PHN LOI BI TP pH V CCH TNH pH CA CC DUNG DCH CHT IN LY TRONG NC GVHD:Th.S Nguyn Th Hon SVTh: L T.

Lan Anh, Trn Nh Th, L Th Hng Vn HSP Ha K.52

I. M U Khi nim v axit, baz v pH v cch tnh pH c hc sinh THPT, sinh vin i hc cao ng rt quan tm. Gi tr ca pH c nhiu ng dng trong thc t: trong vic nui trng thy sn, nng nghip, x l nc thi, nc sinh hot... Hin nay, ti liu v vn trn c nhiu nhng u vit kh rng nn sinh vin khi hc tp mn Ha i cng cng nh khi vn dng vo ging dy ha hc ph thng sau ny c nhiu kh kh khn. Cc ti liu, gio trnh ch nu ln cch tnh pH ca tng dung dch ring bit nhng cha a ra h thng bi tp v cch gii. V vy chng em chn ti: Phn loi bi tp v pH v cch tnh pH ca cc dung dch cht in li trong nc. II. NI DUNG 1. CC C S L THUYT 1.1. Cc khi nim axit- baz, pH 1.1.1. Cc thuyt v axit - baz + Thuyt Arniut Axit l nhng cht khi tan trong nc phn li cho ion H+. Baz l nhng cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra OH-. Nh vy, theo thuyt Arniut khi nim axit- baz gn lin vi dung mi nc. + Thuyt Bronstet - Lowry - Axit l cht c kh nng cho proton. Axit cho proton to thnh baz lin hp ca n. - Baz l cht nhn proton. Baz nhn proton to thnh axit lin hp ca n HCl + H2O H3O+ + ClAxit(1) baz(1) axit(2) baz(2) + NH3 + H2O NH4 + OHBaz(1) axit(1) axit(2) baz(2) - Nc va l axit va l baz, nn nc l cht lng tnh. u im ca thuyt Bronstet - Lowry so vi thuyt Arniut + Gii thch cho phn t khng c OH- nh NH3, cc amin hoc dung dch mui ca baz mnh - axit yu vn c tnh baz. + Gii thch cho phn t khng c H+ vn c tnh axit nh FeCl3, Al(NO3)3,... + Gii thch axit baz trong k khng dung mi hoc dung mi khc nc.

NH3 + HCl NH4Cl + Thuyt Lewis - Axit l cht c kh nng nhn cp electron. V d: BF3, AlF3, BCl3, AlCl3. - Baz l cht c kh nng cho cp electron. V d: Amin, nc, ancol,... Thuyt Lewis: M rng hn 2 thuyt Arniut v thuyt Bronsted - Lowry. Nhc im ca thuyt Lewis so vi thuyt Bronstet v thuyt Arniut. Phn t axit c nguyn t Hir li khng c kh nng nhn cp e. 1.1.2. Tch s ion ca nc - Trong nc nguyn cht c cn bng: H2O + H2O H3O+ + OH 25C, nc phn li rt yu nn coi CH2O= [H2O] = 5,5. 10-2 v quy c: = 1,0.10-14. c gi l tch s ion ca nc. - i vi nc nguyn cht th [H+] = [OH-] = 1,0.10-7 1.1.3. Khi nim pH thang pH + nh gi axit, kim ca dung dch, ngi ta dng pH vi quy c nh sau: [H+] = 10-pH => pH= -lg[H+] . C th m rng pOH = - lg[OH-] + Thang pH: Thng dng t 1 n 14, tng ng vi nng ion H+ : 10-1 - 10-14 + Nc nguyn cht: 25C [H+] = [OH-] = 1,0.10-7 => pH = 7 pH > 7 => [OH-] > [ H+] - mi trng baz. pH < 7 => [OH-] < [ H+] - mi trng axit. + Trong dung mi nc lun c: pH + pOH = 14 1.2. Cch tnh pH ca cc dung dch 1.2.1. Tnh pH ca dung dch axit mnh (HCl, H2SO4, HBr, HI...) Qu trnh in ly: HA H+ + A(1) H2O H+ + OH(2) + Nu Ca 1,0.10-6 [ H+] >> [OH-] th b qua s phn li ca nc, pH = - lg Ca + Nu Ca < 1,0.10-6 th da theo cn bng (2) ta c: 1.2.2. pH ca dung dch baz mnh ( NaOH, KOH...) Qu trnh: BOH B+ + OHTa thy Cb = CB+ = COHH2O H+ + OHTnh tng t nh axit mnh, nhng thay H+ thnh OH. T suy ra pOH v pH. 1.2.3. pH ca dung dch axit, baz yu n chc pH ca dung dch axit yu n chc (CH3COOH, HNO2...) HA H+ + A(1) Ka + H2O H + OH (2) Da vo cn bng

Tnh gn ng cp 1 v tnh gn ng cp 2 c nng H+. pH ca dung dch baz yu n chc Qu trnh cn bng t hp: B + H2O BH+ + OHTnh ton tng t axit yu ch thay Ka bng Kb, Ca bng Cb. Tm pOH ri suy ra pH. 1.2.4. pH ca hn hp axit mnh v axit yu; baz mnh v baz yu Hn hp axit mnh v axit yu - Khi nng axit mnh ln hn nng axit yu xem pH ca hn hp axit ch l pH ca axit mnh. - Nng axit mnh nh hn nng axit yu Khng th b qua ion H+ ca axit yu. Tnh pH ca dung dch da vo cn bng sau vi s tham gia ca nng H+ ca axit mnh phn ly ra. HA H+ + A Hn hp baz mnh v baz yu: tnh tng t dung dch hn hp axit mnh v yu. 1.2.5. Cn bng trong dung dch Axit, baz yu a chc Xt axit yu a chc. HnA H+ + Hn-1A - (1) Ka1 Hn-1A- H+ + Hn-2A2- (2) Ka2 ...... HAn-1 H+ + An- (n) Kan - Ta c Ka1 > Ka2 > . . . > Kan Tnh cn bng trong dung dch axit ny thng da vo cn bng (1) tnh nng H+, b qua cc cn bng sau khi Ka1 > 1000 Ka2 Xt baz yu a chc. B(OH)n OH- + B(OH)n-1 + (1) Kb1 B(OH)n-1 - OH- + B(OH)n-2 2+ (2) Kb2 ...... B(OH) n-1 OH- + Bn+ (n) Kbn - Ta c Kb1 > Kb2 > . . . > Kbn - Tnh cn bng trong dung dch baz ny thng da vo cn bng (1) tnh nng OH- b qua cc cn bng sau khi Kb1 >> Kb2 1.2.6. Dung dch m Dung dch m l dung dch cha mt hn hp ca axit yu v baz lin hp vi n hoc hn hp ca baz yu v axit lin hp. Mt hn hp nh vy c kh nng chng li mi bin i pH do mt lng nh ca axit, hoc baz c thm vo hn hp.

V d: dung dch hn hp ca CH3COOH v CH3COO- ; NH4+ v NH3; HCOOH v HCOONa; HCO3- v CO32- , mui axit ca a axit NaHCO3-, Na2HPO4... Cng thc tnh gn ng pH ca dung dch m: pH = pKa - lg 1.2.7. Thuc tnh axit, baz ca mui Mui l sn phm ca phn ng gia mt axit v mt baz. V cu trc th mui l hp cht ion. Mui l nhng cht in li mnh, do in li hon ton trong nc v trong mt s trng hp mui cn phn ng vi c dung mi. S thy phn thng lm pH ca dung dch mui khc nhau. C th hin tng thy phn ca mui. Mui khi ha tan khng lm thay i pH khi ha tan vo nc L mui to bi baz mnh v axit mnh nh NaCl, K2SO4, Ba(NO3)2,... pH = 7 Mui to mi trng baz khi ha tan: tnh nh cn bng ca baz yu. L mui to bi baz mnh v axit yu nh CH3COONa, KF, Na2CO3, KHS,... Khi c s thy phn gc axit yu sinh ra nng OH- ln hn trong nc, nn pH > 7: V d: CH3COO- + H2O CH3COOH + OHKb = 5,6. 10-10 Mui to mi trng axit khi ha tan: Gm mui to bi axit mnh v baz yu (NH4Cl, AlCl3, Fe2(SO4)3,...). Ch c cation baz yu tr thnh axit lin hp, cho nn tnh nh cn bng ca axit yu. V d: NH4Cl(r) NH4aq+ + ClaqNH4+ + H2O NH3 + H3O+ Ka = 5,6. 10-1 S thy phn ca mui to bi mt axit yu v mt baz yu Trong trng hp ny c hai ion cation v anion u c phn ng vi nc to thanh dung dch mui c tinh axit, baz, trung tnh ty thuc vo lc tng i ca axit yu v baz yu. n gin ta xt vn mt cch nh tnh: + Trng hp Kb> Ka: dung dch c tnh baz v anion b thy phn mnh hn cation. Lc cn bng, c nhiu ion OH- hn ion H3O+. + Trng hp Kb< Ka dung dch c tnh axit v cation b thy phn mnh hn anion + Trng hp : dung dch gn nh l trung tnh 2. PHN LOI V CCH TNH pH CA CC DUNG DCH Chng ti tm chia bi tp tnh pH thnh 2 loi ln: Bi tp tnh pH ca cc dung dch khng c phn ng xy ra v Bi tp tnh pH ca cc dung dch c phn ng xy ra. 2.1. Bi tp tnh pH ca cc dung dch khng c phn ng xy ra Da vo cc l thuyt nu, chng ti xt cc loi bi tp sau: - Tnh pH ca dung dch axit mnh - Tnh pH ca dung dch baz mnh - Tnh pH ca dung dch axit, baz yu n

- Tnh pH ca hn hp axit mnh v axit yu; baz mnh v baz yu - Tnh pH trong dung dch Axit, baz yu a chc - Tnh pH ca dung dch m - Tnh pH ca dung dch mui Mt s v d: Cu 2: Tnh nng mol /l ca ion H+ trong 100 ml dung dch HNO3 1% ( khi lng ring D = 1,054 g/ml). Tnh pH ca dung dch? Ta c: pH = -lg [H+] = - lg (0,167) = 0,223 Cu 3: Trn 160 ml dd Ba(OH)2 0,08 M vi 140ml dd KOH 0,04 M. Thu c dd A. Tnh pH ca dd ? Gii: Ta c tng s mol OH- = 0,08.0,16 .2 + 0,04.0,14 = 0,0312 (mol) [OH- ] = 0,104 M pOH = -log [OH- ] = 0,98 pH = 13,021. Cu 4: Dung dch HNO2 0,1M c hng s phn li ca axit Ka = 4,0.10-4. Tnh pH ca dung dch? Gii: HNO2 H+ + NO2Ban u 0,1 Phn ng x x x Cn bng 0,1 x x x Do : Gi s x << 0,1 ta c 0,1 x = 0,1 Ta c: x2 = 4,0.10-4.0,1 x = 6,3.10-3 pH = - lg[H+] = - lg(6,3.10-3) = 2,2 Cu 5: Tnh pH ca dung dch CH3COOH (Ka = 1,8.10-5) khi: a. Nng bng 0,1M b. Nng bng 0,001M Gii: a. CH3COOH H+ + CH3COOKa + . H2O H + OH -5 V Ka.Ca = 1,8.10 . 0,1 = 1,8.10-6 > 10-12, nn b qua cn bng ca nc V > 100 nn [H+] = [H+] = pH = -lg(1,34.10-3) = 2,87 b. V Ka.Ca = 1,8.10-5. 0,001 = 1,8.10-8 > 10-12, nn b qua cn bng ca nc v 0,1 < = 55,556 < 100, Nn [H+] = [H+] = 1,25.10-4 pH = -lg (1,25.10-4) = 3,9 2.2. Bi tp tnh pH thu c do phn ng gia 2 dung dch 2.2.1. pH ca dung dch to bi phn ng ca axit mnh v baz mnh

Cch gii: - Tnh s mol H+, OH- ban u, so snh: + Nu bi ton c s mol H+ ln hn s mol OH- th tnh [H+] d v pH = - lg[H+]d + Nu bi ton d OH- - dung dch baz mnh. pOH = - lg[OH-]d , pH = 14 - pOH + Nu th pH = 7 , dung dch c mi trng trung tnh. Mt s v d: Bi 12: Cho 40 ml dd HCl 0,75 M vo 160 ml dd Ba(OH)2 0,08 M, KOH 0,04 M. Tnh pH ca dung dch thu c . Gii S mol H+ = 0,75.40.10-3 = 0,03 mol; 0,16. ( 0,08.2 + 0,04) = 0,032 (mol) 0,032 0,03 = 0,002 (mol) [OH-] d = Nn: pOH = 2 pH = 12 Bi 14: Trn 100 ml dd KOH c pH = 12 vi 100 ml dd HCl 0,012 M. Tnh pH ca dung dch sau khi trn. Gii: pH = 12 pOH = 14 12 = 2 [OH-] = 10-2 0,1.10-2 = 1.10-3 mol 0,1.0,012 = 1,2.10-3 mol 1,2.10-3 - 10-3 = 2.10-4 mol [H+] d = pH = 3 2.2.2 pH ca dung dch to ra do phn ng ca axit mnh v baz yu Cch gii: + Nu lng axit mnh ln hn lng baz yu th tnh pH theo cng thc ca dung dch hn hp axit mnh- axit yu. + Nu lng axit nh hn lng baz th tnh pH theo cng thc ca dung dch hn hp dung dch baz yu v axit yu dung dch m. + Nu lng axit bng lng baz Th to ra dung dch l axit yu ( lin hp). V d minh ha 2.2.3. pH ca dung dch to axit yu v baz mnh Cch gii: + Nu lng axit yu ln hn lng baz mnh th tnh pH theo cng thc ca dung dch hn hp hai axit yu. + Nu lng axit yu t hn lng baz mnh th tnh pH theo cng thc ca dung dch hn hp baz mnh v baz yu. + Nu lng axit yu bng lng baz mnh th tnh pH theo cng thc ca dung dch baz yu (lin hp). V d minh ha 2.2.4. pH ca dung dch to axit yu v baz yu Cch gii + Nu lng axit yu ln hn lng baz yu th to ra dung dch 2 axit yu.

+ Nu lng axit yu t hn lng baz th to ra dung dch hn hp 2 baz yu + Nu lng axit yu bng lng baz th to ra dung dch gn nh l trung tnh. V d minh ha III. KT LUN Qua nghin cu v pH ca dd cht tan in li trong nc,chng ti lm c mt s vic nh sau: 1. Tm hiu su sc hn cc khi nim axit baz, pH. 2. H thng li cch tnh pH ca cc loi dd in li trong nc m nhiu gio trnh, ti liu cha cp n. 3. Phn loi bi tp tnh pH ca cc dd thu c khi cho cc dd axit baz phn ng vi nhau v cch gii cc loi bi tp . Chn c 50 bi tp pH in hnh, c trnh by li gii. Trong thi gian c hn, ti chng ti cn nhiu hn ch trong vic tnh pH ca axit a chc v baz a chc. Trong qu trnh lm ti chng ti nhn c s gip tn tnh ca c gio, Ths Nguyn Th Hon. IV. TI LIU THAM KHO 1. Trn Hip Hi (ch bin) V Ngc Ban Trn Thnh Hu. Ha hc i cng 2- C s l thuyt cc qu trnh ha hc. NXB HSP 2003 2. Nguyn Tinh Dung. Ha hc phn tch, cn bng ion trong dung dch. NXBGD, H Ni 2000, ti bn 2001,2002 3. Nguyn Tinh Dung. Ha hc phn tch, phn I, l thuyt c s.NXBGD, H Ni 1981. 4. Nguyn Tinh Dung, Bi tp ha hc phn tch,NXBGD, H Ni 1982 5. Cc thi tuyn sinh i hc, cao ng.