-Ho hc nng caoCh 1: XT CP CHT TN TI HOC KHNG TN TI TRONG CNG MT HN HP

I- KIN THC CN NH - Mt cp cht ch tn ti trong cng mt hn hp nu chng khng tc dng ho hc ln nhau ( mi cht vn gi nguyn l cht ban u ). - Trong cng mt dung dch : cc cht cng tn ti khi chng khng mang cc phn t i khng ( tc l khng to kh, kt ta , cht khng bn ). V d 1: Cp cht CaCl2 v Na2CO3 khng cng tn ti v xy ra phn ng CaCl2 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + H2O V d 2: Cp CaCl2 v NaNO3 ng thi tn ti v khng xy ra phn ng: CaCl2 + NaNO3 Ca(NO3)2 + NaCl. V d 3: Cp cht kh H2 v O2 tn ti trong mt hn hp nhit thng nhng khng tn ti nhit cao. V : t0 2H2 + O2 2H2O
( mt) ( mt)

* Ch mt s phn ng kh: 1) Phn ng chuyn i ha tr ca mui Fe.

2 2 Mui Fe(II) mui Fe(III) Fe,Cu + Cl ,Br

2FeCl2 + Cl2 2FeCl3 6FeSO4 + 3Cl2 2FeCl3 + 2Fe2(SO4)3 2FeCl3 + Fe 3FeCl2 Fe2(SO4)3 + Fe 3FeSO4 2) Nng ha tr ca nguyn t trong oxit, hoc baz: Oxit ( HT thp ) + O2 oxit ( HT cao ) t0 ,xt V d: 2SO2 + O2 2SO3 t0 2FeO + O2 Fe2O3 2Fe(OH)2 + O2 + H2O 2Fe(OH)3 ( nu ) 3) Chuyn i mui trung ha v mui axit: oxit +H2O axit Mui trung ha mui axit V d :
d.d Bazo

V d : Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O 2NaHCO3 NaHCO3 + NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O ( NaHCO3 th hin tnh axit ) 4) Kh nng nng ha tr ca F2, Cl2, Br2 SO2 + 2H2O + Br2 H2SO4 + 2HBr ( lm mt mu dung dch brom ) Na2SO3 + Cl2 + H2O Na2SO4 + 2HCl II- BI TP P DNG V NNG CAO 1) Cp cht no tn ti hoc khng tn ti trong cng mt dung dch ? gii thch ? a) Na2CO3 v HCl ; c) AgNO3 v NaCl ; e) CuSO4 v NaOH b) NaOH v BaCl2 ; d) CuSO4 v MgCl2 ; g) NH4NO3 v Ca(OH)2 2) Hn hp no sau y khng tn ti khi cho vo nc: a) Ba , Al ; b) Fe , Al ; c) ZnO v Na2O ; d) NaOH , NaHCO3 e) NaHSO4 , CaCO3 ; g) NaOH, CuO ; h) MgCO3 , BaCl2 3) C th tn ti ng thi hn hp gm cc cht sau y c khng ? v sao ? a) Na2CO3(r) , Ca(OH)2(r), NaCl(r), Ca(HSO4)2(r) ; b) SO2(k), H2S(k) , Cl2(k)

- Hong Th Kim Nhung-

-Ho hc nng caoc) NaHSO4(dd), KOH(dd), Na2SO4(dd) ; d) (NH4)2CO3 (dd), NaHSO4(dd) Hng dn : a) Tn ti ng thi v cc cht rn khng phn ng vi nhau. b) Khng tn ti v xy ra cc phn ng ha hc sau y: SO2 + 2H2S 3S + 2H2O SO2 + Cl2 SO2Cl2 ( Cl2 nng S ln mc ha tr VI ) H2S + Cl2 2HCl + S H2O + Cl2 HCl + HClO SO2 + H2O H2SO3 c) Khng tn ti v xy ra phn ng: 2NaHSO4 + 2KOH Na2SO4 + K2SO4 + 2H2O. (Hoc : NaHSO4 + KOH KNaSO4 + H2O ) d) khng tn ti v xy ra phn ng: 2NaHSO4 + (NH4)2CO3 Na2SO4 + (NH4)2SO4 + CO2 + H2O 4) Mt hn hp c th tn ti hoc khng tn ti nhng iu kin khc nhau. Hy cho bit cc cp cht kh sau y c th tn ti iu kin no ? a) H2 v O2 , b) O2 v Cl2 ; c) H2 v Cl2 ; d) SO2 v O2 e) N2 v O2 ; g) HBr v Cl2 ; h) CO2 v HCl; i) NH3 v Cl2 Hng dn: a) Tn ti nhit thp. b) Tn ti bt k iu kin no. c) Tn ti nhit thp v khng c nh sng. d) Tn ti nhit thp v khng c xc tc. e) Tn ti nhit thp. g) Khng tn ti v xy ra phn ng ha hc: Cl2 + 2HBr 2HCl + Br2 h) Tn ti trong mi iu kin. i) Khng tn ti v xy ra phn ng ha hc: 3Cl2 + 2NH3 6HCl + N2 5) C th tn ti ng thi trong dung dch cc cp cht sau y khng ? Gii thch? a) CaCl2 v Na2CO3 ; b) HCl v NaHCO3 ; c) NaHCO3 v Ca(OH)2 d) NaOH v NH4Cl ; e) Na2SO4 v KCl ; g) (NH4)2CO3 v HNO3 6) Khi trn dung dch Na2CO3 v dung dch FeCl3 vo cc thy tinh th thy xut hin kt ta mu nu v gii phng kh khng mu, lm c nc vi. Nu ly kt ta em nung nng hon ton th thu c cht rn mu nu v khng sinh ra kh ni trn. Hy vit PTHH gii thch. Hng dn: 3Na2CO3 + 2FeCl3 Fe2(CO3)3 + 6NaCl Fe2(CO3)3 b nc phn tch ( phn ng ngc ca phn ng trung ha): Fe2(CO3)3 + 3H2O 2Fe(OH)3 + 3CO2 ( gin c H2O v phi ) Tng hp 2 phn ng trn ta c: 3Na2CO3 + 2FeCl3 + 3H2O 2Fe(OH)3 + 3CO2 + 6NaCl t0 2Fe(OH)3 Fe2O3 + 3H2O 7) Cc cp cht no khng cng tn ti trong mt dung dch: a) Fe v ddFeCl3 ; b) Cu v dd FeCl2 ; c) Zn v AgCl d) CaO v dd FeCl3 ; e) SiO2 v dd NaOH ; e) CuS v dd HCl 8) C hin tng g xy ra khi cho Cu vo mi dung dch sau y:

- Hong Th Kim Nhung-

-Ho hc nng caoa) dung dch long: NaNO3 + HCl ; b) dung dch CuCl2 ; c) dung dch Fe2(SO4)3 d) dung dch HCl c O2 ha tan ; e) dung dch HNO3 long ; g) dung dch NaHSO4. Hng dn: NaNO3 + HCl NaCl + HNO3 (nu khng c Cu) (1) Khi c mt Cu th lng HNO3 b p: 3Cu + 8HNO3 3Cu(NO3)2 + 4H2O + 2NO (2) Tng hp (1) v (2) ta c: 8NaNO3 + 8HCl + 3Cu 8NaCl + 3Cu(NO3)2 + 4H2O + 2NO ( khng mu) NO + O2 NO2 ( ha nu trong khng kh ) 9) Cht bt A l Na2CO3 , cht bt B l NaHCO3, c phn ng ha hc g xy ra khi: a) Nung nng mi cht A v B b) Ha tan A v B bng H2SO4 long c) Cho CO2 li qua dung dch A v dung dch B d) Cho A v B tc dng vi dung dch KOH. 10) Khng ng thi tn ti hn hp no sau y iu kin thng ? gii thch ? a) Cu(NO3) (r) v NaOH(r) ; d) SiO2(r) , Na2O(r), H2O (l) b) BaCl2(r) v Na2CO3(dd) ; e) AgNO3 (dd) v H3PO4(dd) c) SiO2(r) v Na2O(r) ; g) MgCO3(r) v H2SO4 (dd) 11) C 3 dung dch : FeCl2 ( A) ; brom ( B) ; v NaOH ( C) C hin tng g xy ra khi thc hin cc th nghim sau y: a) Cho (B) vo (C). b) Cho (A) vo (C) ri ngoi khng kh. c) Cho (B) vo (A) ri tip (C) vo. Hng dn : a) Dung dch Brom t mu da cam chuyn thnh khng mu: Br2 + NaOH NaBrO + NaBr + H2O b) Xut hin kt ta trng xanh v t t ha nu trong dung dch: FeCl2 + 2NaOH Fe(OH)2 ( trng xanh) + 2NaCl 2Fe(OH)2 + O2 + H2O 2Fe(OH)3 ( nu ) c) Ban u mt mu da cam ca dung dch Brom, sau xut hin kt ta nu . 6FeCl2 + 3Br2 2FeCl3 + FeBr3 FeCl3 + 3NaOH Fe(OH)3 + 3NaCl FeBr3 + 3NaOH Fe(OH)3 + 3NaBr 12) Mi hn hp sau y c th tn ti c hay khng ? Nu c th cho bit iu kin, nu khng th cho bit r nguyn nhn? a) CH4 v O2 ; b) SiO2 v H2O ; c) Al v Fe2O3 ; d) SiO2 v NaOH ; e) CO v hi H2O. Hng dn : SiO2 ch th hin tnh oxit axit nhit cao. 13) Nhng cp cht no sau y c th tn ti ng thi trong mt hn hp nhit thng: a) HCl (k) v H2S (k) ; b) H2S (k) v Cl2 (k) ; c) SO2 (k) v O2 (k) ; d) SO2 (k) v CO2(k) e) H2SO4 (c) v NaCl(r) ; g) H2SO3 (dd) v Na2CO3 (r) ; h) SO2 (k) v O3 (k) Hng dn : b) Khng tn ti v xy ra phn ng : Cl2 + H2S S + 2HCl ( th kh ) Nu trong dung dch th : 4Cl2 + H2S + 4H2O H2SO4 + 8HCl e) Khng tn ti v xy ra phn ng : NaCl (r) + H2SO4 (c) NaHSO4 + HCl g) Khng tn ti v H2SO3 mnh hn H2CO3 nn c phn ng xy ra: H2SO3 + Na2CO3 Na2SO3 + H2O + CO2 h) Khng tn ti v c phn ng: SO2 + O3 SO3 + O2 ( ozon c tnh oxi ha cao )

- Hong Th Kim Nhung-

-Ho hc nng cao14) Cho cc cht : Na2CO3, dd NaOH, dd H2SO4, MgCO3, MgCl2, dd NH3, CuS, (NH4)2CO3 , Fe3O4, Al(OH)3, dd NaAlO2, dd (NH4)2SO4. Vit cc PTHH xy ra nu cho cc cht tc dng ln nhau theo i mt. ----------------------------------------

Ch 2:

S PHN NG

( Phn v c ) I- KIN THC CN NH 1/ Cc bc thc hin: - Phn loi cc nguyn liu v sn phm mi mi tn. - Chn cc phn ng thch hp bin cc nguyn liu thnh cc sn phm. - Vit y cc phng trnh ha hc ( ghi iu kin nu c ). * Lu : + ) Trong s bin ho : mi mi tn ch c vit mt PTHH. + ) Trong mi s th cc ch ci ging nhau l cc cht ging nhau ( dng b tc p ) 2/Quan h bin i cc cht v c:
Kim loi
H2, Al,C, CO

(1)

( 1 )

Phi kim O2

O2
(2)

M
( 2 ) ( 4 ) M + H2O ( 3 ) (5)

H2O

Oxit baz

Oxit axit
H2O Axit

H2

t
(tan)

H2O (tan) Baz

(3) (3) (4) (5)

Kim loi hot ng

Mui

M + H2
+ Kl , mui, axit, kim

HCl, H2SO4 long Mui

* Ch : Ngoi ra cn phi s dng cc phn ng khc : nhit phn, in phn, phn ng chuyn mc ha tr, tnh cht ca H2SO4 c v HNO3 ... v cc phn ng nng cao khc. II- BI TP P DNG V NNG CAO: 1) Hon thnh dy chuyn ho sau y ( ghi r iu kin nu c ):
Fe (6) Fe(NO3)3 (1) FeCl3 (7) Fe2(SO4)3 (2) Fe(NO3)3 (8) Fe(NO3)2 (3) Fe(OH)3 (9) Fe(NO3)3 (4) Fe2O3 (10) Fe(NO3)3 (5) Fe

2) Hon thnh s bin ho sau y ( ghi r iu kin nu c ): a) Na NaCl NaOH NaNO3 NO2 NaNO3. b) Na Na2O NaOH Na2CO3 NaHCO3 Na2CO3 NaCl NaNO3. c) FeS2 SO2 SO3 H2SO4 SO2 H2SO4 BaSO4.

- Hong Th Kim Nhung-

-Ho hc nng caod) Al Al2O3 Al NaAlO2 Al(OH)3 Al2O3 Al2(SO4)3 AlCl3 Al. e) Na2ZnO2 Zn ZnO Na2ZnO2 ZnCl2 Zn(OH)2 ZnO. g) N2 NO NO2 HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 CuCl2 Cu(OH)2 CuO Cu CuCl2. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) h) X2On X Ca(XO2)2n 4 X(OH)n XCln X(NO3)n X. 3) Hon thnh s chuyn ho sau y:
Fe2O3 + CO t0
2

+ CO

A
+E

t0

+ CO t0

+S t0

+ O2 t0

+ O2 t0,xt

+H

F.

Hng dn : Cc cht A,B b kh bi CO nn phi l cc oxit ( mc ho tr Fe < III) v D phi l Fe. F v G l cc sn phm ca s oxi ho nn phi l cc oxit. Chn cc cht ln lt l : Fe3O4, FeO, Fe, FeS, SO2, SO3, H2SO4. 4) Xc nh cc ch ci trong s phn ng v vit PTHH xy ra: a) X1 + X2 Br2 + MnBr2 + H2O b) X3 + X4 + X5 HCl + H2SO4 c) A1 + A2 SO2 + H2O d) B1 + B2 NH3 + Ca(NO3)2 + H2O e) D1 + D2 + D3 Cl2 + MnSO4 + K2SO4 + Na2SO4 + H2O Hng dn : D thy cht X1,X2 : MnO2 v HBr. Cht X3 X5 : SO2, H2O , Cl2. Cht A1,A2 : H2S v O2 ( hoc S v H2SO4 c ) Cht B1, B2 : NH4NO3 v Ca(OH)2. Cht D1, D2,D3 : KMnO4 , NaCl, H2SO4 c. 5) Hon thnh s phn ng sau y : SO2 mui A1 A A3 Kt ta A2 Bit A l hp cht v c , khi t chy 2,4gam A th thu c 1,6 gam Fe 2O3 v 0,896 lt kh sunfur ( ktc). Hng dn : Trong 2,4 gam A c : 1,12 gam Fe ; 1,28 gam S khng c oxi Xc nh A : FeS2 ( c hiu tng i l FeS. S ) Cc phng trnh phn ng : t0 4FeS2 + 11O2 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2 SO2 + 2NaOH Na2SO3 + H2O FeS2 + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2S + S ( xem FeS2 FeS.S ) Na2SO3 + S Na2S2O3 ( lm gim ha tr ca lu hunh ) 6) Hon thnh s phn ng sau y: (4) SO3 H2SO4 (2) (1) (7) (6) a) FeS2 SO2 SO2 S
(3)
(5) NaHSO3 Na2SO3

- Hong Th Kim Nhung-

-Ho hc nng caoNaH2PO4 Na2HPO4 Na3PO4 c) BaCl2 + ? KCl + ? ( 5 phn ng khc nhau ) 7) Xc nh cc cht ng vi cc ch ci A, B, C, D, E ... v vit phng trnh phn ng. t0C a) A B + CO2 ; B + H2O C C + CO2 A + H2O t0C D A + H2O + CO2
;

b) P P2O5 H3PO4

A + H2O + CO2 D G + KOH H + D ; H + Cu(NO3)2 I + K ; I + E F + A+D ; G + Cl2 + D E + L

b) FeS2 + O2 A + B A + O2 C C + D axit E E + Cu F + A + D A + D axit G 30000 C c) N2 + O2 A A + O2 B B + H2O C + A d) A (1) H2S

(6)

; ; ;
(2) (7)

C + CaCO3 Ca(NO3)2 + H2O + D

t D + Na2CO3 + H2O E 0 t E Na2CO3 + H2O + D
0

B
(8)

(3)

C D
(4)

(5)

( Bit s d : A,B,C,D,E l cc hp cht khc nhau ca lu hunh ). Hng dn : (1) : H2S + 2NaOH Na2S + 2H2O (2): Na2S + FeCl2 FeS + 2NaCl (3): FeS + H2SO4 FeSO4 + H2S (4): 3FeSO4 + 3/2Cl2 Fe2(SO4)3 + FeCl3 p (5): Fe2(SO4)3 + 3H2O 2Fe + 3H2SO4 + 3/2 O2 (6): H2SO4 + K2S K2SO4 + H2S (7): FeS + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2S (8): H2SO4 + FeO FeSO4 + H2O C th gii bng cc phng trnh phn ng khc. 8) Hon thnh dy chuyn ho sau : a) CaCl2 Ca Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 Ca(HCO3)2 Clorua vi Ca(NO3)2 b) KMnO4 Cl2 NaClO NaCl NaOH Javel Cl2
+ HCl

O2 KClO3 9) Xc nh cc cht A,B,C,D,E ,G,X, v hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng: Fe + A FeCl2 + B ; D + NaOH E + G

- Hong Th Kim Nhung-

-Ho hc nng caoB + C A ; G + H2O X + B + C FeCl2 + C D 10) Thay cc ch ci bng cc CTHH thch hp v hon thnh phn ng sau: t0 A + H2SO4 B + SO2 + H2O ; D + H2 A + H2O B + NaOH C + Na2SO4 A + E Cu(NO3)2 + Ag ; 0 t C D + H2O Hng dn : A: Cu ; B: CuSO4 ; C: Cu(OH)2 ; D: CuO ; E: AgNO3 11) Hy chn 2 cht v c X khc nhau v xc nh A,B,C,D,E,F tha mn s sau : A C E X X X X ( Hng dn : X l cht b nhit phn hoc in phn) B D F 12) a) Hon thnh s phn ng sau ( mi ch ci l mt cht khc nhau, vi S l lu hunh ) S + A X ; S + B Y Y + A X + E ; X + Y S + E X + D + E U + V ; Y + D + E U + V b) Cho tng kh X,Y trn tc dng vi dung dch Br2 th u lm mt mu dung dch brom. Vit cc phng trnh ha hc xy ra. Hng dn : X v Y l nhng cht to ra t S nn ch c th : SO2, H2S , mui sunfua kim loi, sunfua cacbon. Nhng v X tc dng c vi Y nn ph hp nht l : X ( SO2) v Y ( H2S). Cc phng trnh phn ng: to S + O2 SO2 ( X) to H2S + O2 SO2 + H2O ( E) SO2 + Cl2 + 2H2O H2SO4 + 2HCl ( U: H2SO4 v V : HCl ) to S + H2 H2S ( Y) SO2 + 2H2S 3S + 2H2O H2S + 4Cl2 + 4H2O H2SO4 + 8HCl 13) Xc nh cc cht A,B, ... M,X trong s v vit PTHH minh ha: +E X+ A F +G +E X+ B H F Fe +I +L X+ C K H + BaSO4 +M +G X+ D X H Hng dn : A,B,C,D phi l cc cht kh khc nhau, X l oxit ca st. 14) Vit PTHH thc hin s chuyn ha sau ( mi ch ci l mt cht khc nhau) + Ca(OH)2 +H2O + HCl + H2O pnc + FeO + HCl + Mg to A B C D A D E A Bit trong hp cht oxit, nguyn t A c chim 52,94% v khi lng. 15) Hon thnh s chuyn ha sau: FeCl2 Fe(NO3)2 Fe(OH)2 Fe FeCl3 Fe(NO3)2 Fe(OH)3 16) Cho s phn ng sau y :

Fe2O3 Fe.

- Hong Th Kim Nhung-

-Ho hc nng cao NH3 A1 A2 t0 ,p

+ H2O CO2
2 4 A 3 (kh )

+ H SO

+ NaOH A 4 (kh )

Bit A1 gm cc nguyn t C,H,O,N vi t l khi lng tng ng 3:1:4:7 v trong phn t A 1 c 2 nguyn t nit. a) Hy xc nh CTHH ca A1, A2, A3 v hon thnh phng trnh phn ng trn. b) Chn cht thch hp lm kh mi kh A3 v A4. Hng dn : t t s khi lng C,H,O,N tm c A1 l ur : CO(NH2)2 ------------------------Ch 3 : IU CH CC CHT V C I- KIN THC CN NH 1) Phng php chung: B1: B2: B3: B4: Phn loi cc nguyn liu, cc sn phm cn iu ch. Xc nh cc quy lut p thch hp bin cc nguyn liu thnh sn phm. iu ch cht trung gian ( nu cn ) Vit y cc PTHH xy ra.

2- Tm tt phng php iu ch: TT Loi cht cn iu ch Phng php iu ch ( trc tip) 1) i vi cc kim loi mnh ( t K Al): + in phn nng chy mui clorua, bromua pnc 2RClx 2R + xCl2 + in phn oxit: ( ring Al) pnc 2Al2O3 4Al + 3O2 2) i vi cc kim loi TB, yu ( t Zn v sau): +) Kh cc oxit kim loi ( bng : H2, CO , C, CO, Al ) + ) Kim loi + mui mui mi + kim loi mi. + ) in phn dung dch mui clorua, bromua pdd 2RClx 2R + xCl2
( nc khng tham gia p )
0

Kim loi

Oxit baz

t 1 ) Kim loi + O2 oxit baz. t0 2) Baz KT oxit baz + nc. 3 ) Nhit phn mt s mui: t0 Vd: CaCO3 CaO + CO2 t 1) Phi kim + O2 oxit axit. 2) Nhit phn mt s mui : nitrat, cacbonat, sunfat t0 Vd: CaCO3 CaO + CO2 3) Kim loi + axit ( c tnh oxh) : mui HT cao Vd: Zn + 4HNO3 Zn(NO3)2 + 2H2O + 2NO2 4) Kh mt s oxit kim loi ( dng C, CO, ...)
0

Oxit axit

- Hong Th Kim Nhung-

-Ho hc nng caot C + 2CuO CO2 + 2Cu 5) Dng cc phn ng to sn phm khng bn: V d : CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
0

Baz KT

Baz tan

+ ) Mui + kim mui mi + Baz mi. 1 ) Kim loi + nc dd baz + H2 2) Oxit baz + nc dung dch baz. 3 ) in phn dung dch mui clrorua, bromua. pdd 2NaCl + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2 + Cl2 m.n

4) Mui + kim mui mi + Baz mi. 1) Phi kim + H2 hp cht kh (tan / nc axit). 2) Oxit axit + nc axit tng ng. 6 Axit 3) Axit + mui mui mi + axit mi. 4) Cl2, Br2+ H2O ( hoc cc hp cht kh vi hiro). 1) dd mui + dd mui 2 mui mi. 2) Kim loi + Phi kim mui. 3) dd mui + kim mui mi + Baz mi. 4 ) Mui + axit mui mi + Axit mi. 5 ) Oxit baz + axit mui + Nc. 6) Baz + axit mui + nc. 7) Kim loi + Axit mui + H2 ( kim loi trc H ). 7 Mui 8) Kim loi + dd mui mui mi + Kim loi mi. 9) Oxit baz + oxit axit mui ( oxit baz phi tan). 10) oxit axit + dd baz mui + nc. 11) Mui Fe(II) + Cl2, Br2 mui Fe(III). 12) Mui Fe(III) + KL( Fe, Cu) mui Fe(II). 13) Mui axit + kim mui trung ho + nc. 14) Mui Tr.ho + axit tng ng mui axit. II- BI TP P DNG V NNG CAO 1) T Cu v cc cht tu chn, em hy nu 2 phng php trc tip v 2 phng php gin tip iu ch CuCl2 ? Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra ? Hng dn: to C1: Cu + Cl2 CuCl2 C2: Cu + 2FeCl3 FeCl2 + CuCl2 to C3: 2Cu + O2 2CuO CuO + 2HCl CuCl2 + H2O C4: Cu + 2H2SO4 c CuSO4 + 2H2O + SO2 CuSO4 + BaCl2 CuCl2 + BaSO4 2) T cc nguyn liu l : Pyrit ( FeS2), mui n , nc v cc cht xc tc. Em hy vit cc phng trnh iu ch ra : Fe2(SO4)3 , Fe(OH)3 v Fe(OH)2. 3) T CuCl2, dung dch NaOH, CO2. Vit phng trnh ha hc iu ch CaO, CaCO3. 4) T cc dung dch : CuSO4, NaOH , HCl, AgNO3 c th iu ch c nhng mui no ? nhng oxit baz no ? Vit cc phng trnh ha hc minh ha.

- Hong Th Kim Nhung-

-Ho hc nng cao5) a) T cc cht : Al, O2, H2O, CuSO4(r), Fe, ddHCl. Hy vit cc phng trnh ha hc iu ch: Cu, Al2(SO4)3, AlCl3, FeCl2. ( Tt c cc cht nguyn liu phi c s dng). b) T cc cht : Na2O, CuO, Fe2O3, H2O, H2SO4 . Hy vit phng trnh ha hc iu ch : NaOH, Fe(OH)3, Cu(OH)2. 6) T mi cht: Cu, C, S, O2, H2S, FeS2, H2SO4, Na2SO3, hy vit cc PTHH iu ch SO2 7) T khng kh, nc, vi, qung Pirit st, nc bin. Hy iu ch : Fe(OH)3, phn m 2 l NH4NO3, phn m ur : (NH2)2CO Hng dn : ,t0 ,pt 4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O Chng capha oa t n n KK lng N2 + O2 NO + O2 NO2 t0 CaCO3 CaO + CO2 2NO2 + O2 + H2O 2HNO3 p 2H2O 2H2 + O2 HNO3 + NH3 NH4NO3 ,t0 ,pt N2 + 3H2 2NH3 2NH3 + CO2 CO(NH2)2 + H2O 8) T hn hp MgCO3, K2CO3, BaCO3 hy iu ch cc kim loi Mg, K v Ba tinh khit. Hng dn : - Ho tan hn hp vo trong nc th K2CO3 tan cn BaCO3 v CaCO3 khng tan. - iu ch K t dung dch K2CO3 : K2CO3 + 2HCl 2KCl + H2O + CO2 ie pha nc n n 2KCl 2K + Cl2 - iu ch Mg v Ca t phn khng tan MgCO3 v CaCO3 * Nung hn hp MgCO3 v CaCO3 :
CO 3 Ca t0 Ca O,Mg +H2O O Mg CO 3
+ Mg HCl Mg 2 p Mg Cl O + HCl p Ca d Ca d (OH) 2 Cl 2 Ca

9) Phn m 2 l NH4NO3, phn ur CO(NH2)2. Hy vit cc phng trnh phn ng iu ch 2 loi phn m trn t khng kh, nc v vi. Hng dn : Tng t nh bi 7 10) T Fe nu 3 phng php iu ch FeCl3 v ngc li. Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra. 11) Trnh by 4 cch khc nhau iu ch kh clo, 3 cch iu ch HCl ( kh). 12) Mt hn hp CuO v Fe2O3 . Ch c dng Al v dung dch HCl iu ch Cu nguyn cht. Hng dn : Cch 1: Cho hn hp tan trong dung dch HCl. Cho dung dch thu c tc dng vi Al ly kim loi sinh ra ho tan tip vo dung dch HCl thu c Cu Cch 2: Ho tan Al trong dung dch HCl thu c H2. Kh hn hp 2 oxit 2 kim loi. Ho tan kim loi trong dung dch HCl thu c Cu. Cch 3: Kh hn hp bng Al, Ho tan sn phm vo dung dch HCl thu c Cu 13) T FeS , BaCl2, khng kh, nc : Vit cc phng trnh phn ng iu ch BaSO4 Hng dn: T FeS iu ch H2SO4 T BaCl2 v H2SO4 iu ch BaSO4 14) C 5 cht : MnO2, H2SO4 c, NaCl, Na2SO4, CaCl2 . Dng 2 hoc 3 cht no c th iu ch c HCl , Cl2. Vit PTHH xy ra. Hng dn: iu ch HCl th dng H2SO4 c v NaCl hoc CaCl2. iu ch Cl2 th dng H2SO4 c v NaCl v MnO2 H2SO4 c + NaCl(r) NaHSO4 + HCl t0 4HCl c + MnO2 MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2

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-Ho hc nng cao15) T cc cht NaCl, CaCO3, H2O , hy vit phng trnh ha hc iu ch : vi sng, vi ti, xt, x a, Javel, clorua vi, natri, canxi. 16) Trong cng nghip iu ch CuSO4 ngi ta ngm Cu kim loi trong H2SO4 long, sc O2 lin tc, cch lm ny c li hn ha tan Cu trong dung dch H2SO4 c nng hay khng ? Ti sao? Nu mt s ng dng quan trng ca CuSO4 trong thc t i sng, sn xut. Hng dn : Vit cc PTHH cch 1 t tiu tn H2SO4 hn v khng thot SO2 ( c ). 17) Bng cc phn ng ha hc hy iu ch : Na t Na2SO4 ; Mg t MgCO3, Cu t CuS ( cc cht trung gian t chn ). 18) T qung bxit (Al2O3. nH2O , c ln Fe2O3 v SiO2) v cc cht : dd NaCl, CO2, hy nu phng php iu ch Al. Vit phng trnh ha hc xy ra. Hng dn : -T dung dch NaCl in phn c NaOH - Ha tan qung vo NaOH c nng, sc CO2 vo dung dch, lc kt ta Al(OH)3 nung nng, ly Al2O3 in phn nng chy. ---------------------------

Ch 4:

TCH RING - TINH CH - LM KH KH ( Phn v c )

I- KIN THC CN NH 1/ S tch cc cht ra khi hn hp :

Ho h n p

+Y AX tan : A ( ta ta ) i o B B , :( thu tr tie B) c p

+X

Mt s ch : - i vi hn hp rn : X thng l dung dch ho tan cht A. - i vi hn hp lng ( hoc dung dch ): X thng l dung dch to kt ta hoc kh. - i vi hn hp kh : X thng l cht hp th A ( gi li trong dung dch). - Ta ch thu c cht tinh khit nu cht khng ln cht khc cng trng thi. 2) Lm kh kh : Dng cc cht ht m lm kh cc kh c ln hi nc. - Nguyn tc : Cht dng lm kh c kh nng ht nc nhng khng phn ng hoc sinh ra cht phn ng vi cht cn lm kh, khng lm thay i thnh phn ca cht cn lm kh. V d : khng dng H2SO4 lm kh kh NH3 v NH3 b phn ng : 2NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 Khng dng CaO lm kh kh CO2 v CO2 b CaO hp th : CO2 + CaO CaO - Cht ht m thng dng: Axit c (nh H2SO4 c ) ; P2O5 (rn ) ; CaO(r) ; kim khan , mui khan ( nh NaOH, KOH , Na2SO4, CuSO4, CaSO4 ) II- BI TP P DNG V NNG CAO 1) Tinh ch : a) SiO2 c ln FeO b) Ag c ln Fe,Zn,Al c) CO2 c ln N2, H2 Hng dn : a) Ha tan trong dd HCl d th FeO tan ht, SiO2 khng tan thu c SiO2 b) Ha tan vo dd HCl d hoc AgNO3 d th Fe,Zn,Al tan ht, Ag khng tan thu Ag. c) Dn hn hp kh vo dd Ca(OH)2 , lc kt ta nung nhit cao thu c CO2. 2) Tch ring tng cht ra khi hn hp gm Cu, Al, Fe ( bng phng php ha hc) Hng dn:

- Hong Th Kim Nhung-

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-Ho hc nng caoHa tan hn hp vo dung dch NaOH c d, th Al tan cn Fe, Cu khng tan. pnc T NaAlO2 ti to Al theo s : NaAlO2 Al(OH)3 Al2O3 Al. criolit Ha tan Fe,Cu vo dung dch HCl d, thu c Cu v khng tan. Phn nc lc ti to ly Fe: FeCl2 Fe(OH)2 FeO Fe. ( nu khng yu cu gi nguyn lng ban u th c th dng Al y Fe khi FeCl2 ) 3) Bng phng php ha hc, hy tch ring tng cht khi hn hp gm CuO, Al2O3, SiO2. Hng dn : D thy hn hp gm : 1 oxit baz, mt oxit lng tnh, mt oxit axit. V vy nn dng dung dch HCl ha tan, thu c SiO2. Tch Al2O3 v CuO theo s sau:
t Cu(OH) 2 CuO 4) Tch ring tng cht ra khi hn hp gm CO2, SO2, N2 ( bit H2SO3 mnh hn H2CO3). Hng dn: Dn hn hp kh vo dung dch NaOH d th N2 bay ra thu c N2. Tch SO2 v CO2 theo s sau : CO 2 + H2SO3 Na 2 CO3 , Na 2SO3 + H2SO4 Na 2SO3 SO2 5) Mt hn hp gm cc cht : CaCO3, NaCl, Na2CO3 . Hy nu phng php tch ring mi cht. Hng dn: Dng nc tch c CaCO3 Tch NaCl v Na2CO3 theo s sau: + NaOH CO 2 Na 2 CO3 + HCl NaCl , Na 2 CO3 t0 NaCl, HCl NaCl 6) Trnh by phng php tch ring mi cht khi hn hp: BaCl2, MgCl2, NH4Cl. Hng dn : - un nng hn hp ri lm lnh hi bay ra thu c NH4Cl

CuCl 2 ,AlCl3

+ NaOH

t 2 NaAlO 2 Al(OH)3 Al2 O3

0

+ CO

t NH4Cl NH 3 +HCl NH 4Cl - Hn hp rn cn li c cha BaCl2, MgCl2 cho tc dng vi dung dch Ba(OH)2 (d) MgCl 2 +Ba(OH)2 BaCl2 +Mg(OH)2 - Lc ly Mg(OH)2 cho tc dng vi dung dch HCl (d), ri c cn thu c MgCl2. Mg(OH)2 +2HCl MgCl2 +2H2O - Cho phn dung dch c cha BaCl2 v Ba(OH)2 d tc dng dd HCl. Ri c cn thu c BaCl2. Ba(OH)2 +2HCl BaCl2 +2H2O 7) Mt loi mui n c ln cc tp cht CaCl2, MgCl2, Na2SO4, MgSO4, CaSO4. Hy trnh by cch loi b cc tp cht thu c mui n tinh khit. Hng dn : Chng ta phi loi b Ca, SO4, Mg ra khi mui n. - Cho BaCl2 d kt ta hon ton gc SO4 : Na2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2NaCl CaSO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + CaCl2 MgSO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + MgCl2 - B kt ta v cho Na2CO3 vo dung dch loi MgCl2, CaCl2, BaCl2 d. Na2CO3 + MgCl2 MgCO3 + 2NaCl Na2CO3 + CaCl2 CaCO3 + 2NaCl Na2CO3 + BaCl2 BaCO3 + 2NaCl

Lm lnh

- Hong Th Kim Nhung-

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-Ho hc nng cao- Thm HCl loi b Na2CO3 d, c cn dung dch th c NaCl tinh khit. Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 8) Tch ring mi cht ra khi hn hp sau: a) Bt Cu v bt Ag. ; e) Hn hp rn: AlCl3, FeCl3, BaCl2 . b) Kh H2, Cl2, CO2. ; g) Cu, Ag, S, Fe . c) H2S, CO2, hi H2O v N2. ; h) Na2CO3 v CaSO3 ( rn). d) Al2O3, CuO, FeS, K2SO4 . ; i) Cu(NO3)2, AgNO3 ( rn). Hng dn: a)
pdd CuCl 2 Cu CuO + HCl Cu, Ag Ag Ag + O2

H2 b)
2 2 4 H 2 , Cl2 , CO2 CaCO3(r) CO2 2 4 CaOCl 2 Cl2
t CaCO3(r) CO2
0

Ca(OH)

ac

+ H SO

+ H SO

c) d)

H 2S, CO2 H 2 O, N 2

2 4

+ Na SO (khan)

H 2S, CO2 , N 2
0

+ Ca(OH)2

+ HCl CaS(d.d) H2 S

t Na 2SO4 .10H2 O H2 O

Al2 O3 , CuO, FeS K 2SO4

+H

t d.d K 2SO4 K 2SO4(r)

+H O

Al 2O3 , CuO, FeS

+ Na S

NaOH

t 2 NaAlO 2 Al(OH)3 Al2 O3

CO O

2 CuO, FeS Fe 2O3 + CuO

2 CuO , Fe 2O3 Cu, Fe

+ HCl

2 FeCl 2 FeS 2 Cu CuO +O

e) Cho hn hp tc dng vi dung dch NH3 d dung dch v 2 KT. T dung dch ( BaCl2 v NH4Cl) iu ch c BaCl2 bng cch c cn v un nng ( NH4Cl thng hoa).Hoc dng Na2CO3 v HCl thu c BaCl2. Ha tan 2 kt ta vo NaOH d 1 dd v 1 KT. T dung dch: ti to AlCl3 T kt ta : ti to FeCl3 g) S tch :
FeCl 2 Cu, Ag,S, Fe
+HCl

Cu, Ag,S +O2

SO 2 S 2 Ag,CuO +HCl CuCl 2 pdd Cu Ag

+H S

h) Cho hn hp rn Na2CO3 v CaSO3 vo nc th CaSO3 khng tan. C cn dung dch Na2CO3 thu c Na2CO3 rn.

- Hong Th Kim Nhung-

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-Ho hc nng caoi) Nung nng hn hp c CuO v Ag. Ha tan rn vo dung dch HCl d CuCl2 + Ag. T CuCl2 ti to Cu(NO3)2 v t Ag iu ch AgNO3. 9) Hy thc hin phng php ha hc : a) Tinh ch mui n c ln : Na2SO4, NaBr, MgCl2, CaCl2, CaSO4 b) Tinh ch NaOH c ln NaCl ( Bit SNaCl < SNaOH ). ( lm lnh hoc un bay hi bt nc ) c) Tinh ch mui n c ln: CaCl2, MgCl2,CaSO4, MgSO4, Na2SO4, Mg(HCO3)2, Ca(HCO3)2. d) Chuyn ha hn hp CO v CO2 thnh CO2 ( v ngc li ). 10) a) Trong cng nghip, kh NH3 mi iu ch b ln hi nc. lm kh kh NH3 ngi ta c th dng cht no trong s cc cht sau y : H2SO4 c , P2O5, Na , CaO, KOH rn ? Gii thch? Hng dn : ch c th dng CaO hoc KOH rn ( Na tc dng vi H2O sinh kh H2 lm thay i thnh phn ch kh khng chn Na) b) Kh hiroclorua HCl b ln hi nc, chn cht no loi nc ra khi hiroclorua : NaOH rn, P2O5, CaCl2 khan , H2SO4 c. c) Cc kh CO, CO2, HCl u ln nc. Hy chn cht lm kh mi kh trn : CaO, H 2SO4 c, KOH rn , P2O5. Gii thch s la chn. d) Trong PTN iu ch Cl2 t MnO2 v HCl c, nn kh Cl2 thng ln kh HCl v hi nc. thu c Cl2 tinh khit ngi ta dn hn hp i qua 2 bnh mc ni tip nhau, mi bnh ng mt cht lng. Hy xc nh cht ng trong mi bnh. Gii thch bng PTHH. -----------------------Ch 5: NHN BIT, PHN BIT CHT MT NHN I- KIN THC CN NH 1) Nguyn tc: - Phi trch mi cht mt t lm mu th ( tr trng hp l cht kh ) - Phn ng chn nhn bit cc cht phi xy ra nhanh v c du hiu c trng ( i mu , xut hin kt ta, si bt kh, mi c trng, ) 2) Phng php: - Phn loi cc cht mt nhn xc nh tnh cht c trng chn thuc th. - Trnh by : Nu thuc th chn ? Cht nhn ra ? Du hiu nhn bit (Hin tng g ? ), vit PTHH xy ra minh ho cho cc hin tng. 3) Lu : - Nu cht A l thuc th ca cht B th cht B cng l thuc th ca A. - Nu ch c ly thm 1 thuc th , th cht ly vo phi nhn ra c mt cht sao cho cht ny c kh nng lm thuc th cho cc cht cn li. - Nu khng dng thuc th th dng cc phn ng phn hy, hoc cho tc dng i mt. - Khi chng minh s c mt ca mt cht trong hn hp th rt d nhm ln. V vy thuc th c dng phi rt c trng. V d : Khng th dng nc vi trong chng minh s c mt ca CO2 trong hn hp : CO2, SO2, NH3 v SO2 cng lm c nc vi trong: CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O SO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaSO3 + H2O 3) Tm tt thuc th v du hiu nhn bit mt s cht a) Cc cht v c :

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Cht cn nhn bit dd axit dd kim Axit sunfuric v mui sunfat Axit clohiric v mui clorua Mui ca Cu (dd xanh lam) Mui ca Fe(II) (dd lc nht ) Mui Fe(III) (dd vng nu) d.dch mui Al, Cr (III) ( mui ca Kl lng tnh ) Mui amoni Mui photphat Mui sunfua Mui cacbonat v mui sunfit Mui silicat Mui nitrat Kim loi hot ng Kim loi u dy : K , Ba, Ca, Na Kim loi lng tnh: Al, Zn,Cr Kim loi yu : Cu, Ag, Hg ( thng li sau cng ) Hp cht c kim loi ho tr thp nh :FeO, Fe3O4, FeS,FeS2,Fe(OH)2,,Cu2S BaO, Na2O, K2O CaO P2O5 SiO2 (c trong thu tinh) CuO Ag2O MnO2, PbO2 Kh SO2 Kh CO2 , SO2 Kh SO3 Kh HCl ; H2S Kh NH3 Kh Cl2 Kh O2 Kh CO NO H2

Thuc th * Qu tm * Qu tm * phenolphtalein -Ho hc * ddBaCl2 * ddAgNO3

Du hiu ( Hin tng) * Qu tm * Qu tm xanh nng Phnolphtalein hng * cao* C kt ta trng : BaSO4 * C kt ta trng : AgCl * Kt ta xanh l : Cu(OH)2 * Kt ta trng xanh b ho nu trong nc : 2Fe(OH)2 + H2O + O2 2Fe(OH)3 ( Trng xanh) ( nu ) * Kt ta nu Fe(OH)3 * Kt ta keo tan c trong kim d : Al(OH)3 ( trng , Cr(OH)3 (xanh xm) Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + 2H2O * Kh mi khai : NH3 * Kt ta vng: Ag3PO4 * Kh mi trng thi : H2S * Kt ta en : CuS , PbS * C kh thot ra : CO2 , SO2 ( mi xc) * Nc vi b c: do CaCO3 CaSO3 , * C kt ta trng keo. * Dung dch mu xanh , c kh mu nu NO2 * C kh bay ra : H2 * C kh thot ra ( H2 ) , to nhiu nhit * Na ( vng ) ; K ( tm ) ; Li ( ta ) ; Ca ( cam) ; Ba (lc vng ) * kim loi tan, si bt kh ( H2 ) * Kim loi tan, c kh mu nu ( NO2 ) ( dng khi khng c cc kim loi hot ng). * C kh bay ra : NO2 ( mu nu ), SO2 ( mi hc ) * tan, to dd lm qu tm xanh. * Tan , to dung dch c. * tan, to dd lm qu tm . * cht rn b tan ra. * dung dch mu xanh lam : CuCl2 * kt ta trng AgCl * C kh mu vng lc : Cl2 * lm mt mu da cam ca ddBr2 * xut hin cht rn mu vng ( S ) * nc vi trong b c ( do kt ta ) : CaCO3 , CaSO3 * C kt ta trng : BaSO4 * Qu tm * Qu tm xanh * Qu tm mt mu ( do HClO ) * Than bng chy * Chy, ngn la mu xanh nht * Ho nu : do chuyn thnh NO2 * N lch tch, la xanh

* Dung dch kim ( v d NaOH )

* Dung dch kim, d * dd kim, un nh * dd AgNO3 * Axit mnh * dd CuCl2, Pb(NO3)2 * Axit (HCl, H2SO4 ) * Nc vi trong * Axit mnh HCl, H2SO4 * ddH2SO4 c / Cu * Dung dch axit * H2O * t chy, quan st mu ngn la * dung dch kim * dung dch HNO3 c * HNO3 , H2SO4 c

* ha tan vo H2O * dd HF * dung dch HCl ( un nng nh nu l MnO2, PbO2 ) * Dung dch Brm * Kh H2S * Nc vi trong * dd BaCl2 * Qu tm tm nc * Than nng * t trong khng kh * Tip xc khng kh * t chy

* dung dch mui ca axit mnh- Hong Th 4Cl, (NH4)Nhung-3 ) lm qu tm . v baz yu ( nh : NH Kim 2SO4, NH4NO * dung dch mui ca axit yu v baz mnh ( nh : Na2CO3, NaHCO3, Na2S ) lm qu tm xanh. * dung dch mui hirosunfat ( nh NaHSO4, KHSO4 ) c tnh cht nh H2SO4.

15

-Ho hc nng caob) Cc cht hu c :

Cht cn NB
tilen : C2H4 Axtilen: C2H2 M tan : CH4 Butaien: C4H6 Benzen: C6H6 Ru tylic : C2H5OH Glixerol: C3H5(OH)3 Axit axetic: CH3COOH Axit formic : H- COOH ( c nhm : - CHO ) Glucoz: C6H12O6 (dd) H Tinh bt : ( C6H10O5)n Protein ( dd keo ) Protein ( khan)

Thuc th
* dung dch Brom * dung dch KMnO4 * dung dch Brom * Ag2O / ddNH3 * t / kk * dng kh Cl2 v th SP bng qu tm m * dung dch Brom * dung dch KMnO4 * t trong khng kh * KL rt mnh : Na,K, * t / kk * Cu(OH)2 * KL hot ng : Mg, Zn * mui cacbonat * qu tm *Ag2O/ddNH3 * Ag2O/ddNH3 * Cu(OH)2 * dung dch I2 ( vng cam ) * un nng * nung nng ( hoc t )

Du hiu nhn bit ( Hin tng)

* mt mu da cam * mt mu tm * mt mu da cam * c kt ta vng nht : C2Ag2 * chy : la xanh * qu tm * mt mu da cam * mt mu tm * chy cho nhiu mi than ( khi en ) * c si bt kh ( H2 ) * chy , ngn la xanh m. * dung dch mu xanh thm. * c si bt kh ( H2 ) * c si bt kh ( CO2 ) * qu tm * c kt ta trng ( Ag ) * c kt ta trng ( Ag ) * c kt ta son ( Cu2O ) * dung dch xanh * dung dch b kt ta * c mi kht

* Cc cht ng ng ( c cng CTTQ v c cu to tng t ) vi cc cht nu trong bng cng c phng php nhn bit tng t, v chng c tnh cht ha hc tng t. V d: +) CH C CH2 CH3 cng lm mt mu dd brom nh axetilen v c lin kt ba, ng thi to kt ta vi AgNO3 v c ni ba u mch. +) Cc axit hu c dng CnH2n + 1COOH c tnh cht tng t nh axit axetic.

II- BI TP P DNG V NNG CAO ( phn v c ) 1) Hy nu phng php nhn bit cc l ng ring bit cc dung dch mt nhn: HCl,H2SO4, HNO3. Vit cc phng trnh ha hc xy ra. Hng dn: th t dng dung dch BaCl2 v AgNO3. 2) Ch dng mt thuc th duy nht, hy nhn bit cc gi bt mu en khng nhn : Ag2O, MnO2, FeO, CuO. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra. Hng dn: Dng thuc th : dung dch HCl. Nu to dung dch xanh lam l CuO, to dung dch lc nht l FeO, to kt ta trng l Ag2O, to kh mu vng lc l MnO2. 3) Ch dng mt thuc th duy nht, hy nhn bit cc dung dch mt nhn : NH4Cl, MgCl2, FeCl2, ZnCl2, CuCl2. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra. Hng dn: dng dung dch NaOH th : NH4Cl c kh mi khai, FeCl2 to kt ta trng xanh v ha nu , CuCl2 to kt ta xanh l, MgCl2 to kt ta trng, ZnCl2 to kt ta trng tan trong kim d. 4) Khng thm cht khc hy nu phng php nhn bit cc l cht mt nhn sau y: dd Na2CO3, ddBaCl2, dd H2SO4, dung dch HCl. Hng dn: Trch mu v cho mi cht tc dng vi cc cht cn li. Bng m t:

- Hong Th Kim Nhung-

16

-Ho hc nng caoNa2CO3 Na2CO3 BaCl2 H2SO4 HCl Nhn xt : Nhn ra Na2CO3 tham gia 1 p to kt ta, 2 p to kh. Nhn ra BaCl2 tham gia 2 p to kt ta. Nhn ra H2SO4 tham gia 1 p to kt ta, 1 p to kh. Nhn ra HCl tham gia 1 p to kh. Cc phng trnh ha hc ( s du hiu ghi trong bng , vit mt bn ca ng cho sm ) Na2CO3 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2NaCl Na2CO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2 Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 H2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2HCl 5) Bng phng php ha hc, hy phn bit cc cht sau y ng trong cc l khng nhn: a) Cc kh : CO2, SO2, Cl2, H2, O2, HCl. b) Cc cht rn : bt nhm, bt st, bt ng, bt Ag. c) Cc cht rn : BaCO3, MgCO3, NaCl, Na2CO3, ZnCl2 ( ch c ly thm mt cht khc ). d) Cc dung dch: Na2CO3, NaCl, Na2SO4, NaNO3, BaCl2. e) Cc dung dch : NaHSO4, Na2CO3, Na2SO3, Na2S, BaCl2 ( ch c dng thm qu tm ). g) Cc dung dch : HCl, HNO3, NaOH, AgNO3, NaNO3, HgCl2 ( c dng thm 1 kim loi ). Hng dn: dng kim loi Cu, nhn ra HNO3 c kh khng mu ha nu trong khng kh. Nhn ra AgNO3 v HgCl2 v p to dung dch mu xanh. Dng dung dch mui Cu to ra, nhn ra c NaOH c kt ta xanh l. Dng Cu(OH)2 nhn ra HCl lm tan kt ta. Dng dd HCl phn bit AgNO3 v HgCl2 ( c kt ta l AgNO3 ) 6) C 5 ng nghim ng 5 dung dch khng nhn c nh s t 1 5, gm: Na2CO3, BaCl2, MgCl2, H2SO4, NaOH . Thc hin cc th nghim c kt qu nh sau: (1) tc dng vi (2) kh ; tc dng vi (4) kt ta. (3) tc dng vi (4),(5) u cho kt ta. Hy cho bit mi ng nghim ng nhng cht g, gii thch v vit phng trnh phn ng. Hng dn : * C1: cht (2) to kt ta vi 2 cht v to kh vi 1 cht nn l : Na2CO3 , v (1) l H2SO4 cht (4) + (1) kt ta nn chn (4) l BaCl2 cht (5) + (2) kt ta nn chn (5) l MgCl2 ; Cht (3) l NaOH. * C2: C th lp bng m t nh sau: BaCl2 MgCl2 H2SO4 NaOH Na2CO3 BaCl2 MgCl2 X H2SO4 NaOH Ch c Na2CO3 to vi cc cht khc 2KT v 1 kh nn chn (2) l Na2CO3 , (1) l H2SO4 T suy ra : (4) l BaCl2 v to kt ta vi (1) ; cn l ( 5) l MgCl2 v to kt ta vi (2) 7) C 3 cc ng cc cht: Na2CO3 BaCl2 H2SO4 HCl -

- Hong Th Kim Nhung-

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-Ho hc nng caoCc 1: NaHCO3 v Na2CO3 Cc 2: Na2CO3 v Na2SO4 Cc 3: NaHCO3 v Na2SO4 Ch c dng thm 2 thuc th nhn bit ra tng cc? Vit phng trnh phn ng. Hng dn : -Dng dung dch BaCl2 th mi cc : Cc 1: BaCl2 + Na2CO3 BaCO3 + 2NaCl Cc 2: BaCl2 + Na2SO4 BaSO4 + 2NaCl BaCl2 + Na2CO3 BaCO3 + 2NaCl Cc 3: BaCl2 + Na2SO4 BaSO4 + 2NaCl - Lc ly cc kt ta, ha tan trong dung dch HCl d th: Nu kt ta tan hon ton , p si bt cc 1 BaCO3 + 2HCl BaCl2 + H2O + CO2 Nu kt ta tan 1 phn,p si bt cc 2 BaCO3 + 2HCl BaCl2 + H2O + CO2 Nu kt ta khng tan , khng si bt kh cc 3 8) Nu phng php ha hc phn bit cc cht kh sau y: a) NH3, H2S, HCl, SO2 ; c) NH3, H2S, Cl2, NO2, NO. b) Cl2, CO2, CO, SO2, SO3. ; d) O2, O3, SO2, H2, N2. Hng dn : a) Dng dd AgNO3 nhn ra HCl c kt ta trng, H2S c kt ta en. Dng dung dch Br2, nhn ra SO2 lm mt mu da cam ( ng thi lm c nc vi). Nhn ra NH3 lm qu tm t xanh. b) Cl2, CO2, CO, SO2, SO3: Dng dung dch Br2 nhn ra SO2. Dng dung dch BaCl2, nhn ra SO3. Dng dung dch Ca(OH)2 nhn ra CO2. Dng dung dch AgNO3 nhn ra Cl2 ( c kt ta sau vi pht ). c) NH3, H2S, Cl2, NO2, NO. Nhn ra NH3 lm xanh qu tm m, Cl2 lm mt mu qu tm m, H2S to kt ta en vi Cu(NO3)2,. Nhn ra NO b ha nu trong khng kh, NO2 mu nu v lm qu tm m. C th dng dung dch Br2 nhn ra H2S do lm mt mu nc Br2: H2S + 4Br2 + 4H2O H2SO4 + 8HBr . d) O2, O3, SO2, H2, N2. nhn bit O3 th dng giy tm dung dch ( h tinh bt + KI ) du hiu: giy xanh. 2KI + O3 + H2O 2KOH + I2 + O2 ( I2 lm h tinh bt xanh ). 9) Nhn bit cc cht sau y ( khng c ly thm cht khc ) a) dung dch AlCl3, dd NaOH. ( tng t cho mui ZnSO4 v NaOH ) b) cc dung dch : NaHCO3, HCl, Ba(HCO3)2, MgCl2, NaCl. c) cc dung dch : NaCl, H2SO4, CuSO4, BaCl2, NaOH. d) cc dung dch : BaCl2, HCl, H2SO4, K3PO4. Hng dn ( cu b): NaHCO3 HCl Ba(HCO3)2 MgCl2 NaCl NaHCO3 Qua bng, ta thy c HCl mt cp cht cha nhn ra Ba(HCO3)2 ( Ba(HCO3)2 , NaHCO3. MgCl2 phn bit 2 cht ny ta NaCl phi nung nng, nhn ra Ba(HCO3)2 nh c kt ta. 18 - Hong Th Kim Nhung-

-Ho hc nng cao* Cch 2: un nng 5 dung dch, nhn ra Ba(HCO3)2 c si bt kh v c kt ta, nhn ra NaHCO3 c si bt kh nhng khng c kt ta. Dng dung dch Na2CO3 va to thnh nhn ra HCl v MgCl2. Cht cn li l NaCl. 10) Nhn bit s c mt ca mi cht sau y trong mt hn hp ( ngun : Cu hi gio khoa Ha v c - Nguyn Hin Hong , tr.116 -NXB tr: 1999 ) a) Hn hp kh : CO2, SO2, H2, O2. b) Hn hp kh : CO, CO2, SO2, SO3, H2. c) Dung dch long cha hn hp: HCl, H2SO4 , HNO3. d) Dung dch hn hp : Cu(NO3)2, AlCl3, BaCl2. e) Hn hp bt gm: Al, Zn, Fe, Cu. 11) Nhn bit bng phng php ha hc ( ngun Cu hi gio khoa Ha v c - Nguyn Hin Hong , tr.115 ) a) Cc cht rn: Na2O, Al2O3, Fe2O3 ( ch dng nc ). b) Cc hn hp: (Al + Al2O3) , ( Fe + Fe2O3) , ( FeO + Fe2O3). c) Cc hn hp: ( Fe + Fe2O3) , ( Fe + FeO) , ( FeO + Fe2O3). d) Cc hn hp: ( H2 + CO2) , ( CO2 + SO2) , ( CH4 + SO2 ). 12) C 3 mui khc nhau, mi mui cha mt gc v mt kim loi khc nhau ( c th l mui trung ha hoc mui axit) c k hiu A,B,C. Bit : A + B c kh bay ra. B + C c kt ta. A + C va c kt ta va c kh bay ra. Hy chn 3 cht tng ng vi A,B,C v vit cc phng trnh ha hc xy ra. Ch 6: GII THCH HIN TNG. TIN TRNH TH NGHIM. I- KIN THC CN NH: - Phi nu y cc hin tng xy ra ( cht rn b tan, xut hin kt ta, si bt kh, s i mu, mi , to nhit, chy , n ). Vit y cc phng trnh ha hc minh ha. - Cc hin tng v cc PTHH phi c sp xp theo trnh t ca th nghim. - Cn lu : *) Mt s trng hp cht sn phm b phn ng vi cht tham gia cn d . V d: Cho NaOH d vo dung dch AlCl3 AlCl3 + 3NaOH Al(OH)3 + 3NaCl (1) Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + 2H2O (1) Tng hp (1) v (2) ta c : AlCl3 + 4NaOH NaAlO2 + 3NaCl + 2H2O (2 ) V vy kt ta tn ti hoc khng tn ti l ph thuc vo lng NaOH. *) Mt s trng hp c phn ng vi nc : nh kim loi kim, oxit baz kim, oxit axit. V d: cho Na + dd CuCl2 th: dung dch si bt v c xut hin kt ta mu xanh l. Na + H2O NaOH + H2 ( si bt ) 2NaOH + CuCl2 Cu(OH)2 + 2NaCl
( dd xanh lam ) ( kt ta xanh l )

*) Khi cho kim loi kim, hoc oxit ca n vo dd axit th axit tham gia phn ng trc nc. V d: Cho Na + dd HCl th: p mnh ( n ) v c si b kh. u tin : Na + HCl NaCl + H2 Sau : Na + H2O NaOH + H2 ( khi axit HCl ht th mi xy ra phn ng ny) * ) Khi cho hn hp kim loi tc dng vi 1 axit, hoc mt mui ( v ngc li) th phn ng no c khong cch 2 kim loi xa hn s xy ra trc. ( theo dy hot ng ca kim loi ).

- Hong Th Kim Nhung-

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-Ho hc nng caoV d : Cho hn hp Fe,Zn + dung dch CuCl2 th th t phn ng nh sau: Zn + CuCl2 ZnCl2 + Cu Fe + CuCl2 FeCl2 + Cu Cho Fe vo dung dch hn hp: AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2 th th t phn ng nh sau: Fe + 2AgNO3 Fe(NO3)2 + 2Ag Fe + Cu(NO3)2 Fe(NO3)2 + Cu II- BI TP P DNG V NNG CAO: 1) Nu hin tng v vit PTHH xy ra khi cho Na ln lt vo cc dung dch sau y: a) dung dch CuSO4 ; b) dung dch Al2(SO4)3 ; c) dung dch Ca(OH)2 d) dung dch Ca(HCO3)2 ; e) dung dch NaHSO4 ; g) dung dch NH4Cl Hng dn: a) c si bt kh v xut hin kt ta xanh l. Na + H2O NaOH + H2 CuSO4 + 2NaOH Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4 b) u tin c si bt kh, xut hin kt ta, sau kt ta tan ra ( nu NaOH c d ). Ba + 2H2O Ba(OH)2 + H2 6NaOH + Al2(SO4)3 2Al(OH)3 + 3Na2SO4 Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + 2H2O c) Natri tan ra, dung dch si bt: Na + H2O NaOH + H2 d) Natri tan ra, dung dch si bt kh, xut hin kt ta. 2NaOH + Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + Na2CO3 + 2H2O e) Natri tan ra, dung dch si bt kh , n v p rt mnh lit. NaHSO4 + Na Na2SO4 + H2 g) ban u xut hin kh khng mi, sau c kh mi khai. NH4Cl + NaOH NaCl + NH3 + H2O ( do NH4OH khng bn ) 2) Nu hin tng xy ra v vit PTHH cho cc th nghim sau: a) Cho t t Na2CO3 vo dung dch HCl. b) Cho t t dd HCl vo Na2CO3 . c) Cho AlCl3 vo dung dch NaOH d. d) Cho dung dch NaOH vo dd AlCl3 d. e) Cho Zn vo dung dch Fe2(SO4)3 d. g) Sc t t CO2 vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 n khi kt thc ri un nng dung dch thu c. Hng dn : * Cu a,b: kt qu 2 TN l khc nhau: - Nu cho Na2CO3 vo HCl th ban u HCl d c kh thot ra ngay: Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 ( HCl khng hp th c CO2) Khi Na2CO3 c d th trong dung dch khng c cht no p vi n. - Nu cho HCl vo Na2CO3 th ban u Na2CO3 d nn khng c kh thot ra: Na2CO3 + HCl NaCl + NaHCO3 ( Na2CO3 hp th c CO2 NaHCO3) Khi HCl c d th mi c CO2 thot ra : NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + H2O + CO2 * Cu c,d: kt qu 2 TN l khc nhau: - Nu cho AlCl3 vo NaOH : u tin NaOH d, nn kt ta to ra b tan ngay ( d AlCl3 s c KT) AlCl3 + NaOH NaCl + NaAlO2 + H2O ( Al(OH)3 chuyn thnh NaAlO2 + H2O ) - Nu cho NaOH vo AlCl3 th u tin AlCl3 d nn kt ta to ra lin tc n cc i. AlCl3 + 3NaOH 3NaCl + Al(OH)3 ( Al(OH)3 khng tan trong AlCl3 d ). Khi NaOH d th kt ta bt u tan n ht: 20 - Hong Th Kim Nhung-

-Ho hc nng caoAl(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + 2H2O 3) Cho a (mol) Mg vo dung dch cha ng thi b (mol) CuCl2 v c (mol) FeCl2. a) Hy vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra theo trnh t. b) Hy thit lp mi lin h gia a,b,c sau khi kt thc th nghim thu c mt dung dch c cha: ba mui, hai mui ; mt mui . Hng dn: V hot ng ca cc kim loi l : Mg > Fe > Cu nn th t cc phn ng xy ra: Mg + CuCl2 MgCl2 + Cu (1) b b (mol) Mg + FeCl2 MgCl2 + Fe (2) c c (mol) -Nu sau p thu c 3 mui : MgCl2, CuCl2, FeCl2 sau p (1) cn d CuCl2 : a < b. -Nu sau p thu c 2 mui: MgCl2, FeCl2 sau p (2) cn d FeCl2 : b a < b + c . -Nu sau p thu c 1 mui : MgCl2 CuCl2 v FeCl2 p ht: a b + c. 4) Hy nu hin tng v vit phng trnh ha hc xy ra khi cho KHSO4 ln lt vo cc cc ng sn : dd Na2CO3 , dd (NH4)2CO3, dd BaCl2, dd Ba(HCO3)2, Al, Fe2O3. 5) TN1: Khi cho dung dch Na2CO3 vo dung dch FeCl3 thy c kt ta nu v bay ra mt kh lm c nc vi. Nhit phn kt ta ny th to ra mt cht rn mu nu v khng sinh ra kh ni trn. TN2: Cho Ba(HCO3)2 vo dung dch ZnCl2 th thu c kt ta, kh thot ra cng lm c nc vi trong. Hy gii thch cc th nghim bng cc phng trnh phn ng. Hng dn : * TN1: Fe2(CO3)3 b nc phn tch ( coi nh phn hy ra axit v baz ) nn ta c p: 2FeCl3 + 3Na2CO3 + 3H2O 6NaCl + 2Fe(OH)3 + 3CO2 t0 2Fe(OH)3 Fe2O3 + 3H2O * TN2: trong dung dch th Ba(HCO3)2 c tnh kim Ba(OH)2 . 2CO2 Ba(HCO3)2 + ZnCl2 Zn(OH)2 + BaCl2 + 2CO2 ( p kh ) 6) Nu hin tng xy ra cho mi th nghim v gii thch: a) Cho SO2 li chm qua dd Ba(OH)2 , sau thm nc vi trong vo dung dch thu c. b) Ha tan Fe bng dd HCl v sc kh Cl2 i qua hoc cho KOH vo dung dch, lu ngoi khng kh. c) Cho AgNO3 vo dung dch AlCl3 , nh tip vi git qu tm v ngoi nh sng. d) Cho HCl c tc dng vi KMnO4, sau cho AgNO3 vo dung dch thu c. e) Sc kh CO2 i chm vo dung dch NaAlO2. 7) Khi trn dung dch AgNO3 vi dung dch H3PO4 th khng thy kt ta xut hin. Nu thm dung dch NaOH th c kt ta mu vng, nu thm tip dung dch HCl th kt ta mu vng chuyn thnh kt ta mu trng. Gii thch cc hin tng bng phn ng ha hc. 8) Tm mui X va tc dng vi dung dch HCl va tc dng vi dung dch NaOH tha mn iu kin sau y: a) C 2 phn ng u thot kh. b) Phn ng vi HCl kh, phn ng vi NaOH to ta. c) C 2 phn ng u to kt ta. Hng dn : a) X phi l mui amoni v tc dng vi kim c thot kh. X tc dng HCl sinh kh, nn phi mang gc axit d phn hy. Chn (NH4)2CO3 b) X l mui cacbonat v to kt ta vi NaOH nn phi l mui axit : Ca(HCO3)2 c) X to kt ta vi HCl X c Ag. Chn AgNO3.

- Hong Th Kim Nhung-

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-Ho hc nng cao9) Hn hp A gm : Fe3O4, Al, Al2O3, Fe. Cho A tan trong dd NaOH d rn A1, dung dch B1 v kh C1. Cho kh C1 d tc dng vi A nung nng th c rn A2. Cho A2 tc dng vi H2SO4 c, ngui c dd B2. Cho B2 tc dng vi dd BaCl2 kt ta B3. Vit cc PTHH xy ra. 10) C nhng thay i g khi lu ngy nhng bnh h ming cha cc dung dch sau y: nc clo, nc brom, nc H2S, nc vi trong, nc Javen ( NaCl, NaClO). Hng dn: cc cht Cl2, Br2 tc dng vi H2O. H2S tc dng O2 S ( c) + H2O. Cn dung dch NaClO tc dng vi CO2 NaHCO3 + HClO. 11) Cho Zn d vo dung dch H2SO4 96% th u tin c kh khng mu, mi xc bay ra, sau mt thi gian thy xut hin kt ta mu vng, sau li c kh mi trng thi v sau cng c kh khng mu, khng mi thot ra. Hy gii thch v vit cc phng trnh phn ng. ( ngun : BTLT&TN Cao C Gic , NXBGD 2003 ) Hng dn: Ban u H2SO4 c SO2 (mi xc) 2H2SO4 + Zn ZnSO4 + 2H2O + SO2 V sau do H2SO4 b pha long do tiu hao v do H2O sinh ra, nn to kt ta S ( mu vng) 4H2SO4 + 3Zn 3ZnSO4 + 4H2O + S Tip n l : 5H2SO4 + 4Zn 4ZnSO4 + 4H2O + H2S ( mi trng thi) Khi nng H2SO4 long th H2: H2SO4 + Zn ZnSO4 + H2 12) mt mu Na ngoi khng kh m, sau mt thi gian thu c rn A. Ha tan rn A vo nc th thu c dung dch B. Vit cc PTHH c th xy ra, xc nh cc cht c trong A v B. Hng dn: Trong khng kh m c H2O, CO2, O2 4Na + O2 2Na2O 2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2 Na2O + H2O 2NaOH Na2O + CO2 Na2CO3 2NaOH + CO2 Na2CO3 + H2O ( hoc NaHCO3 ). Rn A : Na( d), Na2O, NaOH, Na2CO3 , NaHCO3 ha tan vo nc s xy ra cc phn ng: 2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2 Na2O + H2O 2NaOH 13) Khi cho mt mu kim loi Cu d vo trong dung dch HNO3 m c th u tin thy xut hin kh X mu nu, sau li thy c kh Y khng mu thot ra v ha nu trong khng kh. Dn kh X i vo dung dch NaOH d th thu c mui A v mui B. Nung nng mui A li thu c mui B. Hy xc nh cc cht X, Y, A, B v vit cc phng trnh ha hc xy ra. Hng dn: Ban u HNO3 c NO2, sau HNO3 long dn NO 4HNO3 + Cu Cu(NO3)2 + 2H2O + 2NO2 ( kh X ) 8HNO3 + 3Cu 3Cu(NO3)2 + 4H2O + 2NO ( kh Y ) NO + O2 NO2 NO2 + 2NaOH NaNO3 + NaNO2 + H2O t0 NaNO3 NaNO2 + O2 (A) (B) 14) Hy dng cc phng trnh ha hc gii thch v sao khng c bn chung cc loi phn m : m 2 l NH4NO3, m sunfat (NH4)2SO4 v ur CO(NH2)2 vi vi hoc tro bp ( cha K2CO3). Bit rng trong nc ur chuyn ha thnh amoni cacbonat (NH4)2CO3.( ngun : BTLT&TN Cao C Gic , NXBGD 2003 ). Hng dn: * Nu bn chung vi vi th : 22 - Hong Th Kim Nhung-

-Ho hc nng cao2NH4NO3 + Ca(OH)2 Ca(NO3)2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O (NH4)2SO4 + Ca(OH)2 CaSO4 + 2NH3 + 2H2O (NH4)2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + 2NH3 + 2H2O * Nu chung vi tro bp ( cha K2CO3) 2NH4NO3 + K2CO3 2KNO3 + H2O + CO2 + 2NH3 (NH4)2SO4 + K2CO3 K2SO4 + H2O + CO2 + 2NH3 (NH4)2CO3 + K2CO3 2KHCO3 + 2NH3 Nh vy bn chung phn m vi vi hoc tro bp th lun b tht thot m do gii phng NH3. * Nhn xt v mui amoni: Khi tc dng vi cc dung dch mui c tnh kim ( nh Na2CO3, NaAlO2 , NaClO ) th cc mui ammoni tc dng nh axit tng ng: Trong cc phn ng ny, c th xem mui amoni l cc axit tng ng ngm NH3, v d: NH4NO3 HNO3.NH3 ( khi p phn NH3 b gii phng ) (NH4)2SO4 H2SO4.2HN3 NH4Cl HCl . NH3 (NH4)2CO3 H2CO3.NH3 V d : NaAlO2 + NH4Cl + H2O NaCl + Al(OH)3 + NH3 -----------------Ch 7 : XC NH CTHH CA CHT DA VO KT QU NH TNH. ( Da vo tnh cht l - ha ) I- KIN THC CN NH - Phi nm vng tnh cht vt l, ho hc, cc ng dng quan trng v phng php iu ch cc cht. Cn c vo cc hin tng m t bi d on CTHH ca cht v vit PTHH xy ra. - Mt s hin tng cn ch : * Kh CO2, SO2 lm c nc vi ; kh H2S ( mi trng thi ), NH3 ( mi khai ) , kh NO2 ( nu), kh SO2 ( mi xc), kh Cl2( vng lc, xc) .v.v. * t cc kim loi kim hoc dung dch ca hp cht tng ng ( dng a Pt ) trn la n kh th cho ngn la c trng: Kim loi Li Na K Ca Ba Mu ngn la ta vng tm cam lc vng * Nu 2 mui tc dng vi nhau c sinh kh 1 mui c tnh axit mnh, 1 mui ca axit yu : V d : 2NaHSO4 + Na2CO3 2Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2 * Nu mui tc dng vi kim m c sinh kh mui tham gia l mui amoni ( NH4 ) : V d : 2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 CaCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O II- BI TP P DNG V NNG CAO 1) Mui X t chy cho ngn la mu vng. un nng MnO2 vi hn hp mui X v H2SO4 m c thy to ra kh Y mu vng lc. Kh Y c th tc dng vi dd NaOH hoc vi ti bt to ra 2 loi cht ty trng A v B. a) Xc nh X,Y v vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra. b) A v B ty trng nh tc dng ca CO2 trong kh quyn. Hy vit phng trnh phn ng. c) Vit phng trnh phn ng iu ch X t KMnO4 tc dng vi cht Z. Hng dn: a) Mui X t cho la vng mui X cha Na. Kh Y vng lc l kh Cl2. Vy mui X l NaCl. Cht A v B l Javen v CaOCl2 Cc phng trnh phn ng :

- Hong Th Kim Nhung-

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-Ho hc nng cao2NaCl + H2SO4 c NaHSO4 + HCl ( hoc to mui Na2SO4) MnO2 + 4HCl MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2 Cl2 + 2NaOH NaClO + NaCl + H2O Cl2 + Ca(OH)2 CaOCl2 + H2O b) Tc dng ty trng ca CO2 ( do H2CO3 mnh hn HClO ). NaClO + CO2 + H2O NaHCO3 + HClO ( phn hy HCl + O ) 2CaOCl2 + 2CO2 + H2O 2CaCO3 + 2HCl + Cl2O ( phn hy Cl2 + O ) c) Cht Z l HCl. 5 KMnO4 + 8HCl KCl + MnCl2 + Cl2 + 4H2O 2 2) Cc hp cht A,B,C u l nhng hp cht ca K. Bit A tc dng vi B to thnh C. Khi cho C tc dng vi HCl th c kh CO2 bay ra. Tm cng thc ho hc ca cc cht A,B,C v vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra trong th nghim. Vit cc phng trnh phan ng khi cho cc cht A,B,C ln lt tc dng vi CaCl2. Hng dn: C + HCl kh C l mui cacbonat. A + B C A v B mt cht l mui axit , mt cht l kim. Vy A, B,C ln lt l : KHCO3, KOH , K2CO3. 3) C 3 kh A,B,C . t chy 1V kh A to ra 1V kh B v 2V kh C. Kh C c sinh ra khi un nng S vi H2SO4 c. B l mt oxit c khi lng oxi gp 2,67 ln khi lng ca nguyn t to oxit. Xc nh cc cht A,B,C v vit cc phng trnh phn ng khi cho mi kh B,C li qua dung dch Na2CO3. Hng dn: H2SO4 c + S nn kh C . Suy ra kh (C ) l SO2 t0 ptp : 2H2SO4 c + S 3SO2 + 2H2O 16x t cng thc tng qut ca( B) l : R2Ox ta c : = 2,67 R = 3x 2R Ch c x = 4 , R = 12 l tha mn. Vy (B) l kh CO2 t0 Theo : 1(A) + O2 1CO2 + 2SO2 Suy ra 1 mol A c 1molC v 2mol S. Vy CTHH ca kh (A) l CS2 Phn ng ca CO2 v SO2 khi li qua dung dch Na2CO3 CO2 + H2O + Na2CO3 2NaHCO3 SO2 + Na2CO3 Na2SO3 + CO2 4) Mui X mu trng tan trong nc. Dung dch X khng tc dng vi H2SO4 long nhng tc dng c vi HCl to ra kt ta trng v mt dung dch. Khi cho Cu vo dung dch thu c th c kh khng mu bay ra, ha nu trong khng kh. Hy lp lun xc nh CTHH ca cht X. Hng dn: Dung dch X khng p vi H2SO4 khng cha Ba, Pb. X khng cha Pb Dung dch X to kt ta vi HCl X c cha Ag hoc Pb. Dung dch + Cu NO dung dch c cha gc - NO3 Vy CTHH ca cht X l AgNO3. 5) C 4 kim loi A,B,C,D . Tin cht ca 4 kim loi c m t qua bng sau y: Kim loi A B Tc dng vi dd HCl Khng phn ng C kh bay ra Tc dng vi dd AgNO3 Khng phn ng To ra cht mi Tc dng vi dd NaOH Khng phn ng Khng phn ng 24

- Hong Th Kim Nhung-

-Ho hc nng caoC Khng phn ng To ra cht mi Khng phn ng D C kh bay ra To ra cht mi C kh bay ra a) Sp xp cc kim loi A,B,C,D theo chiu tng dn hot ng. b) D on cc kim loi A,B,C,D l nhng kim loi no. c) Thay A,B,C,D bng nhng kim loi c th v vit cc PTP xy ra. Hng dn: a) D thy A Ag < C < H < B v D. Nh vy c 2 kh nng : A < C < H < B < D hoc : A < C < H < D < B. b) D l Zn ( hoc Al), B l Fe hoc Mg , A l Ag , C l Cu. 6) Kh A khng mu c mi c trng, nh hn khng kh, phn ng vi axit mnh B to ra mui C. Dung dch mui C khng to kt ta vi BaCl2 v AgNO3. Xc nh A,B,C v vit PTHH xy ra. Hng dn: Kh A tc dng vi axit mnh mui, suy ra dd A c tnh baz ( NH3). Mui C khng to kt ta vi BaCl2 v AgNO3 C khng cha: = SO4, Cl. Vy C l NH4NO3 v B l HNO3 7) Hp cht MX2 l qung kh ph bin trong t nhin. Nu ha tan MX2 trong dung dch HNO3 c nng thu c dung dch A v kh mu nu. Cho dung dch A tc dng vi BaCl 2 xut hin kt ta trng. Nu cho A tc dng vi dung dch NH3 d thy to kt ta nu . Xc nh CTHH ca hp cht MX2. Vit cc phng trnh ha hc xy ra. Hng dn : MX2 + HNO3 dd A + kh nu ( NO2) A + BaCl2 kt ta trng : mui = SO4; = SO3; = CO3; PO4 (*) Dung dch A + dung dch NH3 kt ta nu : Fe(OH)3 Vy trong A c Fe v mang gc = SO4 ( v cc gc cn li khng tan ). Hp cht MX2 l FeS2. FeS2 + 18HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + 2H2SO4 + 15NO2 + 7H2O H2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2HCl Fe(NO3)3 + 3NH3 + 3H2O Fe(OH)3 + 3NH4NO3 8) Cht A tc dng vi B to ra kh mu vng lc mi xc, gy ho. Cht B khi tc dng vi PbO2 hoc KMnO4 cng sinh ta kh mu vng lc mi xc. Cht C v cht D tc dng vi nhau cng sinh ra kh mu vng lc mi xc. Hy chn cc cht A, B,C,D thch hp v vit cc PTHH xy ra. Hng dn: B tc dng PbO2 hoc KMnO4 to kh mu vng lc ( Cl2) B l HCl. A + HCl Cl2 A c tnh oxi ha ( v d : MnO2, K2Cr2O7 ...) Cht C + D Cl2 vy C l mui clorua ( nh NaCl) ; D l F2 ( c th chn cp khc ) Cc phng trnh ha hc kh: F2 + 2NaCl(r) 2NaF + Cl2 ( F2 ch y cc phi kim khc ra khi mui kh ) 9) A,B,C l cc hp cht v c ca cng mt kim loi, khi t nng bng la n kh th cho la mu vng. A tc dng vi B to ra C. Nung nng B nhit cao cng thu c rn C, hi nc v kh D. Bit D l hp cht ca cacbon, khi D tc dng vi A to ra B hoc C. a) Xc nh cc cht A, B,C,D v gii thch th nghim bng phng trnh ha hc. b) Vit PTHH xy ra khi cho A,B,C ln lt tc dng vi CaCl2. Cho C tc dng vi AlCl3. Hng dn: a) A,B,C u l cc hp cht ca Na. to Cht B C + H2O + D Kh D l hp cht ca cacbon D l : CO2 , B l NaHCO3, v C l Na2CO3. Mt khc : A + NaHCO3 Na2CO3 nn suy ra A l NaOH. b) Cc phng trnh p:

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-Ho hc nng cao2NaOH + CaCl2 Ca(OH)2 + 2NaCl ( dung dch c ) Na2CO3 + CaCl2 CaCO3 + 2NaCl 3Na2CO3 + 2AlCl3 + H2O 6NaCl + 2Al(OH)3 + 3CO2 10) C mt l ha cht ang s dng d v lu ngy trong PTN m qun y nt, nn trn nhn l b m ch cn li ng mt k hiu cn bn l: Na... . Bit rng hp cht trong l l mt trong cc loi cht sau y : hiro cacbonat, hiroxit , hirosunfat hoc photphat (Na3PO4). Mt hc sinh ly mu ha cht cho tc dng vi axit HCl v quan st thy c kh CO2 thot ra. Da vo c s bn hc sinh kt lun cht trong l l NaHCO3. a) Hy cho bit kt lun ca hc sinh trn c n tr khng ? hy gii thch v vit PTHH. b) Hy ch ra cht no trong s cc cht bi cho l chc chn khng c trong l. Gii thch. Hng dn: a) Kt lun trn l n tr ( cha chnh xc) v cht trong l c th l NaOH b bin i trong khng kh thnh NaHCO3 hoc Na2CO3. CO2 + NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O Hoc : CO2 + NaOH NaHCO3 V th: NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + H2O + CO2 Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 b) Cht chc chn khng c trong l l NaHSO4 v n c mi trng axit khng b bin i bi CO2, cn NaHCO3, NaOH, Na3PO4 l nhng dung dch c tnh baz nn u c th to mui cacbonat nh tc dng ca CO2. -----------------Ch 8: CC PHNG PHP NNG CAO V CN BNG PHN NG I- KIN THC: * Cc phng php cn bng quen thuc nh : phng php chn-l, phng php BCNN, phng php suy lun cho nhn, cn bng thp phn ... ch c hiu qu tt khi cn bng mt s phn ng ha hc n gin. V d : - Phng php suy lun cho - nhn: to RxOy + CO R + CO2 Ta thy : 1CO nhn 1O ( do oxit nhng ) 1CO2 V vy, h s CO lun bng ch s Oxi trong oxit. to Phng trnh : RxOy + yCO xR + yCO2 - Phng php chn -l: to FeS2 + O2 Fe2O3 + SO2 Ta pht hin : nguyn t Oxi c s nguyn t mt bn chn, mt bn l: 2Fe2O3 Ko theo nh hng n cc nguyn t khc : 4FeS2 8SO2 11O2 to Phng trnh: 4FeS2 + 11O2 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2 * cn bng cc phn ng kh nhiu khi phi dng ti cc phng php c bit. V d nh: phng php thng bng ha tr, phng php i s. 1) Phng php cn bng i s ( thng p dng i vi cc p vi ch s dng ch ) B1: t cc h a,b,c.d v thit lp cc ng thc ton bo ton s nguyn t mi nguyn t. ( c th cn bng nhm trc n khi thy kh mi t n cho cc h s cn li ) B2: Chn nghim t do cho 1 h s bt k cc h s khc. B3: Kh mu, nu cc h s dng phn s.

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26

-Ho hc nng caot V d 1: aFeS2 + bO2 cFe2O3 + dSO2 Ta c : a = 2c , 2a = d , 2b = 3c + 2d 11 Chn : c = 1 a =2 ; d = 4 ; b = c = 2 ; a = 4 ; d = 8 ; b = 11 2 to V d 2: CxHyOz + O2 CO2 + H2O Cn bng nhm i vi C,H v t h s O2 l t t CxHyOz + t O2 xCO2 + H2O 2
o o

Ta c : 2t + z = 2x +

y 2

t = (x +

y 4

2) Phng php thng bng ha tr: Phng php ny c hiu qu khi gp cc p ca kim loi, mt s phi kim tc dng vi axit HNO3 v H2SO4 c ( khng gii phng H2). B1: Xc nh nguyn t tng v nguyn t gim ha tr ( quy c: ha tr trong n cht l 0 ) B2: Thng bng tng gim: Ly s ha tr gim lm h s nguyn t tng, ly s ha tr tng lm h s nguyn t gim. B3: Cng thm s nhm tha va phi cho v tri ( thng gp nhm NO3 v SO4 ). V d: Cu + H N O3 Cu ( NO3 ) 2 + H2 O + N O V Cu : N: tng 2 gim 3 ; suy ra h s tm thi l :
0 5 2 2

3Cu + 2H N O3 3Cu ( NO3 ) 2 + H2 O + 2N O B thm 6(NO3) cho v tri, v cn bng H2O ta c: 3Cu + 8H N O3 3Cu ( NO3 ) 2 + 4H2 O + 2N O II- BI TP P DNG V NNG CAO: 1) Cn bng cc phn ng sau ( khng c thay i cc ch s x, y, z, t , n, m) a) CxHyOzNt + O2 CO2 + H2O + N2 b) FexOy + CO FenOm + CO2 c) Zn + H2SO4 c nng ZnSO4 + H2O + SO2 d) Zn + HNO3 long Zn(NO3)2 + H2O + NO e) Zn + HNO3 c Zn(NO3)2 + H2O + NO2 g) FeO + HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + H2O + NO 2) Cn bng cc phn ng ha hc sau y ( khng c thay i cc ch s x,y ) a) P + HNO3 + H2O H3PO4 + NO b) Mg + HNO3 Mg(NO3)2 + H2O + N2 c) FeS + HNO3 long Fe(NO3)3 + H2SO4 + H2O + NO ( FeS c ha tr S l - 2 ) d) Fe3O4 + HNO3 c Fe(NO3)3 + H2O + NO2 e) Fe3O4 + H2SO4 c nng Fe2(SO4)3 + H2O + SO2 g) FexOy + HNO3 long Fe(NO3)3 + H2O + NO 3) Cho s phn ng sau y : CuSO4 + Na2CO3 + H2O Cux(CO3)y (OH)z + Na2SO4 + CO2 a) Cn bng phn ng trn.

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27

-Ho hc nng caob) Cho bit thnh phn cc hp phn to nn kt ta l : 57,66% Cu ; 27,03% CO 3 ; 15,31% OH ( theo khi lng ). Hy xc nh CTPT n gin ca kt ta. c) Tnh th tch dung dch Na2CO3 0,5M tc dng vi 300ml dung dch CuSO4 0,4M theo phn ng trn. Hng dn: C1: t cc h s ln lt l a,b,c,d,e,g. a = e = b = dx = dy + g e = b = 2x Ta c : 2c = dz chn a = 2x d = 2 3b + c = 3dy + dz + 2g c = z ; g = 2x - 2y PTHH l: 2xCuSO4 + 2xNa2CO3 + z H2O Cux(CO3)y (OH)z + xNa2SO4 + 2(x-y) CO2 C2 : Cn bng nhm cc phn : Na, Cu, SO4 , H ( v cc phn ny khng b phn tn nhiu ch) t t l h s ca CO2. xCuSO4 + xNa2CO3 +
z 2

H2O Cux(CO3)y (OH)z + xNa2SO4 + t CO2

bo ton s nguyn t cacbon ta c : x = y + t t = (x y ). 4) Cn bng cc phn ng sau y : a) FexOy + HNO3 c Fe(NO3)3 + H2O + NO2 b) FeS + H2SO4 c Fe2(SO4)3 + H2O + SO2 ( trong FeS : ha tr S l -2 ) c) Al + HNO3 Al(NO3)3 + N2O + H2O d) Fe + H2SO4 c nng Fe2(SO4)3 + H2O + SO2 e) Al + HNO3 Al(NO3)3 + H2O + NH4NO3 ( xem N trong NH4NO3 c ha tr I ) g) FexOy + H2SO4 c nng Fe2(SO4)3 + H2O + SO2 to h) FexCuy Sz + O2 Fe2O3 + CuO + SO2 Hng dn cu 4b: Fe S Fe 2 ( SO 4 ) 3 + SO 2
6 4 +2 2 3 4

( tng 7 )

( gim 2) H 2 SO4 SO 2 Tng hp ta c : 2FeS + 7H2SO4 Fe2(SO4)3 + 9SO2 B 3(SO4) cho v tri v cn bng H2O ta c: 2FeS + 10H2SO4 Fe2(SO4)3 + 9SO2 + 10H2O 5) Ha tan a gam mt oxit st FexOy vo trong dung dch H2SO4 c nng d th thu c kh SO2 duy nht.Mt khc, nu kh hon ton a gam oxit st trn bng kh CO, ha tan lng st to thnh trong dung dch H2SO4 c nng (d) thu c lng SO2 gp 9 ln lng SO2 th nghim trn. a) Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra trong hai th nghim trn. b) Xc nh nh cng thc ha hc ca oxit st. Hng dn : t0 2FexOy + (6x -2y )H2SO4 ( c) xFe2(SO4)3 + (3x-2y) SO2 + (6x -2y )H2O (1) a ( 3x 2y ) a (mol) (mol) 2 t0 FexOy + yH2 xFe + yH2O (2) a (mol) ax (mol) t0 2Fe + 6H2SO4 ( c) Fe2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O (3) ax (mol) 1,5 ax ( mol)

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-Ho hc nng caoTheo bi : n SO2 (3) = 9 nSO2 (1) nn ta c : 1,5ax x 18 3 2 = 9 = = CTPT ca oxit st l : Fe3O4. a(3x 2y) y 24 4 6) Ha tan mt lng oxit st FexOy vo dung dch HNO3 long, d th thu c mt dung dch A v kh NO duy nht. Mt khc nu kh lng oxit st trn bng lng CO d ri ly ton b kim loi sinh ra ha tan hon ton trong dung dch HNO3 c, nng th thu c dung dch B v kh NO2 duy nht. Bit th tch kh NO2 sinh ra gp 9 ln th tch kh NO sinh ra ( cng nhit , p sut). a) Vit cc phng trnh ha hc. b) Xc nh cng thc ha hc ca oxit st. Hng dn : i vi p (1) : xFe : tng (3x 2y ) ( l phn HT tng ca x ng.t Fe ) N: gim 3 0 III 2y 3x 2y Ch : = Fe Fe (NO 3 ) 3 ha tr Fe tng thm : 3 x x 3FexOy + (12x -2y )HNO3 3xFe(NO3)3 + (3x - 2y)NO + (6x-y) H2O (1)
a (mol)
0

(3x 2y) a 3

(mol) (2)

t FexOy + yCO xFe + yCO2 a (mol) ax (mol) 0 t Fe + 6HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + 3NO2 + 3H2O (3) ax (mol) 3ax ( mol) Theo bi ta c : (3x 2y) a 3ax = 9 x = y Vy CTPT ca oxit st l: FeO. 3 -------------------------------Ch 9: BIN LUN KH NNG XY RA CA PHN NG

I- KIN THC CN NH 1) Nguyn tc : - bi thng cho cc lng cht dng ch (a,b,c...) v yu cu tm quan h ton hc gia cc d kin phn ng xy ra theo nhiu kh nng khc nhau. Thng gp cc dng sau: * Oxit axit ( hoc a axit ) tc dng vi kim to mui khc nhau. * Mui ca kim loi lng tnh tc dng vi kim to kt ta min hoc max khc nhau. * Mt kim loi tc dng vi dd cha nhiu mui ( hoc mt dung dch mui tc dng vi hn hp kim loi ) thu c s lng mui v kim loi khc nhau. * Mui aluminat( gc : AlO2 ), zincat (gc := ZnO2 ) tc dng vi axit ( HCl, H2SO4 ) to kt ta min hoc max khc nhau. 2) Cc v d: V d 1: Cho t t dd cha x ( mol ) HCl vo dung dch cha y ( mol ) NaAlO2 th: - u tin, HCl thiu nn c kt ta Al(OH)3 v cc i khi NaAlO2 ht ( x mol ) NaAlO2 + HCl + H2O NaCl + Al(OH)3 (1) - Sau , HCl bt u tc dng vi Al(OH)3 lm tan kt ta Al(OH)3 + 3HCl AlCl3 + 3H2O (1)

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-Ho hc nng caoNaAlO2 + 4HCl NaCl + AlCl3 + 2H2O (2) Vy khi cho NaAlO2 tc dng vi dd HCl th c th xy ra ( 1) hoc (2) hoc ng thi c hai. nHCl x = t T = th kt qu to sn phm nh sau: nNaAlO2 y
+ ) Nu T = 1 (x = y) + ) Nu T < 1 (x < y) + ) Nu T = 4 (x = 4y) + ) Nu T > 4 (x > 4y) + ) Nu 1 < T < 4 (y <x <4y) ch xy ra (1) : ch xy ra (1) : ch xy ra ( 2) : ch xy ra ( 2 ) : xy ra (1), (2) : va ( kt ta max). d NaAlO2 . va ( kt ta tan hon ton ). HCl d ( kt ta tan hon ton ). va ( kt ta cha cc i ).

V d 2: Cho a (mol) Mg vo dd cha b (mol) Cu(NO3)2 v b (mol) Al(NO3)3 th th t xy ra cc phn ng sau: Mg + Cu(NO3)2 Mg(NO3)2 + Cu (1) 3Mg + 2Al(NO3)3 3Mg(NO3)2 + 2Al (2) +) Nu a < b th ch xy ra (1) sau p c : 3 mui l Mg(NO3)2 ; Al(NO3)3 , Cu(NO3)2 v 1 kim loi l Cu. +) Nu a = b th ch xy ra (1) sau p c : 2 mui Mg(NO3)2 ; Al(NO3)3 v 1 kim loi Cu. +) Nu b < a < b + 1,5c th (1) kt thc, (2) cha kt thc sau p c : 2 mui Mg(NO3)2 , Al(NO3)3 v 2 kim loi. +) Nu a = b + 1,5c th va xy ra (1) v (2) sau p c : 1 mui l Mg( NO3)2 v 2 kim loi l Cu, Al. +) Nu a > b + 1,5c th xy ra (1) v (2) sau p c 1 mui Mg(NO3)2 v 3 kim loi. II- BI TP P DNG V NNG CAO 1) Cho a mol CO2 tc dng vi dung dch cha b (mol) Ca(OH)2 . Hy lp lun xc nh tng quan gia a v b sau phn ng thu c 1 mui , hai mui. ( Lm tng t i vi b mol NaOH.). Hng dn : Cc phng trnh ha hc c th xy ra: Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O (1) Ca(OH)2 + 2CO2 Ca(HCO3)2 (2) n CO a 2 = t T = n Ca(OH) b
2

- Nu to mui CaCO3 th T 1

a b.
a 2

- Nu to mui Ca(HCO3)2 th T 1 b - Nu to ra c 2 mui th : 1 < T < 2

a 2

a 2b.

< b < a ( hay a < a < 2b ).

2) Cho dung dch cha a (mol) NaOH tc dng vi b (mol) P2O5. Hy lun lun xc nh mui to thnh theo s tng quan gia a v b. p dng khi a = 0,2 mol , b = 0,15 mol. Hng dn : Cc phn ng xy ra : P2O5 + 3H2O 2H3PO4 (1) .b 2b (mol) H3PO4 + 3NaOH Na3PO4 + 3H2O (2) H3PO4 + 2NaOH Na2HPO4 + 2H2O (3) H3PO4 + NaOH NaH2PO4 + H2O (4)

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-Ho hc nng caon NaOH a = t T = n 2b H PO

3 4

* Lu : to mui axit th khng d kim v to mui trung ha th khng d axit. a - Nu to mui Na3PO4 th T 3 3 a 6b. 2b a - Nu to ra mui Na2HPO4 th T = 2 = 2 a = 4b. 2b - Nu to ra mui 2 mui Na2HPO4 v Na3PO4 th: 2 < T < 3 4b < a < 6b. a - Nu to ra mui NaH2PO4 th T 1 1 a 2b. 2b - Nu to ra 2 mui axit NaH2PO4 v Na2HPO4 th : 1 < T < 2 2b < a < 4b. 3) Dung dch A cha a mol CuSO4 v b mol FeSO4 -Th nghim 1: Cho c mol Mg vo A ,sau khi phn ng kt thc, dung dch thu c c 3 mui. -Th nghim 2: Cho 2c mol Mg vo A, sau khi phn ng kt thc, dung dch thu c c 2 mui. -Th nghim 3: Cho 3c mol Mg vo A, sau khi phn ng kt thc, dung dch thu c c 1 mui. Tm mi quan h gia a,b, v c trong mi th nghim.

Hng dn:
* Cch 1: V Mg > Fe > Cu nn cc phn ng xy ra theo trnh t nh sau : Mg + CuSO4 MgSO4 + Cu a a Mg + FeSO4 MgSO4 + Fe b b TN 1 : Nu sau phn ng c 3 mui th cc mui l MgSO4 , FeSO4 ,CuSO4 CuSO4 cha ht. n nMg < CuSO c < a
4

TN 2: Sau phn ng c 2 mui th cc mui l : MgSO 4 v FeSO4 CuSO4 ht v FeSO4 cha ht . nCuSO nMg <nCuSO + nFeSO a 2c < a + b
4 4 4

TN 3: Sau phn ng ch c 1 mui MgSO4 th c hai mui ban u phn ng ht . nMg nCuSO + nFeSO 3c a+b
4 4

* Cch 2: TN 1: V dung dch thu c c 3 mui. Vy c cc ptp Mg + CuSO4 Cu + MgSO4 c a ( ta c: a > c ) TN 2: Dung dch thu c gm 2 mui .Vy ta c cc PTHH: Mg + CuSO4 Cu + MgSO4 a a Mg + FeSO4 Fe + MgSO4 (2c a) b (mol) Ta c : 2c a v b > 2c a vy : a 2c < a + b TN 3: Dung dch thu c c mt mui. Vy th t cc PTHH : Mg + CuSO4 Cu + MgSO4 a a Mg + FeSO4 Fe + MgSO4 (3c a) b (mol) Ta c : 3c a b

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-Ho hc nng cao4) Cho x (mol) NaAlO2 tc dng vi dung dch cha y (mol) HCl. a) Vit phng trnh ha hc c th xy ra. x b) Hy lp t l sau phn ng thu c kt ta ? hoc khng c kt ta? Hoc kt ta cc i. y Hng dn: a) Cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra: NaAlO2 + HCl + H2O Al(OH)3 + NaCl (1) Sau ( nu d HCl ) Al(OH)3 + 3HCl AlCl3 + 3H2O (1) Tng hp (1) v (1) ta c p ( khi kt ta tan hon ton ) NaAlO2 + 4HCl AlCl3 + NaCl + 2H2O (2) Vy khi cho NaAlO2 tc dng vi HCl th hoc xy ra (1),(2) hoc c hai. n HCl y = , theo cc p (1) v (2) ta c : t T = n NaAlO2 x x 1 y 4 y 4 x x 1 y - Nu thu c kt ta th T < 4 hay < 4 > y 4 x x y - t kt ta cc i th T = 1 hay = 1 = 1 y x 5) Cho rt t t dung dch A ( cha a mol HCl ) vo dung dch B ( cha b mol Na2CO3 ). Hy lp lun xc nh quan h gia a v b phn ng khng c kh ? c kh ? c kh cc i ? Hng dn : u tin : Na2CO3 d nn khng c kh bay ra. Na2CO3 + HCl NaHCO3 + NaCl (1) Khi HCl d th: c kh bay ra: NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + H2O + CO2 (1) Ta c p chung: Na2CO3 + 2HCl NaCl + H2O + CO2 (2) * khng c kh th ch xy ra (1) : a b. * c kh bay ra th a > b. * thu c lng kh ln nht th a 2b { tc lng Na2CO3 p ht (2) }. - Nu khng c kt ta xut hin th T 4 hay 6) Cho a (mol) AlCl3 tc dng vi dung dch cha b mol NaOH. Vit phng trnh ha hc xy ra v xc nh quan h gia a v b sau phn ng : thu c kt ta hoc khng thu c kt ta hoc kt ta cc i. Hng dn: Cc ptp : AlCl3 + 3NaOH Al(OH)3 + 3NaCl (1) Nu NaOH d so vi AlCl3 th : Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + 2H2O (1) Tng hp : AlCl3 + 4NaOH NaAlO2 + 3NaCl + 2H2O (2) n NaOH b = t T = n a AlCl
3

khng c kt ta th T 4 b 4b c kt ta th T < 4 b < 4a

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-Ho hc nng cao c kt ta cc i th T = 3 b = 3a 7) Cho hn hp gm x (mol) Fe v y (mol) Al vo dung dch cha z (mol) AgNO3 th thu c dung dch A v rn B. Xc nh quan h gia x,y,z tha mn cc iu kin sau: a) Rn B gm 3 kim loi. b) Rn B gm 2 kim loi. c) Rn B gm 1 kim loi. Hng dn: V Al > Fe > Ag nn th t cc phn ng nh sau: Al + 3AgNO3 Al(NO3)3 + 3Ag (1) .y 3y (mol) Fe + 2AgNO3 Fe(NO3)2 + 2Ag (1) .x 2x (mol) a) Nu rn B gm 3 kim loi : (Al,Fe,Ag ) th p (1) Al d : z < 3y b) Nu rn B gm 2 kim loi : (Fe, Ag) th Fe cn d hoc cha phn ng : 3y z < 3y + 2x c) Nu rn B gm 1 kim loi : Fe ht z 3y + 2x 8) Dung dch M c cha CuSO4 v FeSO4. a) Cho Al vo dung dch M. Sau khi phn ng kt thc thu c dung dch A cha 3 mui tan. b) Cho Al vo dung dch M. Sau khi phn ng kt thc thu c dung dch B cha 2 mui tan. c) Cho Al vo dung dch M. Sau khi phn ng kt thc thu c dung dch C cha 1 mui tan. Gii thch mi trng hp v vit phng trnh ho hc ca cc phn ng. Hng dn : hot ng kim loi : Al > Fe > Cu nn th t xy ra cc phan ng sau : 2Al + 3CuSO4 Al2(SO4)3 + 3Cu ( 1) 2Al + 3FeSO4 Al2(SO4)3 + 3Fe (2) a) Nu dung dch A gm 3 mui Al2(SO4)3 , CuSO4 , FeSO4 th ch xy ra (1) v CuSO4 d b) Nu dung dch A gm 2 mui Al2(SO4)3 ; FeSO4 th FeSO4 cha phn ng hoc tham gia p (2) nhng cha ht. c) Nu dung dch A ch cha 1 mui Al2(SO4)3 th CuSO4 v FeSO4 p ht p (1) v (2). Do lng Al ly vo va hoc d. 9) Cho rt t t dung dch X ( cha a mol HCl ) vo dung dch Y cha b mol K2CO3. Sau khi cho ht X vo Y th thu c dung dch Z. Hy xc nh cc cht to thnh v s mol ca n trong dung dch Z ( tnh theo a v b ).

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