VNH3.TB2.

641

NGH TRUYN THNG VNG NNG THN NG BNG SNG HNG TRONG THI K NN KINH T VIT NAM CHUYN I
TS. Lu Th Tuyt Vn Vin S hc Vin Khoa hc x hi Vit Nam

Vi v tr l nn cng nghip thn x, t xa xa cc ngh truyn thng vng ng bng sng Hng (BSH) ng vai tr quan trng trong vic sn xut hng ho phc v sn xut v i sng ca nhn dn. Trong hn hai chc nm i mi, nn kinh t Vit Nam chuyn dn sang c ch th trng v hi nhp quc t ngy cng su rng, cc ngh truyn thng vng ny c nhiu bin ng. Nhiu ngh mi, mt hng mi, lng ngh mi hnh thnh gp phn to ln v kinh t x hi nng thn v gi gn bn sc vn ho dn tc, ng thi vn mang nng tnh cht nng nghip, nng thn vi nhng yu t tch cc v hn ch. Hin nay, khi nim v ngh truyn thng, lng ngh truyn thng cn c nhng kin khc nhau. C ngi coi ngh truyn thng l ngh c truyn, c ngi cn c vo thi gian tn ti, s h theo ngh v thu nhp t ngh so vi tng thu nhp trong lng x nhng cng c ngi li quan nim ngnh ngh truyn thng l ngnh ngh nng thn c tn ti trong mt s nm nht nh Bi vit nh ny khng i su v mt khi nim m s nu ln mt s nt c bn nht ca nhng ngh truyn thng vng nng thn BSH trong qu trnh chuyn sang c ch th trng, l nhng ngnh ngh tiu - th cng nghip c t lu i v c m rng khp vng BSH cn tn ti n hin nay, bao gm c nhng ngnh ngh c s dng my mc. 1. Vi nt v truyn thng. Theo mt nh nghin cu ngi Php1 th n nm 1724 Vit Nam c hu ht cc ngh th cng. Sch i Nam nht thng ch thi Nguyn cng cho thy s phong ph ca cc phm th cng vng BSH: Tnh H Ni (bao gm c tnh H ng v Sn Ty) c t, bng, la trng, tru nam, l lnh hoa, si nam, the hoa, the mnh bng (c hoa lm chm), sa hoa nh, nn l, du nc, dim tiu, giy sc, cc hng giy, qut tre, ngi, ni t, ch, mt ma, ng en, mui, bnh phc linh, cm dp, cm trn ng, quai thao, ru trng. Tnh Ninh Bnh c chiu trn, bng vi, ng ma, ch, mm ri. Tnh Hng Yn c bng, vi, ng ma, mt, qut lng, chiu trn. Tnh Nam nh c vi nh trng, thuc lo, mt ma, nc mm thm, gch v bt, m, qut, i mi, qut tre, lc b, hng nn, hng en, giy (dp), li, chiu, trng tm. Tnh Bc Ninh c la trng, vi trng, vi thm, vng l, sn sng, dt si, ng, gm, gch

Dumoutier. Essais sus Tonkinois, H Ni, 1908.

ngi, bt mc, hng ph, nam sm, mt ma, ru trng, mm ruc 1 Trong qu trnh pht trin, cc lng ngh hnh thnh. T th k th XV, th lm vng bc lng Chu Kh, tnh Hi Dng c nh L vi ra H Ni c bc nn. Sau ngi Chu Kh quy t thnh phng, xy nh, m ca hiu, lp thnh ph hng Bc (u th k XX l ph i bc Rue des Changeurs)2 Vo th k XIX, ring ngh dt vi: tnh H Ni c 9 x, 1 thn; tnh Nam nh c 8 x, thn; tnh Sn Ty c 26 x, thn; tnh Bc Ninh c 15 x, thn. C lng dt sm ut nh lng La Kh (H ng) chuyn dt cc loi vi, la, gm, lnh c ti 300 th chuyn3 Theo Pierr Gourou, vo u th k XX vng BSH c 108 ngh th cng vi 215.000 th chia lm cc nhm ngh: dt; ch bin nng sn, thc phm; an lt; ngh mc; th n lm gch, nung vi; lm giy v hng m; kim hon; lm nng c; lm gm. Cc ngh truyn thng lm nn c th ca vng t BSH v dt nn nhng vn th nh: Ai v ng Tnh Hu Cu ng Tnh ban thuc Hu Cu nhum thm Chiu Nga Sn, gch Bt Trng Vi t Nam nh, la hng H ng ng nt th v Cu Nm Sau nm 1954, trong iu kin ho bnh, cc ngh th cng truyn thng vng BSH c phc hi v pht trin, hng ho rt phong ph cung cp cho nhu cu vn cn hn ch ca nhn dn sau chin tranh. T nm 1958 tr i n nm 1979, cng cuc ci to v pht trin x hi ch ngha chuyn cc ngh truyn thng t sn xut t sn, t tiu, th trng t do sang c ch k hoch ho tp trung. Hu ht cc c s sn xut TTCN c t chc vo ba loi hnh sn xut tp th l HTX TTCN chuyn nghip, t sn xut TTCN chuyn nghip v HTX nng nghip kim doanh. S liu nm 1973 cho thy vng BSH c 1.289 HTX TTCN chuyn nghip vi 269.725 lao ng. V gi tr, cc ngh truyn thng chim t l ln trong tng gi tr sn xut cng nghip Trung ng v a phng (nm 1973, gi tr sn lng l 356,9 triu ng, chim khong 50% s HTX, 53,5 tng s lao ng v 40% gi tr tng sn lng ca TTCN min Bc4). Nng lc thc t cn ln hn nhiu nu nh thnh phn c th TTCN khng b trit tiu, nhiu lao ng v ngh nhn khng phi tr v vi sn xut nng nghip. V d v 36 lng ngh thuc tnh Hi Hng (nay l hai tnh Hi Dng v Hng Yn) lc th c 21 lng c t chc vo lm n tp

1 2

i Nam nht thng ch. Tp IV. Nxb Khoa hc x hi, H Ni, 1971, tr.141.

Hi ng nghin cu v bin son lch s tnh Hi Hng. Ngh c truyn. Tp II. S Vn ho thng tin Hi Hng xb. Hi Hng, 1987, tr. 82.
3 4

Ni cc triu Nguyn. Khm nh i nam hi in s l. Tp IV. Nxb Thun Ho, 1993, trang 364 Nin gim thng k 1974. Tng cc Thng k, H Ni, 1974.

th di nhiu hnh thc, 10 lng cha c iu kin t chc HTX, cn li 5 lng khng c iu kin pht trin b tht truyn y l thi k m nng lc sn xut ca cc ngh truyn thng b hn ch cao , nhiu ngh b mai mt i gp phn lm cho tnh trng thiu thn hng ho tiu dng tr nn trm trng. T nm 1979 n nm 1989 mc d vn tn ti c ch k hoch ho nhng bc u chnh sch kinh t c i mi trn tt c cc lnh vc sn xut, phn phi, lu thng di tc ng ca Hi ngh T ln th 6 nm 1979, l bc chuyn bin c ngha u tin ra khi h thng k hoch hnh chnh tp trung ho cao 1. T sau nm 1979, cc ngh truyn thng vng BSH c s chuyn bin. C th nm 1986 vng BSH c 10.044 c s sn xut TTCN vi 535.500 lao ng trong 1.526 HTX chuyn, 1.974 t sn xut chuyn nghip v 6.001 HTX nng nghip kim doanh, chim trn 50% s c s sn xut TTCN min Bc2. Thnh phn c th dn tng ln. Nm 1986, lao ng TTCN c th c 121.800 ngi. Gi tr sn xut TTCN c th t 9.842,2 triu ng nm 1979 ln 147,9 triu ng nm 1988 v 198,9 triu ng nm 19893. Mc d vn cn b rng buc bi cc quan h do c ch sinh ra nhng cc ngh truyn thng c s thay i theo cch tng thm mt hng, tng s lng lao ng. Chng hn tnh H Sn Bnh (gm ba tnh H ng, Sn Ty, Ho Bnh) vo nm 1980 cc c s dt mn, vi la, khn bng lm thm mt hng tre an xut khu, thm ay, mc sibri, len ti sinh. Cc c s c kh tiu dng lm thm hng nhm, ni cho gang, king bng ph liu. Cc c s sn mi lm thm phn mc v hng my song. Mt s ni t chc lm thm mt hng x phng, nc chm n nm 1983, s ngh th cng tnh H Sn Bnh tng ln 150 ngh so vi 124 ngh trong nhng nm trc . C cun sch a phng lc cn cho rng nm 1980 H Sn Bnh c 164 ngh th cng v ngh ph, ring huyn Ph Xuyn c 96 ngh4. T nm 1981, tnh c thm 430 khung dt khn bng, sn lng (1985) l 220 ngn ci. Nm 1983, do nhu cu dt vi cho xut khu cho Lin X v Tip Khc, tnh c thm 1.840 khung dt vi 2.000 lao ng. Cc c s dt tp trung vng ven ng y thuc hai huyn M c v ng Ho ni vn c ti 16 c s dt truyn thng 5. Cc tnh khc cng c tnh hnh tng t. Huyn V Bn, tnh H Nam Ninh (nay thuc tnh Nam nh) l mt huyn chim trng, vo nm 1986-1987 c ti 16 mt hng xut khu, trong c sn mi, mnh trc, mnh tm, thm len, hng ren, thm ay, thm b ng. Huyn L Nhn trc ch c cc ngh gch, ngi, nung vi, thu ren, an lt th n nm 1980 c thmc c ngh mi nh dt thm len, thm ay, thm b ng, cng c

U ban K hoch Nh nc. Bo co v nn kinh t Vit Nam. Chng trnh pht trin ca Lin Hp quc. H Ni, 1990.
2 3 4

Nin gim thng k 1986. Tng cc Thng k, H Ni, 1988. Nin gim thng k 1989. Tng cc Thng k, H Ni, 1991, tr.31.

Nguyn nh L. Suy ngh v ngh sn mi lng Gi Thng, tnh H Ty (1957-1990). Nghin cu Lch s s 41993
5

Lin hip x tiu - th cng nghip H Sn Bnh. n sn xut mt hng dt kim 1983-1985. H Sn Bnh, 8-31983. Bn Rn.

p bi tinh du xut khu, a s ngh th cng ca huyn ln 15 ngh vi 74 mt hng. Tnh Thi Bnh nm 1982 dn u v gi tr xut khu ton min Bc 54 triu ng so vi 3,5 triu ng (1970). 226/269 x trong tnh c t 3-5 ngnh ngh. Cc ngh lm hng th cng m ngh xut khu rt pht trin nh: ngh lm hng ci v ci xut khu gm dt thm ci, chiu se an, an cc ci bn, cc, thm , a, giy ci. Cc ni pht trin mnh nht H Nam Ninh, Thi Bnh, v mt phn Hi phng, Hi Hng. Huyn Kim Sn, Ninh Bnh c 5.000 lao ng chuyn lm hng ci. Huyn Xun Thu Nam nh c7.500 lao ng lm hng ci Ngh ch bin ay pht trin mnh Hi Hng v Thi Bnh. Nm 1980, tnh Hi Hng sn xut 685 ngn mt khi thm ay, ni sn xut nhiu nht l huyn Khoi Chu v huyn Ph Tin. Tnh chung tnh Thi Bnh c n 300 c s ch bin ay v ciNgh my tre giang an pht trin mnh nht vn l tnh H Sn Bnh, gi tr sn lng nm 1982 t 39,8 triu ng, nm 1986 t 105,6 triu ng (~ 2,640 triu rp/la). Vng tp trung tre an l Ninh , Thng Tn. Vng my giang an tp trung Ph Vinh, Trung H (5.400 lao ng), vng mnh tranh tp trung th x H ng, huyn Quc Oai v huyn ng Ho. tnh Thi Bnh v tnh H Nam Ninh lc cng c sn xut my tre an nhng s lng t hn. Ngh thu pht trin mnh tnh H Sn Bnh, nm 1985 t 6,2 ngn b. Lng Qut ng huyn Thng Tn c 140 lao ng chuyn nghip v 600 lao ng nng nghip kim doanh lm ngh thu Ngh lm tranh dn gian c mt s ni, ring lng ng H tnh Bc Ninh c ti 17 dng h lm tranh, vi 50 ngh nhn v hng trm lao ng. C th ni cc ngh th cng truyn thng vng BSH c phc hi v pht trin t sau nm 1979 v y l bc tp dt chuyn sang c ch th trng sau nm 1989. Nm 1989, h thng t chc Lin hip x Tiu th cng nghip T v a phng t chc qun l ngnh dc ca TTCN Vit Nam gii th. Cng thi im ny, th trng truyn thng Lin X v cc nc ng u khng cn. C th ni y l mt c sc i vi cc ngnh ngh nng thn ni chung. Bi t y ngi sn xut phi t lo u vo v u ra cho sn phm ca mnh. Hu ht cc ngh lm cc mt hng xut khu b chao o. Nhiu lng ngh, h th cng phi chuyn sang sn xut nng nghip. C nhng h nhn bao tiu sn phm xut khu b ph sn. T nm 1989 n khong nm 1994 l thi gian cc ch sn xut phi hng ti th trng tiu th trong nc v cc nc pht trin m lc gi l th trng khu vc II - TBCN. T sau nm 1994 n nay, di tc ng ca chnh sch i ngoi ca ng v Nh nc Vit Nam, th trng xut khu ca cc ngh truyn thng ngy cng m rng. trong nc, vn lng thc c gii quyt, i sng nhn dn ngy cng n nh to sc mua tng. Cng vi cc bin php khi phc v pht trin ngnh ngh ca nh nc v cc tnh, nhng yu t trn lm cho ngh truyn thng c nc cng nh BSH n nh tr li v dn dn pht trin. C th nu ln mt s im ni bt di y.

2. Mc d vn cn b chi phi bi yu t th trng lm cho sn xut khng n nh, s t ngh b mai mt i nhng hu ht cc ngh truyn thng trong vng BSH vn tn ti v lan to rng. Cc ch s v ngnh ngh nng thn vng BSH thng t cao hn so vi cc vng khc trong nc. T nm 1995 n nm 2000, cc tnh BSH c 250 ngn c s cng nghip a phng so vi di 600 ngn c s c nc. Ring tnh H Ty 1 c 59.395 c s. Sau H Ty l tnh Thi Bnh ni c nhiu c s cng nghip a phng. Theo Hi ngh Pht trin ngnh ngh nng thn cc tnh pha Bc t chc thng 8-2000, th ton b 11 tnh vng BSH trong s 36 tnh c nc l in hnh v khi phc, pht trin lng ngh. Nu tnh theo n v ngnh ngh th nm 2000, c nc c 1.350.000 n v ngnh ngh, trong ch yu l n v h (97%), trong H Ty c hn 99.450 c s, tnh Bc Ninh c ti 14.651 c s, H Nam gn 10.860 c s... V s lng ngh, s liu cho bit cn c s khc nhau nhng u cho bit cc tnh vng BSH cng l ni c nhiu lng ngh nht so vi c nc v trong vng BSH, cao nht l tnh H Ty. T 439 lng ngh nm 1995 tng ln 731 lng nm 1998, bng 50% s lng ngh ca c nc (khong 1.450 lng). C th: Thi Bnh c 82 lng, Ninh Bnh c 161 lng, Nam nh c 90 lng, H Nam c 37 lng, Hi Dng c 42 lng, Hng Yn c 39 lng, Hi Phng c 80 lng, Bc Ninh c 58, H Ni c 40 lng, H Ty c 88 lng v Vnh Phc c 14 lng. S liu ca ti KH 02-08 th cho bit s lng ngh t hn (do xt tiu ch lng ngh cao hn), trong 10 nm 1990-2000, lng ngh vng BSH tng t 499 ln 581 trong lng ngh c hin i ho c 54 lng. S lng ngh mt i gim t 18 lng xung 13 lng. Xem xt mng li ngh v nhm ngh ch yu nm trong khu vc lng ngh H Ty vo nm 2005 cho thy H Ty vn lun lun xng ng vi danh hiu t trm ngh. Ch bin t tm Lng Phc (Ba V); Dt la, i t tm Vn Phc (H ng), Cng Xuyn (Thng Tn); dt vi La Dng (Hoi c), Phng X (M c), Ha X (ng Ha); Dt kim, dt len La Ph (Hoi c), Thanh Thn (Thanh Oai); Dt in hoa La Ni, La (Hoi c); Dt thm Lng ng (Phc Th); thu Thn Ni, Thn Tr (M c), Bnh Lng, C Cht, o X, nh T, ng Cu, Hng Dng, Khoi Ni, Qut ng, T Vn, Phng C, B Hng, Quan, Nguyn B, Lu X, c Trch, Qut Lm, Qut Tnh (Thng Tn), i ng (Ph Xuyn); ren Thn Trn (Thanh Oai), B Hng, Quan, Nguyn B, Lu X, c Trch, Qut Lm, Qut Tnh (Thng Tn); an vng Thao Ni, Thao Ngoi (Ph Xuyn); ngh co bng Vn Hi, Xun La (Ph Xuyn); bng vi si Trung Thng (ng Ha), H Thi (Thng Tn); ngh may T Thun, Thng Yn, Thn Trung (Ph Xuyn), Thng Hip (Phc Th), Thch X (ng Ha), Hu Bng (Thch Tht), Thn Thng, Thn Gia (Thanh Oai); ngh bng len Trt

Xin vn dng a danh l tnh H Ty v n 1-8-2008 H Ty mi thuc H Ni.

Cu (Thng Tn); ngh da Gi H, Gi Thng, Thng Yn (Ph Xuyn), L Dng, Vn Kh (Thanh Oai); Ngh rn a S (H ng); ngh c kh nng c Phng X (Thch Tht); Ngh kim kh D Tin, Gia Vnh, Ra H, Ra Thng, T Am (Thanh Oai), Liu Ni, Nguyn Hanh (Thng Tn), Ph Gia (Ph Xuyn), Thy Hi (an Phng); Nhip nh Lai X (Hoi c); Ch bin ch Bi Thng, Trm, Cao Lm, ng Chm, Trung Sn, ng Di (Ba V); Ch bin nng sn, lng thc, thc phm Minh Hng (Ba V), Thp Thng, Trung nh, B Ni (an Phng), Ct Qu, Dng Liu, Minh Khai, Lu X (Hoi c), Tn (Ph Xuyn), H Hip, Hiu Hip, Linh Chiu (Phc Th), Tn Ha, Cng Ha (Quc Oai), C (Thanh Oai); Lm bn bnh Ng Can, Cao X H (Hoi c), Hoi Kh H (Ph Xuyn), K Thy, Thanh Lng (Thanh Oai), Thn Thch (Thch Tht), Thng nh (Thng Tn), Bt Ng, Bt Cha, Bt Trung (ng Ha); Lm gi ch c L, Hong Trung (Thanh Oai); Ch bin lm sn Thn H, Thn Trung (an Phng), Canh Hoch (Thanh Oai); My, tre, giang an Thng t, i Phu (Quc Oai), Trung Cao, Thi Ha, Ngha Ho, ng Tr, Kh Thanh, i Ba, ng Cu, Kh San, Lam in, Ph Vinh, Ph Yn, Yn Kin, Lng Vi, i 2, H Dc, Tin L, Ph Hu 1, Ph Hu 2 (Chng M), Thn Tr (M c), Thng Mi (Thanh Oai), Bnh X, Ph Ha, Thi Ha (Thch Tht), Bng S, i L, Xm Dng I, Xm Dng II, Xm Dng III (Thng Tn), ng V, Hong Dng, Hoa ng (ng Ha); Ngh an ct nan Th Tr, Tri Ro, Vn Kh, Vn Quang (Quc Oai); Lm m, nn l Liu Chu, Phong Chu, Ph Xuyn (Ba V), Vn La, Quan Chu (Chng M), Ph M (Quc Oai), Chung, Tri L, Lin Tn, M Kiu, Quang Trung, Tn Dn, Ty Sn, Tn Tin, Qu Sn, Tin L, Th Nguyn, Mc X (Thanh Oai); an c t ng La, Hong X, Lu ng, Lu Thng, Lu X, Ph Tc, T Sn, Trnh Vin (Ph Xuyn), Ph Trch (ng Ha); an gut t Ph Trch (ng Ha), Trung Lp (Ph Xuyn); Ch tm hng Ba D, Phng Nh, Ng ng, Mnh K, To Dng (Thanh Oai), Ph Lng Thng, Ph Lng H, Qung Nguyn, o T, Cu Bu (ng Ha); Lm hng en X Cu (ng Ha); Sn mi (H Thi (Thng Tn), Sn ng (Hoi c); Khm trai Lng Ng, Lng Thng, Lng Trung, Thn H, Bi Kh, ng Vinh, M Vn (Ph Xuyn); Sn khm, sn tc tng Bi Kh, ng Vinh, M Vn (Ph Xuyn); iu khc Sn ng (Hoi c), D D (Thanh Oai), Nhn Hin, Thng Cung (Thng Tn), Ph Chnh (Chng M); Mc dn dng Thng Thn (an Phng), i Nghip, Chanh Hin (Ph Xuyn), D Nu, Trng Sn, Hu Bng, Canh Nu (Thch Tht), nh Qun, Vn im, Nguyn Hanh (Thng Tn), Ph Chnh, Ph Yn (Chng M); Lm sng Thy ng (Thng Tn); Ngh tin Thn Trung, Nh Kh (Thng Tn); Ngh xy dng D Nu (Thch Tht). Ngnh ch bin nng sn, thc phm ca H Ty ch yu hai huyn Hoi c v an Phng v mt s huyn th vng ng bng. Huyn Hoi c chim 1/3 s lng ngh ch bin nng sn, thc phm ca tnh. Cm lng ngh Dng Liu, c Giang, Ct Qu... x Minh khai, c gi tr sn xut cng nghip v dch v t gn 80 t ng/nm (2002). Vo nm 2002, cc lng ngh huyn Hoi c xay xt 25.000 tn, to 2.000 tn mt, nha, 14.000 tn tinh bt, 33.000 tn bn kh, 12.000 tn min dong... Ti Dng Liu, trc
6

nm 1990 c mt im tp kt nguyn liu, tin ti 3 - 4 a im. V ngh my tre an, s lng ngh chim 31% s lng ngh my tre an ton quc v tp trung huyn Chng M1. Nm 1999, gi tr xut khu t 120 t v nm 2003 l 330 t. Hai thn Thn i 2 v Ph Vinh l hai thn c thu nhp cao t hng my tre an, chim t trng trn di 90% tng thu nhp trong lng. Nm 2003, ti thn i 2, thu nhp bnh qun mt h l 26,4 triu, ca mt h cao nht l 57 triu, cng ty t nhn 65 triu v cng ty TNHH 200 triu. Thn Ph Vinh, thu nhp bnh qun mt h l 38,9 triu v ca mt h cao nht l 80 triu. Ngh dt may l ngh c truyn thng tnh H ng c. Hai nm 1999-2000, tng gi tr sn xut ngh dt may ca H Ty t 44 t v 46 t, nm 2003 140 t2 Ti vng ngoi thnh H Ni, theo s liu iu tra ngh v lng ngh H Ni cui nm 2003 ca nhm chuyn gia Vin Nghin cu pht trin kinh t-x hi H Ni th hu ht 30 x u c ngh th cng nghip, trong 10 lng ngh c lch s hnh thnh trn 100 nm, 14 lng ngh t 30 - 100 nm v 6 lng ngh mi hnh thnh pht trin tp trung vo cc sn phm sau: Ngh gm, s c Bt Trng, Kim Lan, a Tn, Vn c, ng D (Gia Lm); 2. May Kiu K, Ph ng, Si ng (Gia Lm), C Nhu (T Lim); 3. Ngh vng bc: dt vng Kiu K (Gia Lm); kim hon nh Cng (Thanh Tr); 4. Ch bin dc liu Ninh Hip (Gia Lm); 5. Lm gi, ch Yn Vin (Gia Lm); 6. Ngh an lt: Chi tre, chi t, an lt Dng Quang; lm nn i ng (Thanh Tr); an lng bn Lin Ninh (Thanh Tr); an r, r Kim L (Sc Sn); lm bn tre, trc Xun thu (Sc Sn); 7. Xe ay, dy ay, dy thng, dy nha Long Bin (Gia Lm), Trung Vn (T Lim); 8. Ngh lm da Kiu K (Gia Lm; 9. iu khc g, khm trai Vn H (ng Anh); 10. Sn mi, g phun sn Lin H (ng Anh); ng M (thanh Tr) 11. Kim kh, cn thp Dc T (ng Anh); 12. My, tre an ng Hi (ng Anh), ng Ngc (T Lim) ; iu khc Mai Lm (ng Anh); 13. Tranh tre Mai Lm (ng Anh); 14. u ph Vng La (ng Anh), M nh (qun Cu Giy), Lin Mc (T Lim); 15. Dt thm C Loa, Uy N (ng Anh); 16. Ngh ch bin lng thc, thc phm: lm bn M Tr (T Lim), Hong Lit (Thanh Tr); lm cm lng Vng (qun Cu Giy), lng M Tr (T Lim); lm bnh cun (Thanh Tr), bnh khc Duyn H (Thanh Tr), lm bnh a, min Hu Ho (Thanh Tr); 17. Lm bnh ko Xun nh (qun Ty H); i Kim (Thanh Tr); 18. Rn Xun Phng (T Lim); g, hn Ty M (T Lim); 19. dt i M (T Lim); dt lng v, ng ten Tn Triu (Triu Khc, Thanh Tr); 21. Lm vng m lng Ng Hip, lng Thnh Lit (Thanh Tr), lng Ct, phng Yn Ho (qun Cu Giy)3. Tnh Thi Bnh vo nm 2003 c 95 lng ngh, 159/285 x c ngh. Ngh thu, ngh dt vi, dt khn l nhng ngh thu ht nhiu lao ng nht. Hu ht cc huyn trong tnh u c c s gia cng mt hng thu. Hin ti, s lao ng ngh thu ton tnh c n

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Theo iu tra ca B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn nm 2002.

C mt s s liu ca tnh H Ty trong bi vit ny dn theo: Quang Dng. Lng ngh H Ty trong qu trnh cng nghip ho. Lun n Tin s Kinh t 2006.
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Theo Tp ch Khoa hc X hi Vit Nam, 6-2006.

13.000 ngi, gi tr gia cng hng nm t t 17 n 20 t ng, tp trung nhiu nht x Minh Lng (V Th) vi 9 doanh nghip, trn 90% s h trong x c ngh thu. Ngh dt khn, dt vi tp trung ti x Thi Phng (Hng H), thu ht trn 10.000 lao ng, sn phm lm ra hng nm t 100 - 130 triu khn p ng tiu dng trong nc v xut khu, t gi tr t 150 - 200 t ng. Ngh dt i pht trin mnh cc x Nam Cao, L Li, nh Phng (Kin Xng) vi 10 doanh nghip, 16 t sn xut v gn 2.000 h, trn 4.000 lao ng, sn lng 6 triu mt i/nm, t gi tr hn 60 t ng. Ngh chm bc c trn 2.500 lao ng. T 3 lng ngh m ni ting l ng Sm (Kin Xng) pht trin thnh 4 x ngh chm bc, hng nm t doanh thu t 14 - 15 t ng. Ngh m t pht trin mnh cc x Bch Thun, Hng Phong (V Th), Phc Khnh (th x Thi Bnh) t gi tr sn xut hng nm t 25 - 30 t ng. Ngh dt chiu ci trc y ch tp trung cc x Tn L (Hng H), ng H (ng Hng), An Bi, An Dc (Qunh Ph) lan rng sang nhiu x ln cn, sn xut hng nm t 7 n 8 triu l chiu cc loi, t doanh thu trn 100 t ng. ngh my tre an Thng Hin (Kin Xng), Vn Cm (Hng H); Ngh an ci huyn Kin Xng v huyn Thi Thu. Ngh lm knh Lch ng (ng Hng); ngh lm bnh a lng Me (Hng H); ngh lm mc lng Ric, lng V, lng Na (Hng H); ngh lm nn Thu trnh (Thi Thu) 1. C cc ngh mi nh ngh lm lng mi gi huyn Qunh Ph v Thi Thy... ngh lm li cu cng huyn Qunh Ph v huyn Thi Thy. Ngh truyn thng to vic lm cho hn 350.000 lao ng, chim hn 1/4 lc lng lao ng trong tnh. Ring khu vc lng ngh to ra gi tr sn xut tiu th cng nghip 1.266 t ng, chim hn 75% gi tr sn xut cng nghip, th cng nghip ca ton tnh. Nhiu x, gi tr sn xut lng ngh chim hn 50% tng gi tr ton x, gii quyt vic lm cho nhiu lao ng a phng v vng ln cn. Tnh Bc Ninh hin vn c ngh khm trai ng K, tranh ng H (cn ba gia nh ngh nhn v mt s t gia nh khc), ru Lng Vn, giy gi Yn Phong, sn mi Tin Sn, c ng Gia Lng, st thp Chu Kh, gm s Ph Lng (Qu V), Th Cu (Th x Bc Ninh), dt nhum in hoa Tng Giang (T Sn), Hoi Thng, Song H (Thun Thnh), Cao c (Gia Bnh), nhm Yn Phong, t tm Ni Du (Tin Du), Vng Nguyt (Yn Phong), thu ren x i Li (Gia Bnh), xy dng Ni Du (Tin Du), bn bnh M , khm trai nh Bng, tranh tre - sn phm mi Xun Lai (huyn Gia Bnh)... Theo s liu ca Bo Nng thn ngy nay, n nm 2001, ton tnh Bc Ninh c 58 lng ngh, 25 ngn h chuyn nghip v hng chc ngn h khng chuyn nghip sn xut cng nghip - tiu th cng nghip v dch v. Tnh Ninh Bnh cng rt phong ph cc ngh truyn thng. Ch tnh ring huyn Yn M c ti 11 lng ngh lm cc ngh dt vi, dt chiu, lm mc, lm n, khai thc , ch bin lng thc, thc phm (nem, gi trng, lm bn). Huyn Yn Khnh c cc ngh nh my tre an, na chp, hng ci xut khu. Huyn Hoa L ni ting vi ngh thu, ren, lm m ngh. Hng thu v hng m ngh ca Vn Lm (x Ninh Hi) ni ting

Pht trin ngh v lng ngh Thi Bnh thc trng v gii php. Con s v s kin s thng 6-2002.

 cc nc Php, Italia v nhiu nc khc. Huyn Gia Vin ni ting vi ngh an ct. Huyn Kim Sn ni ting vi cc sn phm an t ci Thnh ph Hi Phng c cc ngh c gang, c kh, rn M ng (Thu Nguyn), dt chiu ci Lt Nu, ngh my tre an An Hi, chm khc Trng Knh, gm s Cng Hin, Quang Phc, Ni Voi, tng g sn mi Bo H, lng hoa ng Hi, ch bin thuc lo huyn Vnh Bo, huyn Tin Lng, ngh lm mm Ct Hi, ngh lm bnh a cua lng D (Hng Knh)Sn phm gang do ca lng c M ng xut khu sang Anh, Austrylia. Tnh Nam nh cng c rt nhiu ngh tiu th cng. Ch tnh ring huyn Xun Trng c nhng ngh th cng m ngh nh c ng, rn st, kim hon, sn xut v ch tc my nng nghip, c kh nh, thu ren... Tnh H Nam c ngh dt la Nha X, ngh m t T i, ngh an my, tre, song, giang Ngc ng, ngh lm trng i Sn, ngh thu ren Yn V, Nam H, ngh chm khc Chu Giang, ng Ngn, Tin Ni; ngh lm u ph ngon ni ting Quan... Tnh Hng Yn c ngh c ng Lng Chng, chm bc Ph ng, my tre an nh Cao, thuc da Lu X, tng Bn, ru Trng X, ht sen, long nhn Hng Nam Tnh Vnh Phc c ngh gm Hng Canh, an lt Triu , Nam Cng, mc Bch Chu, Minh Tn, Thanh Lng, rn L Nhn, my tre an An Tng, Nguyt c, Trung Kin, Hong an, my xin Cao Phong, Bc Bnh, thu Lin Mc1... Do s pht trin ca cng nghip, nhu cu th trng v th hiu ca ngi tiu dng, mt s ngh b mai mt hoc mt hn do b hng cng nghip, hng ngoi ln t khng cn th trng tiu th, lng ngh tn ti nhng sn xut mt hng mi. Nhng ngh mt i nh ngh lm giy sc Nghi , giy d Bi, Cu Giy (H Ni), ngh nhum Thanh Loan (Bc Ninh), ngh ng ci xay, ci gi tt c cc tnh trong vng do cng vic ch bin thc go c c kh ho. C nhng ngh b thu hp nh ngh dt vng, bc Kiu K (Gia Lm, H Ni), ngh rn lim, hi th cng Ti Thi Bnh nhng ngh ang b mai mt hoc b thu hp nh an vng ay, ngh mc lng V, lng Dic (Hng H), ngh c ng lng An Lng (Qunh Ph), ngh la lng B La (V Th), ngh chm bc lng Kim Lu (ng Hng), ngh my tre an lng C Rng (Tin Hi), ngh m t lng Thi Ha (Thi Thy)... Trc s bin ng ca c ch th trng ch cn s t nhng c s, lng ngh lm nhng mt hng c truyn cn hu ht cc c s, lng ngh khc u phi lm thm nhng mt hng mi tng thu nhp v tn ti.

Khuyn cng Vnh Phc giai on 2006-2010. Ti liu Internt. Trang Cng nghip a phng.

Lng gm Bt Trng u nhng nm 90 tng sn xut thm mt hng mi l s xy dng v gch men tiu th ch yu th trng min Trung v Nam B. Hng chc nm li y, Bt Trng ci tin l nung v mu m ph hp vi tng loi th trng trong nc v c th trng nc ngoi, nh ngh gm s pht trin rt sm ut lan rng sang 4 lng, x khc vi hng chc ngn lao ng, hng vi chc cng ty ln. Lng Lch ng thuc x ng Cc, huyn ng Hng, tnh Thi Bnh vn c l mc, khm, sn mi, sn son thip vng... Trong thi k bao cp Lch ng phi chuyn sang lm mt hng nh bt my nhn hiu Trng Sn. T cui nhng nm 80 n nay, Lch ng lm knh mt vi sn lng mi ngy hng vn chic. Ngh lm ko bn lng la Ph, huyn Hoi c (H Ty) c sn lng khong 6.800 tn vi doanh thu 48,7 t ng (2002). Nhng do khng cnh tranh c vi ko Trung Quc nhp t vo Vit Nam nn ngi La Ph chuyn dn sang sn xut qun o len xut khu v tiu th trong nc. Ngh lm m ngh bng sng tru, sng b lng ngh Thy ng (Thng Tn, H Ty) vn c t th k 19 l mt trong nhng lng vn cn duy tr ngh cho n hin nay. Nm 2003, c lng c 98% h sng ch yu bng ngh lm sng. Ngh khm trai Chuyn M (Ph Xuyn, H Ty) c t hng nghn nm vn tn ti bng vic nhp khu nguyn liu v trai, c t Trung Quc v Singapo. Ngh khm trai lan rng ra c x, vi doanh thu 2527 t ng/nm (2004)1. Tnh hnh trn cng din ra cc ngh khc nh ngh lm th t lng Sn ng (Hoi c - H Ty). Trc nm 1995 ch sn xut th n gin nh bn th, cu i, sau sn xut cc mt hng gi c xut khu i M, Singapore, i Loan... Vo nm 2003, c x c hn 4.000 lao ng tp trung sn xut th t bng g, trong c hn 100 ng ch c thu t 5 - 50 lao ng. Ngh lm nn lng Ph M, Quc Oai (H Ty) ch pht trin tr li sau khi tm c th trng xut khu i hai tnh Qung ng, Qung Ty (Trung Quc). Ngoi lm nn, lng Ph M cn sn xut thm m cc loi v chi cht. Ngh lm tranh ng H n gia nhng nm 90 khng pht trin m chuyn sang ngh lm hng m. T nm 2001, lng ng H tr thnh ni sn xut hng m ln nht ca min Bc thay cho ngh tranh truyn thng gn 500 tui2 Ngh lm giy d lng Dng chuyn cung cp giy cho lng ng H v tranh, giy cho lm ngi pho cho lng Bnh , cho vic vit honh phi, cu i. T khi lng tranh ng H khng pht trin, lng Bnh b cm sn xut pho th Dng phi chuyn sang sn xut giy vit, giy v sinh v cc loi bao b giy. Ngh lm giy d ch cn chng 10 h. Lng Triu Khc, (Thanh Tr, H Ni) t sn xut khuy trai, quai thao, bun lng g, lng vt chuyn sang lm rt nhiu ngh. C th trng thiu mt hng no th c lng tp trung sn xut mt hng nh mt chin dch, ch cn mt HTX Tn Triu sn xut ng ten, tua c

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Bo Nng thn Ngy nay, nguyt san, 3-2004. Bo Nng thn Ngy nay, nguyt san, 9-2001.

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Trong tiu th sn phm, cc ngh truyn thng c xu hng di chuyn ra thnh th nht l cc thnh ph ln v nc ngoi bng cc hnh thc t c s sn xut, m i l bn hng, xut khu lao ng V d, ph La Thnh H Ni l ni t c s sn xut ca ngh mc thuc nhiu tnh trong vng Nam nh, Thi Bnh, H Ty, cc huyn ngoi thnh H Ni. Hng thu ca lng Qut ng (H Ty), Xun Phng (Nam nh) v mt s tnh khc tiu th ph Hng Qut, Hng Bng, Hng Gai, Hng Ngang, Hng o, Hng Trng, (H Ni) gm o di, o ngn thi trang, khn ph bn th, bn l, bn n, ga tri ging, c phn, trng lng... Ring hng thu Xun Phng (Xun Trng, Nam nh) thng c ng ren rua b- rt hp vi khch phng Ty. C th tm thy hiu may v th may o di ca lng Trch X (H Ty) thnh ph H ng v ph Lng Vn Can, ph Cu G (H Ni). Hng c ng ca lng Lng Chng (Hng yn) c k gi ch yu ti i l trn ph Hng ng - H Ni. Hng khm trai ca Chuyn M c k gi ti cc ph Hng Gai, Hng Lc (H Ni)... v thng qua s qung b du lch c xut i cc nc v lnh th M, Libi, c, Nga, Hn Quc, Nht Bn, Php, Sc, Xlvakia, i Loan... K c nhng ngh ch bin thc phm nh lm u ph, lm bn, bnh cun, bnh gai mt s lng cng hnh ngh ti cc th v nhiu nht l H Ni. Vo dp Tt Nguyn n hng nm, mi gia nh lng Sm Dng, x Ninh X, huyn Thng Tn (H Ty) gi ti 400-500 kg go np lm bnh chng. C lng tp np sut m kp cung cp hng cho H Ni vo sng sm hm sau. Th gii c th gi 500 chic bnh mt ngy. Lng Chanh Khc (x Duyn H, huyn Thanh Tr, H Ni) cng vy. Nhiu gia nh thu nhp c 40 - 60 triu ng li nhun t gi bnh chng, ring vo dp Tt, thu c 20 - 30 triu. Th gi bnh chng hai lng ny cn c xut khu lao ng ra H Ni. Mt s c s sn xut bnh chng Tt H Ni thng gi khong trn di 2.000 chic bnh/ngy v nm no cng phi thu th ca cc lng ny. Vo nhng nm u thp k 90, lng Sn ng lun c mt i khong 30 ngi th thng xuyn i lm hp ng ci to, trng tu cung nh Hu. Hnh thc qung b sn phm thng qua du lch lng ngh bc u c p dng mt s tnh nh H Ni, H Ty, Ninh Bnh... H Ni c tuyn du lch sng Hng qua lng gm Bt Trng. Ninh Bnh c tuyn du lch qua lng thu huyn Hoa L. tnh H Ty, n nm 2004 m mi 6 tour du lch lng ngh kt hp vi khu di tch lch s, danh thng, danh nhn vn ha nh dt la Vn Phc, khm trai Chuyn M, my tre an Ph Vinh, lng thu Qut ng...". Nh c du lch vic tiu th sn phm tng r rt. Trc nm 2001, lng la Vn Phc ch c 5 kit bn hng, sn xut khong 8 vn m2 la/nm, nm 2004 c 200 kit v sn xut 2 triu m2 la. Khn ca Vn Phc lm ra nhiu chng loi (phn thu thu th Qut ng,Thng Tn), ph hp vi nhu cu du khch. T chic khn t tm, t se gi 70-80 ngn n nhng chic khn lm bng t ay ch 15-20 ngn1...

Bo Ti nguyn v Mi trng 21-11-2006

11

3. Hu ht cc ngh truyn thng u tin hnh ci tin cng c theo hng cng nghip ho, hin i ho, dng nguyn vt liu mi, thay i mt hng p ng nhu cu tiu dng trong nc v xut khu vi s lng ln, a dng v chng loi. Mc d th l cha cao nhng thc t trong nhng nm qua, cc ngh truyn thng c nc cng nh BSH u c xu hng u t thay i thit b cng ngh v con ngi c trnh k thut vo sn xut nhiu mc khc nhau. Thi k u l s nhn chuyn giao cc cng ngh v thit b c t cc c s cng nghip quc doanh, ca nc ngoi (Trung Quc l ch yu) hoc ca thnh ph. Sau l s an xen vic nhp thit b c vi u t trang thit b mi hin i. Nht l t nm 2000, trong lnh vc ngnh ngh nng thn tng cng vic p dng cc cng ngh s dng nhin liu mi, gp phn ci thin iu kin lm vic, nng cao nng sut lao ng, cht lng sn phm, ng thi gim thiu nhim mi trng, nh dng ga thay than trong sn xut gm, s Trong 4 nm 20012004, trn a bn c nc c hng nghn lao ng ti cc lng ngh c tp hun, o to, c bit l lao ng trong cc ngh th cng m ngh, hnh thnh i ng th th cng tr c tay ngh v c kin thc qun l doanh nghip. T xut hin hin tng l u, c s no c s u t ln v mi mt th lm n ngy cng pht trin. Nhiu doanh nhn, t ph c xut thn t sn xut ngnh ngh truyn thng xut hin. V d, ngh c kh x Chu Kh (thuc huyn T Sn, thnh ph Bc Ninh), mt trung tm sn xut thp ln hnh thnh t ngh c kh lng a Hi. Vo nm 2000, c x c khong 560 h sn xut thp, mi h c t nht 1 - 2 my cn thp, h nhiu c 5 - 7 my. Ngi ta tnh rng mi h sn xut 4 tn/ngy th mi nm Chu Kh tung ra th trng t 700 - 800 ngn tn thp. Mi ngy, ngoi vic gii quyt lao ng trong x, Chu Kh cn thu ht t 2.000 - 2.500 lao ng cc ni khc n lm thu. Trc yu cu m rng quy m sn xut, t thng 6-1999, ngi ta bt u trnh D n "Cm cng nghip lng ngh sn xut thp x Chu Kh" vi Chnh ph. Cui thng 9-2000, Th tng Chnh ph ra Quyt nh s 925 giao 13,5 ha t nng nghip trn a bn x cho Ban Qun l D n. Cm cng nghip lng ngh (CNLN) x Chu Kh c xy dng khng ch l cm CNLN u tin c xy dng T Sn - Bc Ninh m cn l cm CNLN u tin ca c nc. Sau Chu Kh, nhiu cm CNLN vng BSH ra i, mt hng i mi ca cc ngh truyn thng. Trong iu kin cha c Cm CNLN, mt s c s ln nht l cc CTTN, CTTNHH tin hnh thu mt bng ti a phng khc. Trng hp cng ty TNHH Thin Phc (Bt Trng) l mt v d. Thin Phc l mt doanh nghip t nhn u t 5 t ng v thu t ti x Phng Cng, huyn Vn Giang, tnh Hng Yn xy dng nh my sn xut s vi tng din tch 9.500 m2, cng sut t 20 triu sn phm/nm. n nm 2004, nh my ca cng ty Thin Phc bt u sn xut. Sn phm s ca Thin Phc c mu men c trng mu b, men kt tinh, men caladon, gi c, men rn... l do bit kt hp k thut truyn thng lng ngh Bt Trng vi cng ngh tin tin hin i. T nm 19992004, 90% sn phm ca cng ty c xut khu i nhiu nc v c c bit a chung ti Php, Nht Bn, Anh, c, M, Canaa, i Loan, Hn Quc...
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Theo iu tra ca Cc Thng k H Ty nm 2003, trong s cc lng ngh iu tra c 62,5% lng hon ton s dng cng ngh th cng, 37,5 s dng nhiu my mc. Kh nhiu cng on c thc hin bng my hoc kt hp th cng v my. Lng Qung Ph Cu c ngh ch tm hng lu i, sn phm xut sang Trung Quc, i Loan, Singapo. Ring 30 h kinh doanh tiu th 200 - 250 tn vu, na/nm. C 25 h sn xut ln sm my st tm, my ct tm1... Trong 2 nm 2001-2002, tnh chung c lng La Ph u t 65 t ng cho mua sm thit b, xy dng nh xng v nm 2003 l 130 t ng. 100% s h trang b my dt len, nng sut tng 20 - 30 ln2. Nm 2003, mt h lm ngh dt lng Vn Phc c t nht 3 my dt, c x c 1.000 my dt. Lng Hu Bng c trn 40 ch may mc ln, mi h c 10 - 15 my may cng nghip Bnh qun mt h trong lng c s vn l 100 triu ng. Nhiu h Minh Khai, Dng Liu mua dy truyn lin hon sn xut min, bnh ph, bn kh. Cc ngh an my tre, c s thu mc c gii cn nh b, ch yu khu s ch ban u. Lng Ra (Thanh Oai) b sn xut sn phm nh l vi l rn c truyn, trang b my mc chuyn sang sn xut ph tng xe p, xe my, my c kh nh v ph tng nh c, vt bng cng ngh mi, c thu nhp cao hn lng a S vn gi cng ngh v mt hng c. Lng Ra c 40 - 50 xng sn xut c kh ln c 30 lao ng, xng nh 10 lao ng, mi xng sn xut ln c 12 - 15 my. C 75% s h sn xut ph tng xe my, 5% s h lm dch v cho cc xng. Lng rn L Nhn (Vnh Tng - Vnh Phc) phc hi c ngh rn l nh nhanh chng p dng khoa hc vo sn xut, tng bc c kh ha, tng nng sut v gim nhc nhn cho ngi lao ng. Cc h trang b my mi (my rn), my cn thp, my ct gt kim loi, my ba c kh nng thay th 100 - 200 sc ngi3. Lng c ng i Bi thuc x i Bi, huyn Gia Lng, tnh Bc Ninh cng l mt v d v s cn thit phi p dng cng ngh hin i vo sn xut trong ngh truyn thng. Nhng nm cui 80 ngh c ng lm vo cnh kh khn dn lng phi chuyn sang sn xut hng lot cc mt hng bng nhm nh xoong, khay ng m chn, v phch, phin pha c ph... C lng c ti 700/1.200 h sn xut cc mt hng nhm. Mt s gia nh c vn mua my cn nhm v my mit ci thin iu kin lao ng. Nhng my loi nh ny nng sut thp, sn phm thiu nhn bng do c vt ba nn kh tiu th. Nhiu

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Thi bo Kinh t Vit Nam s 133, 20-8-2004. Bo Khoa hc v i sng s 7-1364, t 12-2 n 18-2-2001. Bo Din n Doanh nghip s 94 ra ngy 24-11-2006.

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gia nh li phi tin hnh i mi thit b, sm nhng c my dp c ln (my kch thy lc) gi ti hng trm triu ng. Lng Dng , x Phong Kh, huyn Yn Phong (Bc Ninh), ngoi vic thay i thit b cng ngh lm giy cn bit thu ht cht xm. C lng c n hng chc cng ngh ca i Loan (3 t ng). Ngoi 80% s h (trong s 350 h), gn 200 doanh nghip sn xut giy cc loi, Dng cn c 50 k s ngnh giy v hng ngn lao ng ngoi tnh v lao ng cng tc. Giy ca Dng c xut sang Nam Phi v cc nc Bc u. Theo thng k ca x nm 2005, sn lng cc loi giy ca lng l 400.000 tn, gp 4 ln sn lng ca nh my giy Bi Bng lc 1. C s ng Nguyn Vn Bo ngoi vic s dng cng ngh ca nc ngoi v t ci tin cc cng ngh c, vi gi tr dy chuyn 700 triu ng cn mi ng Nguyn Vn Tuyt, Ph Gim c Nh my giy Vit Tr v lm ph Gim c x nghip cho mnh (vi mc lng cao gp gn hai ln lng Nh nc, 5 triu so vi 3 triu) vi y ch i ng. Cc ch Dng cn i Trung Quc, Thu in tm chuyn gia v lng t vn cch lm giy. Nm 2003, c s ng Nguyn Vn Phc u t dy chuyn ty bt giy hng trm t v ng cn i khp c nc tm chuyn gia 4. T ngh truyn thng mt s ch c s sn xut, ngh nhn thay i hng u t tr thnh nhng ch doanh nghip, doanh nhn ln iu m thi k trc y cha c. C th ni y l nhng ngi c kh nng kinh doanh, c vn, c k thut v tay ngh cao bit nm bt c hi ca s i mi chnh sch ca ng v Nh nc. lnh vc kinh doanh l t chc sn xut mt hng truyn thng, ngnh ngh mi hoc lm dch v. H tin hnh k kt nhng hp ng, vay vn trong nc hoc nc ngoi, mua nguyn liu, bao tiu sn phm vi t cch ch doanh nghip, cng ty t nhn (CTTN) hay cng ty trch nhim hu hn (TNHH). S lng cc cng ty t nhn, cng ty TNHH ngy cng tng. H Ty ch tnh ring khu vc lng ngh, nm 1999 c 14 cng ty t nhn, cha c loi hnh cng ty TNHH, n nm 2003 49 cng ty t nhn v 86 cng ty TNHH. Nm 2003, huyn Chng M c 16 cng ty TNHH, huyn Ph Xuyn c 4 cng ty t nhn v 8 cng ty TNHH, th x H ng c 3 cng ty TNHH huyn Quc Oai, cng ty Tin ng kinh doanh ngnh my tre an c quy m ln t khu pha ch nguyn liu n ng contern xut khu, gii quyt vic lm cho ngi lao ng. Cng ty c nh my trn din tch 5 ha im cng nghip Bin Giang (H ng), lun thu mua hng ca 2.000 lao ng Quc Oai v cc tnh Thi Bnh, H Nam, Chng M (H Ty). Tnh n nm 2000, ch tnh trong 62 lng ngh Bc Ninh c 72 cng ty trch nhim hu hn (TNHH), doanh nghip t nhn (DNTN), 196 HTX kinh doanh v sn xut thu ht trn 12.000 h vi gn 60.000 lao ng. Gi tr sn xut t 560 t ng chim 75% gi tr cng nghip ngoi quc doanh v 28% gi tr sn xut cng nhip ton tnh. lng ngh ng K (ng Quang, T Sn) c 15 cng ty TNHH, 3 DNTN v 53 HTX thu ht

Bo Tui tr cui tun s 38, 24-9-2006.

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3.000 lao ng ti ch v hn 2.000 lao ng cc a phng. Cc doanh nghip cn m 230 ca hng bn sn phm Trung Quc. c s lin kt vi lng a Hi sn xut thp xut khu sang Lo, ri nhp khu g t Lo v nc. Ngh mc lng ng Giao thuc huyn Cm Ging (Hi Dng) chuyn sn xut mc cao cp, kt hp k thut th cng v my mc hin i cng ngy cng xut hin nhiu ch t nhn ln nh gia nh ng V Xun Tu, V nh Mch, V Vn Thng, V Vn Ci... Ngh lm da lng Kiu K, huyn Gia Lm (H Ni) cng xut hin nhiu ch t nhn, tiu biu l Cng ty TNHH Ladoda ca ng inh Quang Bo. Cng ty c thnh lp nm 1992 tip ni ngh may da truyn thng ca cha ng li. Sn phm chnh l cc loi cp, ti, v, giy dp, dng bng da v gi da. n nm 2000, cng ty c c s hn 2.500 m2 nh xng sn xut gm 4 dy chuyn cng ngh hin i ca Nht, c, hn 200 th lnh ngh khng k nhng h lm v tinh. Cng ty lun ch trng n vic nng cp i mi thit b cng ngh hin i. 75% sn phm ca cng ty lm theo n t hng trong nc vi h thng i l c cc tnh Bc Giang, Thi Nguyn, Ngh An, Hi Dng S cn li xut khu trc tip sang cc th trng nc ngoi nh Nht, c, Italia, Hn Quc, i Loan.... vi cc mt hng ch yu l ba l, cp hc sinh, ca tp cng chc, ti da, giy, dp da, v da, tht lng... 8 thng u nm 2000, tng doanh thu ca cng ty t hn 4 t ng, trong doanh thu cng nghip t hn 3,6 t ng, doanh thu xut khu gn 500 triu ng, np ngn sch gn 100 triu ng. Cng ty Ladoda c Th tng Chnh ph tng C thi ua v Bng khen, 8 Huy chng Vng lin tc v uy tn v sn phm Vit Nam cht lng cao. Lng Phng La, x Thi Phng, huyn Hng H (Thi Bnh) vn l lng dt. Sau thi k bao cp ngh dt vi khng cn ch ng, Phng La chuyn i sang ngh dt khn mt tiu dng trong nc v xut khu. Nhng nm u theo c ch th trng, c lng cng b chao o, lao ng khng c vic lm phi quay v sn xut nng nghip. Tuy nhin ch sau thi gian khng lu lng Phng La tin hnh i mi cng c, nhp my mc hin i. Mt s c s sn xut bt u di chuyn a im ra th trn Hng H, th x Thi Bnh, thnh ph H Ch Minh v mt s a phng trn c nc, tm hng tiu th sn phm v li th lao ng. Cc ng ch ca thi i mi bt u xut hin va pht trin sn xut tiu th trong nc va tm cch tip cn vi th trng nc ngoi. u tin l cc nc Lo, Campuchia, sau vi nc Nht v cc nc chu u. Th trng tiu th sn phm ngy cng c m rng i hi Phng La phi m rng quy m. Hng chc nm li y, Phng La khng ngng i mi cng c v thu ht hng chc ngn lao ng a phng sn xut hng khn mt xut khu cho Phng La. Ngh dt Phng La mang li hiu qu kinh t ln gp phn gii quyt vn x hi a phng Thi Bnh ni chung v c bit huyn Hng H. Ngh nhn Trn Vn Sen, Ch nhim HTX dt Thi Phng l mt trong nhng ngi u tin chuyn c s dt t lng Phng La ra th trn Hng H, thu mn lao ng, i mi cng c, l mt trong nhng ngi tm hng lm n mi cho dn lng Phng La.
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n nm 2005, lng c 1.400 h, 4.300 nhn khu. 100% s h lm ngh dt. C 3 doanh nghip va v nh, 5 doanh nghip ln; 2.000 my dt vi 3.000 lao ng thng xuyn; 2.000 my khu vi 3.000 lao ng thng xuyn. Cng on: dt khn bng cc loi, ty nhum, in hoa, may, ng kin xut khu Tng sn phm 5.760 tn sn phm/nm, xut khu 90% s sn phm (khong 5.184 tn), thng d khong 201 t ng/nm. Lng Phng La c 90 hcta rung hng nm phi thu ti 14.000 cng lao ng ca cc lng ph cn cy cy, gi rung. n nm 2006, lng Phng La c 5 doanh nghip ln doanh thu hng trm t ng/nm. Cng ty sn xut, kinh doanh xut nhp khu Hng Sen, do ngh nhn dt Trn Vn Sen1 lm Tng Gim c hng nm cng ty thu ht 6.000 lao ng ti ch v 1.500 lao ng l cn b nhn vin tip th trn th trng c nc. T nm 1996, Cng ty sn xut bia en Beyker (nay l bia i Vit) bng thit b cng ngh ca Cng ho Lin bang c. Hin nay bia i Vit c cng sut 50 triu lt/nm v l mt trong 84 thng hiu mnh Vit Nam. Mi nm Cng ty np ngn sch t 51 - 80 t ng. Cng ty sn xut kinh doanh xut nhp khu Bnh Minh, do ng L Minh Hiu lm Tng Gim c, kinh doanh nc khong Vital, thu ht trn 1.000 lao ng, doanh s nhiu trm t ng/nm. Hin ti, cng ty vn kinh doanh ngh dt ti lng vi trn 200 lao ng. Doanh nghip X nghip dt Hng Qun, tr s ti thnh ph Thi Bnh do ng inh Hng Qun lm gim c, thu ht 2.000 lao ng, mi nm sn xut hng ngn tn sn phm xut khu v tiu th trong nc. Cng ty dt nhum xut khu Thnh Cng do ng Trn Vn ng lm gim c c 240 my dt v 400 my khu vi 1.600 lao ng chuyn sn xut khn bng cc loi, tng sn phm trn 1.500 tn/nm, trong 95% sn phm xut khu. Cng ty xut khu Thng Long do ng Trn Vn Hng lm gim c, c 200 my dt v 350 my khu vi 1.550 lao ng, chuyn sn xut khn bng cc loi xut khu. Cng ty c dy chuyn si, ty nhum hin i. Tng sn phm trn 1.000 tn/nm trong 95% sn phm xut khu. Ngoi nhng doanh nghip nh ti lng, nm 2006, Phng La cn c 80 h ang lm ngh dt v tiu th sn phm ti thnh ph H Ch Minh c doanh thu trn mt t ng/nm2 Mt vi nt khc ho nh trn cho thy vng BSH vn l ni tn ti ht sc phong ph cc ngh th cng truyn thng. Cc ngh truyn thng ngy cng c nhn rng ra nhiu lng x vn xa l lm nng nghip. Ngoi s ng gp quan trng trong kinh t, cc ngh truyn thng gp phn gii quyt cng n vic lm cho rt ng lao ng nng thn. Sau mt thi gian chao o do phi chuyn i c ch mi, cc ngh truyn thng dn thch nghi v pht trin vi nhiu yu t mi m trong thi k bao cp cha c nhng vn lu gi c nhng yu t truyn thng. 5. Du n nng nghip, nng thn trong cc ngh truyn thng.

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Lu Vinh. Doanh nhn Vit Nam n ci v nc mt. Nxb Giao thng vn ti, H Ni, 2005. T liu thc t nm 2006.

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Trong lch s, cc ngh truyn thng pht trin a bn nng thn, ngi sn xut l nng dn nn trong thi k CNH-HH cc du n nng nghip, nng thn vn rt m nt. Nhng yu t ny c nhng mt tch cc v hn ch. Ngi nng dn vng BSH vn rt cn c v sng to. H chnh l nhng ngi th duy tr, lu gi v pht huy ngh truyn thng trong mi hon cnh, do nhiu ngh truyn thng cn n ngy nay. Hin ti, sn xut vn quy m gia nh l ch yu, ni tn dng c lao ng mi la tui t ngi gi n tr em. Khun vin gia nh va l ch , xng sn xut v l kho cha hng ho. Ngi ta c th sn xut hng ho bng nhng cng ngh truyn thng v tn dng nhiu vt dng trong nh lm cng c sn xut Nhng yu t ny lm cho gi thnh sn phm h, tiu th d dng vi th trng l bin ngi nng dn mnh mng v xut khu. Tuy nhin, trong iu kin CNH-HH v hi nhp quc t th nhng yu t trn li l hn ch i vi ngnh ngh truyn thng. Sn phm lm ra vi cng ngh thit b c lc hu cht lng khng cao, mu m n iu, sc cnh tranh km, thu nhp thp. Sn xut ti gia nh lm cho tnh tu tin ca ngi nng dn li c u th pht huy nh sn xut khng c k hoch lm cho hng ho b tn ng. Cha k n vic v chy theo li nhun nhiu ni cn lm hng gi, hng km cht lng tung ra th trng. V d khng t xng lng Sn ng sn xut tng bng t st vi mt ct tr bng g xoan bn trong, sn mu bn ngoi. Ch vi thng sau s dng nhng pho tng ny s nt dn ra, thm ch c th bong trc hon ton lp sn ph ngoi. Hoc nu khng tinh, khch hng c th mua phi tng bng g mt c trn, sau c dn hoa vn bng keo cng nghip ch khng c gn bng sn sng, nhng vi gi l tng lin hoa vn. Sau mt thi gian nhng hoa vn ny s b bong ra. Hay hin tng lm long nhn gi bng vy hnh ty v v c chua Hng Yn lm nh hng n thng hiu mt hng qu gi ny. Nhiu ni kt hp du lch thm ngh truyn thng nhng du khch nhiu khi mua phi hng nhi, hng gi vi gi t. Tri qua qu trnh lch s cc ngh truyn thng da trn c s h tng nng nghip, nng thn thp km. Cho n nay, c s h tng vng BSH c ci thin nhng khng ng b c bit i vi cc lng ngh, vng ngh lm nh hng n mi trng sng ca ngi dn. C th l ng s cht chi, cng rnh ngp nga nc thi hi thi c hi, khi bi R rng nht l cc lng ch bin thc phm, lm sng, lm gm, dt V d, ngun nguyn liu cung cp cho lng ngh Thy ng ch yu t cc l m tru, b Thanh Oai (H Ty) v mt s tnh H Nam, Ninh Bnh, Nam nh. Cch ch bin nguyn liu t da tru, b vn gi nguyn cch c truyn. Sng tru, b phi ngm t 7 - 15 ngy cho ti khi tht thi ra. Da tru, b phi ngm mui cho n khi ht tht, sn da. Ngi ta xp nguyn liu trong cc bao ti da trong sut nhng ngy mui, ln lc trong sn, ngoi vn. B ngm ti cc gia nh thng c xy gn khu cng trnh ph thiu ng thot nc kin c v khng c che chn cn thn. Khng kh trong lng lc

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no cng nng nc mi tht tru b thi ra lm nhim c ngun nc ngm trm trng lm tng s ngi mc bnh h hp1. Ti lng Bt Trng cho n nm 2007 vn cn ti 300 l gm th cng, gy nhim mi trng nghim trng Tnh s b huyn T Lim, ngoi thnh (H Ni) c ti 8 x/13 x c vn mi trng ni cm. y l nhng x ch bin thc phm, gia cng nha (lng Xun nh lm bnh ko, lng M tr lm bn, sn xut u ph M nh, Ph Din, Thng Ct, sn xut dy nha x trung Vn, dt vi i M)2. lng ti ch ch Mai Lm (Hng yn), tnh trng ngi b nhim ch ngy cng nhiu, thm ch c c gia nh b nh hng n ni ging. C rt nhiu v d v tnh trng ny Nh vy, di tc ng ca nhng iu kin trong nc v quc t trong khong 20 nm nn kinh t Vit Nam chuyn i sang c ch th trng, cc ngh truyn thng vng nng thn BSH c nhiu thay i. Hu ht cc ngh truyn thng vn tn ti v ngy cng c nhn rng, nhiu lng ngh mi hnh thnh trn c s nhng lng ngh c truyn gp phn to ln v kinh t x hi v l yu t quan trng thc y qu trnh CNH-HH nng nghip, nng thn. S pht trin cc ngh truyn thng vng BSH cho thy nng lc ca ngnh ngh nng thn l rt ln v s cng pht trin mnh hn khi c chnh sch v m ph hp. Trong nhng nm qua, chnh sch kinh t c bit chnh sch kinh t nhiu thnh phn ca ng v Nh nc lm cho ngnh ngh nng thn pht trin. Mc d cn nhiu hn ch nh pht trin mt cch t pht v gy nhim mi trng, cc ngh truyn thng ngy cng thch ng vi c ch mi, c ch th trng. BSH vn duy tr c tnh c trng l mt vng c nhiu ngh truyn thng v lng ngh truyn thng nht so vi c nc gp phn gi gn m nt bn sc Vit Nam.

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Bo Nng thn Ngy nay nguyt san 4-2003. Bo Ti nguyn v mi trng 23-11-2006.

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