khi thi ra h H Chnh . b). Nc thi sn xut Nc thi t cc hot ng sn xut (bao gm nc ra c sn kh, nc thi sau qu trnh ln men, nc thi v sinh nh xng, nc thi t sn xut phn vi sinh,...)ca nh my c thu gom v a v h thng XLNT tp trung x l t tiu chun trc khi thi ra Sng Thu Bn. c). Nc ma chy trn qua khu vc Nh my Nc ma chy trn qua khu vc Nh my c thu gom bng ng ng ring v c tch cn, rc trc khi thi ra h H Chnh. d). Nc lm mt Nc lm mt s c gii nhit trc khi thi vo sng Vu Gia. (2). Kt cu b x l a). B t hoi Theo mt s ti liu lin quan v theo kinh nghim, cc thnh phn n v ca b t hoi ba ngn c tm tt trong bng 4.1. Bng 4.1 : nh mc cc thnh phn n v trong b t hoi 77

TT Cc phn trong b a b 1 Phn lng 20 2 Phn cha cn 0,25 3 Ngn th nht 4 Ngn th hai 5 Ngn th ba Ngun: Trung tm Cng ngh Mi trng, 02/ 2007 Trong th tch cc phn nh sau : - Th tch phn lng : a N T1 : : : W1 = (a x N x T1)/1.000 m3

T 20 240 -

Th tch (%) 50 30 20

Th tch thi vo h thng ca 1 ngi trong mt ngy (lt/ngi/ngy) S ngi s dng Thi gian lu ti b (ngy) m3

- Th tch phn cha cn : Wc = (b x N x Tb)/1000

b : Th tch cn vo h thng ca 1 ngi trong mt ngy (lt/ngi.ngy) N : S ngi s dng (ngi) Tc : Thi gian lu cn ti b (ngy) Nh vy, tng th tch phn lng (W1) l : 71,2 m3, phn cha cn (Wc) l 10,7 m3. B t hoi s c xy dng vi th tch v kch c theo tng khu vc ring bit (khu vc vn phng, khu vc sn xut ). S mt dng b t hoi 3 ngn nh hnh 4.3.

Nc vao be

Nc ra sau x ly

Hnh 4.3. Kiu b t hoi loi 3 ngn x l nc thi sinh hot b). H thng x l nc thi tp trung Lu lng nc thi ca nh my l 2.500m3/ngy m (Giai on I) v 5.000m3/ ngy m (Giai on II). Thnh phn v tnh cht nc thi nh sau : Nhit COD : : 65-70oC . 60.000 mg/l 78

BOD5 : 25.000 mg/l SS : 20.000 mg/l Tng lng lu hunh, pht pho, nitr v kim loi nng khng ng k . c). H s thit k chi tit tng hng mc cng trnh H thng x l nc thi c thc hin ring theo phng n cng ngh c chn. (3). Cng ngh p dng v hiu qu x l a). Nc thi sinh hot X l bng b t hoi sau thu gom chung vi nc thi sn xut x l tip. B t hoi l cng trnh ng thi lm 2 chc nng : lng v phn hu cn lng. Cn lng gi li trong b t 6 8 thng, di nh hng ca cc vi sinh vt, cc cht hu c b phn gii, mt phn to thnh kh v mt phn to thnh cc cht v c ho tan. Hiu qu x l bng b t hoi i vi BOD/COD t khong 40 - 60%. b). H thng x l nc thi tp trung Quy trnh cng ngh x l nc thi kt hp sn xut Biogas t ni hi v chy my pht in c trnh by trong Hnh 4.4: Sy b Nc thi B cn bng Ly tm tch b Phn vi sinh B ym kh (UASB) Lc kh CH4, Kh H2S t ni hi Hnh 4.4: S cng ngh x l nc thi kt hp sn xut Biogas Theo s cng ngh nu trn, th quy trnh x l nc thi kt hp sn xut Biogas bao gm cc cng an chnh sau y : - Nc thi c a vo b cn bng gim nhit v cn bng lng COD , BOD . - Qua my ly tm tch mt s b v cn rn cn li . - Nc thi c a vo h thng b sinh hc ym kh (UASB) c th tch mi b l 8.000 m3. S lng b sinh kh c tnh ton ph hp vi lng nc thi v nng COD, BOD . Men vi sinh l cc vi khun ym kh c nhp khu v nui cy ti nh my s thc hin qu trnh phn hu nc thi v to ra kh CH4 vi hm lng t 65- 70% . - Kh CH4 (Metan) sau khi c ht m v lc H2S s dng lm cht t cho ni hi. 79 B sc kh H cha

Thi ra mi trng

- Nc thi qua b phn hy ym kh (UASB) c hm lng COD t 500 n 1.000 mg/l s c a vo h thng b xc kh cng bc v c gim nng COD xung 100mg/l , BOD 50 mg/l v a vo h sinh hc . - Bo lc bnh v c s c nui ti h sinh hc x l t nhin nc thi t tiu chun thi ra sng Thu Bn. C s c s dng ci thin ba n cho cng nhn. Hiu qu x l: Theo tnh ton, nc thi sau x l t tiu chun nc thi TCVN 5945 2005 (ct B) (Kq= 1,1, Kf=1,0). Nng u vo : - pH - Nhit - SS - BOD5 - COD - Tng N - Tng P - Coliform : : : : : : : : 3 12 65-70oC . 20.000 mg/l 25.000 mg/l 60.000 mg/l 70-95 mg/l 6 - 8 mg/l 4,6.105 - 7,2.105 MNP/100ml

Nng u ra (TCVN 5945 2005 (ct B) (Kq= 1,1, Kf=1,0)): - pH - Nhit - SS - BOD5 - COD - Tng N - Tng P - Coliform Hiu sut x l : - SS - BOD - COD - Tng N - Tng P : : : : : 99,5 % 99,8 % 99,9 % 65,2 %. 40,0 % : : : : : : : : 5,5 9,0 40oC 110 mg/l 55 mgO2/l 88 mgO2/l 33 mg/l 6,6 mg/l 5.000 MNP/100ml

Kinh ph u t cho H thng x l nc thi theo quy trnh cng ngh tin tin nu trn l trn 50 t VN. Nc thi sau khi qua h thng x l ca Nh my c nng COD < 88 mg/lt v BOD < 55 mg/lt, khng c ho cht c hi s c thi ra sng Thu Bn v thi ra bin. Cng ty m bo nc thi s rt tt cho cy trng v hon ton v hi i vi sinh vt. Trung Quc v Thi Lan nc thi nh my cn cn c bn cho cc vng trng thuc l do nc thi rt tt cho cy thuc l . 80

c). Nc ma chy trn Nc ma chy trn qua mt bng Nh my c ln t ct v cc cht rn l lng, v vy nh my s xy dng h thng thot, gom nc ma ring bit. Nc ma s c tch rc c kch thc ln bng cc song chn rc t trn h thng mng dn nc ma sau c thi vo h H Chnh v sng Thu Bn. d). Nc lm mt: Nc lm mt s c gii nhit trc khi thi vo sng Vu Gia. 4.2.3. Cc bin php gim thiu nhim do cht thi rn - B thi ra t qu trnh sn xut c tch ra qua my li tm c thnh phn ch yu l cht x, 1 n 2 % tinh bt cn st cha c chuyn ho thnh cn, mt lng nh cht vi lng v t ct. B ny s c phi trn vi cc lai cht thi hu c khc, sau ln men vi sinh, sy kh v trn thm mt t l thch hp cc cht m, kali v c vo vin, ng bao, s dng lm phn bn. Kinh nghim thc t ti cc nc Trung Quc, Thi Lan, Indonexia cho thy vic s dng phn vi sinh t b sn cho kt qu rt tt, tng nng sut cy trng v ci to t, khng gy nhim ngun nc ngm nh phn v c - B thi khoai m sau khi sy kh cng c th s dng b lm thc n gia sc nh mt s nc nhng vic tiu th ti Vit Nam c kh khn hn. Ton b cht thi rn hu c u c thu gom vo phn xng sn xut phn vi sinh. i vi cht rn hu c nguy hi th thu n v c chuyn mn thu gom x l. - Tro, x than ca l hi s c trn vi xi mng sn xut gch khng nung dng cho nh my v bn ra th trng lm va h, ng nng thn (Mt s thnh ph Trung Quc dng lm gch lt ng cc khu ph c). Bin php gim thiu nhim do cht thi rn c a ra trong hnh 4.4.

81

Cht thi rn sinh hc nh: b khoai m, b men, Bn thi t H thng XLNT tp trung v b t hai, Bn t b UASB Cht thi rn sinh hot vi thnh phn l cht hu c Phn xng phn vi sinh Sn xut phn vi sinh

Cht thi rn sn xut tr, khng nguy hi (tro, x) Cht thi rn sinh hat tr, khng nguy hi (x bn)

Cung cp cho Nh my gch tuynel i Tn

Sn xut gch

Cht thi nguy hi

Thu n v chuyn mn x l

Hnh 4.4. Bin php gim thiu nhim do cht thi rn 4.2.4. Cc bin php v sinh v an ton lao ng (1).V sinh lao ng v v sinh thc phm: - y l nh my sn xut cn, nm trong h thng cc nh my ch bin thc phm. Trong qu trnh ch bin vi cc cht hu c, nu v sinh khng sch, s gy nh hng ti sn xut v mi trng xung quanh. - Trong qu trnh ln men cn thit b, nh xng m khng sch s gy nhim men tp lm c ch qu trnh ln men cn, c th lm h sn phm. Cng tc v sinh cng khng th xem nh - V sinh thit b s c quy nh theo tng m sn xut. Tc l vic v sinh thc hin thng xuyn sau mi m v c ty trng. - V sinh khu vc v nh xng : Cng ty s quy nh sau mi ca 8 gi ng h, tc l trc khi giao t ca ny sang ca sn xut khc u phi lm v sinh sch s, v c theo di bng s giao ca hng ngy. S giao ca c ghi y mi vic lin quan n sn xut k c vn lm v sinh. i vi Cng ty, v sinh lao ng cng l mt tiu ch quan trng. - Ngoi ra sc kho ca ngi lao ng cng c qun tm v ch : Nh my s t chc mt phng y t ca nh my cp mt s thuc thng dng khi cng nhn cn, v theo di sc kho cho ton th ngi lao ng, nh k 6 thng, mi nm t chc khm se kho cho ngi lao ng. 82

(2). An ton lao ng a). An tan cho thit b: Thit b nh my gm nhiu loi, tu theo tnh nng, kt cu, cng dng m Cng ty s thc hin an ton lao ng theo ng quy nh ca nh nc. - Cng ty s lp t mt hoc hai (giai on II) l hi cao p phc v cho cng ngh sn xut v y tut bin pht in. Khi lp t Cng ty s lm th tc mi c quan gim nh l hi ca nh nc, gim nh, kim tra cp chng ch v an ton p lc l hi. Sau s ng k vi S Lao ng v TBXH tnh Qung Nam ng vi quy nh ca nh nc. Cng ty s xy dng ni quy phng chy cha chy cho ton nh my v ni quy vn hnh l hi, dn ti ch cho cng nhn d thy v s nhc nh hng ngy. - Ring ng khi ca l hi cao 65 m, li c lp t vng ni. V vy khi tri c ma ging rt d b st nh. an ton cho nh my v an ton lao ng, Cng ty s lp t h thng chng st trn ng khi ca l hi. Nh vy s m bo an ton chng st nh trong ma ma bo. - i vi thit b s dng in, my pht in v ngun in khi lp t trang b y h thng bo v, dy tip t, v kim tra an ton trc khi cho vn hnh. Ngoi ra Cng ty cng s xy dng ni quy s dng an ton h thng in ca nh my theo quy nh. - i vi ton b h thng my mc khc trong nh my, Cng ty u da trn kt cu, tnh nng, cng sut v mt vi c im ring tng loi thit b xy dng ni quy s dng cho tng thit b c th v an ton khi vn hnh. b). An ton lao ng cho cng nhn: - o to v hng dn cho cng nhn bit v an ton lao ng trong nh my sn xut cn. Mt khc Cng ty s phi hp vi Ban an ton lao ng ca S lao ng v TBXH tnh Qung Nam o to ni quy an ton v vn hnh thit b c th ca tng cng on sn xut cng nhn tht s nm bt v hiu r v tr lm vic ca mnh cn phi lm g, khi sn xut c an ton. - Cn c vo s b tr cng nhn trn tng cng on sn xut, trang b dng c v bo h lao ng cho cng nhn y , ph hp vi cng vic lm Ngoi cc phng php khng ch nhim nu trn, cc phng n nhm gim thiu nh hng ca cc tc nhn nhim i vi sc kho cng nhn ti Nh my s c p dng trit . - Thc hin chng trnh kim tra v gim st sc kho nh k cho cn b, cng nhn lm vic trong nh my. - m bo cc yu t vi kh hu v iu kin lao ng t tiu chun do B Y t ban hnh m bo sc kho cho ngi lao ng. - Khng ch ting n t tiu chun quy nh trnh cc bnh ngh nghip do qu trnh sn xut gy ra. - o to v cung cp thng tin v v sinh an ton. 4.2.5. Cc bin php ngn nga v ng cu s c chy n 83

(1). Bin php an ton chy n - Mi phn xng s c cc trang thit b chng chy n, nhm cha kp thi khi s c xy ra. - Cng nhn trc tip lm vic trong cc nh my s c tp hun, hng dn cc phng php phng chng chy n. - Cc my mc, thit b lm vic nhit , p sut cao s c h s l lch c kim tra, ng kim nh k ti cc c quan chc nng nh nc. Cc thit b ny s c lp t ng h o nhit , p sut, mc dung dch trong thit b...nhm gim st cc thng s k thut. - H thng cu ha c kt hp gia khong cch ca cc phn xng ln hn 10m iu kin cho ngi v phng tin di chuyn khi c chy, gi khong rng cn thit ngn cch m chy lan rng. Cc hng ly nc cu ha b tr u khp phm vi nh my, kt hp cc dng c cha chy nh bnh CO2, bnh bt... trong tng b phn sn xut v t nhng a im thao tc thun tin. H thng phun nc cha chy t ng theo gii hn nhit 70oC b tr u trn mi xng kt hp h thng bm iu khin bng p lc trong ng ng hoc t b d tr nc trn cao. iu kin chy n ca hn hp Biogas trong khng kh nh hnh 4.5.

Th tch khng kh (%) bao gm 21% th tch oxy

Th tch kh tr CO2/N2 (%)

Vng n: Vt qu 11,6% th tch oxy v 4,5 % th tch mtan (gii hn n di) v 16,5% th tch mtan (gii hn n trn) Hnh 4.5. iu kin n ca hn hp biogas trong khng kh i vi Alcohol th gii hn n di l 3,3% th tch v gii hn n trn l 19%. Vi iu kin v gii hn n nh trn th Nh my s khng ch th tch kh Biogas v Alcohol r r bn ngoi m bo khng xy ra chy n. 84

- Trong cc v tr sn xut s thc hin nghim ngt quy phm an ton tng cng nhn trong sut thi gian lm vic. - Cc loi dung mi v nhin liu d chy s c lu tr trong cc kho cch ly ring bit, trnh xa cc ngun c kh nng pht la v tia la in, cc bn cha dung mi s c lp t cc van an ton, cc thit b theo di nhit , cc thit b bo chy, cha chy t ng. - Khu sn xut, kho nguyn liu v thnh phm s c lp t h thng bo chy, h thng thng tin, bo ng. Cc phng tin phng chy cha chy s c kim tra thng xuyn v trong tnh trng sn sng. - Trong khu vc c th gy chy, cng nhn khng c ht thuc, khng mang bt la, dim qut, cc dng c pht ra la do ma st, tia la in.v.v.. - u t cc thit b chng chy n ti cc khu vc kho cha hng ho nhin liu. B tr h thng chng chy n ti xung quanh khu vc nh my. - Thc hin nghim ngt qui nh k thut, an ton trong qu trnh nhp xut nhin liu; - Cc phng tin vn chuyn xng du, nguyn liu lng, ... (nh xe bn, ...) s c t cch php nhn, cng nh p ng tiu chun an ton, k thut khi vn chuyn trn ng giao thng. (2). Thit b H thng cu ho c trang b gm : - Mt h thng ly nc van cu ho. - Bnh hi, bnh bt chng chy cho c nhn. - Hp, dng c cu ho cho tt c cc phn xng. - Ngun nc chng chy bao gm i nc v h nc cng my bm cu ho. i vi bn cha du, s lu m bo cc tiu chun k thut sau : - Tnh ton chi tit cc thng s v ng thng hi, bn v ln ca bn - H thng thu st, thu tnh in tch t - dy thnh bn, ng dn du, van... i vi bn cha cn : - Bn cha cn ca nh my thit k lp t v tr an ton, cch xa ng giao thng, hai bn c h nc ln ( phng trng hp trn cn s b nc ho long n mc khng th bc chy c) i vi xng sn xut : - Trang b chp ht v h thng qut ht thng thong nh xng. - H thng in c thit k, lp t cc thit b bo v an ton, thng xuyn kim tra, chng trng hp on mch v chp mch. - Gim st cng nhn vn hnh l hi, tun th cc quy nh ca Cng ty, thng xuyn 85

co x than, v sinh l, chng nght l, hiu sut thu hi nhit v tn dng nhit c hiu qu, khng cho tnh trng kt l. Xung quanh l hi s s dng vt liu chng chy. - Cc khu vc d chy nh kho cn, kho nguyn liu, kho ho cht, v mt vi phn xng,. ... .s c lp h thng bo chy t ng, xy b cha nc, ct dp la khi c pht sinh chy. Trang b y bnh cu ho v dng c cu ho. - Xung quanh xng sn xut s trng cy xanh nhm ci thin iu kin v sinh cng nghip v mi trng lao ng . (3). Quy trnh phng chng v ng cu s c chy n - Nh my s quyt nh thnh lp i xung kch phng chy cha chy ca mnh. i ny s c Cng an phng chy cha chy ca Tnh Qung Nam o to, v hun luyn. nh k thi gian s c n luyn v thc tp cu ho b phn d gy chy n - Ti cc ni d chy n, lp t h thng bo chy, h thng thng tin, bo ng. Cc phng tin PCCC c kim tra, bo dng nh k v lun trong tnh trng sn sng hat ng. - Cc my mc thit b lm vic nhit v p sut cao u c h s l lch c kim tra, ng kim nh k. - Cc loi nhin liu c lu gi trong kho c cch ly, trnh xa ngun c kh nng pht la v tia la in. Khong cch an ton gia cc cng trnh l 12 20 m t cu ho c th tip cn d dng. - Cm cng nhn ht thuc, mang bt la v cc dng c pht ra la trong khu vc d chy. Cng ty s phi hp vi Cng an phng chy cha chy tnh Qung Nam xy dng phng n phng chy cha chy cho ton nh my, b tr cho i xung kch cng cng nhn tp dc theo cc phng n lp. 4.2.6. Phng chng st - Lp t h thng chng st trn nh ng khi l hi (cao 65m) thu ht st khi m ma dng. - Lp t h thng thu st, thu tnh in tch t v ci tin h thng theo cc cng ngh mi nhm t an ton cao cho cc hot ng ca d n; - in tr tip t xung kch < 10 khi in tr sut ca t < 50.000 /cm2. in tr tip t xung kch >10 khi in tr sut ca t > 50.000 /cm2; - Tin hnh lp t h thng chng st chung cho ton b khu vc d n v tng nh xng, cng trnh kho tng; - S dng loi thit b chng st tch cc, cc tr chng st c b tr bo v khp d n vi cao bo v tnh ton l 10 - 14m; - Tin hnh u t theo tin xy dng c s h tng.

86

4.2.7. Cc bin php gim thiu tc hi ti kinh t x hi Ch u t Nh my s kt hp vi chnh quyn a phng nhm xy dng bin php qun l nhn s thch hp, trnh gy mt trt t tr an trong khu vc. V sau, khi Nh my i vo hot ng n nh, mt s tin ch sinh hot, vui chi gii tr cho cng nhn s c Ch Nh my u t xy dng nhm hn ch nhng hin tng tm l tiu cc nh hng n an ninh trt t.

87

CHNG 5

CAM KT THC HIN BIN PHP BO V MI TRNG

5.1. CAM KT THC HIN CC BIN PHP GIM THIU CC TC NG XU Cng ty C phn ng Xanh l ch d n u t xy dng Nh my cn tuyt i ti tnh Qung Nam cam kt thc hin cc bin php khng ch v gim thiu cc tc ng xu trong giai on xy dng v trong giai on hot ng nh nu c th trong bo co ny. C th nh sau: Giai on xy dng Nh my: - Thc hin cc bin php hn ch cc tc ng c hi trong giai on xy dng nh my - Thc hin cc bin php bo v mi trng trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng: B tr hp l tuyn ng vn chuyn nguyn vt liu, lp ro chn cch ly, chiu sng cng trng, - Kim sot cc hot ng ca cng nhn nhm kim sot nhim; - Thc hin cc bin php an ton lao ng; Trong giai on hot ng ca d n: - Thc hin cc bin php khng ch v gim thiu nhim khng kh; - Thc hin cc bin php khng ch v gim thiu nhim mi trng nc: x l nc thi sinh hot v x l tp trung ti trm XLNT ca Nh my, thot nc ma; - Thc hin cc bin php khng ch v gim thiu nhim do cht thi rn. Ch d n s p dng cc bin php phng chng s c v gim thiu nhim nh trnh by trong bo co bao gm: - Phng nga v ng ph s c chy n; - Phng chng st; - Phng chng r r nguyn nhin liu; - Hn ch thp nht tai nn lao ng v tai nn giao thng. Ngoi ra, Ch d n cng s tng cng cng tc o to cn b v mi trng nhm nng cao nng lc qun l mi trng doanh nghip, bo m cc Tiu chun mi trng Vit Nam. Ch d n s phi hp vi cc c quan chc nng trong qu trnh thit k v thi cng cc h thng khng ch nhim kp thi iu chnh mc nhim nhm t tiu chun mi trng theo quy nh v phng chng s c mi trng khi xy ra. Cc bin php khng ch nhim v hn ch cc tc ng c hi ca d n ti mi trng c a ra v kin ngh trong bo co l nhng bin php kh thi, m bo Tiu chun mi trng Vit Nam. 88

Ch d n cam kt thi gian hon thnh cc cng trnh x l mi trng trc khi Nh my i vo hot ng. 5.2. CAM KT THC HIN TT C CC BIN PHP, QUY NH CHUNG V BO V MI TRNG C LIN QUAN N D N Ch d n u t d n cam kt trong qu trnh xy dng v hot ng, d n m bo t cc Tiu chun mi trng Vit Nam, bao gm: - Khng kh : Cc cht nhim trong kh thi ca d n khi pht tn ra mi trng bo m t cc tiu chun sau: + TCVN 5937 : 2005: Cht lng khng kh - Tiu chun cht lng khng kh xung quanh; + TCVN 5938 : 2005: Cht lng khng kh - Nng ti a cho php ca mt s cht c hi trong khng kh xung quanh; + TCVN 5939 : 2005: Cht lng khng kh-Tiu chun kh thi cng nghip i vi bi v cc cht v c; + TCVN 5940 : 2005: Cht lng khng kh-Tiu chun kh thi cng nghip i vi mt s cht hu c. - n: m bo n sinh ra t qu trnh xy dng v hot ng ca d n s t Tiu chun Gii hn ti a cho php ting n ti khu vc lao ng (TCVN 3985-1985) v Tiu chun Gii hn ti a cho php ting n khu vc cng cng v dn c (theo mc m tng ng, TCVN 5949 - 1995); - Nc thi sn xut v nc thi sinh hot: + Trong giai on xy dng: Nc thi sinh hot m bo t Tiu chun TCVN 6772 : 2000: Cht lng nc - Nc thi sinh hot - Gii hn nhim cho php (Mc I); + Trong giai on hot ng: Nc thi cng nghip v nc thi sinh hot m bo t Tiu chun TCVN 5945 : 2005: Nc thi cng nghip - Tiu chun thi, ct B vi h s lu lng ngun tip nhn Kq = 1,1 v h s lu lng ngun nc thi Kf = 1,0 trc khi thi ra sng Thu Bn. Nc lm lnh s t nhit < 40oC trc khi thi ra h H Chnh. - Cht thi rn cng nghip v sinh hot: c thu gom, vn chuyn n ni x l theo ng yu cu an ton v sinh. Ch d n cam kt chu hon ton trch nhim trc php lut Vit Nam nu vi phm cc Cng c Quc t, cc Tiu chun Vit Nam v nu xy ra s c gy nhim mi trng.

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CHNG 6 CC CNG TRNH X L MI TRNG, CHNG TRNH QUN L V GIM ST MI TRNG

6.1. DANH MC CC CNG TRNH X L MI TRNG Cc cng trnh x l cht thi chnh ti Nh my cn tuyt i nh sau: - H thng thot nc ngm - Cy xanh, thm c - H thng chng st, cu ho, bo h lao ng - Trm x l v cp nc sch cng sut 1.500m3/h - H thng x l cht thi + Sn xut Biogas cng sut 2.500m3/ngy.m - H thng x l bi kh thi l hi t than v Biogas Chi tit v cc cng trnh x l cht thi c m t trong Chng 4. 6.2. CHNG TRNH QUN L MI TRNG - Ch u t da trn quy hoch xy dng h thng giao thng, cp in, nc, h thng thu gom nc ma, nc thi, cht thi rn cng nghip v sinh hot ring ph hp qun l cc ngun nc thi, cht thi rn sn xut v sinh hot ti khu vc d n; - Ch u t phi hp vi cc c quan chc nng trong vic thm nh thit k k thut v gim st cc h thng thu gom, x l nc thi, kh thi v cht thi rn theo yu cu chung v bo v mi trng . - Thnh phn nc thi sau khi x l c kim tra thng xuyn ti u ra ca cng thi t nh my. Phng php gim st ti nh my s to iu kin thun li cho cng tc thu ph nc thi theo Ngh nh s 67/2003/CP v Ngh nh s 04/2007/N-CP ngy 08/01/2007 ca Chnh ph; - Ch u t s iu chnh kp thi cc h thng x l cht thi nhm thi hnh nghim chnh cc cam kt a ra trong bo co TM ca d n; - Phi hp vi cc c quan chc nng nh nc xy dng thng nht phng n phng chng s c chy n. - Thng xuyn kim tra cng tc bo v mi trng ti nh my. - Tun th cc quy nh ca php lut v bo v mi trng; - Thc hin cc bin php bo v mi trng nu trong bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng c ph duyt v tun th tiu chun mi trng; - Phng nga, hn ch cc tc ng xu i vi mi trng t cc hot ng ca d n; - Khc phc nhim mi trng do hot ng ca d n gy ra; - Tuyn truyn, gio dc, nng cao thc bo v mi trng cho cn b cng nhn vin trong Nh my; - Thc hin ch bo co v mi trng theo quy nh ca php lut v bo v mi trng; 90

- Chp hnh ch kim tra, thanh tra bo v mi trng; 6.3. CHNG TRNH GIM ST MI TRNG Ch D n s kt hp vi cc c quan chuyn mn v bo v mi trng tin hnh gim st nh k cht lng mi trng nhm mc ch kim sot, bo v v gim st nhim mi trng. Tnh trng mi trng s c thng xuyn theo di, s liu s c lu tr. 6.3.1. Gim st cht lng khng kh, ting n (1). Gim st kh thi v khng kh trong mi trng lao ng Gim st nh k (4 ln/nm) hm lng Bi, NO2, SO2, CO, CO2, THC, H2S, NH3, hi cn C2H5OH v ting n ti cc khu vc: - Khu vc sn xut : 3 im (1 phn xng cn, 1 phn xng gas CO2, 1 phn xng phn vi sinh). - Khu vc vn phng : 1 im - Gim st kh thi ti ng khi : 1 im (2). Gim st cht lng khng kh bao quanh Gim st nh k (2 ln/nm) hm lng Bi, NO2, SO2, CO, CO2, THC, H2S, NH3, hi cn C2H5OH v ting n ti cc Khu vc dn c cnh nh my, cui hng gi: 2 im 6.3.2. Gim cht lng nc (1). Gim st nc sng Vu Gia - S im - Cc ch tiu nh gi Coliform. - Tn sut gim st : 3 im (Ti im thi, thng lu v h lu ngun thi) : pH, c, SS, DO, BOD/COD, tng N, tng P, tng : 2 ln/nm.

(2). Gim st nc sng Thu Bn v h H Chnh - S im : Sng Thu Bn 3 im (Ti im thi, cch im thi 100 m v 2 pha); h H Chnh 2 im - Cc ch tiu nh gi : pH, c, SS, DO, BOD/COD, tng N, tng P, tng Coliform. - Tn sut gim st : 2 ln/nm. (3). Gim cht lng nc ngm Cht lng nc ngm s c gim st nh k (2 ln/nm) vi cc ch tiu : pH, mu, cng, TDS, Cl-, Nitrit, Amni, Sulfua, Pb, Mn, Tng Fe, SO42-, Hg, Fecal Coli, 91

Coliform ti cc khu vc : - Khu vc nh my : 1 im - Khu dn c xung quanh : 2 im (4). Gim st nc thi - S im - Cc ch tiu nh gi - Tn sut gim st : 2 im (trc v sau h thng x l) : pH, SS, BOD, COD, tng N, tng P, tng Coliform . : 4 ln/nm.

(5). Gim st nc lm mt - S im - Cc ch tiu nh gi - Tn sut gim st : 2 im (trc v sau khi gii nhit) : Nhit : 4 ln/nm.

6.3.3. Gim st cht thi rn Khi lng cht thi rn sinh hot, sn xut s c thng k hng ngy. nh k (4 ln/nm) tng hp kt qu v bo co cho c quan qun l mi trng a phng. 6.3.4. Gim st cht lng bn y - S im gim st: 4 im (2 im ti sng Thu Bn; 2 im ti h H Chnh) - Ch tiu phn tch bao gm : du m, cht hu c, kim loi nng (Asen, Cadimi, ng, Ch, Km, Thy ngn); - Tn sut gim st: 2 t/nm.

92

CHNG 7 D TON KINH PH CHO CC CNG TRNH MI TRNG

7.1. KINH PH D KIN CHO PHNG CHNG V X L NHIM Kinh ph d kin cho cc cng trnh x l mi trng c trnh by trong bng 7.1. Bng 7.1 : Kinh ph d kin cho cc cng trnh x l mi trng TT 01 02 03 04 05 06 Hng mc H thng thot nc ngm Cy xanh, thm c H thng chng st, cu ho, bo h lao ng n v : Triu VN Gi tr 500 300 500 3.000 50.000 7.000 61.300

Trm x l v cp nc sch cng sut 1.500m3/h H thng x l cht thi + Sn xut Biogas H thng x l kh thi l hi t than Tng cng Ngun: Trung tm Cng ngh Mi trng, thng 02/2007

7.2. KINH PH D KIN CHO CNG TC GIM ST CHT LNG MI TRNG Ch d n s dnh mt khon kinh ph hng nm cho cng vic gim st cht lng mi trng. n gi cn c theo: - Thng t lin tch s 114/2006/TTLT-BTC-BTNMT ngy 29 thng 12 nm 2006 gia B Ti chnh - B Ti nguyn v Mi trng v Hng dn vic qun l kinh ph s nghip mi trng. - Thng t s 83/2002/TT-BTC ngy 25/09/2002 ca B Ti chnh v Quy nh ch thu, np v qun l s dng ph, l ph v tiu chun o lng cht lng. C th nh sau: 7.2.1. Kinh ph gim st cht lng khng kh, ting n Kinh ph gim st kh thi v khng kh trong mi trng lao ng c trnh by trong bng 7.2.

93

Bng 7.2. Kinh ph gim st kh thi v khng kh trong mi trng lao ng n gi S mu Tn s gim st (ng) (mu) (ln/nm) 01 Bi 20.000 5 4 02 SO2 300.000 5 4 03 NO2 300.000 5 4 04 CO 300.000 5 4 05 CO2 300.000 5 4 06 THC 600.000 5 4 07 H2S 300.000 5 4 08 NH3 300.000 5 4 09 Hi cn 50.000 5 4 10 Ting n 20.000 5 4 Tng cng 2.490.000 Ngun: Trung tm Cng ngh Mi trng, thng 02/2007 TT Thng s (2). Gim st cht lng khng kh bao quanh Kinh ph gim st cht lng khng kh bao quanh c trnh by trong bng 7.3. Bng 7.3. Kinh ph gim st cht lng khng kh bao quanh n gi S mu Tn s gim st (ng) (mu) (ln/nm) 01 Bi 20.000 2 2 02 SO2 300.000 2 2 03 NO2 300.000 2 2 04 CO 300.000 2 2 05 CO2 300.000 2 2 06 THC 600.000 2 2 07 H2S 300.000 2 2 08 NH3 300.000 2 2 09 Hi cn 50.000 2 2 10 Ting n 20.000 2 2 Tng cng 2.490.000 Ngun: Trung tm Cng ngh Mi trng, thng 02/2007 TT Thng s 7.2.2. Kinh ph gim cht lng nc (1). Gim st nc sng Vu Gia Kinh ph gim st cht lng nc sng Gia Vu c th hin trong bng 7.4. Tng cng (ng) 80.000 1.200.000 1.200.000 1.200.000 1.200.000 2.400.000 1.200.000 1.200.000 200.000 80.000 9.960.000 Tng cng (ng) 400.000 6.000.000 6.000.000 6.000.000 6.000.000 12.000.000 6.000.000 6.000.000 1.000.000 400.000 49.800.000

94

Bng 7.4. Kinh ph dnh cho gim st cht lng nc mt sng Vu Gia n gi S mu Tn s gim (ng) (mu) st (ln/nm) 01 pH 30.000 3 2 02 c 50.000 3 2 03 Cht rn l lng 50.000 3 2 04 DO 60.000 3 2 05 BOD5 80.000 3 2 06 COD 70.000 3 2 07 Tng N 60.000 3 2 08 Tng P 60.000 3 2 09 Tng Coliform 60.000 3 2 Tng cng 520.000 Ngun: Trung tm Cng ngh Mi trng, thng 02/2007 Stt Thng s (2). Gim st nc sng Thu Bn v h H Chnh Kinh ph gim st cht lng nc h H Chnh c th hin trong bng 7.5. Bng 7.5. Kinh ph dnh cho gim st cht lng nc h H Chnh n gi S mu Tn s gim (ng) (mu) st (ln/nm) 01 pH 30.000 5 2 02 c 50.000 5 2 03 Cht rn l lng 50.000 5 2 04 DO 60.000 5 2 05 BOD5 80.000 5 2 06 COD 70.000 5 2 07 Tng N 60.000 5 2 08 Tng P 60.000 5 2 09 Tng Coliform 60.000 5 2 Tng cng 520.000 Ngun: Trung tm Cng ngh Mi trng, thng 02/2007 Stt Thng s (3). Gim cht lng nc ngm Kinh ph gim st cht lng nc ngm c th hin trong bng 7.6. Bng 7.6. Kinh ph gim st cht lng nc ngm TT 01 02 Thng s pH mu n gi (ng) 30.000 50.000 S mu (mu) 3 3 Tn s gim st (ln/nm) 2 2 Tng cng (ng) 180.000 300.000 95 Tng cng (ng) 300.000 500.000 500.000 600.000 800.000 700.000 600.000 600.000 600.000 5.200.000 Tng cng (ng) 180.000 300.000 300.000 360.000 480.000 420.000 360.000 360.000 360.000 3.120.000

n gi S mu Tn s gim st (ng) (mu) (ln/nm) 03 cng 60.000 3 2 04 TDS 60.000 3 2 05 Clorua 80.000 3 2 06 Nitrit 50.000 3 2 07 Amni 60.000 3 2 08 Sulfua 60.000 3 2 09 Sulfat 50.000 3 2 10 Pb 50.000 3 2 11 Mn 60.000 3 2 12 Tng St 60.000 3 2 13 Hg 80.000 3 2 14 E.Coli 60.000 3 2 15 Tng Coliform 60.000 3 2 Tng cng 860.000 Ngun: Trung tm Cng ngh Mi trng, thng 02/2007 TT Thng s (4). Gim st nc thi v nc lm mt Kinh ph dnh cho gim st nc thi c th hin trong bng 7.7. Bng 7.7. Kinh ph dnh cho gim st nc thi n gi S mu Tn s gim st (ng) (mu) (ln/nm) 01 Nhit 30.000 2 4 02 pH 30.000 2 4 03 Cht rn l lng 50.000 2 4 04 BOD5 80.000 2 4 05 COD 70.000 2 4 06 Tng N 60.000 2 4 07 Tng P 60.000 2 4 08 Tng Coliform 60.000 2 4 Tng cng 440 Ngun: Trung tm Cng ngh Mi trng, thng 02/2007 Stt Thng s 7.2.3. Kinh ph gim st cht thi rn

Tng cng (ng) 360.000 360.000 480.000 300.000 360.000 360.000 300.000 300.000 360.000 300.000 480.000 360.000 360.000 5.160.000

Tng cng (ng) 240.000 240.000 400.000 640.000 560.000 480.000 480.000 480.000 3.520.000

Khi lng cht thi rn sinh hot, sn xut s c thng k hng ngy. nh k (4 ln/nm) tng hp kt qu v bo co cho c quan qun l mi trng a phng. Kinh ph gim st hng nm l 4.000.000 ng

96

7.2.4. Kinh ph gim st cht lng bn y Kinh ph dnh cho gim st cht lng bn y c th hin trong bng 7.8. Bng 7.8. Kinh ph dnh cho gim st cht lng bn y n gi S mu Tn s gim st (ng) (mu) (ln/nm) 01 Du m 300.000 4 2 02 Cht hu c 80.000 4 2 03 Asen 80.000 4 2 04 Cadimi 60.000 4 2 05 ng 60.000 4 2 06 Ch 60.000 4 2 07 Km 60.000 4 2 08 Thy ngn 80.000 4 2 Tng cng 780.000 Ngun: Trung tm Cng ngh Mi trng, thng 02/2007 TT Thng s 7.2.5. Tng hp kinh ph cho cng tc gim st mi trng Tng hp kinh ph dnh cho cng tc gim st mi trng c th hin trong bng 7.9. Bng 7.9 Tng hp kinh ph gim st mi trng ti Nh my cn v vng ln cn TT 01 02 03 Ch tiu S im gim st 5 2 3 Tn s gim st (ln/nm) 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 Thnh tin (ng) 49.800.000 9.960.000 3.120.000 5.200.000 5.160.000 3.520.000 4.000.000 6.240.000 8.000.000 95.000.000 Tng cng (ng) 2.400.000 640.000 640.000 480.000 480.000 480.000 480.000 640.000 6.240.000

Gim st cht lng kh thi Gim st cht lng khng kh Gim st cht lng nc sng Vu Gia 04 Gim st cht lng nc sng 3 Thu Bn v h H Chnh 05 Gim st cht lng nc ngm 3 06 Gim st nc thi 2 07 Gim st cht thi rn 1 08 Gim st cht lng bn y 4 09 Vn chuyn, chi ph thc a Tng cng Ngun: Trung tm Cng ngh Mi trng, thng 02/2007

Tng cng kinh ph cho cng tc gim st mi trng l 95 triu ng/nm. Trong chi ph gim st l 87 triu ng v chi ph vn chuyn, lu tr l 8 triu ng.

97

CHNG 8 THAM VN KIN CNG NG

KIN CA Y BAN NHN DN V UBMT CP X

Theo cc cng vn ca UBND v UBMTTQ Vit Nam x i Tn, huyn i Lc, tnh Qung Nam v vic gp nh gi tc ng mi trng cho d n xy dng Nh my cn tuyt i, kin ca UBND cc x i Lc ni dung nh sau: Qua ni dung nh gi tc ng mi trng v cc bin php gim thiu tc ng mi trng ca Cng ty. UBND v UBMTTQ Vit Nam x i Tn gp nh sau: - V nh gi tc ng mi trng m Cng ty cp trong vn bn: trong qu trnh xy dng, trong qu trnh vn hnh v ri ro s c mi trng xy ra, phn ny Cng ty nu c bn y . gim thiu tc ng mi trng t n mc li ch x hi ti u. UBND x i Tn gp v ngh Cng ty c phn ng Xanh v cc bin php gim thiu tc ng nh sau: - H s thit k k thut c cc cp c thm quyn thm nh ph duyt chun, trong phn nh gi tc ng mi trng cc bin php xu dng gim thiu mi trng t n li ch x hi ti u, ngh Cng ty phi xy dng ng h s c thm nh ph duyt. - V cht thi trong qu trnh xy dng v i vo hot ng sn xut, sn phm cn: ti s dng cht thi, ti ch cht thi, s dng cht thi sn xut phn vi sinh t cc cht thi hu c. - Thc hin t rc trong cc l kn v chn lp rc thi hp v sinh. Nhng vn m a phng ang quan tm l: - Nc thi trong sn xut cn nhin liu: phi c x l ng tiu chun k thut theo quy nh ca Nh nc, khng cn c hi gy nh hng sc khe, i sng sinh hot v sn xut nhn dn a phng. - Kh thi: phi p dng KHKT v cng ngh mi lc bi v cc cht c hi khc khng gy nhim trong khng kh v tc hi n sc khe ca nhn dn v nhn dn a phng. - Trong qu trnh ngm vt liu phc v cho sn xut cn phi c h thng kho tn, nh xng kn o hn ch thp nht bc mi hi thi gy nhim mi trng. - Kh Mtan (CH4) phi c m bo trong l kn, khng r r gy chy n v tc ng mi trng. 98

- Nc thi, cht thi t sinh hot ca cng nhn phi c x l hp v sinh khng gy nh hng v tc ng mi trng. - Tc ng mi trng trong qu trnh xy dng: Cng ty phi c bin php x l k thut t hiu qu cao nht khi tc ng mi trng. Qua ni dung nh gi tc ng mi trng v cc bin php gim thiu ca Nh my sn xut Cn ti i Tn ca Cng ty ng Xanh. UBND x i Tn xin gp v ngh mt s ni dung nu trn. ngh Cng ty c trch nhim n cc vn nu trn. Xem chi tit cc vn bn ca UBND v UBMTTQ Vit Nam x i Tn nh km Ph lc V.

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CH DN NGUN CUNG CP S LIU, D LIU V PHNG PHP NH GI

9.1. NGUN CUNG CP S LIU, D LIU - ADB (1990). Environmental Guidelines for Selected Industrial and Power Development Projects. - World Health Organization, Assessment of Sources of Air, Water, and Land Pollution, A guide to rapid source inventory techniques and their use in formulating Environmental Control Strategies, Geneva, 1993. - Alexander P.Economopoulos, Assessment of Sources of Air, Water, and Land Pollution, Part 2: Approaches for Consideration in formulating Environmental Control Strategies, WHO, Geneva, 1993. - Bo co Hin trng mi trng tnh Qung Nam. - Bo co Tnh hnh thc hin nhim v kinh t x hi, an ninh quc phng nm 2006 v phng hng nhim v nm 2007 ca UBND x i Tn. - Bo co nghin cu kh thi D n xy dng nh my cn tuyt i ti x i Tn, huyn i Lc, tnh Qung Nam. - Nin gim thng k tnh Qung Nam, 2005. - Tiu chun mi trng Vit Nam, 1995. - Tiu chun mi trng Vit Nam, 2005. 9.2. PHNG PHP P DNG TRONG QU TRNH TM 9.2.1. Danh mc cc phng php s dng Cc phng php sau c dng nh gi tc ng mi trng: - Phng php thng k : nhm thu thp v x l cc s liu v iu kin kh tng, thy vn, kinh t x hi ti khu vc xy dng nh my cn; - Phng php ly mu ngoi hin trng v phn tch trong phng th nghim : nhm xc nh cc thng s v hin trng cht lng khng kh, nc, n ti khu t d n v khu vc xung quanh; - Phng php nh gi nhanh theo h s nhim do T chc Y t Th gii thit lp : nhm c tnh ti lng cc cht nhim t cc hot ng xy dng v vn hnh d n; - Phng php so snh : dng nh gi cc tc ng trn c s cc Tiu chun mi trng Vit Nam; - Phng php lp bng lit k v phng php ma trn : c s dng lp mi quan h gia cc hot ng ca d n v cc tc ng mi trng. 100

- Phng php tham vn cng ng : Phng php ny s dng trong qu trnh phng vn lnh o v nhn dn a phng ti ni thc hin D n. - Phng php m hnh ho: c dng d bo kh nng pht tn cht nhim theo khng gian; 9.2.2. nh gi mc tin cy ca cc phng php s dng Mc tin cy ca cc phng php s dng c a ra trong bng 9.1. Bng 9.6. Tng hp mc tin cy ca cc phng php TM s dng STT 01 02 Phng php Phng php thng k Phng php ly mu ngoi hin trng v phn tch trong phng th nghim Phng php nh gi nhanh theo h s nhim do WHO thit lp nm 1993 Phng php so snh tiu chun Phng php lp bng lit k v phng php ma trn Phng php tham vn cng ng Phng php m hnh ho tin cy Cao Cao Nguyn nhn Da theo s liu thng k chnh thc ca tnh. - Thit b ly mu, phn tch mi, hin i - Da vo phng php ly mu tiu chun Da vo h s nhim do T chc Y t Th gii thit lp nn cha tht s ph hp vi iu kin Vit Nam Kt qu phn tch c tin cy cao Phng php ch nh gi nh tnh hoc bn nh lng, da trn ch quan ca nhng ngi nh gi Da vo kin chnh thc bng vn bn ca UBND x v UBMTTQVN x Da vo h s ca cng thc Gauss nn cha tht s ph hp vi iu kin Vit Nam.

03 04 05

Trung bnh Cao Trung bnh

06 07

Cao Trung bnh

Bo co TM cho D n xy dng Nh my sn xut cn tuyt i ti x i Tn, huyn i Lc, tnh Qung Nam do Cng ty C phn ng Xanh lm ch u t vi s t vn ca Trung tm Cng ngh Mi trng (ENTEC) (thuc Hi Bo v Thin nhin v Mi trng Vit Nam). Vi kinh nghim nhiu nm lp bo co TM, ENTEC nh gi y v c tin cy cn thit v cc tc ng ca d n v xut c cc gii php kh thi hn ch cc tc ng c hi. Bn cnh ngun ti liu, d liu tham kho, Cng ty cn nhn c cc kin tham vn ca y ban Nhn dn v y Ban Mt trn T quc cp x ti a im thc hin d n nn nh gi cc tc ng nu trong bo co p ng c yu cu thc t ca a phng. 101

Tuy nhin, mt s nh gi trong bo co TM ny cn nh tnh hoc bn nh lng do cha c thng tin, s liu chi tit nh gi nh lng.

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KT LUN V KIN NGH

1. KT LUN Trn c s nghin cu v nh gi tc ng mi trng mt cch chi tit ca D n xy dng Nh my sn xut cn tuyt i ti x i Tn, huyn i Lc, tnh Qung Nam ; Ch u t rt ra mt s kt lun chnh sau y: - D n c thc hin v tr thun li, ph hp vi quy hoch tng th pht trin kinh t x hi ca a phng; - D n s gp phn thc y pht trin kinh t - x hi ca a phng, ng thi gp phn tng ngun thu cho ngn sch Nh nc, to cng n, vic lm v thu nhp n nh cho lc lng lao ng ti a phng; - Hin trng mi trng nn ti khu vc d n cha b nhim v khng kh v nc mt. y l cc ch th mi trng nh gi din bin v thay i trong cht lng mi trng ti khu vc d n di cc tc ng tiu cc do hot ng xy dng v hot ng lu di ca d n; - Qu trnh thi cng xy dng v hot ng lu di ca d n s gy ra mt s tc ng tiu cc ti kinh t x hi v mi trng nu khng c cc bin php phng nga, khng ch, x l. Cc tc ng c th l: + Gy kh khn nht nh trong vic bo m an ninh trt t x hi v an ton giao thng trong khu vc do s gia tng tp trung dn s c hc trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng v hot ng sau ny ca d n; + Gy nhim mi trng khng kh trn khu vc do bi, kh thi, hi xng, du, kh c hi, ting n do hot ng xy dng, sn xut v vn ti; + Gy nhim ngun nc do nc thi sinh hot v sn xut, nc ma chy trn pht sinh trong qu trnh xy dng v hot ng lu di ca d n; + Gy nhim mi trng do cht thi rn nguy hi, khng nguy hi v rc thi sinh hot pht sinh trong qu trnh xy dng v hot ng lu di ca d n; + Gia tng nguy c gy s c mi trng (chy, n, ...). Xut pht t vic nhn thc r trch nhim ca mnh trong nhim v bo v mi trng ti khu vc d n, Cng ty C phn ng Xanh s u t y kinh ph cho cng tc bo v mi trng d n v cam kt thc hin nghim chnh cc phng n phng nga, khng ch, x l nhim mi trng ra trong bo co TM d n ny nhm bo m t hon ton cc tiu chun mi trng Vit Nam, bao gm: - Phng n khng ch nhim khng kh s t cc Tiu chun: TCVN 5937:2005, TCVN 5938:2005, TCVN 5939:2005, TCVN 5940:2005; - Phng n khng ch nhim do n rung s t TCVN 3985-1985 v TCVN 5949-1995; - Phng n x l nc thi sinh hot v cng nghip, nc ma chy trn s t TCVN 5945:2005 (Ct B, Kf = 1,0, Kq =1,1); - Phng n khng ch nhim do cht thi rn: cht thi rn nguy hi, khng nguy hi, sinh hot c x l, thu gom, vn chuyn n ni x l theo ng yu cu an ton v sinh ca cc c quan hu quan; 103

- m bo din tch cy xanh, cc bin php ci thin iu kin vi kh hu, cc bin php v sinh an ton lao ng v cc bin php phng chng s c mi trng (chy n, trn ho cht, ...). Ch u t s phi hp vi cc c quan chc nng trong qu trnh thit k k thut v thi cng cc h thng khng ch nhim kp thi iu chnh mc nhim nhm t tiu chun mi trng quy nh v phng chng s c mi trng khi xy ra. Cc bin php khng ch nhim v hn ch cc tc ng c hi ca d n ti mi trng c xut trong bo co TM ny l nhng bin php kh thi, m bo cc tiu chun mi trng Vit Nam ban hnh. 2. KIN NGH Kin ngh S Ti nguyn v Mi trng tnh Qung Nam v cc c quan chc nng lin quan thm nh v ph chun bo co TM D n sm i vo hot ng v m bo tin u t d n, gp phn mang li nhng li ch thit thc v pht trin kinh t - x hi cho x i Tn, huyn i Lc ni ring v tnh Qung Nam ni chung..

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PHN PH LC PH LC I MT S VN BN PHP L LIN QUAN N D N

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PH LC II CC BN V K THUT LIN QUAN D N

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PH LC III S V TR LY MU V GIM ST MI TRNG KT QU TNH TON PHT TN NHIM KHNG KH

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PH LC IV MT S HNH NH V KHU VC D N

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PH LC V VN BN GP KIN CA UBND V UBMTTQVN CP X V NH GI TC NG MI TRNG CA D N

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