CHUYN BI DNG HO HC 8-9

Xc nh cng thc ho hc ca mt cht

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Ch 1 : Xc nh CTHH ca cht chai nguyn t (hoc mt nguyn t v mt nhm nguyn t)
da vo ho tr ca chng:
- Ghi KHHH ca hai nguyn t ( hoc KHHH ca nguyn t v nhm nguyn t) km theo ho tr
t trn KHHH ca mi nguyn t.
- Ho tr ca nguyn t ny l ch s ca nguyn t kia.
III II
Cng thc ho hc
V d:
AlxOY
Al2O3
Ch :
- Cc ch s phi ti gin nn phi n gin chng nu cn.

Nu ho tr hai nguyn t nh nhau, cc ch s u l 1.

Bi tp 1
Lp CTHH ca cc hp cht sau:
a) P(V) v O(II)
b) C(IV) v S(II)
c) Zn(II) v NO3(I)
d) Fe(III) v SO4(II)
Gii
Cng thc ho hc

V II
a)
PXOY
IV II
b) CXSY

P2O5
Cng thc ho hc
CS2

II
I
Znx(NO3)Y

Cng thc ho hc

c)

III
II
Fex(SO4)Y

Cng thc ho hc

d)

Zn(NO3)2
Fe2(SO4)3

Ch 2: Xc nh CTHH ca mt cht da vo kt qu phn tch nh lng :

Kt qu phn tch nh lng cho bit % v khi lng cc nguyn t trong mt hp cht.
Mt hp cht AXBYCZ c cha % v khi lngA l a% , % v khi lng B l b% v % v khi lng
C l c%.
Bi tp 2: Phn tch mt hp cht v c A ngi ta nhn c % v khi lng K l
45,95% ; % v khi lng N l 16,45% ; % v khi lng O l 37,6%. Xc nh cng thc
ho hc ca A .
Gii
V %K + %N + %O = 45,95 + 16,45 + 37,6 = 100 nn A ch cha K, N, O
Gi cng thc ca A l KXNYOZ ta c:
x:y:z =

45,95 16,45 37,6

:
:
39
14
16

= 1,17 : 1,17 : 2,34

= 1 : 1 : 2
Vy cng thc ho hc ca A l KNO2 .
Bi tp 3
Khi phn tch mt hp cht, thu c thnh phn cc nguyn t nh sau:
mFe : mS : mO = 7 : 4 : 8

a)
b)

Tnh thnh phn phn trm khi lng ca mi nguyn t c trong hp cht.
Xc nh CTHH ca hp cht . bit CTHH ca hp cht cng l CTHH n gin
nht.

G ii

7
700
.100 =
= 36,84%
a) %Fe =
7 + 4+8
19
%S =

4
400
.100 =
= 21,05%
7 + 4+8
19

%O = 100 - (%Fe + %S)

= 100 - (36,84 + 21,05) = 42,11%
b) S mol nguyn t Fe : s mol nguyn t S : s mol nguyn t O:
=

7 4 8 7 4 8
: : = = =
56 32 16 7 4 2

= 1 : 1 : 4
Vy CTHH ca hp cht l: FeSO4
Bi tp 4
t chy 3,9g hp cht hu c A thu c : 13,2g CO2 v 2,7g H2O
Bit dA/H2 = 39 . Hy lp CTHH ca hp cht A
Gii
MA =39.2 = 78

Da vo % ca cc nguyn t ta c:
44g CO2

12g C

13,2.12 39,6
=
= 3,6 g
44
11
3,6
.100 = 92,3%
%C =
3,9

13,2g CO2

mC

18gH2O

2g H

2,7g -

mg H =

2,7.2
= 0,3
18
0,3.100
%H =
= 7,7%
39

% O = 100 - (92,3 + 7,7) = 0. Vy A khng c O.

Gi CTHH chung ca A l CXHY

x:y =

92,3 7,7
:
= 7,7 : 7,7 = 1 : 1
12 1

=> Cng thc n gin ca Al (CH)n = 78 13n = 78

n = 6
Vy CTPT ca A l C6H6

Ch 3: Xc nh CTHH ca mt cht da theoPTHH:

t cng thc cht cho.

t a l s mol 1 cht cho, vit PTP xy ra ri s mol cc cht c lin quan.
Lp h phng trnh . Gii h tm nguyn t khi ca nguyn t cha bit . suy ra tn nguyn t
v tn cht.

Cc cng thc cnnh: n =

m
v
;n =
M
22,4

Bi tp 5
Ho tan hon ton 3,6g mt kim loi ho tr II bng dd HCl thu c 3,36l H2 (KTC).
Xc nh tn kim loi dng
Gii
t A l tn kim loi dng.
Gi a l s mol A phn ng theo phng trnh:
A + 2HCl
ACl2 + H2
1mol
1mol
a mol
a mol
Suy ra ta c h :
aA = 3,6
a = 3,36 : 22,4 = 0,15
Gii ra ta c A = 24 . Vy kim loi trn l Mg
Bi tp 6
Ho tan hon ton 18,46g mt mui sunfat ca kim loi ho tri I vo nc c
500ml dung dch A.Cho ton b dung dch A tc dung dch BaCl2 d c30,29 mt mui
sunfat kt ta

a)
b)

Tim CTHH ca mui dng.

Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch A
Gii:

a)

t cng thc ca mui sunfat ho tr II l X2SO4.

Gi a l s mol X2SO4 dng. Nh vy dung dch A c cha a mol X2SO4
Ta c phn ng ca dung dch A vi BaCl2
X2SO4 + BaCl2
BaSO4 + 2XCl
1mol
1mol
amol

amol
a(2x + 96)
a
= 30,29: 233
2X + 96 = 18,46 : 0,13 = 142
X = 23
X l Na
Mi dng l Na2SO4

Suy ra ta c h:
T (1)

b)

=>
=>
=>
=>

500ml dd A c cha 0,13 mol Na2SO4. Do : CNa2SO4

=
=

18,46
0,13

(1)

0,13
= 0,26 M
0,5

Ch 4: Xc nh CTHH mt cht bng bi ton bin lun.

Tng t nh ch 4 , trong h phng trnh phi gii bng phng php bin lun .
Bi tp7
Ho tan hon ton 3,78g kim loi X trong dd HCl thu c 4,704l H2 (ktc).
Hy xc nh kim loi X ?
Gii
Gi n l ho tr ca kim loi v a l s mol X dng, ta c phn ng:
X + HCl
XCln + n/2 H2
1mol
n/2 mol

an
mol
2

amol
Suy ra ta c h:

aX

an
=
2

3,78

(1)

4,708
= 0,21
22,4

(2)

T (2)
(1) : (3)

=>
an =
0,42
=> x : n = 9
=> x
= 9n
V ho tr ca kim loi c th l 1 ; 2 hoc 3 do xt bng sau:

X
9
18
27
Trong s cc kim loi bit, ch c Al c ho tr 3 , ng vi NTK 27 l ph hp vi kt qu bin
lun trn. Vy X l kim loi nhm.
Bi tp8
Ho tan hon ton 4g hn hp 2 kim loi A ; B cng c ho tr II v c t l s mol l
1:1 bng ddich HCl thu c 2,24l H2 (ktc) . Hi A, B l c kim loi no c trong c trong
cc kim loi sau:
Mg ; Ca ; Zn ; Fe ; Ni ? Cho Mg = 24 ; Ca = 40 ; Zn =65 ; Fe =56 ; Ni =58 .
Gii:
Gi a l s mol mi kim loi dng , ta c phn ng
A +
2HCl
ACl2 + H2
1mol
1mol
amol
amol
B
+
2HCl
BCl2 + H2
1mol
1mol
amol
amol
suy ra ta c h : aA + aB = 4
a

a =

2,24
= 0,1
22,4

T (1)
=> a(A + B) = 4
(2)
=>
a
= 0,05
Do :
A + B
= 4 : 0,05
Xt bng sau:

(1)
(2)

= 80

24

40

58

65

56

40

22

15

Ta thy ch c A = 24 , ng vi B = 56 l ph hp.
Vy A l Mg , B l Fe
Bi tp 9
un nng a gam mt oxit st trong ng cha CO , sau phn ng thu c 3,36
lt kh CO2 (ktc) v 5,6g Fe.

a)
b)
c)

Tnh th tch kh CO tham gia phn ng ktc

Tm a
Xc nh CTHH ca oxit st
Gii:

Gi CTHH ca oxit st l FexOY ,

a)

FexOY

nCO

x
ti gin ; x , y : ngyn dng.
y

CO

Fe +

3,36

nCO2 = 22,4

CO2

= 0,15 mol

Vco = 0,15 . 22,4 = 3,36lit

b) p dng nh lut BTKL , ta c:
a + mco = mFe + mco2

c)

a = 5,6 + 44 . 0,15 + 28 . 0,15

a = 3,2
nFe
=
5,6 : 56 = 0,1mol

nFe
x 0,1
= =
nCO 2 y 0,15
x : y = 2 : 3
Vy CTHH ca oxit st l Fe2O3
Bi tp 10
Xc nh cng thc ho hc ca it st FexOy ;bit rng khi ho tan 7,2 g oxit phi cn 69,52 ml
dung dnh HCl 10% c khi lng ring d = 1,05 g/ml
Gii:
FexOy + 2y HCl xFeCl2y/x + yH2O

69,52.1,05.10
= 0,2 (mol)
100.36,5
1
Theo phn ng: n FexOy =
n HCl
2y
7,2
1
0,1
.0,2 =
=
56 x + 16 y 2 y
y

Theo : nHCl =

7,2y = 5,6x + 1,6y

x :y = 7,2 :7,2 = 1
Cng thc ho hc ca oxit st l FeO