Bien Tan 01

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.
vn

I HC THI NGUYN
TRNG I HC K THUT CNG NGHIP

LUN VN THC S K THUT

NGHIN CU H TRUYN NG IN BIN TN - NG C
XOAY CHIU S DNG BIN TN 4 GC PHN T

Ngnh: T NG HA
M s: 605260
Hc vin: BI TH THANH HUYN
Ngi hng dn khoa hc: TS.TRN XUN MINH

DUYT BAN GIM
HIU

KHOA T
SAU I HC
NGI HNG
DN

HC VIN

Ts. Trn Xun Minh Bi Th Thanh Huyn

THI NGUYN - 2009

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn

2

LI CAM OAN
Ti l Bi Th Thanh Huyn, hc vin lp cao hc K10 T ng Ho nin
kho 2007-2009 sau hai nm hc tp v nghin cu, c s gip ca cc thy
c gio v c bit l TS. Trn Xun Minh, thy gio hng dn tt nghip ca ti,
ti i n cui chng ng kt thc kho hc thc s.
Ti quyt nh chn ti tt nghip l: "Nghin cu h truyn ng in
bin tn ng c xoay chiu s dng bin tn 4 gc phn t".
Ti xin cam oan y l cng trnh nghin cu ca ring ti. Cc s liu, kt
qu trong lun vn l hon ton trung thc v cha tng c ai cng b trong bt
k cng trnh no khc. Nu c ti xin chu hon ton trch nhim.

Tc gi lun vn

Bi Th Thanh Huyn


3
MC LC
Trang
Trang ba ph . ........
Li cam oan . ......... 2
Mc lc ............... 3
Danh mc cc k hiu v ch vit tt ........ 5
Danh mc cc bng ........ 7
Danh mc cc hnh v, th ......... 7
M U ......... 11
CHNG 1 - TNG QUAN V H THNG TRUYN NG IN
BIN TN - NG C XOAY CHIU .......

13
1.1. Cc h thng truyn ng in dng ng c xoay chiu . .......... 13
1.1.1. Gii thiu chung ......... 13
1.1.2. Cc phng php iu chnh tc ng c khng ng b ............ 14
1.1.3. Cc phng php iu chnh tc ng c ng b . .......... 15
1.1.4. H thng iu tc bin tn - ng c xoay chiu .......... 15
1.2. S lc v cc b bin tn dng dng c bn dn cng sut . .......... 16
1.2.1. Bin tn trc tip (xoay chiu - xoay chiu) .. ........ 16
1.2.2. B bin tn gin tip .. ........ 19
1.3. Bin tn bn gc phn t .......... 25
1.3.1. Cc tn ti ca cc b bin tn thng thng ........ 25
1.3.2. Bin tn bn gc phn t (bin tn 4Q) . ........ 27
CHNG 2 - NGHIN CU CHNH LU TCH CC PWM PHC V
CHO BIN TN BN GC PHN T .............

29
2.1. t vn ............................ ........ 29
2.2. Cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca bin tn ngun p bn gc phn t
dng chnh lu PWM . .....................

30
2.3. M t ton hc chnh lu PWM . .......... 33
2.3.1. M t in p u vo chnh lu PWM ........ 34
2.3.2. M t ton hc chnh lu PWM trong h ta 3 pha .......... 35
2.3.3. M t ton hc chnh lu PWM trong h ta c nh o - | . ......... 36
2.3.4. M t ton hc chnh lu PWM trn h ta quay d q ........ 37
2.3.5. Tnh ton cng sut chnh lu PWM . ........ 38
2.4. Phm vi v gii hn tham s ca chnh lu PWM .. ......... 39
2.4.1. Gii hn cc tiu ca in p mt chiu . ........... 39
2.4.2. Gii hn gi tr in p trn in cm . ........... 39
2.5. c lng cc i lng vector c bn .. ........ 41
2.5.1. c lng vector in p u vo . ........ 41
2.5.2. c lng vector t thng o ........ 42
2.6. Phng php iu khin chnh lu PWM . ................... 46
2.7. Cu trc iu khin chnh lu PWM nh hng theo vector in
p..................................................................................................... .............

47
2.7.1. Cu trc iu khin chnh lu PWM nh hng theo vector in p


4
da vo dng in (VOC) ................... 47
2.7.2. Cu trc iu khin chnh lu PWM theo VFOC . ......... 49
2.8. Cu trc iu khin chnh lu PWM theo phng php trc tip cng
sut DPC ................

50
2.8.1. c lng cng sut theo vector in p .. ......... 52
2.8.2. c lng cng sut theo vector t thng o ........ 53
2.8.3. c im c bn ca iu khin trc tip cng sut DPC cho chnh
lu PWM . .................

54
2.8.4. B iu khin cng sut . ........ 55
2.8.5. La chn phn vng vector v bng ng ct .................................... 57
2.8.6. T hp vector in p ......... 58
CHNG 3 - NGHCH LU IU KHIN VECTOR V CU TRC H
TRUYN NG IN BIN TN 4 Q - NG C KHNG
NG B BA PHA .......................................................

60
3.1. M hnh ton hc trng thi ng ca ng c khng ng b ba
pha................................................................................................ ......................
60
3.1.1. M hnh ton hc nhiu bin ca ng c khng ng b ba pha . 60
3.1.2. Php bin i ta v ma trn chuyn i .. ........ 69
3.1.3. M hnh ton hc ng c khng ng b trn h ta quay 2 pha
bt k ... ..................

81
3.1.4. M hnh ton hc ng c in khng ng b trn h ta c nh 2 pha 82
3.1.5. M hnh ton hc ng c khng ng b trn h ta quay ng b 2 pha . 83
3.1.6. M hnh ton hc ca ng c khng ng b theo nh hng t
trng trn h ta quay ng b 2 pha (h ta MT) .......................

83
3.2. Bin tn gin tip vi nghch lu iu khin vector . ........... 85
3.2.1. M hnh ng c mt chiu tng ng ca ng c khng ng
b .............................................................................................................

86
3.2.2. tng v cu trc h thng iu khin vector ........ 87
3.2.3. Phng trnh c bn iu khin vector .. ........ 88
3.2.4. M hnh quan st t thng rotor . ........... 89
3.3. M H truyn ng bin tn 4Q - K . ......... 91
3.3.1. S khi ca h truyn ng bin tn 4Q K .............................. 91
3.3.2. S nguyn l phn mch lc ca h bin tn 4Q - K . ............ 91
3.3.3. Khi iu khin chnh lu PWM .. ........ 92
3.3.4. Khi iu khin nghch lu p dng nguyn l iu khin vector ..... 94
CHNG 4 - M PHNG H TRUYN NG IN BIN TN 4Q -
NG C KHNG NG B BA PHA..................... ...............

97
4.1. M phng c tnh lm vic ca chnh lu PWM.. .......... 97
4.1.1. Xy dng chng trnh m phng chnh lu PWM ........... 97
4.1.2. Cc kt qu m phng chnh lu PWM ......... 99
4.2. M phng h truyn ng Bin tn 4Q-ng c khng ng b ba pha .. 100
4.2.1. Xy dng s m phng h truyn ng trong phn mm Matlab .. 100
4.2.2. Kt qu m phng . ......... 103


5
Kt lun v kin ngh ................................................................... ...................... 107
Ti liu tham kho ..................................................................................... ......... 108

DANH MC CC K HIU V CH VIT TT
o Gc pha ca vector chun
u Gc lch gia trc cun dy rotor v stator pha A
c Gc pha iu khin phn chnh lu PWM
Gc pha ca vector p ngun phn chnh lu PWM
Gc pha gia dng in v p, gc lch gia trc M v trc o
e Tn s gc ca in p xoay chiu ba pha cp cho ng c
e
l
Tn s gc in p li in cp cho b chnh lu
e
1
Tc gc ca t thng stator so vi stator
e
2
Tc gc ca t thng rotor so vi rotor
A
T thng stator pha A
B
T thng stator pha B
C
T thng stator pha C
a
T thng rotor pha A
b
T thng rotor pha B
c
T thng rotor pha C
M2
Thnh phn trc M (d) ca vector t thng rotor
T2
Thnh phn trc T (q) ca vector t thng rotor
M1
Thnh phn trc M (d) ca vector t thng stator
T2
Thnh phn trc T (q) ca vector t thng stator
L
Vector t thng o
Lo
Thnh phn trc o ca vector t thng o trn h trc to o-|
L|
Thnh phn trc | ca vector t thng o trn h trc to o-|
Ld
Thnh phn trc d ca vector t thng o trn h trc to d-q
Lq
Thnh phn trc q ca vector t thng o trn h trc to d-q
cos H s cng sut c bn
C T in
K ng c khng ng b ba pha
DPC iu khin trc tip cng sut (vit tt ca Direct Power Control)
f Tn s
FOC iu khin ta t trng (vit tt ca Field Oriented Control)
i(t), i Gi tr dng in tc thi
i
A
, i
B
, i
C
Dng ba pha A, B, C cun dy stator
i
a
, i
b
, i
c
Dng ba pha a, b, c cun dy rotor
i
dc
Gi tr dng in mt chiu
L I
Vector dng in li
i
La
,
b
,
c
Dng ba pha A, B, C ca li in xoay chiu phn chnh lu PWM


6
i
Lo
Thnh phn trc o ca vector dng in li trn h trc to o-|
i
L|
Thnh phn trc | ca vector dng in li trn h trc to o-|
i
Ld
Thnh phn trc d ca vector dng in li trn h trc to d-q
i
Lq
Thnh phn trc d ca vector dng in li trn h trc to d-q
i
M1
Thnh phn trc M (d) ca vector dng stator ng c
i
T1
Thnh phn trc q ca vector dng stator ng c
I Gi tr hiu dng ca dng in mt pha ng c
j n v o
J M men qun tnh
L
m1
Gi tr in cm; h cm cc i cun dy stator ng c
L
t1
, L
t2
in cm tn cun dy stator v rotor
M M men, m men ng c
M
c
M men cn tc ng ln trc ng c (m men ti)
M
t
M men in t ng c
M
m
M men nh mc
M
max
M men cc i
n
p
S i cc t ca ng c
P Cng sut tc dng
p(t), p Cng sut tc dng tc thi
PWM iu ch rng xung (vit tt ca Pulse Width Modulation)
q(t), q Cng sut phn khng tc thi
Q Cng sut phn khng
R in tr
s Ton t Laplace
S Cng sut biu kin
S
a
,S
b
,S
c
Trng thi ng ct ca b bin i
t Gi tr thi gian tc thi
T Chu k
U
Vector in p t vo ng c
U
1
Sng hi bc nht in p u ra khi nghch lu ca bin tn
u
M1

Thnh phn trc M ca vector in p t vo ng c trn h trc to
M- T
u
T1

Thnh phn trc T ca vector in p t vo ng c trn h trc to
M- T
L U
Vector in p li
u
Lo
Thnh phn trc o ca vector in p li trn h trc to o - |
u
L|
Thnh phn trc | ca vector in p li trn h trc to o - |
u
Ld
Thnh phn trc d ca vector in p li trn h trc to d - q
u
Lq
Thnh phn trc q ca vector in p li trn h trc to d - q
s U

Vector in p vo b chnh lu PWM
u
so
Thnh phn trc o ca vector in p u vo b chnh lu trn h trc


7
to o - |
u
s|

Thnh phn trc | ca vector in p u vo b chnh lu trn h trc
to o - |
u
sd

Thnh phn trc d ca vector in p u vo b chnh lu trn h trc
to d - q
u
sq

Thnh phn trc q ca vector in p u vo b chnh lu trn h trc
to d - q
U
dc
in p mt chiu
V
a, b, c
in ngun ba pha cp cho ng c
VFOC
iu khin nh hng t thng o (vit tt ca Virtual Flux Oriented
Control)
VOC iu khin ta theo in p li (vit tt ca Voltage Oriented Control)
W, W
t
Nng lng, nng lng in t
4Q Bn gc phn t (vit tt ca Four (4) Quater)

DANH MC CC BNG
Bng B.2.1: Bng ng ct cho DPC vi b iu khin hai mc, 12 vng vector
.. 57
Bng B.2.2 : S tng gim p, q theo U.... 58

DANH MC CC HNH V V TH
Hnh 1.1. Thit b bin tn trc tip (xoay chiu - xoay chiu) . .......... 17
Hnh 1.2: S nguyn l b bin tn trc tip . ........ 17
Hnh 1.3: th in p u ra ca thit b bin tn xoay chiu-xoay chiu
hnh sin... ..................

18
Hnh 1.4: Sng hi bc nht dng, p trn ti v cc ch lm vic ca cc
khu trong bin tn trc tip.. .....................

18
Hnh 1.5: Thit b bin tn gin tip. ......... 20
Hnh 1.6: B bin tn gin tip c khu trung gian mt chiu. ........ 21
Hnh 1.7: B bin tn iu khin vector. .............. 24
Hnh 1.8: Cc b lc gim sng hi bc cao (u l ch s sng hi). ........ 25
Hnh 1.9: Dp nng lng bng in tr R
h
trong mch mt chiu ........ 26
Hnh 1.10: S dng thm b nghch lu mc song song ngc vi b chnh
lu tr nng lng v li in xoay chiu .................

26
Hnh 2.1: S bin tn bn gc phn t dng chnh lu PWM ......... 30
Hnh 2.2a. S thay th mt pha b chnh lu tch cc PWM.. ......... 31
Hnh 2.2 b. th vector tng qut ca b chnh lu.. .......... 31
Hnh 2.2 c. th vector b chnh lu PWM vi h s cng sut bng 1.. ........ 31
Hnh 2.2 d. th vector b chnh lu PWM vi h s cng sut bng -1
(nghch lu).. ........ .

31
Hnh 2.3a: th 6 vector in p c bn khi iu khin s chuyn mch cc
kho bn dn S
a
, S
b
, S
c
. ........................

32
Hnh 2.3b: Cc trng thi chuyn mch ca chnh lu PWM. ......... 33


8
Hnh 2.4: th vector in p, dng in chnh lu PWM trong h to o-
| v d-q.....................

34
Hnh 2.5: Cu trc m hnh ton hc chnh lu PWM trn h to ba
pha.. ........

35
Hnh 2.6: M hnh ton hc chnh lu PWM trn h to o-|. ........ 37
Hnh 2.7: M hnh ton hc chnh lu PWM trn h to d-q. ......... 38
Hnh 2.8: th vector in p chnh lu PWM ... ......... 39
Hnh 2.9a: Gii hn lm vic in p ca chnh lu PWM.. ........ 40
Hnh 2.9b: Gii hn lm vic in p ca chnh lu PWM. ......... 41
Hnh 2.10: M hnh ng c o v th vc t t thng o vi chnh lu
PWM ..............

43
Hnh 2.11: Quan h gia in p v t thng o vi dng cng sut ca
chnh lu PWM ........

44
Hnh 2.12: S cu trc nhn dng vc t t thng o.. ........ 45
Hnh 2.13: Cc phng php iu khin chnh lu PWM. ........ 46
Hnh 2.14: H truyn ng ng c xoay chiu - bin tn dng chnh lu
PWM vi cc phng php iu khin .......
47
Hnh 2.15: Cu trc iu khin chnh lu PWM theo VOC . 48
Hnh 2.16: Cu trc cc mch vng iu khin chnh lu PWM theo
VOC

49
Hnh 2.17: Cu trc cc mch vng iu khin chnh lu PWM theo
VFOC..........

50
Hnh 2.18: Cu trc iu khin chnh lu PWM theo DPC.. ........ 51
Hnh 2.19: Khu c lng cng sut v in p .. ........ 52
Hnh 2.20: Khu c lng p, q theo vector
L
. .......
53
Hnh 2.21: S bin thin gi tr cng sut tc thi ........ 55
Hnh 2.22: B iu khin cng sut . ......... 56
Hnh 2.23: Phn vng vector cho phng php iu khin DPC ....... 57
Hnh 2.24: Bin i vector in p ......... 59
Hnh 3.1: S cu trc iu khin nhiu bin ca ng c khng ng b .... 61
Hnh 3.2: S cu trc iu khin h thng iu tc bin tn ca ng c
khng ng b nhiu bin ............

61
Hnh 3.3: M hnh vt l ng c khng ng b 3 pha . ......... . 62
Hnh 3.4: M hnh vt l ng c in mt chiu hai cc: F- cun dy kch
t, A - cun dy rotor, C- cun dy b ................ .

69
Hnh 3.5: M hnh vt l cc cun dy ng c in xoay chiu, m hnh
tng ng v m hnh ng c in mt chiu. ....... .

71
Hnh 3.6: V tr vector khng gian ca h to 3 pha v 2 pha cng vi sc
t ng cun dy . .................... .

74
Hnh 3.7: H to c nh v h to quay 2 pha v vector khng gian
sc t ng . ................

78
Hnh 3.8: S cu trc bin i ta ng c khng ng b: 3/2) Bin


9
i 3 pha/2 pha; VR) Bin i quay ng b; ) Gc gia trc M v
trc o (trc A) ........................

86
Hnh 3.9: tng cu trc h thng iu khin vector ... ........ 87
Hnh 3.10: M hnh quan st t thng trn h to quay hai pha theo nh
hng t trng .. ...............

90
Hnh 3.11: S khi h truyn ng in bin tn 4Q - K .......... 91
Hnh 3.12: S nguyn l phn lc h truyn ng bin tn bn gc phn t
dng chnh lu PWM - ng c khng ng b ba pha. ....................

92
Hnh 3.13: Cu trc khi iu khin chnh lu PWM theo VOC.......... 93
Hnh 3.14: Cu trc nghch lu iu khin vector nh hng t thng
rotor.. ..........

96
Hnh 4.1: S m phng chnh lu PWM ti in tr iu khin theo VOC ... 98
Hnh 4.2: S m phng chi tit khi iu khin chnh lu PWM theo
phng php VOC(khi Subsytrem) ca m hnh hnh 4.1 ........... .......

98
Hnh 4.3: Chi tit khi PLECS circuit ca m hnh hnh 4.1 ............... ......... 99
Hnh 4.4: in p mt chiu sau chnh lu PWM iu khin theo VOC .. ......... 99
Hnh 4.5: in p v dng in pha A ca chnh lu PWM iu khin theo
VOC ........................................................................................... ................

99
Hnh 4.6: in p v dng in pha A ca chnh lu PWM iu khin theo
VOC trong thi gian 5 chu k ngun ......................................... ...............

100
Hnh 4.7: Dng mt chiu sau chnh lu ca PWM iu khin theo VOC
trong thi gian 1/6 chu k ngun ...................................................... ........

100
Hnh 4.8: Cu trc iu khin vector trong vng tn s f = f
m
................. ........ 101
Hnh 4.9: S m phng h truyn ng in bin tn 4Q-ng c khng
ng b ba pha ....................................................................... ...................

102
Hnh 4.10: S m phng chi tit phn iu khin nghch lu theo FOC
(khi INVERTER trn m hnh hnh 4.9 .............................. .................

102
Hnh 4.11: Chi tit khi PLECS circuit ca m hnh hnh 4.9 ............. ......... 103
Hnh 4.12: Tc gc ng c khi khi ng v iu chnh ti chuyn ch
lm vic, vi gi tr t tc l 100 rad/s. ..........................

104
Hnh 4.13: S iu chnh m men ti ca ng c khi khi ng v khi chuyn
ng c sang trng thi hm ti sinh ch tc n nh (ti
t=1s).. .......................

104
Hnh 4.14: in p v dng in li pha A cp cho chnh lu PWM trc v
sau thi im iu chnh m men ti (ti t=1s) chuyn ch lm
vic ca ng c t trng thi ng c sang hm ti
sinh. ............

105
Hnh 4.15: Tc gc ng c khi khi ng v iu chnh gim tc t 100
rad/s xung 80 rad/s ..................
105
sau thi im iu chnh gim tc t 100 rad/s xung 80 rad/s (ti t=1s)

106


11
M U
1. Tnh cp thit ca ti
Trong cng nghip rt nhiu my sn xut yu cu phi iu chnh tc
ng c truyn ng vi phm vi rng v cht lng iu chnh tt. Vi s ra i
v pht trin ca h truyn ng iu chnh tc ng c khng ng b ba pha
bng phng php thay i tn s ngun cp cho mch stator nh cc b bin tn
gii quyt c rt nhiu vn m thc t sn xut yu cu. Tuy nhin cc b bin
tn hin nay cn tn ti mt s nhc im l nh hng kh nhiu n li in
cng nghip, c bit khi cng sut h truyn ng ln, phn ln cc h truyn ng
b bin tn-ng c xoay chiu cha cho php ng c lm vic ch hm ti
sinh. Vic xy dng mt b bin tn khc phc c cc tn ti nu l mt yu
cu k thut cp bch.
2. Mc ch nghin cu
ti c mc tiu nghin cu: xy dng h truyn ng in bin tn- ng
c xoay chiu cho php ng c c th lm vic c c bn gc phn t v ci
thin cht lng dng in qua li
3. i tng v phm vi nghin cu
Xy dng cu trc phn chnh lu v nghch lu ca b bin tn gin tip. Xy
dng cu trc tng th mt h truyn ng bin tn bn gc phn t (4Q)-ng c
xoay chiu khng ng b ba pha. Thc hin cc m phng kim nghim kt qu
phn tch, tnh ton l thuyt.
4. ngha khoa hc v thc tin ca ti
y l ti nghin cu ng dng trong lnh vc truyn ng in t ng.
ti xy dng h thng truyn ng in ng c xoay chiu c cht lng cao
hn cc h thng hin c.
5. Kt cu ca lun vn


12
Lun n bao gm 4 chng:
Chng 1: Tng quan v h thng truyn ng in bin tn-ng c xoay
chiu.
Chng 2: Nghin cu chnh lu tch cc PWM phc v cho bin tn bn gc
phn t.
Chng 3: Nghch lu iu khin vector v cu trc h truyn ng in bin
tn 4Q - ng c khng ng b ba pha.
Chng 4: M phng h truyn ng in bin tn 4Q-ng c khng ng b
ba pha.
Kt lun v kin ngh


13
Chng 1
TNG QUAN V H THNG TRUYN NG IN
BIN TN - NG C XOAY CHIU
1.1. CC H THNG TRUYN NG IN DNG NG C XOAY CHIU
1.1.1. Gii thiu chung
Cc h thng truyn ng in c s dng rt rng ri trong cc lnh vc khc
nhau, chng c dng cung cp ng lc cho phn ln cc c cu sn xut. Trong
th k XIX ln lt xut hin truyn ng in ng c mt chiu v ng c xoay
chiu. Trong nhiu nm ca th k XX, khong 80% cc h thng truyn ng in
khng yu cu iu chnh tc u dng ng c xoay chiu, cn khong 20%
truyn ng in c yu cu cao v iu chnh tc dng ng c mt chiu. iu
ny hu nh c th gii coi nh l mt quy lut phn b hin nhin. Phng n
iu chnh tc ng c xoay chiu mc d c pht minh v a vo ng dng
kh sm, nhng cht lng ca n li kh b snh kp vi h thng truyn ng in
mt chiu. Mi tn ti thp k 70 ca th k XX, khi th gii b cun ht vo nguy c
khan him du m, cc nc cng nghip tin tin mi tp trung vo vic nghin cu
h thng iu chnh tc ng c xoay chiu hiu sut cao, hy vng coi l con
ng tit kim ngun nng lng. Qua hn 10 nm c gng n lc, n thp k 80
hng nghin cu y t c thnh tu ln, v c coi l bc t ph thn
k trong truyn ng in xoay chiu, v t t l ng dng h thng iu chnh tc
ng c in xoay chiu ngy mt tng ln. Trong cc ngnh cng nghip c
tro lu thay th h thng iu chnh tc ng c mt chiu bng h thng iu
chnh tc ng c xoay chiu.
ng c in xoay chiu c th phn lm hai nhm: ng c xoay chiu khng
ng b v ng c xoay chiu ng b. Trong ng c xoay chiu khng ng b c
ng c rotor lng xc v ng c rotor dy qun. Trong ng c xoay chiu ng b
c ng c kch t bng nam chm vnh cu (thng l loi cc n) v ng c kch t
bng nam chm in (cc li). Mi loi ng c u c nhng u im v nhc im
nht nh v cc phng php iu chnh tc cng khng hon ton ging nhau.


14

1.1.2. Cc phng php iu chnh tc ng c khng ng b
ng c xoay chiu khng ng b c kt cu n gin, chc chn, lm vic tin cy
v gi thnh r nht. iu chnh tc (iu tc) ng c khng ng b c rt nhiu
phng php, chng hn nh (1) iu chnh tc bng phng php gim in p t
vo cun dy stator ng c; (2) iu chnh tc bng phng php dng b ly hp
trt in t; (3) iu chnh tc bng phng php dng in tr ph ni tip vi cun
dy rotor i vi ng c khng ng b rotor dy qun; (4) iu chnh tc bng
phng php ni cp ng c khng ng b rotor dy qun; (5) iu chnh tc bng
phng php thay i s i cc; (6) iu chnh tc bng phng php thay i tn s
nh b bin i tn s (phng php bin tn); v.v...
Da vo cch x l cng sut trt trong my in, cc h thng iu chnh tc
ng c khng ng b c phn ra 3 loi l h thng iu tc tiu hao cng sut
trt, h thng iu tc kiu ti sinh v h thng iu tc cng sut trt khng thay
i. Hiu sut ca 3 kiu ny c tng ln theo th t trn.
1) H thng iu tc tiu hao cng sut trt - ton b cng sut trt chuyn
thnh nhit nng tiu hao mt. Ba phng php iu tc (1), (2), (3) k trn u thuc
v loi ny. Hiu sut h thng iu tc ca cc loi ny l thp nht v chp nhn tn
tht cng sut i ly vic gim tc quay (lc mmen ph ti khng i), tc
cng xung thp th hiu sut cng gim, nhng cu trc ca h thng ny l n gin
nht, v th n vn c dng trong mt s trng hp, v d trong cc h thng cu
trc.
2) H thng iu tc kiu ti sinh - mt b phn ca cng sut trt b tiu hao
i, phn ln cn li nh c thit b chnh lu - nghch lu c tr v li in xoay
chiu hoc chuyn ho thnh dng c nng dng vo vic c ch khc, khi tc
quay cng thp cng sut thu hi cng cng nhiu, phng php iu tc th (4) k
trn l thuc loi ny. Hiu sut ca h thng iu tc loi ny r rng l cao hn loi
h thng iu tc tiu hao cng sut trt nhng phi thm thit b chnh lu - nghch
lu nn li phi tiu hao mt phn cng sut.


15
3) H thng iu tc cng sut trt khng thay i - trong h thng ny khng
trnh khi tiu hao cng sut trn dy dn rotor, nhng s tiu hao cng sut trt hu
nh khng ph thuc vo tc cao hay thp, v th hiu sut kh cao. Phng php
iu tc thay i s i cc v phng php iu tc bin tn thuc loi ny. Phng
php iu tc thay i s i cc l phng php iu chnh c cp, phm vi iu
chnh hp, t dng. Phng php iu tc bin tn c ng dng rng ri nht v n
cho php iu chnh trn vi phm vi rng, c kh nng xy dng c cc h thng
iu chnh tc ng c xoay chiu c cht lng cao, c th thay th h thng iu
chnh tc ng c mt chiu v do c tin pht trin hn c. H thng iu
tc bin tn ng c khng ng b c phm vi ng dng rng c v lnh vc v cng
sut, t cng sut cc nh n cng sut rt ln (hng MW).
1.1.3. Cc phng php iu chnh tc ng c ng b
ng c ng b, nh gii thiu, ch yu c 2 loi l ng c kch t bng
nam chm vnh cu v kch t bng nam chm in. i vi ng c in ng b ch
yu dng kiu iu tc bin tn.
ng c kch t bng nam chm vnh cu thng c cng sut nh, c s
dng trong cc h thng chnh xc, v d nh iu khin cc chuyn ng ca r bt.
ng c ng b kch t bng nam chm in thng c sn xut vi cng sut ln,
cng sut c th n hng chc MW, c s dng trong cc h thng truyn ng
nh my bm, qut gi, nn kh, truyn ng cho l trong cng ngh sn xut xi
mng,
1.1.4. H thng iu tc bin tn - ng c xoay chiu
Trong cc h thng iu tc bin tn cho c 2 loi ng c xoay chiu ng b
v khng ng b th b bin tn l khu quan trng quyt nh n cht lng ca h
thng truyn ng. Ph thuc vo phm vi iu chnh, vo phm vi cng sut truyn
ng, vo hng iu chnh m c cc loi bin tn v phng php khng ch bin
tn khc nhau. Trong thc t cc b bin tn c chia lm hai nhm: cc b bin tn
l bin tn trc tip v cc b bin tn gin tip c khu trung gian mt chiu. Trc
y, cc h truyn ng dng bin tn trc tip do cht lng in p u ra thp nn


16
thng dng lnh vc cng sut ln, ni ch tiu v hiu sut c t ln hng u.
Ngy nay, vi s pht trin ca in t cng sut v k thut vi iu khin, phng
php iu khin bin tn kiu ma trn cho cht lng in p ra cao, gim nh hng
xu n li in nn phm vi ng dng ang ngy cng c m rng. c ng
dng nhiu nht hin nay vn l cc h iu tc bin tn dng b bin tn gin tip,
cc b bin tn loi ny c th khng ch theo cc phng php khc nhau: iu ch
rng xung (PWM); iu khin vector; iu khin trc tip m men.
Bin tn iu ch rng xung (PWM) vi vic iu khin in p v tn s
theo qui lut U
1
/
1
= const d thc hin nht, ng c tnh c bin tn ca n v c
bn l tnh tin ln xung, cng cng kh tt, c th tho mn yu cu iu tc
thng thng, nhng khi tc gim thp th st p trn in tr v in cm tn cun
dy nh hng ng k n m men cc i ca ng c, buc phi tin hnh b st
in p cho mch stator. iu khin E
s
/
1
= const l mc tiu thc hin b in p
thng dng vi U
1
/
1
= const, khi trng thi n nh c th lm cho t thng khe h
khng kh khng i (
m
= const), t ci thin c cht lng iu tc trng thi
n nh. Nhng ng c tnh ca n vn l phi tuyn, kh nng qu ti v mmen
quay vn b hn ch.
H thng truyn ng iu khin E
r
/
1
= const c th nhn c ng c tnh
c tuyn tnh ging nh ng c mt chiu kch thch t c lp, nh c th thc
hin iu tc vi cht lng cao. Da vo yu cu tng t thng ca ton mch rotor
rm
= const tin hnh iu khin c th nhn c E
r
/
1
= const. Trong trng thi
n nh v trng thi ng u c th duy tr E
r
/
1
= const l mc ch ca iu tc
bin tn iu khin vec t, ng nhin h thng iu khin ca n l kh phc tp.
Da trn kt qu t 2 hng mc nghin cu: Nguyn l iu khin nh hng t
trng ng c khng ng b do F. Blaschke ca hng Siemens Cng ho Lin
bang c a ra vo nm 1971, v iu khin bin i to in p stator ng c
cm ng do P.C. Custman v A.A. Clark M cng b trong sng ch pht minh ca
h, qua nhiu ci tin lin tc hnh thnh c h thng iu tc bin tn iu khin
vector m ngy nay tr nn rt ph bin.


17
1.2. S LC V CC B BIN TN DNG DNG C BN DN CNG SUT
1.2.1. Bin tn trc tip (xoay chiu - xoay chiu)
Cu trc ca thit b bin
tn trc tip nh trn hnh 1.1.
B bin i ny ch dng mt
khu bin i l c th bin i
ngun in xoay chiu c in
p v tn s khng i thnh
in p xoay chiu c in p v tn s iu chnh c. Do qu trnh bin i khng
phi qua khu trung gian nn c gi l b bin tn trc tip, cn c gi l b bin
i sng c nh (Cycloconverter).
Mi mt pha u ra ca b bin tn trc tip u c to bi mch in mc
song song ngc hai s
chnh lu tiristor (hnh 1.2).
Hai s chnh lu thun
ngc ln lt c iu
khin lm vic theo chu k
nht nh. Trn ph ti s
nhn c in p ra xoay
chiu u
t
. Bin ca n ph thuc vo gc iu khin , cn tn s ca n ph thuc
vo tn s khng ch qu trnh chuyn i s lm vic ca hai s chnh lu mc
song song ngc. Nu gc iu khin khng thay i th in p trung bnh u ra
c gi tr khng i trong mi na chu k in p u ra. Mun nhn c in p u
ra c dng gn hnh sin hn cn phi lin tc thay i gc iu khin cc van ca mi
s chnh lu trong thi gian lm vic ca n (mi na chu k in p ra); chng hn
na chu k lm vic ca s thun, thc hin thay i gc iu khin t /2
(ng vi in p trung bnh bng khng) gim dn ti 0 (ng vi in p trung bnh l
cc i), sau li tng dn t 0 ln ti /2 th in p trung bnh u ra ca s
chnh lu li t gi tr cc i gim v 0, tc l lm cho gc thay i trong phm vi
S
chnh lu
thun
3
f
1
, U
1

Ti
S chnh
lu ngc
3
f
1
, U
1

Hnh 1.2: S nguyn l b bin tn trc tip
AC AC
~ 3
U
1
, f
1
Bin tn
xoay chiu -
xoay chiu
~ 3
U
2
, f
2
Hnh 1.1: Thit b bin tn trc tip
(xoay chiu - xoay chiu)


18
/2 0 /2, in p bin i theo quy lut gn hnh sin, nh trn hnh 2.3. Trong
, ti im A c = 0, in p chnh lu trung bnh cc i, sau ti cc im B, C,
D, E gc tng dn ln, in p trung bnh gim xung dn, cho n im F vi =
/2 in p trung bnh l 0. in p trung bnh trong na chu k l hnh sin trong hnh
v th hin bng nt t. S iu khin s ngc trong na chu k m in p ra
cng tng t nh th.
Trn y
phn tch u ra mt
pha bin tn xoay
chiu - xoay chiu
(trc tip), i vi
ph ti ba pha, hai
pha khc cng dng
mch in o chiu
mc song song
ngc, in p trung bnh u ra c gc pha lch nhau 120
0
. Nh vy, nu mi mt s
chnh lu u dng loi s cu ba pha th b bin tn ba pha s cn tng cng ti
36 tiristor (mi nhnh cu ch dng mt tiristor), nu dng loi s tia ba pha, cng
phi dng ti 18 tiristor. V
vy thit b bin tn trc tip
tuy v mt cu trc ch dng
mt khu bin i, nhng s
lng linh kin li tng ln
rt nhiu, kch thc tng
tng ln rt ln. Do nhng
thit b ny u tng t nh
thit b ca b bin i c
o dng thng dng trong
h thng iu tc mt chiu
c o chiu nn qu trnh
=/2

=0
=/2
=/2
in p u ra in p trung bnh u ra
Hnh 1.3: th in p u ra ca thit b bin tn xoay
chiu-xoay chiu hnh sin
S
chnh
ngc
ch
nghch
l- u
u
S chnh
thun ch
chnh lu
S
chnh
thun
ch
nghch
lu
S chnh
ngc ch
chnh lu
i
Hnh 1.4: Sng hi bc nht dng, p trn ti v cc
ch lm vic ca cc khu trong bin tn trc tip
t
u, i


19
chuyn mch chiu dng in c thc hin ging nh trong s chnh lu c iu
khin (chuyn mch t nhin), i vi cc linh kin khng c cc yu cu g c bit.
Ngoi ra, t hnh 1.3 c th thy, khi in p i chiu th hnh sin ca in p
ngun cng c th bin i theo rt nhanh chng, v vy tn s u ra ln nht cng
khng vt qu 1/3 1/2 tn s li in (tu theo s pha chnh lu), nu khng,
th u ra s thay i rt ln, s nh hng ti s lm vic bnh thng ca h thng
iu tc bin tn. Do s lng linh kin tng ln nhiu, tn s u ra gim xung,
phm vi thay i tn s u ra ca b bin tn hp (v cng b gi hn c tn s thp
nht) nn h iu tc ny t c dng, ch trong mt s lnh vc cng sut ln v cn
tc lm vic thp, chng hn nh my cn thp, my nghin bi, l xi mng, ....
nhng loi my ny khi dng ng c tc thp c cp in bi bin tn trc tip
c th loi b c hp gim tc rt cng knh v thng dng tiristor mc song song
mi tho mn c yu cu cng sut u ra. B bin tn trc tip tuy c mt s
nhc im l s lng phn t nhiu, phm vi thay i tn s khng rng, cht lng
in p ra thp, nhng c u im l hiu sut cao hn so vi cc b bin tn gin tip,
iu ny c bit c ngha khi cng sut h thng iu tc cc ln (cc h thng
dng ng c cng sut n 16.000 KW). Trn th dng sng (hnh 1.4) ta thy
cng sut tc thi ca bin tn bao gm c bn giai on. Trong hai khong ta c tch
in p v dng in ca bin tn dng, bin tn ly cng sut t li cung cp cho
ti. Trong hai khong cn li ta c tch gia in p v dng in trong bin tn m
nn bin tn bin i cung cp li cng sut cho li.
1.2.2. B bin tn gin tip
B bin tn trc tip c u im l c th thit k vi mt cng sut kh ln
u ra v hiu sut cao, nhng c mt s nhc im sau:
+ Ch c to ra in p xoay chiu u ra vi tn s thp hn tn s in p
li.
+ Kh iu khin tn s cn khng v khi tn hao sng hi trong ng c
kh ln.
+ tinh v chnh xc trong iu khin khng cao.


20
+ Sng in p u ra khc xa hnh sin.
Chnh v nhng c im trn m mt loi bin tn khc c a ra nng
cao cht lng h truyn ng bin tn - ng c xoay chiu, l bin tn gin tip.
B bin tn gin tip cho php khc phc nhng nhc im ca b bin tn trc tip
trn.
B bin tn gin tip c
khu trung gian mt chiu c th
c cc cu trc khc nhau, cu
trc chung c m t nh hnh
1.5. V c bn c th c ba khu
chnh: Chnh lu, lc v nghch lu. Ph thuc vo vic iu chnh in p u ra m
c th c ba dng sau: B bin tn dng chnh lu c iu khin, b bin tn dng
chnh lu khng iu khin nhng thm b bin i xung p mt chiu, b bin tn
dng chnh lu khng iu khin vi nghch lu thc hin iu ch rng xung
(PWM).
A. Thit b bin tn gin tip dng chnh lu iu khin
B bin tn ny c cu trc nh trn hnh 1.6a, in p xoay chiu li in c
bin i thnh in p mt chiu c iu chnh nh chnh lu iu khin tiristor, khu
lc c th l b lc in dung hoc in cm ph thuc vo dng nghch lu yu cu,
khi nghch lu c th s dng cc tiristor hoc transistor. Vic iu chnh gi tr in
p ra U
2
c thc hin bng vic iu khin gc iu khin b chnh lu, vic iu
chnh tn s tin hnh bi khu nghch lu, tuy nhin qu trnh iu khin c phi
hp trn cng mt mch in iu khin. Cu trc ca b bin tn loi ny n gin,
d iu khin nhng do khu bin i in p xoay chiu thnh mt chiu (u vo) s
dng chnh lu iu khin tiristor nn khi in p ra thp th h s cng sut gim
thp; khu bin i in p hoc dng in mt chiu thnh xoay chiu (u ra)
thng dng nghch p 3 pha bng tiristor nn sng hi bc cao trong in p xoay
chiu u ra thng c bin kh ln. y l nhc im ch yu ca loi b bin
tn ny.
f
1
,U
1
+
=

C
0
U
d

-
=

Chnh lu
Hnh 1.5: Thit b bin tn gin tip
Lc Nghch lu
f
2
,U
2


21

B. Bin tn dng chnh lu khng iu khin c thm b bin i xung in p
B bin tn xoay gin tip dng b chnh lu khng iu khin kt hp vi b
bin i xung in p mt chiu iu chnh in p mt chiu u vo khi
nghch lu c biu din trn hnh 1.6b.
Hnh 1.6: B bin tn gin tip c khu trung gian mt chiu
a) Bin tn dng chnh lu iu khin bng tiristor
b) Bin tn dng chnh lu khng iu khin c thm b bin i xung in p
c) Bin tn dng chnh lu khng iu khin vi nghch lu iu ch PWM
3
f1, U1
Chnh lu
iu khin
3
f
2
, U
2

Lc Nghch lu
a
3
f
1
, U
1

Chnh lu
khng
iu khin
3
f
2
, U
2

Lc 1
b
Lc 2
B bin
i xung
in p
Nghch lu
3
f
1
, U
1

Chnh lu
khng
iu khin
3
f
2
, U
2

Lc
Nghch lu
PWM
c


22
Vic bin i in p xoay chiu thnh mt chiu cp cho khi nghch lu s
dng b chnh lu it khng iu khin. Khi nghch lu ch c nhim v bin i
in p mt chiu thnh xoay chiu vi tn s iu chnh c m khng c kh nng
iu chnh in p ra ca nghch lu nn gia khi chnh lu v nghch lu b tr thm
b bin i xung in p mt chiu iu chnh gi tr in p mt chiu cp cho
nghch lu nhm thc hin nhim v iu chnh gi tr hiu dng in p xoay chiu
u ra nghch lu U
2
. Mc d b bin tn ny phi thm mt khu (cha k phi
thm khu lc) nhng h s cng sut u vo kh cao, khc phc c nhc im
ca b bin tn th nht trn hnh 1.6a. Khi nghch lu u ra khng thay i nn vn
tn ti nhc im l cc sng hi bc cao c bin kh ln.
C. B bin tn dng b chnh lu khng iu khin vi b nghch lu PWM
Nh trn trnh by, trong h thng iu tc bin tn p dng phng php
iu chnh t s in p-tn s khng i, khi s dng bin tn gin tip dng tiristor
th vic iu chnh in p v tn s c thc hin ring hai khu: iu chnh tn s
khu nghch lu, cn iu chnh in p thc hin khu chnh lu, iu ny ko
theo mt lot vn . Cc vn l:
(1) Mch in chnh c 2 khu cng sut iu khin c, ngha l kh phc tp;
(2) Do khu mt chiu trung gian c b lc bng t lc hoc in khng vi qun
tnh ln, lm cho tnh thch nghi trng thi ng ca h thng thng b chm tr;
(3) Do b chnh lu c iu khin lm cho h s cng sut ca ngun in cung
cp gim nh khi cng sut u ra gim xung theo s thay i ch lm vic ca h
iu tc, ng thi lm tng sng hi bc cao trong dng in ngun;
(4) u ra ca b nghch lu l in p (dng in) c dng khc xa hnh sin, to
ra nhiu sng hi bc cao trong dng in ng c, dn ti m men bin ng kh ln
nh hng ti tnh n nh lm vic ca ng c, c bit khi tc thp. V vy cc
thit b bin tn do cc linh kin in t cng sut dng tiristor khng th p ng
c nhng yu cu i vi nhng h thng iu tc bin tn hin i. S xut hin
cc linh kin in t cng sut iu khin hon ton (GTO, IGBT, ...) cng vi s pht
trin ca k thut vi in t to ra c cc iu kin tt gii quyt vn ny.


23
Nm 1964 A. Schnung v mt s ng nghip ngi c a ra tng
bin tn iu ch rng xung, h ng dng k thut iu ch trong h thng thng
tin vo vic iu ch in p ra ca bin tn. B bin tn PWM ng dng k thut ny
v c bn gii quyt c vn tn ti trong b bin tn thng thng dng
tiristor, to iu kin cho s pht trin lnh vc mi l h thng iu tc dng in
xoay chiu cn i. Hnh 1.6c gii thiu cu trc b bin tn PWM, b bin tn ny
vn l b bin tn gin tip c khu trung gian mt chiu, ch khc l khu chnh lu
ch cn l chnh lu khng iu khin, in p ra ca n sau khi i qua b lc C (hoc
L-C) cho in p mt chiu c gi tr khng i dng cp cho khu nghch lu, linh
kin ng m cng sut trong khu nghch lu l cc phn t iu khin hon ton v
c iu khin ng ct vi tn s kh cao, to nn trn u ra mt lot xung hnh
ch nht vi rng khc nhau, cn phng php iu khin quy lut phn b thi
gian v trnh t thao tc ng - ct (m - kha) chnh l phng php iu ch rng
xung. y, thng qua vic thay i rng ca cc xung hnh ch nht c th iu
ch gi tr bin in p ca sng c bn u ra nghch lu, p ng yu cu phi
hp iu khin tn s v in p ca h iu tc bin tn.
c im ch yu ca mch in trn hnh 1.6c l :
(1) Mch in chnh ch c mt khu cng sut iu khin c, n gin ho
cu trc, h s cng sut ca mng in khng lin quan ti bin ca in p u ra
b nghch lu v tin gn n 1;
(2) B nghch lu thc hin ng thi iu tn v iu p, khng lin quan n
tham s ca linh kin khu trung gian mt chiu, lm tng tc ng nhanh trng
thi ng ca h thng;
(3) C th nhn c th in p u ra tt, c th hn ch hoc loi b c
sng hi bc thp, lm cho ng c c th vic vi in p bin thin gn nh hnh sin,
bin ng ca m men kh nh, m rng rt ln phm vi iu chnh tc ca h
thng truyn ng.
D. Bin tn iu khin vector


24
Vi s ra i ca cc dng bn dn cng sut iu khin hon ton dn n
vic xut hin nghch lu iu ch rng xung hnh sin (SPWM) ci thin mt
bc cht lng iu tc ng c xoay chiu. Cc bin tn SPWM vi phng php
iu chnh U
1
/f
s
=hng s (f
s
l tn s sng hi c bn in p t vo mch stator ng
c, y cng chnh l tn s f
2
trong cc s hnh 1.6 v 1.7) c th cho php iu
chnh tc ng c xoay chiu vi cht lng dng p kh tt, phm iu chnh
c m rng nhng m men cc i b gii hn v cha p ng c yu cu cao
v cht lng tnh ca phn ln cc h iu tc. Vi cc h iu tc vng kn dng
bin tn gin tip SPWM, nh l h iu tc iu khin tn s trt chng hn, ci
thin ng k cht lng tnh ca h thng iu tc ng c xoay chiu, to c c
tnh gn vi h thng iu tc hai mch vng ng c mt chiu, tuy nhin cht lng
ng ca h th vn cn xa mi t c nh h thng iu tc hai mch vng ng c
mt chiu.
Da trn kt qu nghin cu: Nguyn l iu khin nh hng t trng ng
c khng ng b do F. Blaschke ca hng Siemens Cng ho Lin bang c a ra
vo nm 1971, v iu khin bin i to in p stator ng c cm ng do
P.C. Custman v A. A. Clark M cng b trong sng ch pht minh ca h, qua
nhiu ci tin lin tc hnh thnh c h thng iu tc bin tn iu khin vector
m ngy nay c ng dng rt ph bin.

Cu trc ph bin phn lc ca bin tn s dng nghch lu iu khin vector
(bin tn vector) c m t nh trn hnh 1.7. V c bn cc thit b phn lc ca
bin tn ny hon ton tng t nh ca bin tn iu ch rng xung hnh sin, ch
khc l vic iu khin khi nghch lu p dng phng php iu khin vector. Trong
bin tn iu khin vector, ngi ta p dng php bin i ta khng gian cc
vector dng, p, t thng ng c t h ba a-b-c pha sang h hai pha quay d-q, quay
Hnh 1.7: B bin tn iu khin vector
3
f1, U1
Chnh lu
iu khin
3
f
2
, U
2

Lc
Nghch lu
iu khin
vector


25
ng b vi t trng stator ca ng c v thng chn trc d trng vi vector t
thng rotor (iu khin nh hng theo t trng rotor). Thng qua php bin i ta
khng gian vector, cc i lng dng p xoay chiu hnh sin ca ng c tr thnh
i lng mt chiu nn hon ton c th s dng cc kt qu nghin cu tng hp h
truyn ng ng c mt chiu thit k cc b iu chnh. Sau , cc i lng
mt chiu u ra cc b iu chnh li c bin i thnh i lng xoy chiu ba
pha qua php bin i ngc ta khng ch thit b pht xung iu khin cc
van nghch lu. H truyn ng in bin tn vector - ng c xoay chiu c thc
hin dng h vng kn, vi vic iu khin nh hng theo t trng rotor cho php
c th duy tr c t thng rotor khng i ( vng tn s thp hn tn s c bn),
thc hin c quan h E
r
/f
s
= hng s, nh m c tnh c ca ng c xoay chiu
khng ng b trong h c dng nh c tnh ng c mt chiu (vi kh nng qu ti
m men rt ln).
1.3. BIN TN BN GC PHN T
1.3.1. Cc tn ti ca cc b bin tn thng thng
Cc b bin tn c cu trc c m t trn cc hnh 1.6 v 1.7, ngoi cc u
nhc im c gii thiu trong mc trc cn tn ti mt s nhc im c bn
sau: sng hi bc cao trong dng in li c bin kh ln lm mo dng ng
cong in p li in; h s cng sut cos khng cao gy nn cc tn tht ph, c
bit l khi h thng cng sut ln; phn ln khng thc hin c qu trnh bin i
nng lng t pha ti (ng c) a tr li li in xoay chiu nn nh hng n
cht lng ca h thng truyn ng v hiu sut ca h thng. gim nh bin
hoc loi b mt s sng hi bc cao trong dng in li xoay chiu c th s dng
cc s chnh lu lin hp hoc cc khu lc nh hnh 1.8. Khu lc c thit lp
thnh nhm mch LC cng hng ni tip (lc th ng), n s dp tt cc dng in
iu ho bc cao (hnh 1.8 a); b lc cng c th b tr mt b lc di rng (hnh 1.8
b).


26
tng h s cng sut, gim tn tht trong qu trnh truyn ti in nng, ngoi
vic s dng b lc gim bin sng hi bc cao (sng hi bc cao cng l mt
yu t lm suy gim h s cng sut ca b chnh lu), c th phi b tr thm cc
thit b b cng sut phn khng.
V mt nguyn tc, cng sut d tha trong ng c (thng l ng nng h
truyn ng) c th c tiu tn trn trn tr trong mch mt chiu nh kha ng
ct c iu khin hoc c th bin i thnh in nng xoay chiu v tr li li in
cung cp xoay chiu.
Chnh lu i t (diode) ch cho php nng lng i theo mt chiu duy nht. V
vy, nng lng t ng c khng th tr v li m ch c th b tiu hao trn cc
in tr (R
h
) c iu khin bi cc ngt in (Tr) ni pha mch mt chiu (hnh
1.9). Trong trng hp cng sut ln th i hi in tr phi chu c dng in ln,
kh khn trong vic ch to, tng chi ph u t. Mt khc vic s dng in tr hm
tiu tn nng lng t ng c truyn n lm gim hiu sut ca h thng.

= 5 = 5 13
7 11 13 >17
Hnh 1.8: Cc b lc gim sng hi bc cao ( l ch s sng hi)
a) b)
Chnh lu Nghnh lu
Hnh 1.9: Dp nng lng bng in tr R
h
trong mch mt chiu
K
C
l
A
B
C
Tr
R
h


27

Khi s dng chnh lu thyristor, c th thc hin vic bin i nng lng
chuyn tr v li in xoay chiu bng cch mc song song ngc vi s chnh
lu mt b chnh lu tng t v iu khin lm vic ch nghch lu (hnh 1.10).
Qu trnh bin i nng lng trong h thng truyn ng in khi ng c lm vic
ch hm din ra nh sau: nng lng c hc t pha ng c ( dng ng nng
tch ly c ca h thng truyn ng hoc th nng ca ph ti) c bin i thng
nng lng in trong cc cun dy ng c v qua b nghch lu ca bin tn lm
vic ch chnh lu c chuyn thnh nng lng in mt chiu, sau khi qua b
nghch lu thyristor c bin i thnh nng lng in xoay chiu v c chuyn
vo li in xoay chiu.
1.3.2. Bin tn bn gc phn t (bin tn 4Q)
Cc phng php s dng b lc gim sng hi bc cao trong dng in
ngun, s dng thit b b tng h s cng sut, dng in tr hm hoc b nghch
gii phng nng lng d ca ng c cn tn ti nhng vn nh: h thng cng
knh, u t ln, lc sng hi bc cao kh, khi cng sut h ln th iu chnh kh
A
C
B
K
Chnh lu

Nghnh lu
hm ti sinh

+
_
-
+
Nghnh lu

Hnh 1.10: S dng thm b nghch lu mc song song ngc vi b
chnh lu tr nng lng v li in xoay chiu


28
khn. Vi chnh lu diode ch cho php nng lng chy theo mt chiu v khng iu
khin c. S thay i ca nng lng s xut hin mt cch t nhin vi s thay i
ca in p ngun cp v ti. Trong nhiu ng dng nng lng cn c iu khin.
Thm ch i vi ti i hi in p khng i hay dng in khng i, iu khin l
vic cn thit b ngun cp v s thay i ca ti. Chnh lu thyristor c th iu
khin c dng nng lng bng cch thay i gc iu khin (gc m) ca thyristor.
B bin i ny cn c thm kh nng bin i nng lng t mt chiu sang xoay
chiu hay lm vic ch nghch lu. Khi gc iu khin nm gia 0 v /2 b bin
i lm vic ch chnh lu, cn khi gc iu khin nm gia /2 v th b bin
i lm vic ch nghch lu v nng lng t pha mt chiu c chuyn v li
xoay chiu. Tuy nhin, khi s dng thm mt nghch chnh lu bng thyristor mc
song ngc vi b chnh lu, ngoi nhc im l thit b phn lc rt cng knh, cn
c thm nhc im l dng in qua li cha nhiu sng iu ho bc cao lm nh
hng xu n cht lng in nng v lm gim h s cng sut. Mt khc nhiu h
thng truyn ng in c yu cu cao v cht lng ng, v d nh tc ng
nhanh cao, khi yu cu ng c phi thay i ch lm vic mt cch linh hot.
Vi mt s h thng truyn ng, ti mang tnh cht th nng, khi yu cu ng c
trong h thng phi lm vic c c bn gc phn t, tc l ngoi ch ng c
ra th phi lm vic c cc ch hm, c bit l phi lm vic c ch
hm ti sinh. ng c c th lm vic c bn gc phn t th th yu cu b bin tn
phi c kh nng thc hin trao i c nng lng hai chiu. Cc b bin tn nh
vy c gi l bin tn bn gc phn t. Nhiu chuyn gia v nhiu hng khc nhau
thc hin kh nhiu nghin cu tm cch xy dng cc b bin tn bn gc phn
t. Khi nghch lu ca bin tn, k c bin tn iu ch rng xung hnh sin
(SPWM) hoc bin tn iu khin vector, , u c th thc hin trao i cng sut
hai chiu: t pha mt chiu sang ng c v ngc li. Nh vy, b bin tn c th
thc hin trao i cng sut hai chiu th vn cn li l khi chnh lu cng phi c
kh nng trao i cng sut hai chiu. Nh nu trn, thc hin yu cu ny c
th s dng hai s chnh lu iu khin bng thyristo cng loi mc song ngc,
mt s c dng chnh lu khi cn thc hin bin i nng lng in xoay


29
chiu t pha li thnh nng lng in mt chiu cp cho khi nghch lu, cn s
kia s c iu khin lm vic ch nghch lu khi cn bin i nng lng in
t pha mt chiu (nng lng t ng c c khi nghch lu lm vic ch
chnh lu chuyn sang) thnh nng lng in xoay chiu tr li lng in xaoy
chiu. Tuy nhin, cu trc bin tn ny c phn chnh lu rt cng knh, dng in qua
li in c nhiu sng hi bc cao vi bin kh ln, h s cng sut thp khi iu
chnh su. Nh vy, nhim v c bn t ra l phi nghin cu tm ra c mt khi
chnh lu c cc u im:
- Gim c bin cc sng iu ho bc cao dng in li.
- H s cos cao.
- C kh nng trao i cng sut theo hai chiu.
B chnh tch cc PWM ra i p ng c cc yu trn [3], [11], [12].
Lun vn s tin hnh nghin cu b bin tn bn gc phn t dng chnh lu tch cc
PWM.

29


Chng 2
NGHIN CU XY DNG BIN TN BN GC PHN T S DNG
CHNH LU TCH CC PWM
2.1. T VN
Nh phn tch trong chng trc, ng c trong h truyn ng in
bin tn - ng c xoay chiu lm vic c ch hm ti sinh (yu cu bt
buc ca bin tn bn gc phn t) l phi chuyn i c nng lng t pha
ng c thnh nng lng in xoay chiu tr li li in. thc hin vn ny
c nhiu hng gii quyt, nhng phng php c u im ni bt l s dng b
bin tn vi khu bin i in p xoay chiu ca li in thnh in p mt chiu
dng chnh lu tch cc PWM. Bin tn bn gc phn t dng chnh lu PWM c
mt s u im nh: c kh nng n nh c in p mt chiu cp cho khu
nghch lu ca bin tn; m bo kh nng trao i cng sut hai chiu gia ngun
v ti; cho php ng c lm vic c cc ch hm khc nhau, m c bit l
hm ti sinh, nn ng c c th lm vic trn c bn gc phn t ca h ta ;
dng qua li c dng rt gn hnh sin; c kh nng iu khin c h s cng
sut cos ca h thng truyn ng, nh vy c th iu khin cho cos =1. B
bin tn gin tip c khu trung mt chiu gm hai khu c bn l chnh lu v
nghch lu. Phn nghch lu c nhiu kt qu nghin cu c p dng rt tt
trong thc t, trong ni dung lun vn khng i vo vic phn tch phn nghch lu
m thc hin la chn loi nghch c p dng ph bin trong truyn ng ng
c xoay chiu hin nay l nghch lu iu khin vector, khi nghch ny cho php
trao i cng sut hai chiu gia ng c v phn cung cp mt chiu. Nh vy,
kh nng lm vic c bn gc phn t ca ng c trong h truyn ng in ch
cn ph thuc vo c tnh lm vic ca chnh lu, v th, ni dung c bn ca
chng ny l nghin cu v cu to, nguyn l hat ng v kh nng ng dng
ca chnh lu PWM vo h truyn ng in bin tn - ng c xoay chiu lm vic
bn gc phn t.
30


2.2. CU TO V NGUYN L LM VIC CA BIN TN NGUN P
BN GC PHN T DNG CHNH LU PWM
Cc bin tn ngun p dng chnh lu it hoc tiristor c ba nhc im:
khng thc hin trao i cng sut gia ti v li (tc l ch lm vic c hai
gc phn t), dng in u vo cha nhiu sng hi bc cao nh hng xu n
li in xoay chiu v h s cng sut cos thp khi s dng chnh lu iu khin.
Bin tn dng chnh lu PWM khc phc c ba vn tn ti trn. N c
th lm vic c bn gc phn t, c kh nng trao i cng sut gia ti v li
theo hai chiu. Dng u vo c dng rt gn hnh sin v h s cng sut c th iu
chnh bng 1.
S nguyn l phn lc ca bin tn dng chnh lu PWM c trnh by
trn hnh 2.1.
S trn bao gm hai khi chnh lu (CLPWM) v nghch lu (NL) c cu
to nh nhau v c chung mch mt chiu, v vy thng gi l s da lng
vo nhau (back to back). Ngoi ra, u vo bin tn (trong mch ngun cung cp
xoay chiu) c lp thm cun cm L.
c ch lm vic bn gc phn t m bo cng sut trao i hai chiu
gia li v ti, dng in chnh lu I
d
phi thay i c du. Ta gi I
d
c du +
khi n c chiu hng v ti v ngc li c du - khi chiu ca n hng v li.
Hnh 2.1: S bin tn bn gc phn t dng chnh lu PWM

u
L

K
31


c > 0
jeLI
UL
IR
U
s
IL
c > 0
jeLI
IL
UL
IR
Hnh 2.2: S thay th mt pha v th vector
a. S thay th mt pha b chnh lu tch cc PWM
b. th vector tng qut ca b chnh lu
c. th vector b chnh lu PWM vi h s cng sut bng 1
d. th vector b chnh lu PWM vi h s cng sut bng -1 (nghch lu)
IL
L
R
Us
UL
e
jLI
IL
Us
IR
UL
a
b
c
d
RI
L

c>0
c<0
L R
i
L
U
L
U
S
U
S
U
L
jeLI
L
I
L
U
L
I
L
jeLI
L
RI
L
U
S
jeLI
L
RI
L
U
L
I
L
U
S
V du in p mt chiu l c nh nn cng sut c th thay i hai chiu t li
v ti P
d
= U
d
.I
d
> 0 v t ti v li P
d
= U
d
.I
d
< 0
thc hin c nguyn l lm vic trn bin tn cn c iu kin:
- Bt buc phi c in cm u vo.
- Gi tr in p mt chiu U
dc
khng i v phi ln hn gi tr in p chnh
lu t nhin t li.

- Do kha ng ct hai chiu Tranzitor v it ngc kt hp vi t in C v
cc in cm ngun L hnh thnh mch vng dao ng cng hng LC to nn in
p mt chiu U
dc
> U
d0
.
gii thch nguyn l lm vic chnh lu PWM ta dng s thay th mt
pha v th vector nh trn hnh 2.2.
32


Hnh 2.3a: th 6 vector in p c bn khi iu khin
s chuyn mch cc kho bn dn S
a
, S
b
, S
c
U
3
(010)
U
2
(110)
U
1
(100)
U
4
(011)
U
5
(001)
U
6
(101)
Re
Im
Hnh 2.2a l s thay th, trong , U
L
l in p mt pha ngun xoay chiu,
U
s
l in p ti (mch mt chiu - nghch lu - ng c xoay chiu ) c quy i
v ngun xoay chiu (im a). Gin vector tng qut biu din trn hnh 2.2b.
Nu iu khin chnh lu PWM vector dng in
L
I
trng pha vi vector in

p li
L U
th cos =1 v cng sut P

d
> 0. Khi vector dng in
L
I
ngc pha vi
vector
L U
th cos =-1 v cng sut P

d
< 0 (ng vi ch hm ti sinh). Nh vy,
s dng chnh lu PWM trong b bin tn gin tip cho php thc hin trao i
cng sut tc dng gia ti v ngun theo hai chiu v c th iu chnh c gi tr
h s cng sut cos bng 1.

thc hin dng in u vo c dng hnh sin ngi ta dng phng php
bin iu vector khng gian theo nh nghch lu (SVPWM). Khi xem ba cp IGBT
(hnh 2.1) nh l ba kha bn dn cho ba pha S
a
S
b
S
c
. Mi kha c hai trng thi
ng 1 v ct 0 to ra su vector in p tc dng l U
1
, U
2
, U
3
, U
4
, U
5
, U
6
(hnh
2.3a) v hai trng thi khng l U
0
(000) v U
7
(111). Cc trng thi ng ct trnh
by trn hnh 2.3b.
33


2.3. M T TON HC CHNH LU PWM
th vector hnh 2.2 ca s thay th chnh lu PWM c th biu din trn
ta c nh o- | v ta quay d - q bng phng php bin i tuyn tnh
khng gian vector [3], [11], [12]. Gi thit in p ngun ba pha i xng vi tn s
cng nghip khng i e
1
= 2tf
1
, khi :
i
a
+ i
b
+ i
c
= 0 (2.1)
th vector in p, dng in ca chnh lu PWM trn cc h ta c
nh o-| v h to quay d-q c biu din trn hnh 2.4
Hnh 2.3b: Cc trng thi chuyn mch ca chnh lu PWM

A
U
1 k=0
U
dc
S
a
=
1

+
-
+
-
+
-
-
B C
+
-
-
+
C B
A
-
+
C
B
A
-
+
C B
A
C B A
C B
A
C
B A
C B A
S
b
=
0

S
c
=
0

U
dc S
a
=
0

S
b
=
1

S
c
=
0

U
dc
S
a
=
0

S
b
=
0

S
c
=
1

U
dc
S
a
=
0

S
b
=
0

S
c
=
0

U
dc
S
a
=
1

S
b
=
1

S
c
=
1

U
dc
S
a
=
1

S
b
=
0

S
c
=
1

U
dc
S
a
=
0

S
b
=
1

S
c
=
1

c
S
a
=
1

S
b
=
1

S
c
=
0

U
2 k=1
U
3
k=2 U
4
k=3
U
5
k=4 U
6
k=5
U
0
U
7
34


2.3.1. M t in p u vo chnh lu PWM
in p dy ti u vo chnh lu (a , b , c)

sab a b dc
sab b c dc
sab c a dc
U (S S )U
U (S S )U
U (S S )U
=

=
`
=
)
(2.2)
in p pha

sa a dc
sb b dc
sc c dc
U f U
U f U
U f U
=

=
`
=
)
(2.3)
Trong :
a b c
a
2S (S S )
f
3
+
=
Hnh 2.4: th vector in p, dng in chnh lu PWM
trong h to o-| v d-q
|

c
L
=et
a
d
b
q
u
1
=eLi
L
u
s
u
L
o
c
i
d
i
L
i
q
e
35


b a c
b
2S (S S )
f
3
+
=

c a b
c
2S (S S )
f
3
+
=
Vi f
a
, f
b
, f
c
ly gi tr 0 , 1/3 v 2/3
2.3.2. M t ton hc chnh lu PWM trong h ta 3 pha
Ta c phng trnh in p:

L
L L s
dI
U R.I L. U
dt
= + + (2.4)
Vit dng 3 pha:
1
R+pL
+
-
u
sa
i
a
-
+
f
a
u
a
S
a
f
b
+
-
i
b
u
sb
-
+
R+pL
1
1
R+pL
+
-
u sc
i
a
-
+
f
c
+
+
+
+
+
1
pC
+
+
S
b
S
c
u
b
u
c
1
3
i
dc
u
dc -
Hnh 2.5: Cu trc m hnh ton hc chnh lu PWM trn h to ba pha
36


a a a sa
b b b sb
c c c sc
U i i U
d
U R i L i U
dt
U i i U
= + + (2.5)
Phng trnh dng in:

c
a a b b c c
dU
C S i S i S i
dt
= + + (2.6)
Cu trc m hnh c trnh by trn hnh 2.5
2.3.3. M t ton hc chnh lu PWM trong h ta c nh o - |
Phng trnh in p CLPWM trong ta c nh o - |:
L L L s
L L L s
U i i U
d
R L
U i i U
dt
o o o o
| | | |
= + + (2.7)
Phng trnh dng in:
c
L L dc
dU
C (i S i S ) i
dt
o o | |
= + (2.8)
Trong :
a b c b c
1 1
S (2S S S ); S (S S )
2
o |
= =
o

M hnh ton hc chnh lu PWM trong h ta o - | c trnh by trn
hnh 2.6
37


2.3.4. M t ton hc chnh lu PWM trn h ta quay d - q
Ta c phng trnh in p:
Ld
Ld Ld Lq sd
Lq
Lq Lq Ld sq
di
U Ri L Li U
dt
di
U Ri L Li U
dt
= + e +

= + + e +

)
(2.9)
Phng trnh dng in:
c
Ld d Lq q dc
dU
C (i S i S ) i
dt
= + (2.10)
Trong :
d
S S cos t S sin t
o |
= e + e
q
S S cos t S sin t
| o
= e e
Hnh 2.6: M hnh ton hc chnh lu PWM trn h to o-|
-
u
dc
i
dc
1
+
u
s o
-
+
R+pL
1
pC
1
R+pL
+
u
L |
+
S
|
u s
|
i
L | -
S
o
u
L o
i
L
o
38


M hnh ton hc chnh lu PWM c trnh by trn hnh 2.7.
2.3.5. Tnh ton cng sut chnh lu PWM
Cng sut tc dng v cng sut phn khng ca chnh lu PWM c tnh
trn ta a , b , c v o - |
{ }
{ }
*
e a a b b c c
*
m bc a ca b ab c
p R u.i u i u i u i u i u i
1
q I u.i (u i u i u i ) u i u i
3
o o | |
| o o |
= = + + = +

`
= = + + =
)
(2.11)
Trn ta d - q
Lq Lq Ld Ld m m
Lq Lq Ld Ld
3
p (U i U i ) U I
2
q (U i U i )
= + =

`
=
)
(2.12)
u
Ld
S
d
i
Lq
u
sq
S
q
+
u
Lq
-
R+pL
1
pC
1
R+pL
+
-
i
Ld
+
1 u
dc
-
u
sd
e L

+
+
+
Hnh 2.7: M hnh ton hc chnh lu PWM trn h to d-q
e L

i
dc
39


Nu ta chn trc d trng vi trc in p U
L
v iu khin I
L
trng vi U
L
th
ta c:
Lq Lq Ld m Ld m
3 3
i 0, U 0, U U , i I , q 0
2 2
= = = = =
th vector in p c v trn hnh 2.8
2.4. PHM VI V GII HN THAM S CA CHNH LU PWM
2.4.1. Gii hn cc tiu ca in p mt chiu
U
dcmin
> U
d0
= 2,34U
fa
(2.13)
Thng thng chn in p mt chiu gi tr U
dc
= (1,12 1,3 )U
d0

2.4.2. Gii hn gi tr in p trn in cm
Nu ta biu din in p chnh lu PWM trn ta d-q ta c phng trnh
cn bng in p:
Ldq
Ldq
Ldq sdq
dI
L U j LI U
dt
= e (2.14)
Hnh 2.8: th vector in p chnh lu PWM
q
p(-)
p(+)
q(-)
q(+)
L U
o
s U
L I
d
|
L j LI e
40


T phng trnh (2.14) ta thy in p trn in cm s thay i khi vector
dng in L I bin ng. Ta c 8 vector in p U
0
, U
1
, U
2
, U
3
, U
4
, U
5
, U
6
, U
7
. nh
ngha in p t cm
di
L
dt
tng ng l U
p0
, U
p1
, U
p2
, U
p3
, U
p4
, U
p5
, U
p6
, U
p7
. Biu
din gii hn lm vic ca in p trn in cm bng th vector hnh 2.9a, b.
Nu b iu chnh dng in gi c bin ng ca L I xung quanh dng
in t L I t. Gi gc l gc bin ng ln nht ca hai vector U
p1
v U
p2
ta c
< t
Trn th hnh 2.9 ch ra nu = t th
Ldq
Ldq sdq
3
U j Li U
2
e = (2.15)
i
L
q
d
u
1

u
6
u
5
u
L
u
3
u
4
u
2
Hnh 2.9a: Gii hn lm vic in p ca chnh lu PWM
41


Gi thit:
sdq dc Ldq m Ldq Ld
2
U U , U U ; i i
3
= = =
iu kin in p mt chiu cc tiu s l
2 2
dc m Ld
U 3 U ( Li ) ( > + e

(2.16)
Phng trnh 2.16 ch ra quan h gia in p ngun, in p mt chiu, dng
ti v gi tr in cm. T xc nh c gi tr in cm cc i
2 2
dc m
Ld
U U
3
L
i
<
e
(2.17)
2.5. C LNG CC I LNG VECTOR C BN
Cu trc v phng php iu khin chnh lu PWM da trn php bin i
vector. Chnh lu PWM s dng hai i lng vector c bn l vector in p v
vector t thng o. T cc i lng o c nh dng in u vo, in p mt
chiu v trng thi ng ct cc van, ta i c lng hai i lng vector c bn
trn.
2.5.1. c lng vector in p u vo
C th o trc tip vector in p u vo, tuy vy php o ny b nh hng
rt ln bi s khng i xng cc pha ca in p li in, nhiu li v.v Do
Hnh 2.9b: Gii hn lm vic in p ca chnh lu PWM
q
u
p1
i
L

u
p6
*
L
I
I
L
u
p2
u
p3
u
p4
u
p0,7
u
p5
d

42


vy ngi ta thng c lng vector in p thng qua cc thng s dng in v
thng s trung gian. Mt trong cc php c lng l tnh in p thng qua
dng in v cng sut.
C th thy rng khi s dng bin iu vector khng gian c hai trng thi
thng ca cc kha S
a
S
b
S
c
l (111) v (000), khi cng sut tc dng bng 0 ch
tn ti cng sut phn khng, c th:
a b c
a b c
a c
c a
di di di
p(t) L i i i 0
dt dt dt
3L di di
q(t) i i 0
dt dt 3
| |
= + + =
|

\ .
`
| |

= + =
|

\ .
)
(2.18)
T 2.18 in p c tnh
L L
L
2 2
L L L
L L
i i
U
0
1
U q i i
i i
o |
o
| o |
| o
(
(
=
(
+
(

(2.19)
Gi tr gc ta o, | ca in p l
L
L
L
U
2 2
L L
L
U
2 2
L L
U
sin
U U
U
cos
U U
|
| o
o
o |
=

+

`
=

+
)
(2.20)
2.5.2. c lng vector t thng o
Nu gi thit chnh lu PWM c u vo l U
dc
, u ra l my in khng
ng b o, trong sc in ng ng c l in p li, in tr, in cm l
thng s cun dy stator ca ng c o .
43


Ta c th nh ngha vector t thng mc vng qua khe h khng kh ca
ng c o
L
vector ny c th biu din trn ta o - | v d - q. Nu b qua
in tr R vector
L
s vung gc vi
L U . M hnh ng c o v th vector
c m t trn hnh 2.10a, b.
L s i
= +
Hnh 2.10: M hnh ng c o v th vc t t thng o vi chnh l PWM
|
d
o
L
=et
q
L
i
d
i
q
u
1
u
s
u
L
b)

a)
TI
U
dc

C
Ua
Ub
Uc
R
R
R
L
L
L
A
B
C
PWM Chnh luu
Pha mt chiu
M
Pha xoay chiu
ng c o
44


T i lng vector t thng o c th biu din n trn h d - q, khi vector
L I trng
L U

v trc q, biu vector v s m t dng cng sut ca chnh lu
PWM c biu din trn hnh 2.11a,b
T thng o c xc nh qua vector u vo chnh lu PWM,
S U

L
L s
L
L s
di
U L dt
dt
di
U L dt
dt
o
o o
|
| |
| |
= +
|

\ .

`
| |

= +
|

\ .
)
}
}
(2.21)
Trong :

Pha mt
chiu
C
B
A
U
dc
a) b)
M
Pha xoay
chiu
C
B
A
U
dc
Pha mt
chiu
Pha xoay
chiu

q
u
i
u
s
u
L
i
L
d
L
L
= 0
0
s
q
u
i
u
s
u
L
i
L
d
L
L
= 180
0
s
Hnh 2.11: Quan h gia in p v t thng o vi dng cng sut
ca chnh lu PWM
45


( )
s dc a b c
s dc b c
2 1
U U S S S
3 2
1
U U (S S )
2
o
|
| |
= +
|
\ .
`
=

)
(2.22)

L s i
= +
T i lng vector t thng o, c th biu din n trn h to d-q, khi
vector L I trng
L U v trc q th biu vector v s m t dng cng sut ca
chnh lu PWM c biu din trn hnh 2.11a,b.

T thng o c xc nh qua vector u vo chnh lu PWM ,
s U
-
+
+ -
1
T
T
N
1
T
1
1
-
-
L
i
Lo

Lo

i
L|

Hnh 2.15: Cu trc iu khin chnh lu PWM theo VOC

T
N
L|

u
Lo

u
L|

Hnh 2.12: S cu trc nhn dng vc t t thng o
46


L
L s
L
L s
di
U L dt
dt
di
U L dt
dt
o
o o
|
| |
| |
= +
|

\ .

`
| |

= +
|

\ .
)
}
}
(2.21)
S cu trc nhn dng vector t thng o trnh by trn hnh 2.12
Trong :

( )
s dc a b c
s dc b c
2 1
U U S S S
3 2
1
U U (S S )
2
o
|
| |
= +
|
\ .
`
=

)
(2.22)
2.6. PHNG PHP IU KHIN CHNH LU PWM
Cu trc iu khin chnh lu PWM v c bn th c cng mt mc ch
chung nhng li da trn cc nguyn tc khc nhau. Chng c phn loi da trn
hai nguyn tc: iu khin da trn in p v iu khin da trn t thng o.
iu khin da trn in p l c lng in p li v s iu khin bng dng
in hay cng sut.
in p li nu iu khin bng dng in th gi l phng php VOC (Voltage
Oriented Control), cn theo cng sut th gi l DPC (Direct Power Control).
Cc phng php iu khin chnh lu PWM
iu khin theo vc t
in p

iu khin theo vc t
t thng o
VOC DPC VFOC VF-DPC
Hnh 2.13: Cc phng php iu khin chnh lu PWM
47


iu khin da trn t thng o l phng php iu khin cn phi c lng t
thng o ca li in v p dng phng php iu khin t thng stator ca ng
c khng ng b cho li in. Nu iu khin bng mch vng dng in th gi
l phng php VFOC (Voltage Flux Oriented Control), cn khi iu khin da
theo cng sut th gi l phng php VF-DPC
Cc cu trc iu khin chnh lu PWM c minh ha trn hnh 2.13.
H iu khin bin tn dng chnh lu PWM vi ng xoay chiu c cc
phng n c trnh by trn hnh 2.14.
2.7. CU TRC IU KHIN CHNH LU PWM NH HNG THEO
VECTOR IN P [3], [12]
2.7.1. Cu trc iu khin chnh lu PWM nh hng theo vector in p da
vo dng in (VOC)
c im ca phng php iu khin da vo dng in l x l tn hiu trn
hai h to l h to c nh o - | v h to quay d - q. Cc gi tr dng
in o c trong h ba pha c bin i sang h to c nh o - |, sau
c bin i sang h to d - q. Cu trc iu khin chnh lu PWM theo VOC
c trnh by trn hnh v 2.15.
CL NL
DPC
VOC FOC
DTC
Hnh 2.14: H truyn ng ng c xoay chiu - bin tn dng chnh
lu PWM vi cc phng php iu khin
48


Khi chn trc d trng vi vector in p li
L U , khi U
Ld
= U
L
,

cn U
Lq
=
0. Phng trnh 2.9 c rt gn (vi gi thit R ~ 0):
Ld
Ld sd
sq Ld
di
U L U
dt
0 U Li
= +

`
= + e
)
(2.23)
Cu trc cc mch vng iu khin chnh lu PWM c trnh by trn hnh
2.16, trong lng t dng i
*
q
= 0 v i lng t dng i
*
d
ly ra t b iu
chnh in p mt chiu.
L
L
L
U
a
U dc
PI
d - q
i d_ref
TI
o|
k
o|
o|
U
dc_ref
i
q
i
q_ref = 0

PI PI
d-q
-
-
o ng in v
nh gi in p li
PWM
S
a
i
d
S
b
S
c
U
b
U
c
i
a
i
b
i
c
i
a
i
b
u
so

u
s|
|

U
dc
cos
U
L

sin
UL
i
Ld i
Lq
i
L|o

i
Loo

u
sq
u
sd
cos
UL

sin
UL

-
u
Lo

u
L|

Hnh 2.15: Cu trc iu khin chnh lu PWM theo VOC

T
N
49


Hnh 2.16: Cu trc cc mch vng iu khin chnh lu PWM theo VOC
*
dc
U
dc
U
dc
U A
PI
B iu khin
in p
i*
+
-
PI
B iu khin
in dng
+
+
d
u A
+
d
+
e
L
e
L
-
+
*
q
i 0 =

+

i
d
PI
B iu khin
in dng
i
q
q
u A
Ld
u
sd
u
sq
u
Khi iu khin vector dng in
L I trng vi trc d th I
Ld
= I
L
v I
Lq
= 0. Do
dng in i
d
v i
q
c c lng t i
a
, i
b
qua khu bin i ta a, b, c => o - |
=> d - q. Gc ca vector in p
UL
c xc nh t (2.19) v (2.20).

2.7.2. Cu trc iu khin chnh lu PWM theo VFOC
Cu trc iu khin chnh lu PWM theo VFOC c biu din trn hnh 2.17.
Cu trc iu khin chnh lu PWM theo VFOC c s khc bit so vi VOC, trc d
y c chn trng vi vector
L
do vy vector in p
L U s trng vi trc q,
vector dng in L I trng vi vector
L U nn I
Ld
=0 v I
Ld
=I
L
.
Do vy mch vng iu chnh theo VFOC s c lng t i
*
ld
= 0 v i
*
lq
ly t
u ra b iu chnh in p mt chiu. Nu nh gc cho bin i ta VOC l
uL
, cn VFOC ly
L
v c xc nh:

L
L
2 2
L L
L
L
2 2
L L
sin
cos
|
o |
o
o |

=

+

`

=

+
)
(2.24)
Gi tr
Lo
v
L|
c tnh theo 2.21.
50


2.8. CU TRC IU KHIN CHNH LU PWM THEO PHNG PHP
TRC TIP CNG SUT DPC [3], [12]
Phng php iu khin trc tip cng sut PDC cho chnh lu PWM c
pht trin t tng iu khin trc tip m men (DTC) ca truyn ng ng c
khng ng b.
Trong hai i lng ca DTC l m men v t thng c thay bng cng
sut p v q (xem hnh 2.18).
y, chn lng t cng sut phn khng q
*
= 0 tc l cos = 1. Lng t
cng sut tc dng p
*
c ly t u ra b iu chnh in p mt chiu (t l vi
L
L
L
U
a
U dc
PI
d - q
i d_ref
TI
o|
k
o|
o|
U
dc
_
ref

i
q
i
q_ref = 0

PI PI
d - q
-
-
o ng in v
nh gi t thng
o
PWM
S
a
i
d
S
b
S
c
U
b
U
c
i
a
i
b
i
c
i
a
i
b
u
so

u
s|
|

U
dc
cos
L
sin
L

i
Ld
i
Lq
i
L|
o

i
Lo
o

u
sq
u
sd
cos
L

sin
L

-
Lo

L|

Hnh 2.17: Cu trc cc mch vng iu khin chnh lu PWM theo VFOC
51


i
dc
) nhn vi lng t in p mt chiu U
dc
. Hai b iu chnh cng sut c
thit k dng khu ng ct c c tnh t tr (c tnh rle) trong :

*
q q
*
q q
*
p d
*
p d
d 1 khi q<q H
d 0 khi q>q H
d 1 khi p<p H
d 0 khi p>p H
=
= +

`
=

= +
)
(2.25)

H
d
v H
q
l bng tr
Bin iu khin d
p
v d
q
c kt hp vi v tr vector in p
L
uL
L
U
arctg
U
o
|
= , hoc v tr vector t thng o
L
L
L
arctg
o
a vo bng
ng ct tng t nh DTC.
Vic phn vng cho v tr vector in p hoc vector t thng o c th chn 6
hoc 12 vng.
TI
i
a
U
a
L
L
L
p
ref
d
q

U
d

UL
Chn sector
-
-
PWM
o dng in v
nh gi cng sut tc
thi, in p li hoc
t thng o
Hnh 2.18: Cu trc iu khin chnh lu PWM theo DPC
Bng chuyn
mch
U
dc
-
PI
S
a
U
dcref
S
b
S
c
i
b
i
c
U
b
U
c
i
a i
b
L
d
p
q
ref
=
p

q

U
dc
52


Nu phn thnh 6 vng ta c :
( )
n
2n 3 (2n 1)
6 6
t t
s < vi n = 1 , 2 6
V i vi 12 vng:

( )
n
n 2 (n 1)
6 6
t t
s < vi n = 1 , 2 12
2.8.1. c lng cng sut theo vector in p
a b c
a b c dc a a b b c c
di di di
p L i i i U (S i S i S i )
dt dt dt
| |
= + + + + +
|
\ .
(2.26)
( )
a c
c a dc a a c b c a c a b
1 di di
q 3L i i U S i i S (i i ) S (i i )
dt dt 3

| |
( = + +
`
|

\ .
)
(2.27)
Gi tr in p U
L
c tnh theo (2.19)
Tnh q, p theo
2.26, 2.27
3
abc
S
o,|
Tnh U
L
theo
2.28
i
b
U
dc
i
a
S
b
S
c
q U
L
U
L|

UL

i
Lo
i
L|

Hnh 2.19: Khu c lng cng sut v in p
2
p
53


Tnh p, q
theo (3.30)
Lo
p
o,|
abc
3
2
Tnh
Lo
,
L|

theo (3.21)
i
a
q
i
b U
dc
S
a
S
b
S
c
L|

Hnh 2.20: Khu c lng p, q theo vector
L

i
L|

i
Lo

L L
L
2 2
L L L
L L
i i
U
p
1
U q i i
i i
o |
o
| o |
| o
(
(
=
(
+
(

(2.28)
V tr vector in p
UL
c tnh theo (2.20).
Cu trc khu c lng cng sut v in p c trnh by trn hnh 2.19.
y cn o i
a
,

i
b
,

i
c
, U
dc
v thng tin v trng thi kha S
a
, S
b
, S
c
.
2.8.2. c lng cng sut theo vector t thng o
tnh ton cng sut c th s dng cc cng thc sau (xem 2.29):
( )
( )
*
L
e L
*
L
m L
p R U .i
q I U .i
=

`
=
)
(2.29)
D vo (2.29) tnh c cng sut tc dng v phn khng trong h ta o -
54


| theo vector t thng o:

( )
( )
L L L L
L L L L
p i i
q i i
o | | o
o o | |
= e

`
= e

)
(2.30)
T gi tr dng in i
Lo
v i
L|
, theo (2.21) v (2.22) tnh c
Lo
v
L|
. T
gi tr t thng
L
v i
L
, da vo (2.30) tnh c p v q. Cu trc khu c lng p,
q theo i lng vector t thng o c trnh by trn hnh 2.20.
2.8.3. c im c bn ca iu khin trc tip cng sut DPC cho chnh lu
PWM
Nh phn trn nu iu khin DPC c pht trin t tng ca iu khin
trc tip m men ng c KB. Do vy, v nguyn l c bn xy dng b iu
khin cng sut DPC cng tng t nh DTC, c ngha l phi thit k c b iu
khin ng ct c c tnh t tr gia cng tn hiu d
q
v d
p
; La chn s vng ca
vector in p t kt hp vi v tr vector in p
UL
xy dng bng ng ct to
nn vector iu khin in p cho chnh lu PWM.
Tuy nhin DPC cng c c im ring, khng th p dng mt cch my mc
iu khin DTC cho DPC. C th: Tn s in p ngun l khng i khc vi
DTC bin thin di rng. Gi tr tc thi cng sut tc dng v phn khng b nh
hng nhiu vo v tr vector in p v s thay i ca dng in c v pha ln
bin .
Trn hnh 2.21 minh ha cho bn trng hp thay i gi tr tc thi ca p v
q khi vector dng in bin i trong gii hn L L I I + A
p < p
*
vi hai v tr trn hnh 2.21b, c
p > p
*
vi hai v tr trn hnh 2.21a, d
q > q
*
vi hai v tr trn hnh 2.21c, d
q < q
*
vi hai v tr trn hnh 2.21a, b
55


vi cng sut t ti im M

2.8.4. B iu khin cng sut
B iu khin cng sut c c tnh tr c nh hng ln n cht lng ca
h: sng hi bc cao dng in, tn s ng ct, dao ng p mch cng sut v
tn tht cng sut.
Do vy, vic la chn tham s bng tr v cu trc iu khin rt quan trng.
Thng thng b iu khin s dng so snh hai mc hoc ba mc. C 3 phng
n cho b iu khin trnh by trn hnh 2.22a, b, c.
B iu khin hai mc c bn trng thi, v d b iu chnh cng sut phn
khng:

a) b)
c) d)
|
i
L
M
i
L
|
o o
M
V
1
V
2
V
3
V
4
u
S
V
6
u
L
q
ref
p
ref
*
L
i

L
i A

p
ref
q
ref
V
1
V
2
V
3
V
4
V
6
V
5
V
5
u
S
L
i A

*
L
i

u
L
jeLi
L
jeLi
L
|
o
|
o
i
L
u
S
u
L
q
ref
p
ref
V
1
V
2
V
3
V
4
V
5
V
6
jeLi
L
L
i A

*
L
i

*
L
i

i
L
L
i A

u
L
jeLi
L
p
ref
q
ref
V
1
V
2
u
S
V
3
V
4
V
5 V
6
M
M
Hnh 2.21: S bin thin gi tr cng sut tc thi
56


- Nu Aq > H
q
th d
q
= 1,
- Nu -H
q
s Aq sH
q
v 0 >
A
dt
q
d th d
q
= 0,
- Nu -H
q
s Aq sH
q
v 0 <
A
dt
q
d th d
q
= 1,
- Nu Aq < H
q
th d
q
= 0.
i vi b iu chnh ba mc ta c 6 trng thi:
- Nu Aq > H
q
th d
q
= 1,
- Nu 0 s Aq s H
q
v 0 >
A
dt
q
d th d
q
= 0,
- Nu 0 s Aq s H
q
v 0 <
A
dt
q
d th d
q
= 1,
- Nu -H
q
s Aq s 0 v 0 >
A
dt
q
d th d
q
= -1,
p
d
p
a)
q
d
q
d
p
d
p
p
q
d
q
d
q
q
b) c)
Hnh 2.22: B iu khin cng sut
a) hai mc, b) hai - ba mc, c) ba mc
p
57


- Nu -H
q
s Aq s 0 v 0 <
A
dt
q
d th d
q
= 0,
- Nu Aq s -H
q
th d
q
= -1.
Chn b iu khin so snh ba mc theo c tnh tt hn hai mc. Tn s
ng ct ph thuc rng bng tr v s phn vng vector.
2.8.5. La chn phn vng vector v bng ng ct
S phn vng vector c th l 6 vng hoc 12 vng v c biu din nh trn
hnh 2.22.
B.2.1: Bng ng ct cho DPC vi b iu khin hai mc, 12 vng vector
d
p
d
q
Sector
1
Sector
2
Sector
3
Sector
4
Sector
5
Sector
6
Sector
7
Sector
8
Sector
9
Sector
10
Sector
11
Sector
12
1
0 101 101 100 100 110 110 010 010 011 011 001 001
1 110 111 010 000 011 111 001 000 101 111 100 000
0
0 101 100 100 110 110 010 010 011 011 001 001 101
1 100 110 110 010 010 011 011 001 001 101 101 100

C th m t bng biu thc ton hc cho phn vng vector:
10

11

12

5

|
|
6

1

o o
Hnh 2.23: Phn vng vector cho phng php iu khin DPC
58


( )
( )
n
n
2n 3 (2n 1) , n=1,2,...,6
6 6
2n 2 (n 1) , n=1,2,...,12
6 6
t t

s <

`
t t

s <

)
(2.31)
Vi s phn vng l 6 hoc 12 khi gi tr tc thi gi tr cng sut thay i s
hn ch s vector s dng. V d trn hnh 2.24, ch s dng c hai trong s bn
vector cho php. iu ny gy ra dao ng p mch cng sut, nh hng xu n
cht lng iu khin. ci thin, c th thay i s mc trong b iu khin
ng ct hoc dng logic m.
Trn bng B.2.1 trnh by bng ng ct cho DPC vi b iu khin hai mc
v 12 phn vng vector.
2.8.6. T hp vector in p
Khi gi tr tc thi cng sut bin ng ta c s la chn cc vector in p.
Trn hnh 2.24 biu din vector vng th k ( k =1 , 2,6 ) ta c s la chn ng
vi tc ng tng hoc gim cng sut. i vi cng sut tc dng tng khi chn
U
k+2
, U
k+3
, U
k+1
, U
k-2
hoc U
0
, U
7
gim khi chn U
k
, U
k-1
. i vi cng sut phn
khng khi tng U
k
, U
k+1
, U
k+2
gim U
k-2
, U
k-1
,

U
k+2.
Kt qu thng k trn bng B.2.2
Bng B.2.2: S tng gim p v q theo U
U
k-2
U
k-1
U
k
U
k+1
U
k+2
U
k+3
U
0
U
7
q
++ + || | | + ++
p
| + + | || || |

Trn bng B.2.1, k hiu (|) tng, (+) gim, (||) tng ln v (++) gim ln.
Ta thy s tng v gim ln i vi q v p ch xy ra 2 vector.
59


Kt lun: Chnh lu PWM p ng c yu cu trao i cng sut hai chiu
gia li in xoay chiu v pha mt chiu u ra b chnh lu. Ngoi ra s dng
chnh lu PWM cho php gim ng k sng hi bc cao trong dng in li, tng
hiu sut, c kh nng iu chnh c h s cng sut. Nh vy, vic s dng
chnh lu PWM trong b bin tn gin tip c th cho php h truyn ng in
bin tn-ng c xoay chiu c th lm vic c bn gc phn t ca h ta c
tnh c v nng cao ng k cht lng ca h truyn ng. V vy, mc d gi
thnh ca loi bin tn ny cao gp i so vi bin tn thng thng nhng s tit
kim ng k v in nng, gim nh nh hng ca h truyn ng n mng in
xoay chiu.
Hnh 2.24: Bin i vector in p
U
k+1
U pk-2
U pk
U pk+1
U pk+2
U pk+3
U p0.7
vector K
|
o
U
k+2
U
k+3
U
k
U
k-2
U
k-1
U
pk-1
60


Chng 3
NGHCH LU IU KHIN VECTOR V CU TRC H TRUYN NG
IN BIN TN 4 Q - NG C KHNG NG B BA PHA
Chng 2 xc nh h truyn ng in bin tn 4Q - ng c khng ng
b ba pha (K) l h bin tn vi chnh lu PWM v nghch lu iu khin vector
v phn tch tng i y v chnh lu PWM. xy dng c cu trc
y ca h truyn ng, trc tin cn xy dng c cu trc khi nghch lu.
Tri qua nhiu giai on nghin cu v pht trin, cc nh chuyn mt xy dng
c cu trc nghch lu iu khin vector nh hng theo t thng rotor l cu
trc nghch lu c nhiu u im v ang c s dng ph bin nht hin nay.
xy dng cu trc h truyn ng, cn thit phi tm hiu mt cch khi qut v loi
nghch lu ny.
3.1. M HNH TON HC TRNG THI NG CA NG C KHNG
NG B BA PHA [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [8]
3.1.1. M hnh ton hc nhiu bin ca ng c khng ng b ba pha
3.1.1.1. c im ca m hnh ton hc trng thi ng ca ng c khng ng b
T thng ca ng c in mt chiu do cun dy kch t sinh ra, c th c
xc lp t trc m khng tham gia vo qu trnh ng ca h thng (tr khi iu
tc bng iu chnh t thng). V vy m hnh ton hc trng thi ng ca n ch
c mt bin vo ( l in p mch rotor) v mt bin ra ( l tc quay).
Trong i tng iu khin c cha hng s thi gian in c T
m
v hng s thi
gian in t mch in rotor T
e
, nu tnh c thit b chnh lu iu khin tiristor th
cn c c hng s thi gian tr t ca khi chnh lu. Trong ng dng k thut, vi
mt h thng tuyn tnh cp III mt vo - mt ra, c th ng dng l thuyt iu khin
tuyn tnh kinh in v phng php thit k k thut thc dng tin hnh phn tch
v thit k mt cch d dng.
61


Tuy nhin, l lun v phng php ni trn khi vn dng vo vic phn tch v
thit k h thng iu tc xoay chiu th gp kh nhiu kh khn, phi a ra mt s
gi thit mi c th nhn c s cu trc trng thi ng gn ng, bi v so
snh gia m hnh ton hc ca ng c in xoay chiu v m hnh ng c in
mt chiu c s khc nhau kh cn bn.
Khi iu chnh tc bng iu chnh tn s ngun cp cho mch stator ng
c khng ng b (iu tc bin tn) cn phi tin hnh iu khin phi hp in p
v tn s, c hai bin s u vo c lp l in p v tn s, nu kho st in p 3
pha th bin s u vo thc t phi tng ln. u ra, ngoi tc quay, t thng
cng c tnh l mt tham s c lp. Bi v ng c ch c mt ngun in 3 pha,
vic xc lp t thng v s thay i tc quay l ng thi, nhng mun c cht
lng ng tt, cn mun iu khin i vi t thng, lm cho n khng thay i
trong trng thi ng, mi c th pht huy c kh nng sinh m men. V nhng
nguyn nhn ny nn ng c khng ng b l mt h thng nhiu bin s (nhiu
u vo nhiu u ra), m gia in p (dng in), tn s, t thng, tc quay li c
nh hng ln nhau, nn n l h thng nhiu bin gn b nhau rt cht ch. Trc khi
tm ra m hnh ton hc r rng, c th dng s hnh 3.1 biu din.
Mch stator ng c khng ng b c 3 nhm cun dy, mi mt nhm khi
sn sinh t thng u c qun tnh in t ring ca n, li thm vo qun tnh in
c ca h truyn ng, v th d cho khng xt ti yu t chm sau trong thit b

Hnh 3.1: S cu trc iu khin
nhiu bin ca ng c khng ng b

Hnh 3.2: S cu trc iu khin h thng iu
tc bin tn ca ng c khng ng b nhiu bin

U
1
, e
1
B bin tn
ng c khng
ng b
B iu
khin
*
U
e

*
U

+

-

62


bin tn, th m hnh ton hc ng c khng ng b t nht cng l h thng bc
7.
Tm li, m hnh ton hc ng c khng ng b l h thng nhiu bin, bc
cao, phi tuyn, rng buc nhau rt cht, h thng iu tc bin tn ly n lm i
tng c th c th hin bng h thng nhiu bin nh trn hnh 3.2.
3.1.1.2. M hnh ton hc nhiu bin ca ng c khng ng b ba pha
nghin cu m hnh ton hc nhiu bin ca ng c khng ng b,
thng phi a ra mt s gi thit nh sau:
(1) B qua sng hi khng gian, coi 3 cun dy 3 pha i xng nhau (v
khng gian chng cch nhau 120
0
, sc t ng c sinh ra phn b theo quy lut
hnh sin dc theo khe h khng kh;
(2) B qua bo ho mch t, t cm v h cm ca cc cun dy u l tuyn tnh;
(3) B qua tn hao trong li st
t; khng xt ti nh hng ca tn
s v s thay i nhit i vi
in tr cun dy. D cho rotor ng
c dy qun hay lng sc u tnh
i v rotor dy qun ng tr, ng
thi chuyn i v pha mch stator,
s vng qun mi pha sau khi
chuyn i u bng nhau, nh vy,
nhm cun dy ca ng c thc t
c ng tr thnh m hnh vt l ng c khng ng b 3 pha nh trn hnh 3.3.
Trong hnh, trc ca cc cun dy 3 pha A, B, C trn stator l c nh, ly trc A
lm trc ta chun, ng trc ca cc cun dy trn rotor a, b, c l quay theo
rotor, ng trc a ca rotor lm vi ng trc A ca stator mt gc u, gc in u
ny chnh l lng bin thin gc pha khng gian. ng thi quy nh chiu dng

Hnh 3.3: M hnh vt l ng c khng
ng b 3 pha

u
A u
C
i
a
B

A

C

u
b
u
c
u
a
i
b
i
A
b

a

c

i
C
u
B
i
c
0

e
u
63


ca in p, dng in, t thng ph hp vi thng l ca ng c in v quy tc
bn tay phi. Lc ny, m hnh ton hc ca ng c khng ng b c hnh
thnh bi cc phng trnh in p, t thng, m men v phng trnh chuyn
ng.
a. Phng trnh in p
Phng trnh cn bng in p ca nhm cun dy mch stator 3 pha:

A
A A 1
B
B B 1
C
C C 1
d
u i R
dt
d
u i R
dt
d
u i R
dt
= +
= +
= +

Phng trnh cn bng in p ca nhm cun dy mch rotor 3 pha:

a
a a 2
b
b b 2
c
c c 2
d
u i R
dt
d
u i R
dt
d
u i R
dt
= +
= +
= +

trong : u
A
, u
B
, u
C
, u
a
, u
b
, u
c
l gi tr tc thi ca in p pha stator v rotor;
i
A
, i
B
, i
C
, i
a
, i
b
, i
c
l gi tr tc thi ca dng in pha stator v rotor;

A
,
B
,
C
,
a
,
b
,
c
l t thng ca cc cun dy cc pha;
R
1
, R
2
l in tr cun dy mt pha stator v rotor.
Cc i lng trn u tnh i v mch stator, n gin, cc k hiu
gc trn ca cc i lng sau khi tnh i u lc b i.
Phng trnh in p c vit dng ma trn, ng thi dng ton t p thay
cho k hiu vi phn d/dt v tr thnh:
64


A A A 1
B B B 1
C C C 1
a a a 2
b b b 2
c c c 2
u i R 0 0 0 0 0
u i 0 R 0 0 0 0
u i 0 0 R 0 0 0
p
u i 0 0 0 R 0 0
u i 0 0 0 0 R 0
u i 0 0 0 0 0 R
( ( ( (
( ( ( (

( ( ( (
( ( ( (
= +
( ( ( (

( ( ( (
( ( ( (

( ( ( (

( ( ( (

(3.1)
hoc vit thnh: u = Ri + p+ (3.2)
b. Phng trnh t thng
T thng ca mi nhm cun dy u l tng ca t thng t cm ca bn
thn n v t thng h cm ca cc nhm cun dy khc i vi n, v vy t thng
ca 6 cun dy c th hin nh sau:

A AA AB AC Aa Ab Ac A
B BA BB BC Ba Bb Bc B
C CA CB CC Ca Cb Cc C
a aA aB aC aa ab ac a
b bA bB bC ba bb bc b
c cA cB cC ca cb cc c
L L L L L L i
L L L L L L i
L L L L L L i
L L L L L L i
L L L L L L i
L L L L L L i
( ( (
( ( (
( ( (
( ( (
=
( ( (
( ( (
( ( (
( ( (
( ( (

(3.3)
hoc vit thnh: + = Li (3.4)
trong L l ma trn in cm 6 6, vi cc phn t i gc L
AA
, L
BB
, L
CC
, L
aa
,
L
bb
, L
cc
l t cm ca cc cun dy lin quan, cc phn t khc cn li l h cm
gia cc cun dy.
Trn thc t, t thng mc vng gia cc cun dy ca ng c c hai loi:
mt loi l t thng tn ch lin quan n mi cun dy ch khng xuyn qua khe
h, cn mt nhm na l t thng h cm xuyn qua khe h gia chng, m loi
sau l ch yu. in cm tng ng vi t thng tn ca cc pha ca mch stator
c gi l in cm tn stator L
t1
, bi v cc pha c tnh i xng, gi tr in cm
tn ca cc pha l bng nhau; tng t, t thng tn ca cc pha mch rotor tng
65


ng vi in cm tn rotor L
t2
; t thng h cm cc i mc vng gia cc cun dy
trn mt pha ca stator tng ng vi h cm stator L
m1
; t thng h cm cc i
mc vng gia cc cun dy trn mt pha ca rotor tng ng vi h cm rotor L
m2
,
bi v sau khi tnh i s vng dy qun trn nhm cun dy stator v rotor l bng
nhau, t thng h cm gia cc cun dy u i qua khe h, t tr bng nhau, nn c
th coi L
m1
=L
m2
.
i vi cun dy trn mi mt pha m ni, t thng m n mc vng l tng ca t
thng h cm v t thng tn, v vy, t cm ca cc pha trn mch stator l:
L
AA
= L
BB
= L
CC
= L
m1
+ L
t1
(3.5)
t cm ca cc pha trn mch rotor l:
L
aa
= L
bb
= L
cc
= L
m1
+ L
t2
(3.6)
Gia hai cun dy khc nhau ch c h cm. H cm li phn thnh hai loi:
(1) H cm gia 3 pha ca stator v h cm gia 3 pha ca rotor u l c
nh, nn h cm ny l hng s;
(2) H cm gia mt pha bt k ca stator vi mt pha bt k ca rotor l thay
i, h cm l hm s ca chuyn v gc u.
Trc tin nghin cu loi th nht, bi v gc gia ng trc cun dy ca 3 pha
l 120
0
, vi iu kin gi thit t thng phn b hnh sin, tr s h cm l:
L
m1
cos120
0
= L
m1
cos(-120
0
) =
m1
0,5L ;
Do : L
AB
= L
BC
= L
CA
= L
BA
= L
CB
= L
AC
=
m1
0,5L (3.7)
L
ab
= L
bc
= L
ca
= L
ba
= L
cb
= L
ac
=
m1
0,5L (3.8)
Ring v loi th hai h cm gia cc cun dy trn stator v trn rotor, do s
khc nhau gia v tr cc pha (xem hnh 8.41), nn ln lt l:
L
Aa
= L
aA
= L
bB
= L
Bb
= L
Cc
= L
cC
= L
m1
cosu (3.9)
L
Ab
= L
bA
= L
Bc
= L
Cb
= L
Ca
= L
Ac
= L
m1
cos(u + 120
0
) (3.10)
66


L
Ac
= L
cA
= L
Ba
= L
aB
= L
bC
= L
Cb
= L
m1
cos(u - 120
0
) (3.11)
Khi ng trc cc cun dy hai pha ca rotor v stator trng nhau, tr s h
cm gia chng l ln nht, v l L
m1
.
em cc biu thc (3.5), (3.6), (3.7), (3.8), (3.9), (3.10), (3.11) thay vo biu
thc (3.3) s c phng trnh t thng hon chnh, r rng l phng trnh ma
trn ny rt s. n gin ngn gn, c th vit n di dng ma trn khi:
ss sr s s
rs rr r r
L L i
L L i
( ( (
=
( ( (

(3.12)
trong : +
s
= [
A

B

C
]
T
, +
r
= [
a

b

c
]
T
,
i
s
= [i
A
i
B
i
B
]
T
, i
r
= [i
a
i
b
i
c
]
T
,

m1 t1 m1 m1
ss m1 m1 t1 m1
m1 m1 m1 t1
1 1
L L L L
2 2
1 1
L L L L L
2 2
1 1
L L L L
2 2
(
+
(
(
(
= +
(
(
(
+
(

(3.13)

m1 t 2 m1 m1
rr m1 m1 t 2 m1
m1 m1 m1 t 2
1 1
L L L L
2 2
1 1
L L L L L
2 2
1 1
L L L L
2 2
(
+
(
(
(
= +
(
(
(
+
(

(3.14)

0 0
T 0 0
rs sr m1
0 0
cos cos( 120 ) cos( 120 )
L L L cos( 120 ) cos cos( 120 )
cos( 120 ) cos( 120 ) cos
( u u u +
(
= = u + u u
(
(
u u + u

(3.15)
iu cn ch l, hai ma trn khi L
rs
v L
sr
c th i ch cho nhau, v lin
quan ti v tr ca rotor (u), phn t ca chng l bin s, l mt trong nhng
nguyn nhn lm cho h thng phi tuyn.
67


Nu thay phng trnh t thng (tc l phng trnh 3.4) vo phng trnh
in p (3.2), s nhn c phng trnh khai trin sau:

di dL
u Ri p(Li) Ri L i
dt dt
di L
Ri L i
dt
= + = + +
c
= + + e
cu
(3.16)
Trong s hng
di
L
dt
l sc in ng p mch (hoc sc in ng bin p), s
hng
L
i
c
e
cu
l sc in ng quay, n t l thun vi tc gc e.
c. Phng trnh chuyn ng
Trong trng hp tng qut, phng trnh chuyn ng ca h thng truyn
ng in c dng:

t c
p
J d
M M
n dt
e
= + (3.17)
d. Phng trnh m men
Da vo nguyn l bin i nng lng in c, trong ng c nhiu cun
dy, nng lng in t trong ng c l:

T T
m
1 1
W i i Li
2 2
= = (3.18)
Cn m men in t bng o hm ring i vi chuyn v gc u
m
ca nng
lng in t trong ng c, khi dng in khng i ch c mt bin l chuyn v
gc u
m
thay i, v u
m
= u/n
p
, v vy:

m m
t p
i const m
i const
W W
M n
=
=
c c
= =
cu cu
(3.19)
68


Ly cng thc (3.18) thay vo (3.19), ng thi xt ti quan h ca cng thc
(3.13)(3.15) trong ma trn con ca in cm:

sr
T T
t p p
rs
0 L
1 L 1
M n i i n i i
2 2
L 0
c
(
(
c
cu
= =
(
c cu
(
(
cu
(3.20)
Li bi v i
T
= [i
s
T
i
r
T
] = [i
A
i
B
i
B
i
a
i
b
i
c
], ly biu thc (3.15) thay vo biu
thc (3.20) ri khai trin, thu c :

T T
rs sr
t p r s s r
0
p m1 A a B b C c A b B c C a
0
A c B a C b
1 L L
M n i i i i
2
n L [(i i i i i i )sin (i i i i i i )sin( 120 )
(i i i i i i )sin( 120 )]
c c
(
= +

(
cu cu

= + + u + + + u + +
`
+ + u

)
(3.21)
e. M hnh ton hc ng c khng ng b ba pha
Tp hp cc cng thc (3.16), (3.17) v (3.20) [hoc cng thc 3.21] vo lm
mt s c m hnh ton hc nhiu bin s ca ng c khng ng b 3 pha khi
chu ti m men khng i.

T
p c
p
di L
u Ri L i
dt
1 L J d
n i i M
2 n dt
c
(
= + + e
(
cu
(
c e
(
= +
(
cu

(3.22)
v:
d
dt
u
e=
M t ton hc ng c dng phng trnh trng thi phi tuyn:
69


1 1
T
p T
0
c
di L
L (R )i L u
dt
n
d n L
i i M
dt 2J J
d
dt

c
= + e +
cu
e c
=
cu
u
e
(3.23)
3.1.2. Php bin i ta v ma trn chuyn i
Trong mc trn tm ra c m hnh ton hc trng thi ng ca ng c
khng ng b, nhng mun phn tch v tm nghim cho h phng trnh phi tuyn
ca n l rt kh khn, v ra c s cu trc mt cch r rng cng khng
phi l vic d dng. Thng thng phi dng phng php bin i ta nhn
c m hnh chuyn i d dng hn cho vic x l.
3.1.2.1. Khi nim c bn v nguyn tc ca php bin i ta
T trong qu trnh phn tch m hnh ton hc ng c khng ng b c th
nhn thy, s d m hnh ton hc ny kh phc tp l do c mt ma trn in cm
phc tp, ngha l, t thng nh hng nhiu n c tnh ca ng c m t thng li
chu qu nhiu cc nh hng ln nhau. V vy
mun n gin ho m hnh phi bt u t n
gin ho t thng.
Trong hnh 3.4 biu din m hnh vt l
ng c in mt chiu hai cc, trong , F l
cun dy kch t, A l cun dy mch phn
ng, C l cun dy b, F v C u nm trn
stator, ch c A l nm trn rotor. ng trc
ca F c t tn l ng trc trc tip hoc
trc d (direct axis), chiu ca t thng chnh
nm trn trc d; ng trc ca A v C c t tn l trc giao hay l trc q
(quadrture axis). Tuy bn thn mch rotor l quay, nhng cun dy ca n thng
A
C
F
q
d u
Hnh 3.4: M hnh vt l ng c in
mt chiu hai cc:
F- cun dy kch t, A - cun dy rotor
C- cun dy b

i
a

i
f
i
c
70


qua b c gp v chi than c ni n cc u cc trn v ng c, chi than s
tch cun dy rotor khp kn mch thnh hai nhnh ring bit (lc s mch nhnh
song song l 2) ng dy mi nhnh sau khi vng qua cc dng s n mch
kia i ra, pha di chi than cc m li c mt u dy t mch b quay tr li,
nh vy, trong b cun dy dng in lc no cng nh nhau, v vy ng trc ca
sc t ng mch rotor lun lun b chi than nh li v tr trn trc q, ging nh
tc dng ca mt cun dy c nh trn trc q. Nhng bi v cun dy trn thc t
l quay, t thng ct trc q to ra sc in ng quay, iu ny li khng ging vi
cun dy ng yn thc s, thng thng gi cun dy c b c gp v chi than l
cun dy gi ng yn. Do v tr ca sc t ng mch phn ng c nh nn c
th dng sc t ng ca cun dy b trit tiu, v vy t thng ca ng c in
mt chiu v c bn quyt nh bi dng in kch t ca cun dy kch t. Trong
trng hp khng p dng iu tc gim t thng, c th coi t thng trong qu
trnh ng ca h thng l hon ton bt bin. y chnh l nguyn nhn c bn lm
cho m hnh ton hc ca ng c mt chiu cng vi h thng iu khin ca n
tr nn n gin.
Nu c th a m hnh vt l ng c xoay chiu (hnh 3.3) chuyn i gn ng
tng ng thnh dng m hnh ng c mt chiu, sau p dng cc phng php
iu khin ng c mt chiu tin hnh iu khin, vn chc chn s c n
gin i rt nhiu, php chuyn i ta l da trn t duy y.
Nh bit, trong cc cun dy stator ca ng c in xoay chiu ba pha A,
B, C, c dng in hnh sin ba pha i xng i
A
, i
B
, i
C
, sc t ng tng hp l sc t
ng quay F, n phn b hnh sin trong khng gian, v chuyn ng vi tc gc
ng b e
1
quay theo th t A - B - C, m hnh vt l nh vy th hin trn hnh
3.5a, trn thc t n chnh l b phn stator ca s 3.3.
Tuy vy sc t ng quay to ra khng nht thit phi l 3 pha, tr mt pha,
c th c nhiu pha i xng nhau, vi dng in i xng u c th to ra sc
t ng quay, ng nhin n gin nht khi s pha l hai. Trong hnh 3.5b biu
71


din hai cun dy ng yn o v |, trong khng gian n lch nhau 90
0
, c dng
in i xng hai pha lch nhau 90
0
v mt thi gian, cng sinh ra sc t ng F.
Khi ln ca hai sc t ng quay trn hnh 3.5a v 3.5b l bng nhau, c th coi
cun dy hai pha trn hnh 3.5b tng ng vi cun dy ba pha trn hnh 3.5a.
Gi thit c hai cun dy s vng bng nhau M v T, b tr vung gc vi
nhau nh trn hnh 3.5c, khi cho qua chng cc dng in mt chiu i
M
v i
T
s sinh
ra sc t ng tng F, v tr ca n l c nh so vi cun dy. Nu cho ton b li
st c qun hai cun dy quay u vi tc gc e
1
th sc t ng F do chng to
ra cng quay theo n, to thnh sc t ng quay. Khi khng ch ln v tc
quay ca sc t ng ny nh sc t ng trong hnh 3.5a v 3.5b, th cc cun dy
mt chiu quay ny s tng ng vi cc cun dy xoay chiu ca hai trng
hp ni trn. Nu ngi quan st cng ng trn li st t v cng quay vi
n, M v T l nhm hai cun dy ng yn v vung gc vi nhau c dng in
mt chiu chy qua, nu iu khin v tr t thng u trn trc M th n hon ton
tng t vi m hnh vt l ng c in mt chiu trn hnh 3.4.

a b c
Hnh 3.5: M hnh vt l cc cun dy ng c in xoay chiu, m hnh tng
ng v m hnh ng c in mt chiu
a) M hnh cc cun dy xoay chiu ba pha
b) M hnh tng ng xoay chiu hai pha
c) M hnh cun dy ng c mt chiu quay trn

e
1 e
1
e
1
i
T
i
M
i
|
i
o
i
A
i
B
i
C
A
A
B
B
C
C
|
o
|
o
F
T
M
M
T
F
F
72


T c th thy, ly sc t ng quay sinh ra nh nhau lm chun, b ba
cun dy xoay chiu ba pha trn hnh 3.5a, b hai cun dy giao nhau trn hnh 3.5b
v b hai cun dy mt chiu quay trn hnh 3.5c tng ng vi nhau, hay ni
cch khc i
A
, i
B
, i
C
trong h ta ba pha, i
o
, i
|
trong h ta hai pha, v dng
in mt chiu i
M
, i
T
trong h ta hai pha quay l tng ng nhau, chng u
c th to ra sc t ng quay nh nhau. Mt iu l th l xem xt hai cun dy
M, T trn hnh 3.5c, khi ngi quan st ng trn mt t, chng l nhm cun dy
mt chiu quay tng ng vi b cun dy xoay chiu 3 pha, nu ngi quan st
ng trn li st t quay, chng l m hnh ng c in mt chiu tng ng
vi b cun dy 3 pha xoay chiu. Vn t ra l cn phi tm c mi quan h
chnh xc gia i
A
, i
B
, i
C
vi i
o
, i
|
v i
M
, i
T
, l nhim v ca php chuyn i ta .
3.1.2.2. Ma trn chuyn i ta trong iu kin cng sut bt bin
Vector in p v dng in ca h thng trong mt h ta no ln lt l u
v i, h ta mi, vector in p v dng in tr thnh u v i, gi thit:

1
2
n
u
u
u
u
(
(
(
=
(
(

,
1
2
n
i
i
i
i
(
(
(
=
(
(

(3.24)
v khi chuyn sang mt h ta khc :

1
2
n
u
u
u
u
'
(
(
'
(
' =
(
(
'

,
1
2
n
i
i
i
i
'
(
(
'
(
' =
(
(
'

(3.25)
nh ngha quan h chuyn i ta vector mi v vector ban u l:
u=C
u
u (3.26)
v i=C
i
i (3.27)
73


trong C
u
, C
i
ln lt l ma trn chuyn i ca in p v dng in.
Gi thit cng sut trc v sau khi chuyn i l bt bin, th:
p = u
1
i
1
+ u
2
i
2
+ ... + u
n
i
n
= u
T
i
= u
1
i
1
+ u
2
i
2
+ ... + u
n
i
n
= u
T
i (3.28)
Thay biu thc (3.27),(3.28) vo biu thc (3.29):
i
T
u = (C
i
i)
T
C
u
u = i
T
C
i
T
C
u
u= i
T
u
do : C
i
T
C
u
= I (3.29)
trong I l ma trn n v.
Biu thc (3.29) l quan h ma trn chuyn i iu kin cng sut bt bin.
Ni chung, lm cho k hiu ca ma trn n gin d nh, a ma trn
chuyn i in p v dng in v cng mt ma trn, ngha l:
C
u
= C
i
= C (3.30)
th biu thc (3.29) tr thnh: C
T
C= I
hoc: C
T
= C
-1
(3.31)
T c th rt ra kt lun nh sau: iu kin cng sut trc v sau chuyn
i khng thay i, in p v dng in ly cng ma trn chuyn i, nghch o
ca ma trn chuyn i tng ng vi ma trn chuyn v n, php chuyn i v
tr ta nh vy c gi l php bin i trc giao.
3.1.2.3. Php chuyn i 3 pha/2 pha (php chuyn i 3/2)
By gi trc tin hy kho st kiu th nht ca php bin i ta - php
chuyn i h ta c nh 3 pha A, B, C sang h ta c nh 2 pha o, |, gi
tt l php chuyn i 3/2. Gi thit php chuyn i ny tun theo iu kin rng
buc cng sut bt bin trnh by trn.
Trong hnh 3.6 biu din hai h ta A, B, C v o, |; tin li, cho trc o
trng vi trc A. Gi thit s vng dy c ch qun trn cun dy mi pha ca h
74


thng 3 pha l N
3
, s vng dy c ch qun trn
cun dy mi pha ca h thng 2 pha l N
2
, sc t
ng (s.t..) ca cc pha u l tch s gia s
vng dy qun c ch v cng dng in tc
thi trn , vector khng gian ca n u nm
trn trc ta ca pha lin quan. ln ca
s.t.. do dng in xoay chiu sinh ra thay i
theo thi gian, trong hnh di ca vector s.t..
c v tu . Gi thit th sc t ng l hnh
sin, khi sc t ng tng 3 pha bng sc t ng
tng 2 pha, hnh chiu sc t ng tc thi ca
hai b cun dy trn hai trc o, | l bng nhau, suy ra:
N
2
i
o
= N
3
i
A
- N
3
i
B
cos 60
0
- N
3
i
C
cos60
0
= N
3

A B C
1 1
(i i i )
2 2

N
2
i
|
= N
2
i
B
sin 60
0
- N
2
i
C
sin60
0
=
3 B C
3
N (i i )
2

tin cho php bin i ngc, tt nht l a ma trn chuyn i v ma
trn vung. Mun th, trn h thng 2 pha cn gn thm s hng sc t ng trc 0
l N
2
i
0
vi nh ngha l:
N
2
i
0
=

KN
3
(i
A
+ i
B
+ i
C
)
Hp 3 cng thc trn lm mt, vit thnh dng ma trn, s c :

A A
3
B 3/ 2 B
2
0 C C
1 1
1
2 2
i i i
N 3 3
i 0 i C i
N 2 2
i i i
K K K
o
|
(

(
(
( ( (
(
( ( (
= =
(
( ( (
(
( ( (

(
(

(3.32)
N
3
i
A
o
A
N
2
i
|

|
N
2
i
o

B
N
3
i
B

N
3
i
C
C
60
0
60
0
Hnh 3.6: V tr vector khng gian
ca h to 3 pha v 2 pha
cng vi sc t ng cun dy

75


trong :

3
3/ 2
2
1 1
1
2 2
N 3 3
C 0
N 2 2
K K K
(

(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(

(3.33)
l ma trn chuyn i t h ta 3 pha sang h ta 2 pha.
Khi tho mn iu kin cng sut bt bin, cn c:

1 T
3
3/ 2 3/ 2
2
1 0 K
N 1 3
C C K
N 2 2
1 3
K
2 2
(
(
(
(
= =
(
(
(

(

(3.34)
R rng l, tch ca hai ma trn cng thc (3.34) v (3.35) l ma trn n v:

1 2
3
3/ 2 3/ 2
2
1 1
1
1 0 K
2 2
N 3 3 1 3
C C ( ) 0 K
N 2 2 2 2
K K K
1 3
K
2 2
(
(

(
(
(
(
(
(
= =
(
(
(
(
(
(

(
(

2
3
2
2
3
0 0
2
N 3
0 0
N 2
0 0 3K
(
(
(
| |
(
= =
|
(
\ .
(
(
(

2
3
2 2
1 0 0
3 N
0 1 0 I
2 N
0 0 2K
(
| |
(
=
|
(
\ .
(

V vy:
2
3
2
3 N
1
2 N
| |
=
|
\ .
, th
3
2
N 2
N 3
= (3.35)
76


v:
2
2K 1 = , th
1
K
2
= (3.36)
y chnh l quan h tham s tha mn iu kin cng sut bt bin. Thay
chng vo cng thc (3.33) s c ma trn chuyn i 3 pha / 2 pha:

3/ 2
1 1
1
2 2
2 3 3
C 0
3 2 2
1 1 1
2 2 2
(

(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(

(3.37)
Ngc li, nu chuyn i t h ta 2 pha sang h ta 3 pha (hay gi tt l
chuyn i 2/3), c th tm ra ma trn chuyn i bng cch ly nghch o ca ma trn
C
3/2
, p dng tnh cht c m t bi cng thc (3.31), s c:

1
2/ 3 3/ 2
1
1 0
2
2 1 3 1
C C
3 2 2 2
1 3 1
2 2 2
(
(
(
(
= =
(
(
(

(
(

(3.38)
Da vo iu kin s dng, ma trn chuyn i dng in theo cng thc
(3.37) v (3.38) trn thc t chnh l ma trn chuyn i in p, ng thi cn c
th chng minh, chng cng l ma trn chuyn i t thng.
Thng qua tnh ton c th kim nghim: tr s c ch ca in p v dng in 2
pha sau khi chuyn i u bng
3
2
ln tr s c ch ca in p v dng in 3
pha, v vy, cng sut mi pha tng ln
3
2
ln cng sut mi pha ca b cun dy 3 pha,
nhng s pha t ban u l 3 bin thnh 2, do , tng cng sut khng thay i.
77


Ngoi ra cn ch , s vng dy qun mi pha ca 2 pha sau khi chuyn i phi bng
3
2
s vng qun mi pha ca 3 pha ban u.
Trong ng c thc t khng c dng in trc 0, v vy:

A
B
C
1 1
i
1
i
2 2 2
i
i
3
3 3
0 i
2 2
o
|
(
(
(
(
(
( =
(
(
(

(

(

(3.39)

A
B
C
1 0
i
i
2 1 3
i
i
3 2 2
i
1 3
2 2
o
|
(
(
( (
(
( (
=
(
( (

( (

(

(

(3.40)
Nu b cun dy 3 pha ni hnh Y khng c dy trung tnh, khi :
i
A
+ i
B
+ i
C
= 0, hoc: i
C
= - i
A
- i
B
(3.41)
Thay biu thc (3.41) vo biu thc (3.39) v (3.40) v bin i ta c:

A
B
3
0
i i
2
i i
1
2
2
o
|
(
(
( (
(
=
( (
(

(

(3.42)

A
B
3
0
i i
2
i i
1 1
6 2
o
|
(
(
( (
(
=
( (
(

(

(3.43)
Cng thc chuyn i in p v t thng u c dng tng t nh cng thc
chuyn i dng in.
3.1.2.4. Php chuyn i quay 2 pha / 2 pha
78


Php chuyn i gia h ta c nh
2 pha o, | v h ta quay 2 pha d, q trong
hnh 3.5b v 3.5c gi l php bin i quay 2
pha/2 pha, v gi tt l php chuyn i 2s
/2r, trong s biu th ng yn, r biu th
quay. V hai h ta vo mt hnh nh hnh
3.7, trong hai dng in mt chiu i
o
, i
|
ln
lt nm trn trc honh v trc tung ca h
ta c nh, cn hai dng in mt chiu
i
d
, i
q
ln lt nm trn trc honh v trc tung
ca h ta quay, to ra sc t ng tng hp F
1
cng quay vi tc gc ng b e
1
.
Bi v s vng qun ca cc cun dy bng nhau, c th b s vng dy qun trong biu
thc sc t ng, m trc tip ghi l dng in, v d F
1
c th trc tip ghi thnh i
1
, nhng
cn ch , y vector i
1
v cc thnh phn ca n, trn thc t biu th vector sc t ng
khng gian, ch khng phi vector thi gian ca dng in.
Trong hnh 3.7, nu gi thit trc d, trc q v vector i
1
u quay vi tc gc
e
1
, th di ca cc thnh phn i
d
, i
q
l khng thay i, tng ng vi sc t
ng mt chiu ca cc cun dy d, q. Nhng trc o v trc | ng yn, cn gc
gia trc o v trc d li bin i theo thi gian, v th di thnh phn i
o
v i
|
ca
i
1
trn trc o, | cng thay i theo thi gian, tng ng vi tr s tc thi ca sc
t ng dng in nhm cun dy o, |. T hnh v c th thy, gia i
o
, i
|
v i
d
, i
q

tn ti quan h sau y:
i
o
= i
d
cos - i
q
sin
i
|
= i
d
sin + i
q
cos
Vit di dng ma trn s l:

d d
2r / 2s
q q
i i i cos sin
C
i i i
sin cos
o
|
( ( (
(
= =
( ( (
(

(3.44)

Hnh 3.7: H to c nh v h to
quay 2 pha v vector khng gian sc
t ng
q
i
1
(F
1
)

i
d
cos

o
i
|

i
o

|
i
M
sin

i
d

i
q

i
1
cos

i
q
sin

u
1p
d
79


trong :
2r / 2s
cos sin
C
sin cos

(
=
(

(3.45)
l ma trn chuyn i t h ta quay 2 pha thnh h ta c nh 2 pha.
Nhn hai v ca cng thc (3.44) vi ma trn nghch o ca ma trn chuyn
i, ta c:

1
d
q
i i i
cos sin cos sin
i i i
sin cos sin cos
o o
| |
( ( (
( (
= =
( ( (
( (

(3.46)
th ma trn chuyn i h ta c nh 2 pha sang h ta quay 2 pha l:

2s / 2r
cos sin
C
sin cos

(
=
(

(3.47)
3.1.2.5. Php chuyn i t h ta c nh 3 pha sang h ta quay 2 pha
(php chuyn i 3s/2r)
Mun t h ta c nh 3 pha A, B, C chuyn i sang h ta quay dq0
vi tc quay tu , trong 0 l do trc 0 gi nh to thnh ma trn vung
m c (h ta d, q khi quay vi tc gc ng b e
1
thng c gi l h ta
M,T), trc tin a h ta ABC chuyn sang h ta o|0 c nh (ly trc
o trng vi trc A), sau li t h ta o|0 bin i sang h ta dq0. Khi t
gc gia trc d v trc o l u
1
(), nhn c:
d 1 1
q 1 1
0 0
i cos sin 0 i
i sin cos 0 i
i 0 0 1 i
o
|
u u
( ( (
( ( (
= u u
( ( (
( ( (

Da vo biu thc (3.37) c th vit:
80


A A
3/ 2 B B
0 C C
1 1
1
2 2
i i i
2 3 3
i C i 0 i
3 2 2
i i i
1 1 1
2 2 2
o
|
(

(
(
( ( (
(
( ( (
= =
(
( ( (
(
( ( (

(
(

Hp hai cng thc trn vo mt, c th nhn c ma trn chuyn i h ta
3 pha ABC sang h ta quay dq0 hai pha l:

1 1
3s / 2r 1 1
1 1
1
2 2
cos sin 0
2 3 3
C sin cos 0 0
3 2 2
0 0 1
1 1 1
2 2 2
(

(
( u u
(
(
(
= u u
(
(
(
(

(
(

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0 0
1 1 1
0 0
1 1 1
cos cos 120 cos 120
2
sin sin 120 sin 120
3
1 1 1
2 2 2
(
( u u u +
(
( = u u u +
(
(
(

(3.48)
Ma trn chuyn i ngc (t 2 pha quay sang 3 c nh) ca n l:

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 1
1 T 0 0
2r / 3s 3s / 2r 3s / 2r 1 1
0 0
1 1
1
cos sin
2
2 1
C C C cos 120 sin 120
3 2
1
cos 120 sin 120
2
(
u u
(
(
(
= = = u u
(
(
(
u + u +
(

(3.49)
Cng thc (3.48) v (3.49) u c dng bin i in p v t thng.
81


3.1.3. M hnh ton hc ng c khng ng b trn h ta quay 2 pha bt
k
Phn trn ch ra, m hnh ton hc ca ng c khng ng b kh phc tp,
mun thng qua php bin i ta lm cho n n gin i. M hnh ton hc theo
cng thc (3.23) c xy dng trn h ta ABC c nh 3 pha. By gi hy
chuyn i h ta ny sang h ta quay 2 pha tu , tc l sang h ta dq0.
Nh th m hnh ton hc nhn c ch c 2 pha, n gin hn so vi m hnh ban
u.
Khi tin hnh chuyn i ta , cn phi chuyn in p, dng in, t thng
ca stator v rotor sang h ta dq0, cc ch s 1 dng cho stator, cn ch s 2
dng cho rotor.
p dng cc cng thc chuyn 3 pha c nh sang hai pha quay thc hin
chuyn i cc i lng i vi b cun dy stator. Mt cch tng t cng c th
chuyn i cc i lng trn b cun dy rotor sang h 2 pha quay vi mt ch
nh l khi tnh i cc i lng ta ch quan tm n gc lch gia cc trc chun
ca hai h ta , nh vy thay cho gc u
1
trong cc cng thc tnh i in p,
dng in, t thng t h 3 pha c nh (b cun dy stator) bng gc u
2
(gc lch
gia trc d ca h ta quay v trc cun dy rotor pha A), ta s thu c cc
cng thc chuyn i t h 3 pha quay (rotor) sang h ta 2 pha quay dq. Thc
hin mt s bin i n gin thu c m hnh ton hc ng khng ng b 3
pha trn h ta quay dq:

d1 d1 1 s 11 s m 11 m
q1 q1 11 s 1 s 11 m m
d2 d2 m 12 m 2 r 12 r
q2 q2 12 m m 12 r 2 r
u i R L p L L p L
u i L R L p L L p
u i L p L R L p L
u i L L p L R L p
+ e e ( ( (
( ( (
e + e
( ( (
=
( ( ( e + e
( ( (
e e +
( (

(3.50)

t p m q1 d2 d1 q2 c
p
J d
M n L (i i i i ) M
n dt
e
= = + (3.51)
82


m:
d
dt
u
e= (3.52)
v: e = e
11
- e
12

Tp hp cc cng thc (3.50), (3.51), (3.52) l m hnh ton hc ng c
khng ng b trn h ta dq, r rng n n gin hn rt nhiu so vi m
hnh ton hc trn h ta 3 pha ABC, hn na s hng cng gim xung. Tuy
vy s bin s, tnh cht phi tuyn v rng buc vn cha thay i.
Phng trnh t thng trn h ta quay dq:

d1 d1 s m
q1 q1 s m
d2 d2 m r
q2 q2 m r
i L 0 L 0
i 0 L 0 L
i L 0 L 0
i 0 L 0 L
( ( (
( ( (
( ( (
=
( ( (
( ( (
( (

(3.53)
3.1.4. M hnh ton hc ng c in khng ng b trn h ta c nh 2 pha
M hnh ton hc trn h ta c nh o, | l mt trng hp c bit ca
m hnh ton hc trn h ta quay d, q tu , ch cn trong m hnh ta quay,
t u
1
=0, pu
1
=e
11
=0 l c. Lc ny pu = e, tc l tc gc ca rotor ng c,
cn e
12
= pu
2
= p(u
1
- u) = -pu = -e, ta d, q bin thnh ta o, |. M hnh
ton hc ng trn h ta 2 pha c nh c dng:

1 1 1 s m
1 1 1 s m
2 2 m m 2 r r
2 2 m m r 2 r
u i R L p 0 L p 0
u i 0 R L p 0 L p
u i L p L R L p L
u i L L p L R L p
o o
| |
o o
| |
+ ( ( (
( ( (
+
( ( (
=
( ( ( e + e
( ( (
e e +
( (

(3.54)
M
t
= n
p
L
m
( i
|1
i
o1
- i
o2
i
|2
) (3.55)
Cng thc (3.54) v (3.55), b sung thm phng trnh chuyn ng nh
phn trc v biu thc vi phn gc quay s tr thnh m hnh ton hc ng c
khng ng b trn h ta o |.
83


3.1.5. M hnh ton hc ng c khng ng b trn h ta quay ng b 2 pha
Khi tc gc ca h ta quay bng tc g t trng quay th cc i
lng dng p trn h ta quay tr thnh i lng mt chiu, h ta ny c
gi l h ta quay ng b 2 pha, khi e
11
=e
1
, cn tc ca rotor l tc gc
e
12
=e
1
-e = e
s
, l tc quay tng i gia h trc dq so vi rotor, tc l tc
trt.
Thay vo cng thc (3.50) v (3.51), s c m hnh ton hc trn h ta
quay ng b:

d1 d1 1 s 1 s m 1 m
q1 q1 1 s 1 s 1 m m
d2 d2 m s m 2 r s r
q2 q2 s m m s r 2 r
u i R L p L L p L
u i L R L p L L p
u i L p L R L p L
u i L L p L R L p
+ e e ( ( (
( ( (
e + e
( ( (
=
( ( ( e + e
( ( (
e e +
( (

(3.56)

t p m q1 d2 d1 q2 c
p
J d
M n L (i i i i ) M
n dt
e
= = + (3.57)
Phng trnh chuyn ng v cng thc vi phn gc quay u khng thay i.
u im ni bt ca h ta ny l: khi bin s trong h ta A, B, C l
hm s sin, th bin s trong h ta d, q l mt chiu.
3.1.6. M hnh ton hc ca ng c khng ng b theo nh hng t trng
trn h ta quay ng b 2 pha (m hnh trn h ta MT)
Trong cng thc (3.56) mi mt s hng ca ma trn h s 44 pha bn phi
ca phng trnh in p u in kn, ngha l, h thng ny vn b rng buc
rt cht. Sau khi nghin cu c th pht hin, i vi h thng ta quay ng b
ch quy nh hai trc d, q vung gc vi nhau v tc quay, ch khng quy nh
v tr tng i ca hai trc so vi t trng quay ca ng c, v chnh l ch
cn li la chn.
84


By gi hy quy nh trc d dc theo phng ca vector tng t thng rotor
2
, ng thi gi n l trc M (Magnetization); cn trc q lch i 90
o
v pha ngc
kim ng h, tc l vung gc vi vector
2
, v t tn n l trc T (Torque). Nh
vy, h ta quay ng b 2 pha vi quy nh c th trn tr thnh h ta MT,
cn gi l h ta theo nh hng t trng rotor. K hiu ca cc trc ta
trong cc cng thc (3.56) v (3.57) c thay i mt t, tc l tr thnh m hnh
ton hc trn h ta MT:

1 s 1 s m 1 m M1 M1
1 s 1 s 1 m m T1 T1
m s m 2 r s r M2 M2
s m m s r 2 r T2 T2
R L p L L p L u i
L R L p L L p u i
L p L R L p L u i
L L p L R L p u i
+ e e
( ( (
( ( (
e + e
( ( (
=
( ( ( e + e
( ( (
e e +

(3.58)

t p m T1 M2 M1 T2
M n L (i i i i ) = (3.59)
Bi v bn thn
2
chnh l vector quay vi tc gc ng b, v:

M2

2
,
T2
0
cng tc l: L
m
i
M1
+ L
r
i
M2
=
2
(3.60)
L
m
i
T1
+ L
r
i
T2
= 0 (3.61)
Thay (3.61) vo (3.58) ta c:

1 s 1 s m 1 m M1 M1
1 s 1 s 1 m m T1 T1
m 2 r M2 M2
s m s r 2 T2 T2
R L p L L p L u i
L R L p L L p u i
L p 0 R L p 0 u i
L 0 L R u i
+ e e
( ( (
( ( (
e + e
( ( (
=
( ( ( +
( ( (
e e

(3.62)
trong hng th 3 th 4 xut hin cc phn t bng 0, gim c quan h rng
buc gia cc bin s, lm cho m hnh c n gin hn.
Ring v phng trnh m men, ly (3.60), (3.61) thay vo (3.59) c:
85


2 r M2 m
t p m T1 M2 M1 T2 p m T1 M2 T1
m r
2 m
p m T1 M2 T1 T1 M2 p T1 2
r r
L i L
M n L (i i i i ) n L i i ( i )
L L
L
n L i i i i i ) n i
L L
(
= =
(

(
= + =
(

(3.63)
Quan h ny tng i n gin, rt ging vi ng c mt chiu.
Khi chuyn i m hnh ton hc ng c in khng ng b, b cun dy 3
pha stator v b cun dy 3 pha rotor u phi chuyn i sang b cun dy 2 pha
tng ng. M hnh 2 pha tng ng n gin ch yu do hai trc ca n
vung gc vi nhau, gia chng khng c quan h rng buc h cm, khc hn vi
b cun dy 3 pha gia hai pha bt k lc no cng tn ti quan h h cm ln
nhau. M hnh 2 pha tng ng xy dng trn h ta quay h ta quay
ng b c c nhng u im ni bt: Khi bin s 3 pha ban u l dng in
hm sin, th bin s hai pha tng ng l dng mt chiu, vi vic nh hng
theo t trng rotor, tc l h ta MT, vi trc M dc theo phng ca vector
tng t thng
2
ca rotor, phng ca trc T vung gc vi vector
2
theo chiu
quay ngc kim ng h, th trong phng trnh ma trn in p xut hin mt
s phn t bng 0, iu c ngha l loi b c mt s rng buc gia cc
bin s, cn phng trnh m men n gin c n mc gn ging vi phng
trnh m men ca ng c in mt chiu. y l c s thc hin bin tn iu
khin vector.
3.2. BIN TN GIN TIP VI NGHCH LU IU KHIN VECTOR
Trong mc trn cho thy, m hnh ton hc ng c khng ng b l mt h
thng nhiu bin, bc cao, phi tuyn, nhiu rng buc cht ch, thng qua php bin
i ta , c th lm n h bc ng thi n gin ho, nhng vn cha thay i
bn cht tnh phi tuyn v nhiu bin ca n. Cht lng ng ca h thng iu tc
bin tn vi nghch lu SPWM khng c nh mong mun, tham s ca b iu
chnh rt kh thit k chnh xc l do ch xem h thng iu khin l mt bin s m
cha xt ti bn cht ca tnh phi tuyn, nhiu bin s. V vn ny nhiu nh
86


chuyn mn dy cng nghin cu, cui cng n nm 1971 a ra c kt
qu t 2 cng trnh nghin cu: Nguyn l iu khin nh hng t trng ng
c khng ng b do F. Blaschke ca hng Seamens Cng ho Lin bang c a
ra, v iu khin bin i ta in p stator ng c cm ng do P.C.
Custman v A.A. Clark M cng b trong sng ch pht minh ca h. Sau nhiu
ci tin xy dng c h thng bin tn iu khin vector ph bin hin nay.
3.2.1. M hnh ng c mt chiu tng ng ca ng c khng ng b
Trong mc 3.1 ch r rng quy tc ca php chuyn i ny l to ra sc
in ng quay ng b, dng in xoay chiu mch stator i
A
, i
B
, i
C
qua php bin
i 3/2, c th chuyn i tng tng thnh dng in xoay chiu ta c nh
2 pha i
o1
, i
|1
; sau li thng qua php bin i quay theo nh hng t trng
rotor, c th chuyn i tng ng thnh dng in mt chiu i
M1
, i
T1
trn h ta
quay ng b. Nu ngi quan st ng trn li st t v cng quay vi h ta
, th ngi quan st s thy nh l mt ng c mt chiu, tng t thng
2

ca rotor ng c xoay chiu ban u chnh l t thng ng c in mt chiu
tng ng. Cun dy M tng ng vi cun dy kch t ca ng c mt
chiu, i
M1
(hay i
d1
) tng ng vi dng in kch t, cun dy T tng ng vi
cun dy phn ng gi c nh, i
T1
(hay i
q1
) tng ng vi dng in phn ng v t
l thun vi m men.

e
M hnh ng
c mt chiu
tng ng
i
T1
i
M1
Hnh 3.8: S cu trc bin i ta ng c khng ng b
3/2) Bin i 3 pha/2 pha; VR) Bin i quay ng b; ) Gc gia trc M v trc o (trc A)

87


T quan h tng ng trn y c th m t dng s cu trc ca ng c
nh trn hnh 3.8. V tng th m ni, u vo 3 pha A, B, C, u ra tc gc e, l
mt ng c khng ng b, qua php bin i 3/2 v bin i quay ng b tr
thnh mt ng c mt chiu u vo i
M1
, i
T1
v u ra e.
3.2.2. tng v cu trc h thng iu khin vector
ng c khng ng b qua bin i ta c th tr thnh ng c mt
chiu tng ng, nh vy phng theo phng php iu khin ng c mt
chiu, tm ra lng iu khin ca ng c mt chiu, qua php bin i ta
ngc, li c th iu khin c ng c khng ng b. Bi v i tng phi
tin hnh bin i ta l vector khng gian ca dng in (c trng cho s.t..),
cho nn thng qua h thng iu khin thc hin chuyn i ta c gi l
h thng iu khin chuyn i vector (Transvector Control System), gi tt l h
thng iu khin vector (Vector Control System), tng ny c m t bi s
trn hnh 3.9. Trong tn hiu cho trc v tn hiu phn hi i qua b iu khin
tng t nh h thng iu tc mt chiu dng, tn hiu t dng in kch t
*
M1
i v tn hiu t dng in mch rotor
*
T1
i , i qua b chuyn i quay VR
-1
, nhn
c
* *
1 1
i , i
o |
, tip tc i qua php chuyn i 2 pha/3 pha nhn c
* * *
A1 B1 C1
i , i , i .
S dng ba dng in ny iu khin cng vi tn hiu iu khin tn s e
1
nhn
c t b iu khin khng ch b bin tn iu khin dng in, to ra dng
in 3 pha m ng c iu tc yu cu.
B phn c th b khi
thit k b iu khin

B
iu
khin

VR
-1 2
3

B bin
tn iu
khin
dng
in
*
T1
i
i
A
*
M1
i
e
1
*
1
i
o

*
1
i
|

*
A
i

*
B
i

*
C
i

3
2

i
B
i
C

VR

M hnh
ng c mt
chiu tng
ng
~
e

+

-

i
o1
i
|1
i
T1
i
M
1

ng c khng ng b

Hnh 3.9: tng cu trc h thng iu khin vector
88


Khi thit k h thng iu khin vector, c th cho rng b chuyn i quay
ngc VR
-1
a vo pha sau b iu khin v khu chuyn i quay VR trong bn
thn ng c trit tiu nhau, b chuyn i 2/3 v b chuyn i 3/2 pha trong
ng c trit tiu nhau, nu tip tc b qua tr do b bin tn sinh ra th phn trong
khung nt t trn hnh 3.9 c th b i hon ton, phn cn li rt ging vi h
thng iu tc mt chiu. C th tng tng rng, tnh nng trng thi tnh v
ng ca h thng iu tc bin tn iu khin vector hon ton tng ng vi h
thng iu tc mt chiu.
3.2.3. Phng trnh c bn iu khin vector
Trong mc 3.1, cng thc (3.62) v (3.63) a ra m hnh ton hc theo nh
hng t trng rotor trn h thng ta quay ng b ca ng c khng ng
b. i vi ng c rotor ngn mch, th u
M2
=u
T2
=0, phng trnh ma trn in p
trong m hnh ton hc c th n gin ho thnh:

1 s 1 s m 1 m M1 M1
1 s 1 s 1 m m T1 T1
m 2 r M2
s m s r 2 T2
R L p L L p L i u
L R L p L L p i u
L p 0 R L p 0 i 0
L 0 L R i 0
+ e e
( ( (
( ( (
e + e
( ( (
=
( ( ( +
( ( (
e e

(3.64)
Trong h thng iu khin vector, i tng iu khin l dng in mch stator,
v vy trong m hnh ton hc buc phi tm ra c quan h ca hai thnh phn dng
in mch stator v cc i lng vt l khc. em biu thc ca
2
trong cng thc
(3.60) thay vo hng th ba trong cng thc (3.64), s c:
0 = R
2
i
M2
+ p(L
m
i
M1
+L
r
i
M2
) = R
2
i
M2
+p
2

cho nn:
2
M2
2
p
i
R
= (3.65)
li thay tip vo (3.70) gii ra i
M1
, s c:

2
M1 2
m
T p 1
i
L
+
= (3.76)
89


hoc:
m
2 M1
2
L
i
T p 1
=
+
(3.77)
trong
r
2
2
L
T
R
= l hng s thi gian kch t mch rotor.
Cng thc (3.67) cho thy, t thng ca rotor ch do i
M1
to ra, khng lin
quan ti i
T1
, v vy, i
M1
c gi l thnh phn kch t ca dng in stator (xem
hnh 3.7). Cng thc ny cn chng t, hm s truyn gia
2
v i
M1
l mt khu
qun tnh bc nht ( y p tng ng vi bin s s ca php bin i Laplace).
Quan h trng thi ng ca dng in mch stator i
T1
v dng in mch
rotor i
T2
trn trc T phi tho mn cng thc (3.61), hoc vit thnh:

m
T2 T1
r
L
i i
L
= (3.68)
T chng t, nu i
T1
t ngt thay i, i
T2
lp tc bin i theo, khng c
qun tnh, l v sau khi nh hng t trng rotor, trn trc T khng tn ti t
thng rotor. Nghin cu tip cng thc m men (3.63), c th cho rng, i
T1
l thnh
phn m men ca dng in mch stator (xem hnh 3.7). Khi i
M1
khng thay i,
tc l
2
khng thay i, nu i
T1
thay i, m men M
t
lp tc thay i theo quan h
t l thun vi n.
Tm li, do ta MT theo nh hng t trng rotor, gia hai thnh phn
dng in stator thc hin c xa b rng buc, i
M1
quyt nh t thng
2
,
cn i
T1
th ch nh hng n m men, tng t nh dng in kch t v dng in
phn ng trong ng c mt chiu, nh vy n gin ho rt nhiu vn iu
khin h thng iu tc bin tn - ng c xoay chiu.
3.2.4. M hnh quan st t thng rotor
nh hng theo t thng rotor, phi o c bin v gc pha ca t thng
rotor. Hin nay, trong h thng thc t, ch yu s dng phng php quan st gin
tip, tc l o cc i lng vt l d o nh in p, dng in hoc tc quay,
90


s dng m hnh quan st t thng rotor kp thi tnh ton ra bin v gc pha
ca t thng. C th c rt nhiu m hnh quan st t thng rotor, nhng m hnh
quan st trn h ta quay MT c p dng ph bin hn c, y ch gii thiu
m hnh quan st ny.
Da vo phng trnh cn bng in p v phng trnh t thng trn h ta
MT, sau mt s bin i c th a ra m hnh quan st t thng rotor nh hnh
3.10:
Dng in mch
stator 3 pha i
A
, i
B
, i
C

qua php bin i 3/2
bin thnh dng in
h ta c nh 2
pha i
o1
, i
|1
, li qua
bin i quay ng
b v theo nh
hng t trng
rotor, nhn c dng in i
M1
, i
T1
trn h ta M, T. Dng phng trnh iu
khin vector c th nhn c tn hiu
2
v e
s
, ly e
s
cng vi tn hiu tc o
thc e s nhn c tn hiu e
1
(tn s gc mch stator), qua tch phn, s nhn
c tn hiu gc pha ca t thng rotor (cng chnh l gc u
1
), tn hiu ny l
thng s ca php chuyn i quay ng b.
M hnh quan st t thng rotor da vo tham s T
2
v L
m
ca ng c,
chnh xc ca chng u chu nh hng ca s thay i tham s, y l nhc im
ch yu ca php quan st gin tip.

3
2

i
A
i
B
i
C
i
o1
i
|1
VR

i
T1
i
M1
m
2
L
T s 1 +

2
m
T
L

1
s

e

2
sin
cos

Hnh 3.10: M hnh quan st t thng trn h to quay
hai pha theo nh hng t trng

+

+

e
s
e
1
91


3.3. H TRUYN NG BIN TN 4Q K
3.3.1. S khi ca h truyn ng bin tn 4Q - K

S khi tng qut h truyn ng in bin tn 4Q - K c gii thiu
trn hnh 3.11. Phn lc ca chnh lu PWM (CLPWM) v nghch lu (NL) c kt
cu tng t nhau. Khi iu khin chnh lu PWM v khi iu khin nghch lu
gm cc b iu chnh v thit b pht xung iu khin cc IGBT trong mch lc.
Tn hiu khng ch khi iu khin chnh lu c k hiu l KCL, thng l tn
hiu t gi tr in p mt chiu u ra ca chnh lu PWM, k hiu l
*
dc
U v c
th thm lng t khc; tn hiu khng ch khi iu khin nghch lu c k
hiu l KNL, vi phng php iu khin vector thng gm lng t dng in
sinh t thng v tc quay.
3.3.2. S nguyn l phn mch lc ca h bin tn 4Q - K
Cc h truyn ng in bin tn 4Q dng chnh lu PWM - ng c xoay
chiu khng ng b ch khc nhau v phng php iu khin cc khi chnh lu
v nghch lu, cn phn mch lc th c bn ging nhau. Hnh 3.14 l s nguyn
Hnh 3.11: S khi h truyn ng in bin tn 4Q - K
CLPWM NL
K L
L
C
~

3

p
h
a

U
dc
S
CLa,b,c

S
NLa,b,c

iu khin
chnh lu
PWM
iu khin
nghch lu
KNL

KCL

FT
92


l phn mch lc ca h thng truyn ng. S gm b in cm ngun L; hai
s cu ba pha bng cc IGBT lm nhim v chnh lu (CLPWM) v nghch lu
(NL); t in C va l phn t c bn trong s chnh lu PWM, va l phn t
lc; ng c khng ng b ba pha K.
3.3.3. Khi iu khin chnh lu PWM [3]
Theo phn tch trong chng hai, c nhiu phng php iu khin b chnh
lu tch cc PWM, mi phng php iu khin c nhng u nhc im ring.
Cc phng php iu khin khc nhau c s khc nhau v i lng iu khin
cng nh cu trc c th ca h thng iu khin nhng u nhm t mc tiu
chung l iu khin s ng m cc van gi n nh gi tr in p mt chiu
u ra theo gi tr t, khng ch h s cng sut theo yu cu, m bo dng dng
in li gn vi hnh sin v cho php thc hin trao i cng sut hai chiu gia
ti v ngun. nghin cu s lm vic ca h truyn ng bin tn bn gc phn
t - ng c khng ng b ta chn phng php iu khin chnh lu l phng
php VOC.
Cu trc chi tit khi iu khin chnh lu PWM iu khin theo VOC c
biu din trn hnh 3.7. Cc khu chc nng c bn ca khi iu khin chnh lu
theo phng php VOC gm:
u
L
Hnh 3.12: S nguyn l phn lc h truyn ng bin tn bn gc phn t
dng chnh lu PWM - ng c khng ng b ba pha

K

u
L

93


- Khu o dng in v c lng in p li: Thc hin o dng xoay chiu
u vo chnh lu (i
La
, i
Lb
), bin i dng in h ba pha sang vector khng gian
trn h ta c nh o-| (i
Lo
, i
L|
) v tnh cc thnh phn vector in p li trn
h ta o-| (u
Lo
, u
L|
).
- Khu bin i o-| k-: Thc hin xc nh gc gia vector in p li
v trc o ca h ta o-|, y cng l gc gia trc d ca h ta quay d-q vi
trc o ca hai h ta c nh o-|, phc v cho vic chuyn ta cc vector
dng v p.
- Khu bin i o-| d-q lm nhim v bin i h ta vector dng in
li, u ra nhn c cc thnh phn ca vector dng in li trn h ta quay
d-q (i
Ld
, i
Lq
).
PI
d - q
*
Ld
i
o|
k
o|
o|
*
dc
U
Ai
Lq

*
Lq
i 0 =
PI PI
dq
-
-
Khu o dng in
v c lng in
p li
Khu iu ch
rng xung
PWM
Ai
Ld

S
CLa,b,
c
i
La
i
Lb
u
s
o

u
s|
|

cos
UL
sin
UL
i
Ld

i
Lq
i
L|

i
Lo

u
sq
u
sd
cos
UL

sin
UL
-
u
Lo

u
L|

Hnh 3.13: Cu trc khi iu khin chnh lu PWM theo VOC
U
dc
AU
dc
94


- Khu bin i d-q o-| lm nhim v bin i h ta vector in p ti
qui i, u ra nhn c cc thnh phn ca vector in p ti trn h ta o-|
(u
so
, u
s|
) dng iu khin khu iu ch rng xung PWM.
- Khu iu ch rng xung PWM: Thc hin to cc xung iu khin cc
kho ng ct ca mch lc, khu hot ng theo nguyn l iu ch vector khng
gian.
Cc b iu chnh dng v p c la chn l cc b PI, tn hiu t ca cc
b iu chnh dng l
*
d
i c ly t u ra b iu chnh in p v
*
q
i 0 = (c
ly bng khng theo iu kin h s cng sut bng 1). Nh vy, trn thc t, h ch
c mt tn hiu iu khin chung cho b chnh lu l tn hiu t in p mt chiu
*
dc
U .
3.3.4. Khi iu khin nghch lu p dng nguyn l iu khin vector [5]
T m hnh ton hc ca K trn h ta MT, da vo cc phng trnh c
bn khi p dng iu khin vector, c th c nhiu gii php khc nhau. Mt trong
cc phng php hay c p dng [5] l: T phng trnh cn bng in p trn h
MT, kt hp vi cc quan h c c khi p dng nh hng t thng rotor, thc
hin thnh lp cc phng trnh m t quan h gia cc thnh phn in p v dng
in stator trn h ta MT, lm c s cho vic tnh ton gi tr cc thnh phn
in p t, sau khi chuyn ta v h ba pha thu c cc gi tr t in p
stator. T cc gi tr t in p, s dng nguyn l iu ch rng xung hnh sin
(SPWWM) [4] hoc nguyn l iu ch vector khng gian (CVTKG) [5] thc
hin vic iu khin cc van nghch lu.
Cu trc phn iu khin nghch lu theo nguyn l trn c m t trn hnh
3.14. Cc khi iu khin c bn v nhim v ca khi trn hnh 3.14:
- CTQ l b iu chnh tc quay;
95


- MHTT l m hnh quan st t thng, c chc nng tnh ton gi tr t thng
rotor
2 M2
( ) = v gc gia vector t thng rotor vi trc chun ();
- CTi l khu chuyn ta dng in stator t h ta o| sang h ta
MT;
- TH l khu to hm, to ra gi tr t t thng rotor theo gi tr tc gc
rotor;
- CTT l b iu chnh t thng, cho tn hiu ra l gi tr t thnh phn sinh
t thng ca dng in stator trn h ta MT;
- C l khu iu chnh a thng s, c nhim v tnh ra gi tr t cc thnh
phn in p stator trn h ta MT;
- CTu l khi chuyn i ta in p t h o| sang h ta MT;
- CVTKG l khu iu ch vector khng gian, tnh ton to ra cc xung iu
khin cc van nghch lu t cc gi tr yu cu ca in p stator trn h ta o|
(
* *
1 1
u , u
o |
).

96


CD CTu
CTT TH
MHTT
CTQ
K
My o tc
quay

*

'*
M2

*
1
u

*
1
u

3~
*
C
u
A

B

C
i
A
i
B
3
2
i
1
i
1
SPWM
i
M1
i
T1
*
T1
i

*
M1
i

'
M2

*
T1
u

*
M1
u

U
dc
Hnh 3.14: Cu trc nghch lu iu khin vector nh hng t thng rotor

CTi
VR
-1
VR
2
3
*
B
u
*
A
u
97


Chng4
M PHNG H TRUYN NG IN BIN TN 4 Q - NG C
KHNG NG B BA PHA
4.1. M PHNG C TNH LM VIC CA CHNH LU PWM
thc hin qu trnh m phng cc c tnh c bn ca h truyn ng
bin tn 4Q-K nhm kim nghim cc phn tch l thuyt v chng minh cc kh
nng ca h truyn ng, trc tin, tin hnh m phng kim chng cc tnh
nng u vit ca chnh lu PWM, ng thi cng l kim chng cu trc iu
khin khi chnh lu PWM.
4.1.1. Xy dng chng trnh m phng chnh lu PWM
Da vo m t ton hc ca chnh lu PWM, cc phng php iu khin chnh
lu PWM v cc cu trc tng ng, ng dng cc phn mm PLECS v MATLAB
ta xy dng c m hnh m phng cho chnh lu PWM. nh gi v chnh lu
PWM, y ch m phng chnh lu PWM theo mt phng php iu khin l
phng php iu khin theo VOC.
Trong phn ny, nh gi v in p mt chiu u ra, cht lng dng
in li v h s cng sut ca chnh lu PWM, ta nghin cu s lm vic ca b
chnh lu vi ti in tr c iu chnh. Da vo cu trc trc iu khin chnh lu
PWM theo VOC c m t hnh 2.15, s dng phn mm MATLAB c th xy
dng c s (chng trnh) m phng cho trng hp ny nh trn hnh 4.1,
cc hnh 4.2 v hnh 4.3 l s m phng chi tit phn iu khin chnh lu theo
phng php VOC (khi Subsystem) v phn mch lc (khi PLECS circuit).
Cc thng s c bn ca ngun v ti khi xy dng chng trnh m phng c
chn: ngun xoay chiu ba pha c tn s 50Hz, in p pha l 220V; gi tr t ca
in p chnh lu u ra U
dc
khi bt u m phng (t=0) l 600V v ti l in tr
30; ti t=0.2s tng gi tr t ca in p ra chnh lu mt lng U
dc
=100V; ti
98


t=0.4s tng ti bng cch ni song song thm vo in tr ti mt in tr khc c
gi tr l 60.

Hnh 4.1: S m phng chnh lu PWM ti in tr iu khin theo VOC
Hnh 4.2: S m phng chi tit khi iu khin chnh lu PWM theo phng
php VOC(khi Subsytrem) ca m hnh hnh 4.1

99


4.1.2. Cc kt qu m phng chnh lu PWM
Trn hnh 4.4 biu din in p mt chiu sau chnh lu, t th U
dc
cho
thy, qu trnh khi ng ca b chnh lu din ra trong thi gian rt ngn, s thay
i gi tr in p ra khi thay i gi tr t cng din ra rt nhanh, in p ra bm
st gi tr t vi sai lch khng ng k, mt im cn quan tm l gi tr in p
mt chiu u ra cao hn gi tr in p ra ca chnh lu i t thng thng, iu
ny p ng c yu cu in p mt chiu cao m khng cn phi dng my bin
p tng p.

Hnh 4.5, 4.6 biu din in p v dng in mt pha ngun xoay chiu (pha
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
t(s)
U
dc
(V)
Hnh 4.4: in p mt chiu sau
chnh lu PWM iu khin theo VOC
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
t(s)
u
a
(V), i
a
(A)
Hnh 4.5: in p v dng in pha A ca
chnh lu PWM iu khin theo VOC
Hnh 4.3: Chi tit khi PLECS circuit ca m hnh hnh 4.1
100


A). Cc th cho thy, dng in ngun c dng rt gn vi hnh sin; trong cc ch
khc nhau lun t c h s cng sut cos =1 (dng in trng pha vi in
p).
4.2. M PHNG H TRUYN NG BIN TN 4Q-NG C KHNG
NG B BA PHA
4.2.1. Xy dng s m phng h truyn ng trong phn mm Matlab
nh gi y v h truyn ng cng nh v bin tn bn gc phn t
s dng chnh lu PWM, ta tin hnh m phng s lm vic ca h truyn ng
bin tn 4Q - ng c xoay chiu khng ng b ba pha rotor lng xc. Trong h
thng ny, phn iu khin chnh lu PWM cng vn p dng phng php iu
khin VOC, cn phn nghch lu s dng phng php iu khin vector nh
hng theo t thng rotor. Phn iu khin nghch lu c xy dng c bn da
trn cu trc c m t trn hnh 3.14 c sa i cht t trn quan im ch thc
hin m phng s lm vic ca h trong vng tn s ra ca bin tn nm trong
khong t tn s nh mc ca ng c tr xung. Vi vng tn s di tn s c
bn th yu cu thc hin duy tr t thng rotor bng hng s, do vy trong cu trc
iu khin chn gi tr t thnh phn sinh t thng ca dng stator bng hng s
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0.400 0.433 0.417
t(s)
i
dc
(A)
Hnh 4.7: Dng mt chiu sau chnh lu
ca PWM iu khin theo VOC trong
thi gian 1/6 chu k ngun
0.4 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.5
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
t(s)
u
a
(V), i
a
(A)
Hnh 4.6: in p v dng in pha A
ca chnh lu PWM iu khin theo
VOC trong thi gian 5 chu k ngun
u
a
i
a
101


(
*
M1
i const ) v gi tr ny c la chn theo dng t ha ca ng c. Cu trc
iu khin nghch lu trong trng hp ny c m t trn hnh 4.8. S dng phn
mm PLECS chy trong mi trng MATLAB c th xy dng c s
(chng trnh) m phng h truyn ng nh trn hnh 4.9, 4.10, 4.11.
Tham s ng c c la chn thc hin qu trnh m phng h truyn
ng: Cng sut nh mc P
m
=1.5KW; s i cc t n
p
=3; in p nh mc mt
pha stator U
1m
=220V; dng in nh mc mt pha stator I
1m
=4.5A; in tr mt
pha stator R
1
=3.5; in tr mt pha rotor quy i v stator R
2
=4.0; in cm tn
mt pha stator L
t1
=10mH; in cm tn mt pha rotor quy i v stator L
t2
=9mH;
in cm h cm cc i L
m1
=200mH;

CD
CTu
MHTT
CTQ

*

*
M1
i const

*
1
u

*
1
u

*
C
u
i
A
3
2
i
1
i
1
SPWM
i
M1
i
T1
*
T1
i

*
T1
u

*
M1
u

CTi
VR
-1
VR
2
3
*
B
u
*
A
u
i
B
i
C

Hnh 4.8: Cu trc iu khin vector trong vng tn s f f
m
102


Hnh 4.10: S m phng chi tit phn iu khin nghch lu theo FOC (khi
INVERTER trn m hnh hnh 4.9

Hnh 4.9: S m phng h truyn ng in bin tn 4Q-ng c khng ng
b ba pha
103


4.2.2. Kt qu m phng
4.2.2.1. M phng qu trnh khi ng v ch hm ti sinh ca ng c
Thc hin m phng qu trnh khi ng ng c t tc bng khng n
tc gc 100 rad/s vi m men ti thay i. Ti t=1s (khi kt thc khi ng,
thay i m men ti sang m (tc l tc ng mt m men c cng chiu vi chiu
quay ca rotor) kim tra kh nng lm vic ca ng c trng thi hm ti sinh.
Cc kt qu m phng c m t trn cc hnh 4.12 n 4.14. T cc kt qu m
phng cho thy, tc ng c vn c duy tr theo gi tr t mc d m men ti
i du (hnh 4.12); cn dng in ngun xoay chiu cp cho chnh lu PWM th
thay i pha mt gc bng 180
0
, tc l b chnh lu lm vic ch nghch lu,
thc hin chuyn cng sut t pha ng c v li in (hnh 4.14) vi gi tr h s
cng sut bng 1 (cos = -1). Kt qu m phng chng minh kh nng lm vic
ch hm ti sinh trong ch n nh ca h thng.

Hnh 4.11: Chi tit khi PLECS circuit ca m hnh hnh 4.9
104


0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
1.5
M
c
(Nm)
t (s)
Hnh 4.13: S iu chnh m men ti ca ng c khi khi ng v khi chuyn ng
c sang trng thi hm ti sinh ch tc n nh (ti t=1s)
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5
0
20
40
60
80
100
(rad/s)
t (s)
Hnh 4.12: Tc gc ng c khi khi ng v iu chnh ti chuyn ch
lm vic, vi gi tr t tc l 100 rad/s
105


4.2.2.2. M phng qu trnh khi ng v iu chnh tc

Hnh 4.14: in p v dng in li pha A cp cho chnh lu PWM trc v sau
thi im iu chnh m men ti (ti t=1s) chuynch lm vic ca ng c t
trng thi ng c sang hm ti sinh
0.9 0.95 1.0 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2 1.25 1.3
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
u
La
(V), i
La
(A)
t (s)
u
La
(V)
i
La
(A)
Thi im chuyn ch
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5
0
20
40
60
80
100
(rad/s)
t (s)
Hnh 4.15: Tc gc ng c khi khi ng v iu chnh gim tc t 100
rad/s xung 80 rad/s
106


Cng m phng qu trnh khi ng ng c t tc bng khng n tc
gc 100 rad/s vi m men ti khng i. Ti t=1.2s, thc hin gim tc mt
lng bng 20 rad/s kim tra tnh trng lm vic ca h thng khi iu chnh
gim tc

Kt lun: T cc kt qu m phng mt s ch c trng ca chnh lu
PWM v h truyn ng bin tn 4Q-ng c khng ng b cho thy, s dng
chnh lu PWM xy dng b bin tn bn gc phn t p tt cc yu cu m
mc tiu ti t ra. H truyn ng c kh nng m bo s lm vic tt ca
ng c trn c bn gc phn t ca h ta .

0.9 0.95 1.0 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
sau thi im iu chnh gim tc t 100 rad/s xung 80 rad/s (ti t=1s)
t (s)
u
La
(V), i
La
(A)

u
La
(V)

i
La
(A)

107


KT LUN V KIN NGH
1. KT LUN
Vic s dng b chnh lu tch cc PWM lm khi chnh lu ca b bin tn
cho phep b bin tn v h truyn ng ng c xoay chiu ng dng loi bin tn
ny t c nhiu tnh nng u vit m cc b bin tn thng thng khc khng
c:
- Gim n mc rt thp cc sng hi bc cao trong dng in li.
- C kh nng to c h s cng sut li in theo yu cu.
- C kh nng iu chnh v n nh tt in p phn mt chiu, gim bt
nh hng ca s dao ng in p li in n b bin tn.
- ng c c th lm vic c mi ch , c bit l ch hm ti sinh
k c trong ch n nh v qu , cho php c th p dng h truyn ng bin
tn 4Q-ng c xoay chiu vi nhiu loi ti khc nhau, tit kim nng lng trong
nhiu trng hp.
2. KIN NGH
- Tip tc nghin cu hon thin c th p dng vo thc t.
- Nghin cu tm thm ng dng khc i vi chnh lu PWM.

108


TI LIU THAM KHO
Ting Vit
1.

Trn Khnh H (1997), My in tp 1, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v k thut,
H Ni.
2. Bi Quc Khnh, NguynVn Lin, Phm Quc Hi, Dng Vn Nghi (2002),
T ng iu chnh truyn ng in, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v k thut,
H Ni.
3.

Bi Quc Khnh, Nguyn Vn Lin (2007), C s truyn ng in, Nh xut
bn khoa hc v k thut, H Ni.
4.

Trn Th, V Quang Lp (bin kho); C s iu khin t ng truyn ng
in; Nh xut bn Khoa hc v k thut, H Ni,2004.
5.

Nguyn Phng Quang (1996), iu khin t ng truyn ng in xoay chiu
ba pha, Nh xut bn Gio dc, H Ni.
6. Nguyn Phng Quang, (2003) MATLAB & Simulink dnh cho k s iu khin
t ng, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v k thut, H Ni.

Ting Anh
7. C. Daoshen and B. K. Bose (1992), Expert system based automated selection
of industrial AC drives, IEE IAS Annu. Meet. Conf. Rec., pp 387-392.
8. S. M. Chhaya and B. K. Bose (1992), Expert system based automated design
technique of a voltage-fed inverter for induction motor drive, IEE IAS
Annu. Meet. Conf. Rec., pp 770-778.
9. S. M. Chhaya and B. K. Bose (1992), Expert system based automated design
technique of a voltage-fed inverter for induction motor drive, IEE IAS
Annu. Meet. Conf. Rec., pp 770-778.
10. S. M. Chhaya and B. K. Bose (1995), Expert system aided automated design,
simulation and controller tuning of ac drive system, IEE IECON Conf.
Rec., pp 712-718.
11. Mariusz Malinowski (2001), Sensorless Control Strategies for Three Phase
PWM Rectifiers, Warsaw, Poland.
12 P. Barrass, M. Cade (1999), PWM rectifier using indirect voltage sensing,
Proc.IEE-Elect. Power Applicat., 146 (5), 539-544.
13. Plexim GmbH, PLECS - Piece-wise Linear Electrical Circuit Simulation for
109


Simulink, User Manual, ver 1.2.
14. The Mathworks, Simulink-Dynamic System Simulation for Matlab, Help file in
Matlab7.01 R14.

Bien Tan 01

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bien Tan 01

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.

trng pha vi vector in

th cos =1 v cng sut P

th cos =-1 v cng sut P

You might also like