TNG HP

34 CHUY N

BI DNG HO HC THCS T P 3

Chuyn 14: nhn bit - phn bit cc cht.

I/ Nguyn tc v yu cu khi gii bi tp nhn bit. - Mun nhn bit hay phn bit cc cht ta phi da vo phn ng c trng v c cc hin tng: nh c cht kt ta to thnh sau phn ng, i mu dung dch, gii phng cht c mi hoc c hin tng si bt kh. Hoc c th s dng mt s tnh cht vt l (nu nh bi cho php) nh nung nhit khc nhau, ho tan cc cht vo nc, - Phn ng ho hc c chn nhn bit l phn ng c trng n gin v c du hiu r rt. Tr trng hp c bit, thng thng mun nhn bit n ho cht cn phi tin hnh (n 1) th nghim. - Tt c cc cht c la chn dng nhn bit cc ho cht theo yu cu ca bi, u c coi l thuc th. - Lu : Khi nim phn bit bao hm so snh (t nht phi c hai ho cht tr ln) nhng mc ch cui cng ca phn bit cng l nhn bit tn ca mt s ho cht no . II/ Phng php lm bi. 1/ Chit(Trch mu th) cc cht vo nhn bit vo cc ng nghim.(nh s) 2/ Chn thuc th thch hp(tu theo yu cu bi: thuc th tu chn, han ch hay khng dng thuc th no khc). 3/ Cho vo cc ng nghim ghi nhn cc hin tng v rt ra kt lun nhn bit, phn bit c ho cht no. 4/ Vit PTHH minh ho. III/ Cc dng bi tp thng gp. Nhn bit cc ho cht (rn, lng, kh) ring bit. Nhn bit cc cht trong cng mt hn hp. Xc nh s c mt ca cc cht (hoc cc ion) trong cng mt dung dch. - Tu theo yu cu ca bi tp m trong mi dng c th gp 1 trong cc trng hp sau: + Nhn bit vi thuc th t do (tu chn) + Nhn bit vi thuc th hn ch (c gii hn) + Nhn bit khng c dng thuc th bn ngoi. 1. i vi cht kh: - Kh CO2: Dng dung dch nc vi trong c d, hin tng xy ra l lm c nc vi trong.

- Kh SO2: C mi hc kh ngi, lm phai mu hoa hng hoc Lm mt mu dung dch nc Brm hoc Lm mt mu dung dch thuc tm. 5SO2 + 2KMnO4 + 2H2O 2H2SO4 + 2MnSO 4 + K2SO4 - Kh NH3: C mi khai, lm cho qu tm tm t ho xanh. - Kh clo: Dng dung dch KI + H tinh bt th clo lm dung dch t mu trng chuyn thnh mu xanh. Cl2 + KI + I2 2KCl - Kh H2S: C mi trng thi, dng dung dch Pb(NO3)2 to thnh PbS kt ta mu en. - Kh HCl: Lm giy qu tm t ho hoc sc vo dung dch AgNO3 to thnh kt ta mu trng ca AgCl. - Kh N2: a que dim vo lm que dim tt. - Kh NO ( khng mu ): ngoi khng kh ho mu nu . - Kh NO2 ( mu nu ): Mi hc, lm qu tm tm t ho . 4NO2 + 2H2O + O2 4HNO 3 2. Nhn bit dung dch baz (kim): Lm qu tm ho xanh. - Nhn bit Ca(OH) 2: Dng CO2 sc vo n khi xut hin kt ta th dng li. Dng Na2CO3 to thnh kt ta mu trng ca CaCO3 - Nhn bit Ba(OH) 2: Dng dung dch H2SO4 to thnh kt ta mu trng ca BaSO4. 3. Nhn bit dung dch axt: Lm qu tm ho - Dung dch HCl: Dng dung dch AgNO3 lm xut hin kt ta mu trng ca AgCl. - Dung dch H2SO4: Dng dung dch BaCl2 hoc Ba(OH) 2 to ra kt ta BaSO4. - Dung dch HNO3: Dng bt ng v un nhit cao lm xut hin dung dch mu xanh v c kh mu nu thot ra ca NO2. - Dung dch H2S: Dng dung dch Pb(NO3)2 xut hin kt ta mu en ca PbS. - Dung dch H3PO4: Dng dung dch AgNO3 lm xut hin kt ta mu vng ca Ag3PO4. 4. Nhn bit cc dung dch mui: - Mui clorua: Dng dung dch AgNO3. - Mui sunfat: Dng dung dch BaCl2 hoc Ba(OH) 2. - Mui cacbonat: Dng dung dch HCl hoc H2SO4. - Mui sunfua: Dng dung dch Pb(NO3)2. - Mui phtphat: Dng dung dch AgNO3 hoc dng dung dch CaCl2, Ca(OH) 2 lm xut hin kt ta ma trng ca Ca3(PO4)2. 5. Nhn bit cc oxit ca kim loi. * Hn hp oxit: ho tan tng oxit vo nc (2 nhm: tan trong nc v khng tan)

- Nhm tan trong nc cho tc dng vi CO2. + Nu khng c kt ta: kim loi trong oxit l kim loi kim. + Nu xut hin kt ta: kim loi trong oxit l kim loi kim th. - Nhm khng tan trong nc cho tc dng vi dung dch baz. + Nu oxit tan trong dung dch kim th kim loi trong oxit l Be, Al, Zn, Cr.. + Nu oxit khng tan trong dung dch kim th kim loi trong oxit l kim loi kim th. Nhn bit mt s oxit: - (Na2O; K2O; BaO) cho tc dng vi nc--> dd trong sut, lm xanh qu tm. - (ZnO; Al2O3) va tc dng vi dung dch axit, va tc dng vi dung dch baz. - CuO tan trong dung dch axit to thnh ung dch c mu xanh c trng. - P2O5 cho tc dng vi nc --> dd lm qu tm ho . - MnO2 cho tc dng vi dd HCl c c kh mu vng xut hin. - SiO2 khng tan trong nc, nhng tan trong dd NaOH hoc dd HF. Bi tp p dng: Bi 1: Ch dng thm mt ho cht, nu cch phn bit cc oxit: K2O, Al2O3, CaO, MgO. Bi 2: C 5 mu kim loi Ba, Mg, Fe, Al, Ag nu ch dng dung dch H2SO4 long c th nhn bit c nhng kim loi no. Vit cc PTHH minh ho. Bi 3: Ch c nc v kh CO2 hy phn bit 5 cht bt trng sau y: NaCl, Na2CO3, Na2SO4, BaCO3, BaSO4. Bi 4: Khng c dng thm mt ho cht no khc, hy nhn bit 5 l b mt nhn sau y. KHCO3, NaHSO4, Mg(HCO3)2 , Na2CO3, Ba(HCO3)2. Bi 5: Ch dng thm Cu v mt mui tu hy nhn bit cc ho cht b mt nhn trong cc l ng tng cht sau: HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, H3PO4.

Chuyn 15: Tch - Tinh ch cc cht

tch v tinh ch cc cht ta c th: 1/ S dng cc phng php vt l. - Phng php lc: Dng tch cht khng tan ra khi hn hp lng - Phng php c cn: Dng tch cht tan rn (Khng ho hi khi gp nhit cao) ra khi dung dch hn hp lng. - Phng php chng ct phn on: Dng tch cc cht lng ra khi hn hp lng nu nhit ng c ca chng cch bit nhau qu ln. - Phng php chit: Dng tch cc cht lng ra khi hn hp lng khng ng nht. 2/ S dng phng php ho hc. - S tch: Tch bng AX ng php Tch l hh A,B + X bng p tch PP vt l (B) Lu : Phn ng c chn tch phi tho mn 3 yu cu: - Ch tc dng ln mt cht trong hn hp cn tch. - Sn phm to thnh c th tch d dng khi hn hp - T sn phm phn ng to thnh c kh nng ti to c cht ban u. Bi tp p dng: Bi 1: Tch ring tng cht ra khi hn hp rn gm: Al2O3 ; CuO ; Fe2O3 Bi 2: Tch cc kim loi sau y ra khi hn hp bt gm: Cu, Fe, Al, Ag. Bi 3: Bng phng php ho hc hy tch 3 mui KCl, AlCl3 v FeCl3 ra khi nhau trong mt dung dch. XY +Y ph(P ti to) vt (A)

Bi 4: Tch ring tng cht nguyn cht t hn hp cc oxit gm: MgO, CuO, BaO. Bi 5: Trnh by cch tinh ch: Cl2 c ln CO2 v SO2. Bi 6: Tch ring tng cht ra khi hn hp kh: H2S, CO2, N2 v hi nc. Bi 7: Tch ring N2, CO2 dng tinh khit ra khi hn hp: N2, CO, CO2, O2 v hi H2O. Mt s lu : Phng php Thu kh c tnh cht Kt qu thu c kh H2, He, NH3, CH4, N2 O2, Cl2, HCl, SO2, H2S H2, O2, N2, CH4, He

thu p ngc ng thu Nh hn khng kh Nga ng thu y nc Nng hn khng kh Khng tan v khng tc dng vi H2O

Chuyn 16: Vit phng trnh ho hc iu ch cht v c v thc hin s chuyn ho

(Vn dng tnh cht ho hc ca cc cht v cc phn ng ho hc iu ch cc cht vit) Bi 1: Vit PTHH thc hin s sau. CaCO 3 +A +B CO2 +E +C nhng cht +D khc nhau ) Na2CO3

( Bit A,B,C,D,E l

Bi tp p dng: hon thnh cc PTHH theo s phn ng. 1/ Xc nh cc cht A,B,C,D,E v hon thnh s bin ho sau NaHCO 3 +A CO2 +A Na2CO3 2/ Xc nh cc cht A, B, C, D, E, F, M v hon thnh cc phng trnh ho hc theo s sau: A + NaOH C +HCl (d d ) + F,kk,t0
( dd )

+B +D +E +C CaCO 3

D + H M ,t + CO M. ,t
2 0 0

+ Fe,t0

+ Cl2 ,t0

E t D
0

+ Cl2 ,t0 B

+ NaOH ( dd )

3/ Xc nh B, C, D, E, M, X, Z. Gii thch v hon thnh cc phng trnh ho hc th hin theo s bin ho sau: B + HCl +X+Z M M. +Z + NaOH C 4/ Vit cc phng trnh ho hc th hin theo s bin ho sau ( ghi r iu kin nu c ). (2) (3) FeCl2 Fe(NO3)2 Fe(OH) 2
(1 ) (4)

D +Y+Z

t0

pnc

Fe
(5) (8)

(9)

( 10 )

( 11 )

Fe2O3 Fe(OH) 3

FeCl3

( 6)

Fe(NO3)3

(7)

5/ Xc nh cc cht A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H v hon thnh s bin ho sau: C (2) +H2SO4 A + H2O (1) +G B (6) + H2SO4 (4) H (5) +F (3)+E

D Bit H l mui khng tan trong axt mnh, A l kim loi hot ng ho hc mnh, khi chy ngn la c mu vng. 6/ Hon thnh dy bin ho sau ( ghi r iu kin nu c ) FeSO4 (2) Fe(OH) 2 (3) Fe2O3 Fe (1) Fe (10) (5) (7) (8) (9) (4)

Fe2(SO4)3 Fe3O4

(6)

Fe(OH) 3

7/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng theo s bin ho sau( ghi r iu kin nu c ) BaCO 3
(2) (3)

(1) Ba BaCO3

(7)

Ba(OH) 2

(8)

(9)

BaCl 2

(6)

BaO

(4)

(5)

Ba(HCO 3)2

8/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng theo s bin ho sau( ghi r iu kin nu c ) CaCO3
(2) (3)

Ca CaCO3 CaO

(1) (7)

Ca(OH) 2

(8)

(9)

CaCl2

(6)

(4)

(5)

Ca(HCO 3)2 Hoc cho s sau: Bit rng C l thnh phn chnh ca phn. C
(2) +G (9) (8) + H (3)

A C

(1) (7) + H2 O

B F
+ G (4)

E
+H

(6)

(5)

D 9/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng theo s bin ho sau( ghi r iu kin nu c ) K2CO3
(2) (3)

K KNO3 KNO2

(1) (7)

KOH

(8)

(9)

KCl

(6)

(4)

(5)

KHCO 3 10/ Al
(1) (5)

Al2O3

(2)

AlCl3

(3)

Al(NO3)3

(4)

Al(OH)3

Al2O3 11/ Xc nh cc cht X1, X2 v hon thnh s bin ho sau X1 (1) (2) 4Fe(OH) 2 + O2 t 2Fe2O3 + 4H2O
0

FeCl2 (3)

(5)

Fe2O3 (4) 4FeCl 2 + 8KOH + 2H2O + O2

X2 4Fe(OH) 3 + 8KCl

12/ Hon thnh dy bin ho sau (ghi r iu kin nu c) +B 0 +H2,t A X+D X +O2,t0 +Fe,t0 C +Y hoc Z A+G Bit A l cht kh c mi xc c trng v khi sc A vo dung dch CuCl2 c cht kt ta to thnh. 13/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng sau: KClO3 t0 A+B B + Br2 + D Y+Z

A + MnO2 + H2SO4 C+D+E+F A pnc G+C G + H2O L+M 0 C+L t KClO3 + A + F 14/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng sau: KClO3 t0 A+B

A + KMnO4 + H2SO4 A pnc C+D D + H2O E + ... 0 C+E t ...

C + ...

15/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh ho hc theo s phn ng sau. M+A M +B M+C M+D Fe J M G H F E G I H K E L F H + BaSO 4

16/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh ho hc theo s phn ng sau. Fe(OH) 3 + A FeCl3 FeCl 2 + B + C FeCl2 + D + E FeCl 2 + F Fe 2(CO3)3 Fe(OH) 3 + G ( k )

17/ Chn 2 cht v c tho mn cht R trong s sau: A B C R R R X Y Z 2 cht v c tho mn l NaCl v CaCO3 CaO Ca(OH) 2 CaCO3 CaCO3 CaCO3 CO2 NaHCO 3 Na NaCl Cl2 NaCl HCl NaOH NaCl BaCl 2

CaCl 2 CaCO3 Na2CO3 Na 2SO4 NaCl

Bi tp tng hp: Vit PTHH theo s chui phn ng, gii thch th nghim, nhn bit phn bit tch cht v c 1/ Cho s sau: B A C E G D F A

Bit A l kim loi B, C, D, E, F, G l hp cht ca A. Xc nh cng thc ca A, B, C, D, E, F, G vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra. A l Fe; B l FeCl2; C l FeCl3; D l Fe(OH) 2; E l Fe(OH) 3; F l FeO; G l Fe2O3. Cc phng trnh Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2 2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3 2FeCl3 + Fe 3FeCl 2 FeCl2 + NaOH Fe(OH) 2 + NaCl

Fe(OH) 2 + O2 + 2H2O 4Fe(OH) 3 Fe2O3 + CO FeO + CO2 Fe2O3 + 3CO 2FeO + 3CO2 FeO + CO Fe + CO2 2/ t cacbon trong khng kh nhit cao c hn hp A1. Cho A1 tc dng vi CuO nung nng c kh A2 v hn hp A3. Cho A2 tc dng vi dung dch Ca(OH)2 th thu c kt ta A4 v dung dch A5. Cho A5 tc dng vi Ca(OH) 2 li thu c A4. Cho A3 tc dng vi H2SO4 c nng thu c kh B1 v dung dch B2. Cho B2 tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d c kt ta B3. Nung B3 n khi lng khng i c cht rn B4. Vit cc PTHH xy ra v ch r : A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 , A5 , B1 , B2 , B3 , B4 l cht g? - t cacbon trong khng kh thu c hn hp kh A1 PTHH : t 2C + O2 2CO t0 2CO + O2 2CO2 Hn hp kh A1 gm CO v CO2 - Cho A1 tc dng vi CuO PTHH : t0 CO + CuO Cu + CO2 (3) (2)
0

(1)

Kh A2 l CO2 Hn hp A3 l Cu v c th c CuO d. - Cho A2 tc dng vi dd Ca(OH) 2 CO2 + Ca(OH) 2 Ca CO3 + H2O CO2 + CaCO3 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2 Kt ta A4 l CaCO3 dung dch A5 l Ca(HCO3)2 - Cho A5 tc dng vi Ca(OH) 2 thu c A4 Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH) 2 2CaCO3 + 2H2O (6) - Cho A3 tc dng vi H2SO4 (, nng) c kh B1 v dung dch B2. .t0 Cu + 2H2SO4 CuSO4 + 2H2O + SO2 (7) (4) (5)

.t0 CuO + H2SO4 CuSO4 + H2O Kh B1 l SO2, dung dch B2 l CuSO4 - Cho B2 tc dng vi NaOH d thu c kt ta B3 CuSO4 + 2NaOH Cu(OH) 2 + Na2SO4 - Kt ta B3 l Cu(OH) 2 - Nung B3 n khi lng khng i c B4. Cu(OH) 2 t CuO + H2O B4 l CuO Theo phn ng 1 10 ta c : A1 : CO; CO2 A2 : CO2 A3 : Cu; CuO (d) A4 : CaCO3 A5 : Ca(HCO3)2 3/ B1 : SO2 B2 : CuSO4 B3 : Cu(OH) 2 B4 : CuO
0

(8)

(9)

(10)

Hn hp A gm Fe3O4, Al, Al2O3, Fe. Cho A tan trong dung dch NaOH d, thu c cht rn B, dung dch C v kh D. Cho kh D d tc dng vi A nung nng c cht rn A1. Dung dch C cho tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 long d c dung dch C1. Cht rn A1 tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 c nng (va ) thu c dung dch E v kh F. Cho E tc dng vi bt Fe d c dung dch H. Vit cc PTHH xy ra. 4/ t chy cacbon trong oxi nhit cao c hn hp kh A. Cho A tc dng vi FeO nung nng c kh B v hn hp cht rn C. Cho B tc dng vi dung dch nc vi trong thu c kt ta K v dung dch D, un si D li thu c kt ta K. Cho C tan trong dung dch HCl, thu c kh v dung dch E. Cho E tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d c kt ta hiroxit F. Nung F trong khng kh ti khi lng khng i thu c cht rn G. Xc nh cc cht A, B, C, D, K, E, F. Vit cc PTHH xy ra. 5/ Xc nh cc cht t A1 n A11 v vit cc phng trnh phn ng sau: A1 + A2 A3 + A4 A3 + A5 A6 + A7

A6 A11

+ A10 +

A8

t0

+
0

A9 + t A1 A11

A10 A8

A4

A8 +

Bit A3 l mui st Clorua, nu ly 1,27 gam A3 tc dng vi dd AgNO3 d thu c 2,87 gam kt ta. 6/ Hn hp A gm BaO, FeO, Al2O3. Ho tan A trong lng nc d c dd D v phn khng tan B. Sc kh CO2 d vo D, phn ng to kt ta. Cho kh CO d i qua B nung nng c cht rn E. Cho E tc dng vi dd NaOH d, thy tan mt phn v cn li cht rn G. Ho tan ht G trong lng d H2SO4 long ri cho dd thu c tc dng vi dd NaOH d, lc kt ta nung ngoi khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c cht rn Z. Gii thch th nghim trn bng cc phng trnh ho hc. 7/ C cc phn ng sau: MnO2 + HCl Kh A Na2SO3 + H2SO4 ( l ) Kh B FeS + HCl Kh C NH4HCO3 + NaOHd Kh D Na2CO3 + H2SO4 ( l ) Kh E a. Xc nh cc kh A, B, C, D, E. b. Cho A tc dng C , B tc dng vi dung dch A, B tc dung vi C, A tc dung dch NaOH iu kin thng, E tc dng dung dch NaOH. Vit cc PTHH xy ra. c. C 3 bnh kh A, B, E mt nhn. Bng phng php ho hc hy phn bit cc kh. 8/ Mt hn hp X gm cc cht: Na2O, NaHCO3, NH4Cl, BaCl2 c s mol mi cht bng nhau. Ho tan hn hp X vo nc, ri un nh thu c kh Y, dung dch Z v kt ta M. Xc nh cc cht trong Y, Z, M v vit phng trnh phn ng minh ho. 9/ Nhit phn mt lng MgCO3 trong mt thi gian thu c mt cht rn A v kh B. Cho kh B hp th hon ton vo dung dch NaOH thu c dung dch C. Dung dch C c kh nng tc dng c vi BaCl2 v KOH. Cho A tc dng vi dung dch HCl d li thu c kh B v mt dung dch D. C cn dung dch D c mui khan E. in phn nng chy E c kim loi M. Xc nh A, B, C, D, E, M v Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra trong th nghim trn. 10/ Cho BaO vo dung dch H2SO4 long ,sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c kt ta A v dung dch B. Cho nhm d vo dung dch B thu c kh E v dung dch D. Ly dung dch D cho tc

dng vi dung dch Na2CO3 thu c kt ta F. Xc nh cc cht A,B,C,D,F . Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra. 11/ Tm cc cht A,B,C,D,E (hp cht ca Cu) trong s sau v vit phng trnh ho hc: A B A - Cu(OH) 2 (1) Cu(OH) 2 (5) CuCl2 CuCl2 (6) Cu(NO3)2 B C B- CuCl2 (2) Cu(NO3)2 (7) Cu(OH) 2
CuCl2 + 2 H2O 2AgCl + Cu(NO3)2

C A C - Cu(NO3)2 (3)

D Cu E D- CuO CuO Cu (8) CuSO4 E - CuSO4 (4)

S v cc PTHH xy ra:

(1) Cu(OH)2 + 2 HCl (2) CuCl2 + 2AgNO3 (3) 2Cu(NO3)2

t0 2CuO + 4 NO2 + O2 Cu + H2O 2AgCl + Cu(NO3)2

(4) CuO + H2 (5) CuCl2 + 2AgNO3 (7) Cu(OH) 2 + H2SO4

t0

(6) Cu(NO3)2 + 2 NaOH

Cu(OH) 2 + 2 NaNO3 CuSO4 + 2H2O

(8) Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu. 12/ Nung nng Cu trong khng kh, sau mt thi gian c cht rn A. Ho tan A trong H2SO4 c, nng c dung dch B v kh C. Kh C tc dng vi dung dch KOH thu c dung dch D, Dung dch D va tc dng c vi BaCl2 va tc dng c vi NaOH. Cho B tc dng vi KOH. Vit cc PTHH Xy ra. 13/ C mt ming Na do khng cn thn nn tip xc vi khng kh m trong mt thi gian bin thnh sn phm A. Cho A phn

ng vi nc c dung dch B. Cho bit thnh phn c th c ca A, B? Vit cc PTHH v gii thch th nghm trn. 14/ Hn hp A gm BaO, FeO, Al2O3. Ho tan A trong lng nc d c dung dch D v phn khng tan B. Sc kh CO2 d vo D, phn ng to kt ta. Cho kh CO d i qua B nung nng c cht rn E. Cho E tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d thy tan mt phn v cn li cht rn G. Ho tan ht G trong lng d dung dch H2SO4 long. Vit cc PTHH xy ra. 15/ Cht rn A mu xanh lam tan c trong nc to thnh dung dch. Khi cho thm NaOH vo dung dch to ra kt ta B mu xanh lam . Khi nung nng cht B b ho en. Nu sau tip tc nung nng sn phm trong dng kh H2 th to ra cht rn C mu . Cht rn C tc dng vi mt axt v c m c to ra dung dch ca cht A ban u. Hy cho bit A l cht no. Vit tt c cc PTHH xy ra.

Phn B. Ho hc hu c
Cc phng php gii ton ho hc c bn. 1/ Phng php p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t. Trong mi qu trnh bin i vt cht th cc nguyn t (ngoi tr cc phn ng bin i ht nhn nguyn t), tng s khi lng v in tch ca cc thnh phn tham gia bin i lun lun c bo ton. 2/ Phng php p dng nh lut v thnh phn khng i Vi mi hp cht cho trc th: - T l khi lng ca mi nguyn t i vi khi lng hp cht l mt s khng i. - T l khi lng gia cc nguyn t l mt s khng i. 3/ Phng php p dng cc nh lut vt l v cht kh. - nh lut Avgar: cng mt iu kin v nhit v p sut, bt k cht kh no nu c cng s phn t bng nhau th chim th tch nh nhau. - H qu: 1 mol phn t cht kh no cng c mt s phn t l N = 6,02.1023 phn t. Do 1 mol phn t kh no cng chim mt th tch nh nhau khi xt cng iu kin v nhit v p sut. - Phng trnh Mendeleev Clapeyron: PV = nRT Trong : + n: s mol + p: p sut (atm) = p/760 (mmHg) V: th tch (lit) T = t0c + 273 (nhit tuyt i: K) R = 22,4/273 atm.lit/mol.K (hng s Rydberg) 4/ Phng php chuyn bi ton hn hp thnh bi ton mt cht tng ng (phng php trung bnh) Khi hn hp gm nhiu cht cng tc dng vi mt cht khc m phn ng xy ra cng mt loi (oxi ho - kh, trung ho, axit baz,...) v hiu sut cc phn ng bng nhau th ta c th thay th c hn hp bng mt cht gi l cht tng ng c s mol, khi lng, hay th tch bng s mol, khi lng hay th tch ca c hn hp m cc kt qu phn ng ca cht tng ng y ht nh kt qu cc phn ng ca ton hn hp. Cng thc ca cht tng ng gi l cng thc tng ng hay cng thc trung bnh.

Khi lng mol phn t, khi lng mol nguyn t, s nguyn t ca cc nguyn t ca cht tng ng l cc gi tr trung bnh M , A , x , y , z ,... Gi a1, a2, a3, ...< 1 ln lt l thnh phn % theo s mol ca cc cht 1, 2, 3, ...trong hn hp. Ta c:
M = mhh Khoiluonghonhop = n Tongsomol hh

= a1M1 + a2M2 + a3M3 + ....

Vi mhh = n1M1 + n2M2 + n3M3 + ... Trong : n1, n2, n3, ...ln lt l s mol phn t ca cht 1, 2, 3,... A = a1A1 + a2A2 + a3A3 + ... x = a1x1 + a2x2 + a3x3 + ... y = a1y1 + a2y2 + a3y3 + ... z = a1z1 + a2z2 + a3z3 + ... Gi tr nh nht < gi tr trung bnh < gi tr ln nht. Suy ra: - Hai cht ng ng lin tip th: x < x < x + 1 ; 2p < y < 2(p + 1) - Hn hp anken v ankyn th: 1 < k < 2 - Hai s c gi tr trung bnh l trung bnh cng khi v ch khi hai s c h s bng nhau; n1 = n2 ---> a1 = a2 Trung bnh ca hai s nguyn lin tip l mt s khng nguyn v trong khong hai s nguyn . Th d: cho n v n + 1 c n = 3,2 ---> n = 3 v n + 1 = 4. 5/ Bn cht phn ng sc kh CO2 hay SO2 vo dung dch kim. Dung dch kim c th l dung dch NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH) 2, Ba(OH) 2. Khi cho CO2 hay SO2 l nhng oxit axit vo trong dung dch th CO2 hay SO2 s kt hp vi nc ca dung dch kim s to ra axit. Bn cht ca phn ng gia CO2 hay SO2 v dung dch kim l phn ng trung ho axit v baz. H+ + OH- ----> H2O - Nu s mol OH- s mol H+ ---> mi trng trung ho hay c tnh kim. Do bi ton cho kim d (nc vi trong d, xt d,...) th phn ng ch to ra mui trung tnh khi kim dng va hoc d. - Nu s mol H+ > s mol OH- ---> mi trng c tnh axit. s mol H+(d) = s mol H+(b) s mol OH- . - Nu s mol H+(d) s mol CO32- ---> Phn ng ch to mui axit. - Nu s mol H+(d) < s mol CO32- ----> Phn ng ch bin i mt phn mui trung tnh ra mui axit, ngha l to ra hai mui.

6/ Phng php bin lun: Khi ta s dng ht gi thit m vn cha tm c kt qu hoc cho nhiu kt qu khng hp l th bi ton phi c gii hoc chn nghim hp l bng phng php bin lun. Ni chung, trong ton Ho, ta hay da vo quy lut ca s t nhin, quy lut kt hp ca cc nguyn t, thuyt cu to ho hc, dy in ho, bng phn loi tun hon bin lun.

chuyn 17: Vit ng phn ctct, vit PTHH theo chui phn ng - iu ch, nhn bit - phn bit - tch cc cht hu c.
Bi 1: Vit cc cng thc cu to c th c ng vi cng thc phn t C5H10: CH2 = CH - CH2 - CH2 - CH3 CH2 = C - CH2 - CH3 | CH3 CH3 - CH = CH- CH2 - CH3 CH3 - C= CH - CH3 | CH2 CH3 CH2 = CH - CH - CH3 | CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 C CH - CH2 - CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2 CH3 CH3 CH2 CH2

CH3 CH3

Bi 2: 1. A, B, D, F, G, H, I l cc cht hu c tho mn cc s phn ng sau: t , xt , xt A ; B + C t D ; D + E t F ; B + C t , xt t , xt F + O2 G + E ; F + G H + E ; H + NaOH G+L I+C t I + F Xc nh A, B, D, F, G, H, I, L. Vit phng trnh ho hc biu din s phn ng trn. 2. Vit cng thc cu to cc ng phn ca A ng vi cng thc phn t C5H12. Xc nh cng thc cu to ng ca A bit
0 0 0 0 0 0

rng khi A tc dng vi clo( askt ) theo t l 1 : 1 v s mol to ra mt sn phm duy nht. 3. T nguyn liu chnh l vi, than , cc cht v c v iu kin cn thit. Vit s phn ng iu ch cc ru CH3OH; C2H5OH; CH3 CH2 CH2OH v cc axit tng ng. Bi 3: 1/ Vit cng thc cu to c th c ng vi cng thc phn t : C5H12 , C3H6O2 , C3H7O 2/ C cc cht ng ring bit trong cc l mt nhn gm: Ru etylic, axit axtic, benzen, dung dch NaOH, dung dch H2SO4, dung dch Ba(OH) 2. Bng phng php ho hc hy phn bit cc cht ng trong mi l trn. Bi 4: Hon thnh s bin ho sau (ghi r iu kin nu c) ( 3) ( 4) B C Cao su buna
(2)

CaC2

(1)

A
(5)

( 6) (7) (8 ) (9) D Ru etylic E F G 10 CH3Cl Bit F l: CH3COONa

Bi 5: 1/ a - Vit cng thc cu ti c th c ca C4H8, C2H4O2, C3H8O. b - C cc cht kh sau C2H6, C2H2, C2H4, CO2, N2, O2. Bng phng php ho hc hy phn bit cc cht trn. 2/ Vit PTP theo s bin ho sau (Ghi r iu kin nu c): CH3COOH
2

C2H2 1 CH3CHO

5

CH3COOC2H5

C2H5OH C2H5OH 3/ T than , vi, cc cht v c v cc iu kin cn thit. Vit cc PTP (Ghi r iu kin) iu ch Vinyl clorua, Poly etilen, Cao su buna. Bi 6: a. Xc nh cc cht A , B , C , D , E , F v vit cc PTHH minh ho. AS , ,t C2H6 + Cl A + NaOH B O C + Ca (OH ) D + Na E + NaOH , F , xt CO xtCaO b. Vit tt c cc ng phn c th c ng vi cng thc phn t : C3H6O2
2 2 2 2 3 0

Bi 7: 1. C cc cht: H2O, ru etylic, axit axtic v axit cacbonic. Sp xp theo th t gim dn v tnh axit, t dn ra cc phng trnh phn ng minh ho cho trt t sp xp . 2. T kh thin nhin, cc cht v c v iu kin cn thit vit cc phng trnh phn ng iu ch axtilen, ru etylic, axit axtic, poli vinyl clorua (PVC), cao su buna. Bi 8: Hy nhn bit cc l mt nhn ng cc cht lng: CH3COOH, HCl, C2H5OH, NaOH v C6H6 bng phng php ho hc. Bi 9: Xc nh cng thc cu to ca A, B, C, D, E, F, G v hon thnh cc phng trnh ho hc th hin theo s bin ho sau(ghi r cc iu kin nu c). C +Y C ( TH:t0,p,xt) G + X, (t0,xt) (xt) (t0,xt) A 1500, LLN B E C 0 +Y, (t ,xt) +X (t0,xt) 0 D ( t0,xt ) F ( T ; H 2 SO 4
0

c )

CH3 COOC2H5 Bit A l thnh phn chnh ca kh bn ao, D ch c 1 nhm chc l: CHO, G l PE Bi 10: Vit cc phng trnh ho hc th hin theo s chuyn ho sau. ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) (5) ( 6) CaCO3 (1) CaO CaC2 C2H2 C2H4 C2H5OH (7) (8 ) (9) 10 ) CH3COOH CH3COONa CH4 CO2 ( Ba(HCO3)2. Bi 11: 1/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh ho hc theo dy bin ho sau . a/ CaC2 CH = CH CH2 = CH2 CH3 CH2 OH CH3 COOH CH3 COONa CH4 CH3Cl b/ CH3 COOH CH3 COOC2H5 CH3 CH2 OH CH3 CH2 ONa 2/ Vit phng trnh ho hc ca axtilen vi H2, HCl, dung dch Brm v vi Ag2O trong mi trng NH3 (hoc AgNO3 trong mi trng NH3). Bi 12: 1/ Vit cc cng thc cu to thu gn ca cc ng phn c cng cng thc phn t ca cc hp cht hu c sau : C4H8 , C4H10O , C3H6O2 . 2/ Hn hp X gm mt ankan v mt ankin c t l phn t khi tng ng l

22 : 13. t chy hon ton 0,2 mol hn hp X, thu c 22g CO2 v 9g H2O. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca ankan v ankin trn. 3/ Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng theo s bin ho sau(ghi r iu kin nu c) D + NaOH E
men gim Xt : CaO, T
0

+O2 CO2 A B
ASKT ,Clorofin Lenmen

CH4
XT, T 0

+ H2 O

XT

Crcking,T 0

C4H6 + H ,t C4H10 , Ni
2 0

Xc nh cc cht A,B,D,E,F trong mi phng trnh. Bi 13: 1/ C 3 hp cht hu c c cng thc phn t nh sau: CH2O2, C2H4O2, C3H6O2. Hy vit cng thc cu to c th c ng vi 3 cng thc phn t trn. 2/ Hon thnh s bin ho sau (ghi r iu kin nu c) ( 3) ( 4) B C Cao su buna
(2)

CH4 1500 c F
0

CaC2

(1)

A
(5)

( 6) (7) (8 ) (9) D Ru etylic E F G Bit G (thnh phn chnh ca kh bn ao) 3/ Bng phng php ho hc hy phn bit cc dung dch ng trong cc l mt nhn cha ring bit cc dung dch: CH3COOH, HCOOH, C2H5OH, C6H6. 4/ Hy xc nh cng thc cu to c th c ca cc hp cht hu c ng vi cng thc tng qut: CXHYOZ khi x 2. Bit rng cc hp cht u tc dng c vi kali v khng phi l hp cht a chc. 5/ Cho mt hir cacbon A, t chy hon ton 1 mol A cn 6 mol oxi. Xc nh cng thc phn t, vit cng thc cu to v gi tn A. Bit A th kh.

Bi 14: 1/Xc nh cc cht A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H v hon thnh s bin ho sau (ghi r iu kin nu c) C (2) Ln men gim (3) D (4)

Ln men + Cl2 , askt A (1) (8) H

(5)

+ H2 , xt Ni, t E (6) F Bit: E l nguyn liu chnh sn xut cao su buna. G l thnh phn chnh ca kh bn ao. 2/ Cho mt ru no X, t chy hon ton mt mol X cn 3 mol oxi. Xc nh cng thc phn t, vit cng thc cu to v gi tn X. 3/ Bng phng php ho hc hy tch ring CO2 v C2H6 ra khi hn hp kh CO2, C2H2, C2H4 v C2H6. 4/ C 4 l mt nhn cha ring bit cc kh CO2 ,CH4 ,C2H4 v C2H2.Bng phng php ho hc hy nhn bit cc nm trong mi l. Vit phng trnh ho hc minh ho (nu c). Bi 15: 1/ Vit cng thc cu to cc ng phn ng vi cng thc phn t: C3H6O2, C3H8O, C3H6, C5H10 2/ Cht A c cng thc phn t C2H6 .Xc nh cng thc cu to ca cc cht B, C, D, E, F v hon thnh cc phng trnh ho hc theo s phn ng sau: C2H6 + Cl B + NaOH C + O , D + Ca (OH ) E + Na F , ASKT XT CO + NaOH , ,t CH4 Xt:CaO 3/ t chy 1 lt hn hp gm 2 Hir cacbon th kh thu c 1,6 lt kh CO2 v 1,4 lt hi nc. Cc th tch o cng iu kin nhit v p sut. Xc nh 2 cht v thnh phn % v s mol ca mi cht trong hn hp. 4/ Bng phng php ho hc hy nu cch phn bit 4 cht kh sau: CH4, C2H2, SO2v CO2.
2 2 2 2 3 0

(7)

Bi 16: Cho s biu din bin ho ho hc sau: R1 R2 R3 R5 R4 R6 R3 - Xc nh cng thc cc cht R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6 (thuc hp cht hu c) v vit cc phng trnh ho hc biu din cc bin ho trn (mi mi tn ch vit mt PTHH).

- Trong cc bin ho trn c khi no phn ng xy ra theo chiu ngc li khng? (Vit cc PTHH, nu iu kin xy ra cc phn ng) V R1 tc dng vi I2 to ra mau xanh nn R1 l tinh bt(C6H10O5)n ta c: R1->R2: (C6H10O5 )n + nH2O nC6H12O6 (1) R2->R3 : C6H12O6 men zima 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 (2) R3->R4 : C2H5OH + O2 XT CH3COOH + H2O (3) R3->R5 : C2H5OH H2SO4 C2H4 + H2O (4) R5->R3 : C2H4 + H2O AX C2H5OH (5) R3->R6 : C2H5OH + CH3COOH H2SO4 CH3COOC2H5 + H2O (6) R4->R6 : CH3COOH +C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O (7) Nhng phn ng xy ra theo chiu ngc li c l :(4), (5) C2H4 + H2O XT,P C2H5OH C2H5OH H2SO4 C2H4 + H2O

Chuyn 18: Ton hirocacbon

Cng thc phn t tng qut v cng thc phn t ca cht tng ng vi hn hp. Cng thc mt cht CxHy iu kin: y 2x + 2 Hay CnH2n + 2 2k iu kin: x, y, n N0 Vi k l tng s lin kt v vng. Nu mch h --> k = tng s ni , k N. k = 0: Ankan CnH2n + 2 ; n 1 k = 1: Xiclankan hay anken. Xiclankan: CnH2n ; n 3 Anken: CnH2n ; n 2 k = 2 (mch h): Ankaien hay ankyn Ankaien: CnH2n 2 ; n 3 Ankyn: CnH2n 2 ; n 2 k = 4: Aren (3 + 1 vng) CnH2n 6 ; n 6 Cng thc cht tng ng C x H y , x > 1; y > 2 Hay C n H2 n + n > 1; k 0
2- 2

C n H2 n

+ 2

; n >1

C n H2 n ; n > 2 C n H2 n C n H2 n ; n >2 ; n >6

- 2

- 6

1/ Phn ng cng: Hirocacbon c ni , Xiclopropan, xiclobutan mi c phn ng cng. - Cng H2: vi cht xc tc l Ni hoc Pt nung nng. CnH2n + 2 2k + kH2 ----> CnH2n + 2 C n H2 n + 2 - 2 k + k H2 ----> C n H2 n + 2 1mol 1mol k mol H qu: - gim s mol ca hn hp lun lun bng s mol H2 tham gia phn ng. - Tng s mol hirocacbon sn phm v s mol hirocacbon nguyn liu (d) lun lun bng s mol hirocacbon nguyn liu ban u. 2/ Phn ng cng Br2: C n H2 n + 2 - 2 k + k Br2 ----> C n H2 n H qu:

+ 2- 2

k Br2 k 1 s mol Br2. k

- S mol hirocacbon tham gia phn ng bng

3/ Phn ng chy: CxHy + (x + C n H2 n

+ 2- 2

y y )O2 ----> x CO2 + H2O 4 2

k + (3 n + 1 - k )/2 O2 ----> n CO2 + ( n + 1 - k ) H2O.

H qu: *) k = 0, ta c: C n H2 n + 2 + (3 n + 1)/2 O2 ----> n CO2 + ( n + 1) H2O x mol ( n + 1)x mol n x mol ----> x = ( n + 1)x - n x = s mol H2O s mol CO2 Vy ta c: C n H2 n + 2 chy <---> s mol H2O > s mol CO2 v s mol C n H2 n + 2 = s mol H2O - s mol CO2 *) k = 1, ta c: C n H2 n + 3 n /2 O2 ----> n CO2 + n H2O C n H2 n chy <--> s mol H2O = s mol CO2 *) k = 2, ta c: C n H2 n - 2 + (3 n - 1)/2 O2 ----> n CO2 + ( n - 1) H2O x mol ( n - 1)x mol n x mol ----> x = n x - ( n + 1)x = s mol CO2 - s mol H2O Vy ta c: C n H2 n - 2 chy <---> s mol H2O < s mol CO2 v s mol C n H2 n - 2 = s mol CO2 - s mol H2O *) Ch : - Hn hp hirocacbon th kh th: n 4 v n 4 - Ch c nhng Ankyn 1 (c ni 3 u mch) mi c phn ng th AgNO3/NH4OH. - Ngoi tr CH CH, cc ankyn cn li khi b hyrat ho cho sn phm chnh l xtn. - Nu hircacbon b hyrat ho m to ra ru n chc no th hirocacbon ny chnh l anken (hay olefin) Bi tp p dng: Bi 1: 1. Hn hp A gm mtan, axtylen theo t l th tch l 1:1 a/ Tinh ch CH4 t hn hp b/ Tinh ch C2H2 t hn hp 2. Hn hp A gm axtylen v hidro c t khi so vi hidro bng 4. a/ Tnh % v th tch ca mi kh trong hn hp A,

b/ t nng hn hp trong bnh kn c t bt Ni lm xc tc thu c hn hp kh B. - Cho 1/2 khi lng B i qua dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3 thy to thnh 0,12g kt ta mu vng. Tnh khi lng ca C2H2 trong hn hp B. - Cho 1/2 lng kh B qua dung dch nc Brm thy bnh nng thm 0,041(g). Tnh khi lng ca tylen c trong hn hp B. Hng dn: 1. a/ Cho hn hp i qua nc Br2 d: C2H2 + 2Br 2 C2H2Br4 Tinh ch c CH4 b/ Cho hn hp i qua dung dch Ag2O (NH2) C2H2 + Ag2O C2Ag2 + H2O - Lc ly kt ta hon tan bng HNO 3 C2Ag2 + HNO3 AgNO3 + C2H2 2. a. Gi mt s mol ca C2H2 l x -> nH2 = 1 - x Ta c:
26 x + 2(1 x) =4 2

-> x = 0, 25 Ta c: C2H2 chim 25%; v H2Chim 75% b. t nng hn hp

Ni > C2H4 to Ni C2H2 + 3H2 0 > C2H6 t

C2H2 + H2

Hn hp kh B; C2H2; C2H4; C2H6 Cho 1/2B i qua dung dch Ag2O (NH3) C2H2 + Ag2O NH C2Ag2 + H2O
3

nC2H2 = nC2Ag2 =

0,12 = 0,0005 (mol) 240

Khi lng C2H2 c trong hn hp B: 0,0005.2. 26 = 0,026(g) - Cho 1/2 B i qua dung dch Br2 Cc phn ng: C2H4 + Br2 C2H4 Br2 C2h2 + 2Br2 C2H2 Br4 - Khi lng ca C2H4 trong hn hp B l: (0,041 0,026 ). 2 = 0,056 (g) 2

Bi 2: Cc hirocacbon A, B, C u trng thi kh iu kin thng, xc nh cng thc ca chng bng kt qu ca tng th nghim sau:

a, 1,4g cht A lm mt mu va mt dung dch cha 8g brm. b, Mt th tch V ca B chy cn 2,5V kh xi. c, Tng th tch C v th tch xi va bng tng th tch ca kh CO2 v hi nc to thnh, th tch hi nc ng bng th tch CO2. a, theo TN ta c : MA=
1,4.160 = 28 (g) 8

Xt cc trng hp :- hirocacbon CnH2n+2 v CnH2n-2 khng c trng hp no c M = 28g - hirocacbon CnH2n : ch c C2H4 l tho mn M=28g vy A l C2H4 (1) b, Gi cng thc B l CxHy v t VB = V0 Ta c :C2H4 + (x+ VO2 = (x +
y ) O2 4

xCO2 +

y H2O 2

y )V0 4

x+

y 4

VCxHy V0 x, y phi tho mn iu kin : x, y l nhng s nguyn dng 2x-2 y 2x+2 Ch c nghim x=y=2 tho mn . Vy B l C2H2 C, Ta c : CnH2n + (n+
n )O2 2 n 2

nCO2 + nH2O

-Theo PTHH VCO2= VH2O(hi ) Nu ly VCnH2n =1 th Vu = 1+ n + Vcui =Vu -> 1=

n 2

-> n=2 Vy C l C2H4

Bi 3: Hn hp A gm cc kh mtan, tylen v axtylen. a. Dn 2,8 lt hn hp A ktc qua bnh ng dung dch nc Brm thy bnh b nht mu i mt phn v c 20g brm phn ng. b. Mt khc t chy hon ton 5,6 lit A ktc ri cho ton b sn phm chy qua bnh ng 175,2 gam dung dch NaOH 20% sau th nghim thu c dung dch cha 1,57% NaOH. Tnh % theo th tch ca mi kh c trong hn hp A. Hng dn: Gi x, y, z ln lt l cc s mol ca CH4 , C2H4 v C2H2 c trong 2,8 lt hn hp: nhh = 22,4 = 0, 125 mol
2,8

Khi cho 2,8 lt hn hp i qua bnh ng ncBrm ch c C2H4 v C2H2 phn ng Phng trnh phn ng: C2H4 + Br2 -> C2H4Br2 C2H2 + 2 Br2 -> C2H2Br Ta c: nBr2 = y + 2z =
20 = 0, 125 100

t chy 5,6 lt hn hp CH4 + 2O2 -> CO2 + 2h2O 2x 2x C2H4 + 3O2-> 2CO2 + 2H2O 2y 4y 2C2H2 + O2 -> 4 CO2 + 2 H2O 2z 4z Ta c: n CO2 = 2x + 4y + 4z = 0,375 + y n NaOH = 0,876 mol CO2 + 2NaOH -> Na2CO3 + H2O 1mol 2mol n NaOH phn ng = 2n CO2 = 0,75 + 2y n NaOH d = 0, 876 - 0,75 - 2y = 0,126 - 2y Ta c h phng trnh
x + y + z = 0,125 y + 2 z = 0,125 40.(0,126 2 y ) .100 = 1,57 (0,375 + y ).44 = 175,2

Gii h ta c: y = 0,025 x = z = 0, 05 % CH4 = 40% % C2H4 = 20% % C2H2 = 40%

Bi 4: Hn hp A gm CH4, C2H2 v mt hirocacbon X c cng thc CnH2n +2. Cho 0,896 lt hn hp A i qua dung dch Brom d phn ng xy ry ra hon ton, thy thot ra 0,448 lt hn hp hai kh . Bit rng t l s mol CH4 v CnH2n+ 2 trong hn hp l 1:1, khi t chy 0,896 lit A thu c 3,08gam CO2 ( KTC). a- Xc nh cng thc phn t ca Hirocacbon X b- Tnh thnh phn % theo th tch ca mi kh trong hn hp A. Hng dn: a- Khi cho hn hp A qua dung dch brom d, c phn ng: C2H2 + 2Br2 C2H2Br4 V phn ng xy ra hon ton v c hai kh thot ra khi dung dch brom, nn hai kh l CH4 v CnH2n+ 2

Theo bi, VC2H2 tham gia phn ng l: 0,896 - 0,448 = 0,448 (lt) Vy s mol C2H2 l: 0,448 = 0,02 (mol) 22,4 Gi s mol ca CH4 l x. Theo bi => s mol ca CnH2n + 2 cng l x. Vy ta c: x + x = 0,448 = 0,02 => x = 0,01. 22,4 Phng trnh ho hc ca phn ng t chy hn hp: 2C2H2 + 5O2 4CO2 + 2H2O 0,02 mol 0,04 mol CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O 0,01 mol 0,01mol 2CnH2n + 2 + (3n + 1) O2 2nCO2 + 2 (n +1)H2O 0,01 mol 0,01,n mol Vy ta c: nCO2 = 0,04 + 0,01 +0,01n = 3,08 => n = 2 44 Vy cng thc phn t ca hirocacbon X l C2H6 b- Tnh % th tch cc kh: % VC2H2 = 0,448: 0,896 x 100% = 50% % VCH4 = % VC2H6 = (100% - 50%) : 2 = 25% Bi 5: Ngi ta t chy mt hidrcacbon no bng O2 d ri dn sn phm chy i ln lt qua H2SO4 c ri n 350ml dung dch NaOH 2M thu c dung dch A. Khi thm BaCl2 d vo dung dch A thy tc ra 39,4gam kt ta BaCO3 cn lng H2SO4 tng thm 10,8gam. Hi hir cc bon trn l cht no ? Hng dn: - Sn phm chy khi t Hir cac bon bng kh O2 l CO2; H2O; O2 d. Khi dn sn phm chy i qua H2SO4 c th ton b H2O b gi li (do H2SO4 c ht nc mnh), do vy lng H2SO4 tng 10,8gam, chnh bng lng nc to thnh ( mH O = 10,8gam), kh cn li l CO2, O2 d tip tc qua dung dch NaOH, xy ra phn ng gia CO2 v NaOH CO2 + 2NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O (1) CO2 + NaOH NaHCO 3 (2) Tu thuc vo s mol ca CO2 v NaOH m c th to ra mui trung ho Na2CO3 ln mui axit NaHCO3) * Trng hp 1: NaOH d, sn phm ca phn ng gia CO2 v NaOH ch l mui trung ho. Dung dch A gm Na2CO3 + H2O Khi phn ng vi dung dch BaCl2, ton b mui gc cacbonat b chuyn thnh kt ta BaCO3. Na2CO3 + BaCl 2 BaCO3 + 2NaCl (3) nBaCO = nCO Ta c:
2 3 2

V:
2

nBaCO =
3

nCO = 0,2 (mol) 108 , = 0,6(mol ) Trong khi: nH O = 18 nCO 0,2 1 = = khng tn ti hir cc bon no no nh Suy ra: T s nH O 0,6 3
2 2 2

394 , = 0,2(mol ) 197

vy v t s nh nht l

1 CH4 chy 2

* Trng hp 2: - Nh vy NaOH khng d. Ngha l NaOH phn ng ht. ng thi to ra c mui axt v mui trung ho (c phn ng (1) v (2) u xy ra, lng CO2 phn ng hon ton, lng CO2 b gi li hon ton) - Theo phng trnh (1) n NaOH ban u = 0,35 . 2 = 0.7 (mol) nNaOH = 2. nNa CO = 2 . nBaCO = 2 . 0,2 = 0,4 (mol) nCO (1) = 0,2 (mol) (*) Lng NaOH cn li: 0,7 - 0,4 = 0,3 (mol). Tham gia phn ng (2) - Theo phng trnh (2): nCO = n NaOH = 0,3 (mol) (**) - Vy t (*), (**) lng kh CO2 to thnh trong phn ng chy l nCO = 0,2 + 0,3 = 0,5 (mol) Gi CTHH hir cc bon no l CnH2n+2 (n 1) Phn ng chy; 3n + 1 O2 n CO2 + (n + 1)H2O CnH2n+2 + 2 n 0,5 = n= 5 Do ; n + 1 0,6 Vy hir cc bon cn tm c cng thc ho hc C5H12
2 3 3 2 2 2

Bi 6: Cho bit X cha 2 hoc 3 nguyn t trong s cc nguyn t C; H; O. 1/ Trn 2,688lt CH4 (ktc) vi 5,376lt kh X (ktc) thu c hn hp kh Y c khi lng 9,12g. Tnh khi lng phn t X. 2/ t chy hon ton hn hpY. Cho sn phm chy hp th ht vo dung dch cha 0,48 mol Ba(OH) 2 thy to ra 70,92g kt ta. Xc nh CTPT v vit CTCT ca X. Hng dn: 1/ S mol cc cht =
2,688 = 0,12 mol 22,4

nx =

5,376 = 0,24 mol 22,4 7,2 = 30 0,24

mx = 9,12 . 0,12 . 16 = 7,2 => Mx = 2/ Cc PTHH c th xy ra gm: CH4 + 2O2 -> CO2 + 2H2O CxHyOz + (x + CO2 + Ba(OH) 2 -> BaCO3 + H2O CO2d + H2O + BaCO3 -> Ba(HCO3)2 Xy ra 2 trng hp: a, Trng hp 1: CO2 thiu -> khng c PTHH(4)
nCO2 = nBaCO3 = y z y - )O2 -> xCO2 + H2O 2 2 2

(1) (2) (3) (4)

70,92 = 0,36 mol 197 lng CO2 do CH4 to ra theo PT (1) = nCH 4 = 0,12 mol. Do lng CO2

do X to ra X=
0,24 =1 0,24

= 0,36 - 0,12 = 0,24 mol. Nh vy s nguyn t C trong

12 . 1 + y + 16z = 30 hay y + 16z = 18. Cp nghim duy nht z = 1 v y = 2 => CTPT l CH2O CTCT l H - C b, Trng hp 2: CO2 d c PTHH (4) Lc n CO2 = 0,48 + ( 0,48 - 0,36 ) = 0,6 mol d nCO do X to ra = 0,6 - 0,12 = 0,48 mol
2

O H

-> nguyn t C trong X = ta c

0,48 =2 0,24

12 . 2 + y + 16z = 30 <=> 24 + y + 16z = 30 <=> y + 16z = 6 Cp nghim duy nht z = 0 ; y = 6 H H CTPT l C2H6 CTCT l H-C-C-H H H Bi 7: t chy hon ton 1 hn hp kh gm 2 hidrocacbon c cng thc tng qut CnH2n v C mH2m + 2. (4 m 1); (4 n 2) cn dng 35,2g kh O2. Sau phn ng thu c 14,4g H2O v lng kh CO2 c th tch bng
7 th tch ca hn hp kh ban u. 3

a. Tnh % th tch ca hn hp kh ban u. b. Xc nh CTPT v CTCT c th c ca cc hidrocacbonat ni trn.

35,2 =1,1 mol 32 14,4 n H 2O = = 0,8 mol 18

n O2 =

Gi a, b ln lt l s mol ca 2 hirocacbon CnH2n v CmH2m + 2 Ta c PTHH

3n O2 n CO2 + n H2O 2 3na a. na na 2 (3m + 1)O 2 CmH2m + 2 + m CO2 + (m +1)H2O 2 3m + 1) b ( 2) ). b mb (m+1)b (3m + 1) 3na n O2 = + b = 1,1 (1) 2 2 n H 2 O = na + (m+1)b = 0,8 (2) 7 n CO2 = na + mb = (a+b) (3) 3

CnH2n +

Gii h PT ta c a = 0,2 b = 0,1 % CnH2n =0,2/0,3 x 100% 66,7% a. % CmH2m + 2 = 100% - 66,7% = 33,3 % b. na + mb =
7 ( a +b) 3 7 0,2n + 0,1m = x 0,3 3

2n + m = 7 n 2 3 m 3 1 Cc hirocacbon c CT: C2H4 v C3H8 C3H6 v CH4 Bi 8: Cho hn hp A gm C2H4 v C2H2. Ly 2,96g hn hp A em t chy hon ton thu c m1g CO2 v m2g H2O. Ly 0,616 lt A(ktc) cho phn ng vi lng d nc Brm thy c 6,8g Br2 tham gia phn ng (phn ng xy ra hon ton). a, Vit PTP. b, Tnh % theo khi lng v theo th tch ca mi hirocacbon trong A. c, Tnh m1 v m2. a) (1 im) C2H4 + O2 2CO2 + 2H2O (1) C2H2 +
5 O2 2CO2 2

+ H2O

(2)

C2H4 + Br2 C2H4Br2 C2H2 + 2Br2 b) nhn hp

A

(3) (4)

C2H2Br4

0,616 6,8 =0,0275 mol v nBr2 = =0,0425 mol 224 , 160

Gi s mol C2H4 l a mol C2H2 l b mol Theo PT (3) v (4) ta c h PT:

a +b =0,0275 a =0,0125 mol { a +2b =0,0425 b =0,015 mol

m C 2H 4 trong 0,0275 mol hn hp : 0,0125.28 = 0,35 g. m C2H 2 trong 0,0275 mol hn hp : 0,015.26 = 0,39g. Tng khi lng = 0,35 + 0,39 = 0,74 g T l 2,96g : 0,616 lt = 2,96 : 0,74 = 4:1 S mol C2H4 v C2H2 trong 2,96 g hn hp l: .4 mol n C 2H 4 =0,0125 =0,05 . n C 2H 2 =0,0154 =0,06mol
% , % % C2H4 theo V bng: 0,11.100 =4545 % C2H2 theo V bng 100%- 45,45% = 54,55% 0,05

% C2H4 theo m bng

0,0528 . .100 =473% % , 2,96

% C2H2 theo m bng 100%- 47,3%= 52,7% c, Tnh m1, m2 Theo PT (1) v (2): n CO2 = 2n C 2H 4 + 2n C 2H 2 = 0,1 + 0,12 = 0,22 (mol) m1 = 0,22.44= 9,68(g)

n H 2O = 2n C 2H 4 + 2n C 2H 2 = 2.0,05 + 0,06 = 0,16 (mol) m2 = 0,16.18 = 2,88(g) Bi 9: Cho 3,36 lt hn hp kh A (KTC) gm hiro cacbon X c cng thc CnH2n + 2 v hiro cacbon Y (cng thc CmH2m) i qua bnh nc Brom d thy c 8 gam brom tham gia phn ng. Bit 6,72 lt hn hp A nng 13 gam, n v m tho mn iu kin: 2 n; m 4. Tm cng thc phn t 2 hiro cacbon X; Y. Hng dn: Cho hn hp kh qua dd nc brom X: Y: CnH2n + 2 + CmH2m + Br2 Br2 Khng phn ng CmH2mBr2

Gi s mol X, Y trong hn hp ln lt l a v b ta c: a + b = 22,4 = 0,15 (mol) nY = nBrom = b =

8 = 0,05 (mol 160 3,36

a = 0,1 mol
3,36

Theo khi lng hn hp: (14n + 2)0,1 + 14m . 0,05 = Rt gn: 2n + m = 9 V cn tho mn iu kin 2 n; m 4. ( m, n nguyn dng) Ch hp l khi n = m = 3 Vy cng thc phn thc phn t X l C3H8; Y l C3H6. Bi 10: Mt hn hp gm kh Metan, Etilen c th tch 5 lt c trn ln vi 5 lt kh Hiro ri nung n 2500C c bt kn xc tc cho n khi phn ng kt thc. Sau khi tr li nhng iu kin lc u. V nhit v p sut th tch tng cng ch cn li 8 lt c dn qua dung dch nc Brom. Hi 1) Dung dch Brom c b mt mu khng ? 2) Tnh thnh phn % theo th tch ca CH4 v C2H4 trong hn hp lc u 3) Nu thay C2H4 bng cng th tch ca C2H2 th sau phn ng th tch tng cng bng bao nhiu ? Hng dn: a) Khi trn hn hp kh CH4; C2H4 vi kh H2 n khi phn ng kt thc c ngha phn ng xy ra hon ton v ch c C2H4 phn ng vi H2. Ni PTHH : C2H4+ H2 t0 Theo phn ng ta c n C2H6 = nH2 13 . 6,72 = 6,5

C2H4

M theo bi ra : nC2H4 < nH2 nn sau phn ng c H2 (d) v CH4 ; C2H6 l nhng cht khng phn ng vi dd Brom. Nn Brom khng mt mu. b) Theo phn ng trn : Vh hp gim = VC2H4 phn ng. => VC2H4 = 5 + 5 - 8 = 2 (lt) % C2H4 = .100% = 40% % CH4 = 100% - 40% = 60% Ni c) Nu thay C2H4 + 2H2 t0 C2H6
2 5

Theo PTHH : VH2 = 2VC2H2 = 2.2 = 4 (l) => VH2 (d) = 5 - 4 = 1 (lt) Vhh = 3 +2 + 1 = 6 (lt). Bi 11: Hp cht hu c A ch cha hai nguyn t X v Y. t chy hon ton m gam A thu c ng m gam H2O. A c phn t khi trong khong 150 < M < 170. a. X v Y l nguyn t g? b. Xc nh cng thc n gin nht (cng thc trong t l s nguyn t ca cc nguyn t l ti gin) v cng thc phn t ca A. Hng dn: - Nu c v A l hp cht hu c nn trong X v Y phi c mt nguyn t l C. Mt khc khi t A thu c H2O. Vy X v Y l C v H - Vit c phng trnh tng qut: CxHy + (x + )O2 xCO2 + a
y 4 y H2O 2 y .a 2 y .a(mol) H2O 2

- Lp c h thc a(mol) CxHy =>

m M MA = a

v MH 2 O

m = a y = 18 => a.MA = 9.a.y => MA = 9y. 2

V 150 < M < 170 nn 16 < y < 19. Ta c: y 16 17 18 19 MA 145 156 16 171 2 V nu M = 156, y = 17 th x = 11,5 (loi). Vy ch c y = 18, x = 12 v M = 162 l ph hp. Cng thc phn t ca A l: C12H18 Cng thc n gin nht l: (C2H3)n Bi 12: Hn hp kh B cha mtan v axetilen. 1. Cho bit 44,8 lt hn hp B nng 47g. Tnh % th tch mi kh trong B. 2. t chy hon ton 8,96 lt hn hp B v cho tt c sn phm hp th vo 200ml dung dch NaOH 20% (D = 1,2 g/ml). Tnh nng

 % ca mi cht tan trong dung dch NaOH sau khi hp th sn phm chy. 3. Trn V lt hn hp B vi V' Hircacbon X (cht kh) ta thu c hn hp kh D nng 271g, trn V' lt hn hp kh B vi Vlt Hirocacbon X ta thu c hn hp kh E nng 206g. Bit V' - V = 44,8 lt. Hy xc nh cng thc phn t ca Hirocacbon X. Cc th tch kh u o iu kin tiu chun. Hng dn: 1. Gi n l s mol C2H2 trong 1 mol hn hp B ta c phng trnh v khi lng mol: MB = 26n +16 (1 - n) = 47/2 = 23,5 => n = 0,75 tc axetilen= 75%, mtan = 25% 2. Cc phng trnh: 2C2H2 + 5O2 4CO2+2H2O (1) CH4+ 2O2 CO2+2H2O (2) Tnh nB = 0,4 mol , trong c 0,3mol C2H2 v 0,1mol CH4 Theo cc phn ng : 1;2: Tng mol CO2 = 0,3 x 2 + 0,1 x 1 = 0,7 mol Tng mol H2O = 0,3 x 1 + 0,1 x 2 = 0,5 mol S mol NaOH = 200x 1 ,2 x 20 /100x40 = 1,2mol V: s mol CO2< s mol NaOH < 2 x s mol CO2. Do to thnh 2 mui : CO2+ 2NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O (3) CO2 +NaOH NaHCO 3 (4) Gi a, b ln lt l s mol Na2CO3 v NaHCO 3 Ta c: a + b = 0,7 => a = 0,5mol Na2CO3 2a +b = 1,2 b = 0,2mol NaHCO3 Khi lng dung dch NaOH sau khi hp th CO2 vH2O l: 200x 1,2+ 0,7 x 44 + 0,5 x 18 = 279,8 g Vy % N2CO3 =106 x 0,5 x 100/279,8 = 18,94% % NaHCO3 = 84 x 0,2 x 100/279,8 = 6% 3- Ta c cc phng trnh v hn hp D v E: V . 23,5 + V' .M = 271 (a) 22,4 22,4 V' . 23,5 + V .M = 206 (b) 22,4 22,4 Mt khc: V' - V = 44,8 lt (c) Trong : M l khi lng phn t ca HirocacbonX. T (a), (b) v (c) gii ra ta c M = 56 Gi cng thc X l CXHY ta c: 12 x + y = 56 Suy ra cng thc ca X l C4H8

Bi 13: Hn hp X (ktc) gm mt ankan v mt anken. Cho 3,36 (l) hn hp X qua bnh nc Brom d thy c 8(g) Brm tham gia phn ng. Bit 6,72 (l) hn hp X nng 13(g). 1, Tm cng thc phn t ca ankan v anken, bit s nguyn t cacbon trong mi phn t khng qu 4. 2, t chy hon ton 3,36 (l) hn hp X v cho tt c sn phm chy hp th vo dung dch NaOH (d), sau thm BaCl 2 d th thu c bao nhiu (g) cht kt ta? Hng dn: t CTPT ca X, Y ln lt l CnH2n + 2 v CmH2m iu kin: 1 n 4 v 2 m 4 ( m, n nguyn dng) Cho hn hp kh qua dd nc brom X: CnH2n + 2 + Br2 Khng phn ng Y: CmH2m + Br2 CmH2mBr2 Gi s mol X, Y trong hn hp ln lt l a v b ta c: a + b = 22,4 = 0,15 (mol) nY = nBrom = b =
8 = 0,05 (mol 160 3,36

a = 0,1 mol
3,36

Theo khi lng hn hp: (14n + 2)0,1 + 14m . 0,05 = 13 . 6,72 = 6,5 Rt gn: 2n + m = 9 V cn tho mn iu kin: 1 n 4 v 2 m nguyn dng) Ch hp l khi n = m = 3 Vy cng thc phn thc phn t X l C3H8; Y l C3H6. 2/ Ta c cc PTHH xy ra: C3H8 + 5O2 ----> 3CO2 + 4H2O 0,1 0,3 mol 2C3H6 + 9O2 -----> 6CO2 + 6H2O 0,05 0,15 mol CO2 + 2NaOH -----> Na2CO3 + H2O 0,45 0,9 0,45 mol BaCl2 + Na2CO3 ----> BaCO3 + 2NaCl 0,45 0,45 -----> 0,45 mol mrn = 0,45 . 197 = 88,65g 4 ( m, n

Chuyn 19: tnh cht - iu ch Ancol

Cng thc phn t tng qut v cng thc phn t ca cht tng ng vi hn hp ru. Cng thc mt cht Ru no: CnH2n + 2Ox x n ; n, x N* Ru no n chc: CnH2n + 2O Ru cha no no, mch h, c k ni v n chc. CnH2n + 2 2kO n 3, n, k N* Cc phn ng ca ru: Cng thc cht tng ng C n H2 n + 2O x x < n C n H2 n n >1 C n H2 n n >3
+ 2

O
kO

+ 2- 2

- Phn ng vi kim loi kim: 2R(OH) n + 2nM ----> 2R(OM) n + nH2 2R-OH + 2M ----> 2R-OM + H2 R(OH) n : Ru n chc, R-OH: Ru n chc. - Phn ng vi axit: R-OH + H-Br ---> R-Br + H2O - Phn ng tch nc: CnH2n + 1-OH -------> CnH2n + H2O. - Phn ng ete ho ca ru n chc, ta c: S mol ete = 1/2 s mol ca ru tham gia phn ng. Hn hp 2 ru b ete ho s to ra 3 ete. - Phn ng chy ca ru no hay ete no. C n H2 n + 2O x + (3 n + 1 - x )/2 ------> n CO2 + ( n + 1)H2O xmol n xmol ( n + 1)x mol H qu: Ru no hay ete no chy ----> s mol H2O > s mol CO2. V s mol ru no hay ete no tham gia phn ng = s mol H2O s mol CO2. Bi tp p dng: Bi 1: t chy 3,075 gam hn hp 2 ru no n chc k tip nhau trong dy ng ng. Sn phm thu c ln lt cho qua bnh 1 ng H2SO4 c v bnh 2 ng KOH rn. Tnh khi lng cc bnh ny tng ln, bit rng nu cho lng ru trn tc dng vi Na thy thot ra 0,672 lt H2 (ktc). Lp cng thc phn t ca 2 ru. Bi gii

Gi n l s nguyn t cacbon trung bnh ca 2 ru. Ta c CTPT tng ng ca 2 ru l C n H2 n + 1OH. Phn ng t chy:
(1) n CO2 + ( n + 1) H2O C n H2 n + 1OH + 2 O2 t Khi cho sn phm thu c qua bnh 1 ng H2SO4 th H2O b hp th v qua bnh 2 ng KOH th CO2 b gi li theo phng trnh. (2) CO2 + 2KOH K2CO3 + H2O Phn ng ru tc dng vi Na (3) 2C n H2 n + 1OH + 2Na 2C n H2 n + 1ONa + H2 Theo (3) s mol hn hp 2 ru l.

3n

nhh = 2.nH 2 = 2 22,4 = 0,06 (mol) = 0,06 = 51,25 = 14 n + 18 n = 2,375. V 2 ru k tip nhau nn suy ra: C2H5OH v C3H7OH. Theo (1) ta c: Khi lng bnh 1 tng = mH 2 O = 0,06(2,375 + 1).18 = 3,645 g Khi lng bnh 2 tng = mCO 2 = 0,06 . 2,375 . 44 = 6,27 g
hh

0,672

3,075

Bi 2: A l hn hp gm ru Etylic v 2 axit hu c k tip nhau c dng CnH2n+1COOH v Cn+1H2n+3COOH. Cho 1/2 hn hp A tc dng ht vi Na thot ra 3,92 lt H2 (ktc). t 1/2 hn hp A chy hon ton, sn phm chy c hp th ht vo dung dch Ba(OH) 2 d th c 147,75g kt ta v khi lng bnh Ba(OH)2 tng 50,1 g. a, Tm cng thc 2 axit trn. b, Tm thnh phn hn hp A. = 22,4 = 0,175 (mol) PT phn ng: 2C2H5OH + 2Na 2C2H5ONa + H2 (1) 2CnH 2n+1COONa + H2 (2) 2CnH2n+1 COOH +2Na 2Cn+1H2n+3 COOH +2Na 2Cn+1H2n+3COONa + H2 (3) Bin lun theo tr s trung bnh. Tng s mol 3 cht trong 1/2 hn hp = 0,175.2= 0,35 (mol) t0 2CO2 + 3H2O C2H6O + 3O2 (4)
2

nH

3,92

CxH2xO2 +

3x 2 O2 xCO2 + xH2O 2

t0

(5)
147,75 = 0,75 (mol) 197

Cht kt ta l BaCO3 nBaCO3 =

PT: CO2 + Ba(OH) 2 BaCO3 + H2O (6) Theo PT (6) ta c: nCO2 = nBaCO3 = 0,75 (mol)

 mCO2 = 0,75 x44 = 33(g) mH2O = m tng - mCO2 mH2O = 50,1 - 33 = 17,1 (g) 17,1 nH2O = = 0,95 (mol) 18

T PT (4) ta thy ngay: S mol ru C2H5OH = 0,95 - 0,75 = 0,2 ( mol) Theo PT (4) ta thy s mol CO2 to ra l nCO2 = 2.nC2H5OH = 2.0,2 = 0,4 (mol) Suy ra: 2 a xt chy to ra 0,75 - 0,4 = 0,35 (mol CO2) T PT (4) ta thy nH2O = 3.nC2H5OH = 3.0,2 = 0,6 (mol) Suy ra 2 axit chy to ra: 0,95 - 0,6 = 0,35 mol H2O Vi s mol 2axit = 0,35 - 0,2 = 0,15 x = 0,35 : 0,15 = 2,33 (x l s mol trung bnh gia n+1 v n+2) 2 axit l CH3COOH v C2H5COOH. Gi s mol CH3COOH, C2H5COOH trong 1/2 A l a, b. Theo phng trnh t chy ta c: S mol ca 2 axit = 0,15mol = a + b. nCO2 sinh ra = 2a + 3 b = 0,35. Gii ra ta c: a = 0,1; b = 0,05. Vy hn hp c 0,2 mol CH3COOH l 12 g v 0,10 mol C2H5COOH l 7,4g Bi 3: Hn hp A gm 0,1 mol Ru Etylic v a mol Ru X c cng thc l: CnH2n(OH)2. Chia A thnh 2 phn bng nhau. Phn 1 cho tc dng ht vi Na thy bay ra 2,8lt kh Hir ( KTC). Phn th 2 em t chy hon ton thu c 8,96 lt kh CO2 ( KTC) v b g nc. a/ Tm cc gi tr ca a, b? b/ Xc nh cng thc phn t, vit cng thc cu to ca X, bit rng mi nguyn t C ch lin kt c vi 1 nhm OH? Hng dn: 1. Cc phn ng xy ra. 2C2H5OH + 2Na 2C2H5ONa + H2 (1) CnH2n(OH)2 + 2 Na CnH2n(ONa) 2 + H2 (2) to C2H5OH + 3 O2 2 CO2 + 3 H2O (3) CnH2n(OH)2 +
3n 1 O2 2 to n CO2 + (n+1) H2O

(4)

Theo phn ng (1), (2) ta c: n H2 = 2,2 + = 22,4 = 0,125 (mol) a = 0,2 mol. 2 Theo phn ng (3), (4):
0,1 a 2,8

n CO2 =

0,1 0,2 .2+ .n 2 2

= 22,4 = 0,4 (mol). n = 3.

8,96

Theo phn ng (3), (4): n H2O =

0,1 0,2 .3 + . 4 = 0,55 (mol). 2 2

m H2O = b = 0,55 . 18 = 9,9g 2. Cng thc phn t ca X l: C3H8O2 hay C3H6(OH)2. Cng thc cu to hp cht l: CH2 - CH - CH3 OH OH CH2 - CH2 - CH2 OH OH

Bi 4 : t chy hon ton 23g mt ru no n chc A, thu c 44g CO2 v 27g H2O. a/ Xc nh CTPT, CTCT ca A b/ Hn hp X gm A v B l ng ng ca nhau. Cho 18,8g hn hp X tc dng vi Na d, thu c 5,6 lit H2 (ktc). Xc nh CTPT, CTCT ca A, B v tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca A, B trong X. c/ t chy hon ton hn hp X ri cho ton b sn phm i qua bnh ng dung dch Ca(OH) 2 d, thu c 35g kt ta. Tnh khi lng hn hp X em t chy. Hng dn : a/ S mol CO2 = 1 mol v s mol ca H2O = 1,5 mol. Nhn thy s mol ca H2O > s mol ca CO2 -----> Ru A l ru no. nH 2 O : nCO 2 =
n +1 n = 1,5 ----> n = 2. CTPT ca A l C2H6O v CTCT l CH3

CH2 OH. b/ Gi CTPT TB ca A v B l C n H2 n + 1OH, a l s mol ca ru tng ng. m = (14 n + 18)a = 18,8 (*) 2C n H2 n + 1OH + 2Na ------> 2C n H2 n + 1ONa + H2 a(mol) a/2(mol) S mol H2 = a/2 = 5,6/22,4 = 0,25 ----> a = 0,5 mol Thay a = 0,5 vo (*) ----> n = 1,4 Vy n < n < n + 1 (n nguyn dng v n 1) Vy ru B ch c 1 nguyn t C, B l CH3 OH. t s mol ca CH3 OH l x, s mol ca CH3 CH2 OH l y. x + y = a = 0,5 32x + 46y = 18,8 Gii phng trnh ta c: x = 0,3 v y = 0,2.

---> mCH 3 OH = 0,3 . 32 = 9,6g ---> % mCH 3 OH = 51,06% v % mCH 3 - CH 2 OH = 48,94%. c/ 2C n H2 n + 1OH + 3 n O2 ----> 2 n CO2 + 2( n + 1) H2O a mol n a mol CO2 + Ca(OH) 2 ----> CaCO3 + H2O n a mol n a mol S mol ca CaCO3 = n a = 35 : 100 = 0,35 mol ----> a = 0,35 : n = 0,35 : 1,4 = 0,25. Ta c: mX = (14 n + 18)a = 14 n a + 18a = 14.0,35 + 18.0,25 = 9,4g. Bi 5: 1 - Trong bnh kn 150 0C cha hn hp kh gm 1 th tch axetilen v 2 th tch oxi. t chy axetilen bng chnh kh oxi trong bnh. Sau khi phn ng kt thc a bnh v nhit ban u th p sut trong bnh thay i nh th no? 2 - Trn 12,4 g hn hp hai ru CH3OH v C2H5OH vi 3 g axit CxHyCOOH ri em t th thu c 13,44 l kh CO2 (KTC). Nu em 3 g oxit trn trung ho bi dung dch KOH 0,5 M th cn 100 ml DD KOH. a. Tm CTHH ca axit trn. b. Tnh % khi lng hn hp ru ban u. c. Vit PTHH cc phn ng Este ho gia cc cht trn. Hng dn: 1 - 1500C nc th hi. Gi V l th tch ca C2H2
2

th VO = 2V Th tch hn hp C2H2 v O2 trong bnh bng 3V PTHH: 2C2H2(k) + 5O2(k) 4CO2(k) + 2H2O(h) 2 mol 5 mol 4 mol 2 mol Vl 2,5 V l 2Vl Vl xl 2 Vl yl zl
4 V 5 4 1 2 V V 2H VC cn d = V - 5 = 5 8 4 1 13 Vhh sau phn ng = ( V + V + V ) = V 5 5 5 5

x=

4 V 5

y=

8 V 5

z =

Gi p sut trong bnh lc u l 100%

p sut trong bnh sau phn ng l a %. p dng cng thc P = s

nd Vd = V ns s

Pd

Ta c: a =

100. 3

13 5

= 86,7 (%)

Vy p sut kh trong bnh gim i l: 100 % - 86,7 % = 13,3 % 2. a- Tm CTHH ca axit: nKOH = 0,5 . 0,1 = 0,05 (mol) PTHH: CxHyCOOH (dd) + KOH (dd) CxHyCOOK (dd) + H2O (l) 0,05 mol 0,05 mol MC
x

H COOH

3 = 0,05 = 60

12 x + y + 45 = 60 12x + y = 15 x = 1 v y = 3 ----> CTHH ca axit l: CH3COOH. b. Tnh phn khi lng ca hn hp ru ban u: Nco 2 = 22,4 = 0,6 (mol) Gi x, y ln lt l s mol CH3OH v C2H5OH trong hn hp (x, y > 0). PTHH: t chy hn hp 2CH3OH (l) + 3O2 (k) 2CO2(k) + 4H2O (h) x mol x mol C2H5OH (l) + 3O2 (k) 2 CO2 (k) + 3H2O (h) y mol 2y mol CH3COOH (l) + 2O2 (k) 2 CO2 (k) + 2H2O (h) 0,05 mol 0,1 mol Tng s mol CO2: 2y + x + 0,1 = 0,6 2y + x = 0,5 Khi lng hn hp hai ru bng 12,4 gam 46 y + 32 x = 12,4 suy ra x = 0,1 mol v y = 0,2 mol % CH3OH = 12,4 . 100% 25,8 % % C2H5OH = 100% - 25,8 % = 74,2% c. Phn ng ESTE ho: CH3COOH (l) + C2H5OH (l) CH3COOH (l) + CH3OH (l) H2SO4(c), t0 CH3COOC2H5 (l) + H2O (l) H2SO4(c), t0 CH3COOCH3 (l) + H2O (l)
0,1.32 13,44

Chuyn 20: tnh cht, iu ch axit v este

Cng thc phn t tng qut ca axit v este a chc no, mch h. CnH2n + 2 2kO2k vi k: nhm chc COOH hay C O H v n, k thuc N* = 1, 2, 3.. O Hn hp: C. n H2 n + 2 - 2 k O2 k vi n , k > 1. k = 1: ---> este v axit u n chc no c cng thc phn t l: CnH2nO2 vi axit th n 1 v este th n 2. Hn hp: C. n H2 n O2 vi axit th n > 1 v este th n > 2. - Nu mt trong hai gc ru hoc axit l n chc th este mch h. Nu ru v axit u a chc th este mch vng. - Axit v este u tc dng vi dung dch kim gi chung l phn ng x phng ho, u to ra mui kim ca axit hu c. RCOOH R C O R/ + MOH ----> RCOOM + H2O RCOOM + R/OH

O - Este c phn ng thu phn trong mi trng axit H2SO4 to ra ru v axit. - Phn ng chy ca axit v este n chc no u to ra CO2 v H2O c s mol bng nhau. - Tng qut, mt cht c cng thc phn t l CnH2nOx v mch h th CnH2nOx c mt ni trong cng thc cu to v khi chy to ra CO2 v H2O c s mol bng nhau. Bi ton p dng: Bi 1: t chy 3(g) mt hp cht hu A c trong khng kh thu c 4,4g CO2 v 1,8g H2O. a. Xc nh CTPT ca hp cht hu c A. Bit rng t khi ca A so vi H2 l 30. Vit CTCT c th c ca A. b. Nu em ton b lng kh CO2 trn tc dng vi 100 ml dd NaOH 1,5M th thu c mui g? Tnh khi lng ca mi mui. Hng dn; a.V t chy hp cht hu c A thu c CO2 v H2O nn chc chn trong A phi cha hai nguyn t l C v H c th c O. S mol sn phm.

4,4 = 0,1mol nC = nCO2 = 0,1mol mC = 0,1.12 = 1,2 g 44 => => 1,8 n H 2O = = 0,1mol = >n H = 2n H 2O = 0,2mol = >m H = 0,2.1 = 0,2 g 18 Ta c: mC + m H = 2,4 + 0,2 = 2,6( g ) < m A = 6 g nCO2 =

Do trong A phi cha nguyn t O

mO = m A (mC + m H ) = 3 (1,2 + 0,2) = 1,6( g ) 1,6 nO = = 0,1(mol ) 16 T l : nC : n H : nO = 0,1 : 0,2 : 0,1 = 1 : 2 : 1

Cng thc n gin nht ca A l CH2O. t cng thc tng qut ca A l ( CH2O)n c mA =30n Theo cng thc dA/ H = 30.2 = 60 =>30n = 60 => n = 2. Vy cng thc phn t ca A l C2H4O2. b. n NaOH = 0,1.1,5 = 0,15mol . Phng trnh phn ng: CO2 + NaOH NaHCO3 Trc phn ng: 0,1 0,15 Phn ng: 0,1 0,1 Sau phn ng : 0 0,05 0,1 Tip tc c phn ng: NaHCO3 + NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O Trc phn ng: 0,1 0,05 0,05 0,05 Sau phn ng 0,05 0 0,05 Ta thu c 2 mui: NaHCO 3 v Na2CO3 c khi lng l:
2

m NaHCO3 = 0,05.84 = 4,2 g

m Na2CO3 = 0,05.106 = 5,3 g

Bi 2: t chy hon ton 4,4g hp cht hu c Y cha C, H, O cn va 5,6 lt kh xi (KTC), thu c kh CO2 v hi nc vi th tch bng nhau. a) Xc nh cng thc phn t ca Y, bit rng khi lng phn t ca Y l 88 vc. b) Cho 4,4gam Y tc dng hon ton vi mt lng va dung dch NaOH sau lm bay hi hn hp thu c m1 gam hi ca mt ru n chc v m2 gam mui ca mt A xit hu c n chc. S nguyn t cc bon trong ru v A xt thu c bng nhau. Hy xc nh cng thc cu to v tn gi ca Y. Tnh lng m1 v m2 Hng dn: a/ Gi cng thc phn t ca cht Y l CxHyOz. Phn ng t chy Y: CxHyOz (0.05mol) + (x+ - )O2 0.25mol
y z 4 2 t 0

xCO2+ 0.05x

y H2O. 2

(1)
y 2

0.05

Tnh nY=

4.4 = 0.5mol 88

nO2=

nCO2=0.05x 0.05x = 0.05 nO2=(x+ y 4

5.6 = 0.25(mol ) 22.4 y nH2O=0.05 2

V th tch CO2bng th tch hi nc, do ta c:

y y=2x (2) 2 z )0.05=0.25 (3) 2

Thay (2) vo (3) ta c: 3x -z=10 (4) Khi lng phn t ca Y=12x+y+16z =88 (5) T cc phng trnh (2,3,4,5) ta c: x = 4 ; y = 8; z = 2 Vy cng thc phn t ca Y l: C4H8O2 b/ Phn ng vi NaOH V Y(C4H8O2) + NaOH Ru (m1gam) + mui(m2gam) nn Y phi l mt este v s nguyn t cacbon trong ru =s nguyn t cc bon trong axit = Do cng thc ca ru l C2H5OH vi m1= 0.05 46 = 23g Cng thc axt l CH3COOH Vi m2= 0.05 82 =4.1g CH3COONa Bi 3: t chy hon ton 3 gam cht A, thu c 2,24 lt CO2 ( ktc) v 1,8g nc. T khi hi ca A so vi Mtan l 3,75. Tm cng thc cu to ca A bit A tc dng c vi NaOH. Hng dn: Ta c. 2,24 = 0,1mol mC = 1,2g 224 , 18 , nH O = = 0,1mol mH = 0,2g 18 mO = 3 - (1,2 + 0,2) = 1,6g t cng tc ca A l: CxHyO2, theo bi ra ta c: MA = 3,75 . 16 = 60 (g) 12 y y 162 60 = = = Ta c: 1 2 0,2 1 6 3 , , Gii ra ta c: x = 2, y = 4, z = 2 CTTQ ca A l: C2H4O2 A C cc CTCT: CH3COOH v HCOOC2H5 V A phn ng c vi NaOH nn A c th l CH3COOH v HCOOC2H5 (axit axetic) * CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O * HCOOCH3 + NaOH HCOONa + CH3OH nCO =
2 2

4 = 2 nguyn t C 2

H T T P 3

Ti liu c hon thnh da trn s ng gp ca nhiu tc gi.

Xin chn thnh cm n thy HSP HN 2 Phm Ngc Bng - Khoa Ho - HSP HN 1 Tc gi u Kin Cng - Lc Thu - Ho Bnh Tc gi Bi Th Hnh - Qung Ninh Cng nhiu tc gi khc ng gp kin. Ph Vn Hi - T Ho V C -

Mi gp cho ti liu xin vui lng lin lc qua Email: Lambanmai8283@yahoo.com.sg Lambanmai8283@gmail.com