I HC KHOA HC

KHOA A L - A CHT
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HNG DN S DNG

MAPINFO PROFESSIONAL
Phn c bn

Ngi bin son: Th.S Th Vit Hng

(Ti liu lu hnh ni b)

Hu, 2008

MC LC CHNG 1. TNG QUAN V PHN MM MAPINFO .....................................................4 1.1. KHI NIM V CHC NNG CA PHN MM MAPINFO .....................................4 1.2. THIT LP CC THAM S C S CHO BN TRONG MAPINFO.....................4 1.2.1. Php chiu v h to bn trong MapInfo................................................................4 1.2.2. Quan h gia d liu ho v d liu thuc tnh trong MapInfo ..................................5 1.3. CC D LIU TRONG MAPINFO ..................................................................................5 1.4. CC KHI NIM CA H THNG TIN A L GIS TRONG MAPINFO.................6 1.5. CCH T CHC THNG TIN TRONG MAPINFO .......................................................6 1.5.1. TABLE (Bng) .................................................................................................................6 1.5.2. WORKSPACE (Vng lm vic) ......................................................................................7 1.5.3. BROWSER (bng hin th d liu thuc tnh) .................................................................7 1.5.4. MAP (ca s hin th d liu bn )...............................................................................7 1.5.5. LAYOUT (trnh by in n)...............................................................................................7 1.6. KHI NG V THOT KHI PHN MM MAPINFO.............................................7 1.6.1. Khi ng phn mm MapInfo ........................................................................................7 1.6.2. Thot khi phn mm MapInfo ........................................................................................8 CHNG 2. THC N V CC CHC NNG C BN CA N ................................ 9 2.1. H THNG THC N TRONG MAPINFO .................................................................9 2.1.1. Thc n File ...................................................................................................................9 2.1.2. Thc n Edit ...................................................................................................................9 2.1.3. Thc n Tools...............................................................................................................10 2.1.4. Thc n Objects ...........................................................................................................10 2.1.5. Thc n Query..............................................................................................................11 2.1.6. Thc n Table...............................................................................................................12 2.1.7. Thc n Options ...........................................................................................................12 2.1.8. Thc n Map ................................................................................................................13 2.1.9. Thc n Window..........................................................................................................14 2.2. CC HP THANH CNG C QUAN TRNG TRONG MAPINFO ...........................14 2.2.1. Thanh cng c chun (Standard Toolbar) ......................................................................14 2.2.2. Thanh cng c chnh (Main Toolbar).............................................................................15 2.2.3. Thanh cng c v (Drawing Toolbar) ............................................................................16 2.2.4. Thanh cng c dng c (Tools Toolbar) ........................................................................17 CHNG 3. XY DNG D LIU KHNG GIAN........................................................... 18 3.1. CHUN B BN (BN NGUN) .....................................................................18 3.2. NG K BN QUT VO MAPINFO ................................................................18 3.2.1. ng k nh qut khi bit thng tin v li chiu v to a l:..........................18 3.2.2. ng k nh qut theo bn s khc c sn ca cng khu vc..............................20 3.2.3. ng k nh qut khi khng c thng tin v li chiu v to .................................22 3.3. S HO BN ............................................................................................................27 3.3.1. Phng php trc tip ....................................................................................................27 3.3.2. Phng php to bng mi trc ...................................................................................27 3.4. THAO TC VI CC I TNG HO ..............................................................29 3.4.1. nh dng cc kiu i tng ho............................................................................30 3.4.2. Chnh hnh dng ca ng, vng v k t....................................................................32 3.4.3. Lnh Combine v Disaggregate .....................................................................................33 3.4.4. Lnh ct (Split), lnh Xo phn chung (Erase) v lnh Xo phn khng chung (Erase Outside) mt i tng.............................................................................................................34 3.4.5. Lnh Overlay Nodes.......................................................................................................35 3.4.6. Lnh Buffer (to vng m) ...........................................................................................36

3.4.7. Lnh Enclose ..................................................................................................................37 3.4.8. Lnh Smooth v Unsmooth ............................................................................................37 3.4.9. Lnh Convert to Regions v Convert to Polylines .........................................................38 3.4.10. Lnh Check Regions.....................................................................................................38 CHNG 4. XY DNG D LIU THUC TNH ........................................................... 41 4.1. THIT K CU TRC BNG D LIU THUC TNH .............................................41 4.2. NHP D LIU THUC TNH......................................................................................42 4.2.1. Nhp d liu t ca s Browser .....................................................................................42 4.2.2. Nhp d liu bng lnh Update Column ........................................................................42 4.3. THAO TC VI CC BNG D LIU THUC TNH ...............................................45 4.3.1. Xo Table bng cng c ca MapInfo............................................................................45 4.3.2. Thay tn Table bng cng c ca MapInfo ....................................................................45 4.3.3. Nn Table bng cng c ca MapInfo............................................................................45 4.4. LIN KT VI D LIU C SN.................................................................................46 4.5. CP NHT V B SUNG D LIU .............................................................................47 4.5.1. B sung s liu thng k ................................................................................................47 4.5.2. B sung s liu do MapInfo tnh ton c ...................................................................48 CHNG 5. CHUYN I D LIU V LI CHIU TRONG MAPINFO ................. 54 5.1. CHUYN I D LIU .................................................................................................54 5.2. THAY I H QUY CHIU TRONG MAPINFO .........................................................55 5.2.1. Exporting A Map In A Different Projection (Xut bn trong li chiu khc): .......55 5.2.2. Saving A Copy Of Your Table In A Different Projection (ghi bn chp ca bn vi li chic khc)................................................................................................................................57

CHNG 1. TNG QUAN V PHN MM MAPINFO

1.1. KHI NIM V CHC NNG CA PHN MM MAPINFO MapInfo l h phn mm GIS chuyn v qun l d liu v in n bn . u im ni bt ca phn mm ny l kh nng hi p c s d liu a l m s dng c cc ti nguyn ca mi trng Windows. Cho n nay c nhiu chuyn gia s dng MapInfo u nh gi rng t c h phn mm no li d s dng v in n bn p nh MapInfo. Chnh v vy rt nhiu c quan v rt nhiu d n s dng MapInfo nh mt giai on cui trong quan h cng ngh GIS ca mnh. Cc chc nng thng dng ca MapInfo + Trao i d liu vi cc phn mm khc (Import v Export). + M t cc i tng bng cc d liu khng gian v thuc tnh. + Kh nng hi p v to lp Selection sa li d liu c, to c s d liu mi mt cch d dng. + C kh nng hin th s liu theo 3 cch: Map Windows, Browser v Graph Windows. + MapInfo cung cp mt tp hp cc phm lnh (button) rt thun tin cho vic sa cha (Editing) v v (Drawing). + To lp cc bn chuyn + Trnh by v in n cc bn dng Vector vi y h thng k hiu. + Ngoi ra MapInfo Corporation a ra ngn ng lp trnh MapBasic to kh nng xy dng cc ng dng (Application) ring trong MapInfo. C s d liu ca MapInfo: + M hnh d liu thuc tnh (Attribute Data Model): L m hnh quan h, lu di dng bng theo hng v ct. Trong cc hi p d liu c th biu din bng cc php ton quan h, dng ngn ng tm kim vi cu trc SQL) + M hnh d liu khng gian (Spatial Data Model): L m hnh vector trnh by cc d liu khng gian ca i tng v c lu di dng bn . 1.2. THIT LP CC THAM S C S CHO BN TRONG MAPINFO 1.2.1. Php chiu v h to bn trong MapInfo - Php chiu bn l phng php m t b mt tri t hnh cu v mt phng tin cho vic thnh lp bn , nhm nghin cu b mt tri t mt cch chi tit. - Vi cc quy lut ton hc khc nhau ta c nhng php chiu khc nhau. y l vn rt quan trng khi thnh lp bn bi v ta c th chn c php chiu tt nht, thch hp nht i vi nhng vng lnh th khc nhau v kch thc cng nh v v tr a l. - Li chiu bn c gn lin vi hnh dng v kch thc c th ca tri t. Nhng li chiu thng c s dng hin nay nh: + UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) c thnh lp da trn Elipxoid Everest. + GAUSS c thnh lp da trn Elipxoid Krassovsky.

- Cc tham s xc nh li chiu trong MapInfo thng c xc nh theo cc tham s sau: Tn ca h to ; Tn li chiu bn ; Tn ca Elipxoid; n v to ; Kinh tuyn trung ng; V tuyn gc; H s t l; Khong cch dch chuyn ca trc X; Khong cch dch chuyn ca trc Y. V d trong H to GAUSS, mi 48 c th hin nh sau: H to GAUSS 8 1001 7 105 0 1 500.000 0 Tn h to S hiu php chiu GAUSS S hip qu cu Krassovsky (Datum) n v to l M Gi tr kinh tuyn trung ng Gi tr v tuyn gc H s t l ng kinh tuyn trung ng (m) Khong cch dch chuyn ca trc Y Khong cch dch chuyn ca trc X

Ta c th to mi 1 h to vo MapInfo bng 1 trnh son tho vn bn bt k vi khun dng nh trn vo File MapInfo.prj 1.2.2. Quan h gia d liu ho v d liu thuc tnh trong MapInfo C mt im khc bit khi ta xem xt, nh gi mt h thng GIS v mt h thng ho thng thng l : - Trong h ho thng thng nhng phn t ho tn ti mt cch c lp, ta ch c th nhn thy chng ch khng bit g v nhng thng tin i km hay cn gi l nhng thng tin thuc tnh ca chng. VD: Khi s ho 1 mnh bn ta ch c th nhn thy nhng thnh phn trong bn c th hin, m t theo nhng tnh cht hnh hc nh trn thc t. - Trong mt h thng GIS tt c nhng phn t ho u c thit k c th lu tr, cp nht, tnh ton trn mt s nhng thuc tnh phi ho no . VD: Cng nh v d trn ngoi nhng thnh phn bn m ta nhn thy, ta cn c th cp nht nhng thng tin lin quan khc v mt i tng c th no (Ta xt nhng thng tin lin quan n mt tha t) nh : + Tn ch s hu tha t. + Din tch tha. + Ngy ng k... - Tm li khi xem xt n mt h thng GIS ta khng nhng phi quan tm n nhng i tng ho thng thng m cn phi rt ch trong vic thit k, x l i vi nhng thng tin thuc tnh i km. 1.3. CC D LIU TRONG MAPINFO Khi ngi dng to ra cc table trong Mapinfo, lu ct cc WORKSPACE, nhp hoc xut d liu. MAPINFO s to ra rt nhiu cc file vi cc phn m rng khc nhau. Cc file d liu trong MAPINFO bao gm:

- Tn file *.DAT: File d liu dng bng tnh cho mt table format ca MAPINFO. - Tn file *.MAP: Cha thng tin a l m t cc i tng trn bn . - Tn file *.TAB: y l cc file chnh cho cc table ca MAPINFO n c kt hp vi cc file khc nh .DAT, DBF - Tn file *.ID: File index cho cc i tng ho ca MAPINFO (file *.DAT). - Tn file *.DBF: File d liu bng tnh format dbase. - Tn file *.MID: Format nhp/xut d liu dng bng ca MAPINFO, file *.MID kt hp vi file .MIF. - Tn file .MIF: Format nhp/xut cho cc i tng ho ca MAPINFO, file *.MIF kt hp vi file .MID. Tn file *.TXT: File bng thuc tnh format ASCII. Tn file *.WKS: File thuc tnh format Lotus 1, 2, 3. Tn file *.WOR: File lu Workspace trong Mapinfo. 1.4. CC KHI NIM CA H THNG TIN A L GIS TRONG MAPINFO Cc i tng trn bn c chia ra thnh cc lp (LAYER). Mt lp cha cc i tng c chung cc thuc tnh cn qun l v cch lu cc thuc tnh ny trong my tnh l di cng mt dng (FORMAT). Cc i tng khng gian c chia thnh 4 loi sau: + im (POINT). + ng (LINE). + Vng (POLYGON). + Ch (TEXT). Cch th hin 4 loi i tng khng gian trn trong MAPINFO: + im: Xc nh bng mt v tr trong khng gian (X, Y). im c th hin bng cc k hiu (SYMBOL), mu sc (COLOR), kch c (SIZE). + Vng: Xc nh bng chui cc cp to ca cc ng bao khp kn trong khng gian (Xi, Yi). Vng c th hin bng cc loi t mu (PATTERN), mu sc (COLOR). + Ch : Xc nh bng mt cp to trong khng gian (X, Y) v mt dng ch. Ch c th hin bng cc kiu ch (FONT), mu sc (COLOR), kch c (SIZE), gc nghing ch (ENGLE). D liu mi lp chia thnh 2 loi: - D liu phi khng gian (Attribute Data) lu di dng mt bng hng ct (Brown). - D liu khng gian (Spatial Data) lu di dng bn c s ho (Map). 1.5. CCH T CHC THNG TIN TRONG MAPINFO Nh cp trn d liu trong MAPINFO c chia thnh 2 loi d liu khng gian v phi khng gian. Trong MAPINFO mi loi d liu trn c phng thc t chc thng tin khc nhau. 1.5.1. TABLE (Bng)

Trong MAPINFO d liu khng gian cng c phn ra thnh cc lp thng tin khc nhau (layer), mi lp thng tin khng gian c t trong mt TABLE. Ngi dng c th thc hin cc thao tc ng, m, sa i, lu ct cc TABLE ny. to thnh mt TABLE cn c t nht l 2 file, file th nht .TAB cha ton b cc cu trc ca d liu, file th hai .DAT cha d liu th (gc). Nu trong mt TABLE c cha cc i tng ho s c 2 file na i km, file .MAP m t cc i tng ho v file .ID cha cc tham s chiu lin kt gia d liu vi cc i tng ho. Mt s cc TABLE cn c th thm file .IND file ny cho php ngi s dng tm kim i tng trn bn bng lnh Find. 1.5.2. WORKSPACE (Vng lm vic) Khi nim th 2 cn quan tm trong MAPINFO l cc WORKSPACE. Mi TABLE trong MAPINFO ch cha 1 lp thng tin, trong khi trn 1 khng gian lm vic c rt nhiu lp thng tin khc nhau. WORKSPACE chnh l phng tin gp ton b lp thng tin khc nhau li to thnh 1 t bn hon chnh vi y cc yu t ni dung. Hay ni mt cch c th hn Map Info c kh nng lu gi mi trng hin c bao gm, trong mt Chng ta thng s dng workspace lu li mi trng ang lm vic m chng ta mun tip tc v sau nh s ho bn , cc lp d liu v th t nhng ca s c m, kch thc v v tr ca chng trn mn hnh, cng nh kiu ch, kiu ng, kiu biu tng, dng th hin cc i tng hay, cc bng tnh, cc biu ; lu cc bn chuyn c trang tr v sp xp trn trang in (layout). Tp tin c phn m rng l *.Wor, gi l Workspace (mi trng lm vic vo mt thi im). 1.5.3. BROWSER (bng hin th d liu thuc tnh) D liu thuc tnh m t cho cc i tng khng gian trong MAPINFO c cha trong mt bng tnh c cc hng v ct (vi hng l cc bng ghi v ct l cc trng d liu). 1.5.4. MAP (ca s hin th d liu bn ) D liu bn (a l) ca cc i tng khng gian nhm m t v tr, hnh dng trong mt h thng to nht nh. Mt ca s MAP cho php hin th cng mt lc nhiu lp thng tin (Layer) khc nhau hoc bt tt hin th mt lp thng tin no . 1.5.5. LAYOUT (trnh by in n) Cho php ngi s dng kt hp cc browser, cc ca s bn , biu v cc i tng ho khc vo mt trang in t c th gi kt qu ra my in hoc my v. 1.6. KHI NG V THOT KHI PHN MM MAPINFO 1.6.1. Khi ng phn mm MapInfo Sau khi ci t xong MapInfo, h iu hnh s to ra mt biu tng trn thanh chng trnh. Nhn p chut vo Icon ca MapInfo trn mn hnh hoc thc hin nh sau: Start Programs MapInfo MapInfo Professional 8.5 SCP

Mn hnh xut hin LOGO ca MapInfo v hp thoi Quick Start Hp thoi ny gm cc ni dung: - Restore Previous Session: Phc hi li tnh trng lm vic trc . - Open Last Used Workspace: M trang lm vic s dng ln cui cng. Pha di tu chn ny hin ra tn ca tp tin workspace m ra ln trc. - Open a Workspace: M mt trang lm vic (workspace) c. - Open a Table: M mt bng thng tin c. Ta c th nhn Cancel vo menu chnh ca MapInfo. 1.6.2. Thot khi phn mm MapInfo Khi mun thot khi MapInfo ta thc hin nh sau: File Exit. Xut hin hp thoi Save Modified Table Data.

+ Save: Ghi cc Table mt cch c la chn. + Save All: Ghi tt c cc Table ang bin tp. Discard: Khng ghi d liu trong cc Table b thay i mt cch c la chn. Discard All: Khng ghi d liu trong tt c cc Table b thay i. Sau h thng s thot ra ngoi.

CHNG 2. THC N V CC CHC NNG C BN CA N

2.1. H THNG THC N TRONG MAPINFO 2.1.1. Thc n File Thc n (Menu) File trong MapInfo c mt s chc nng nh sau: - New Table: To mt lp thng tin mi. Sau khi ra lnh to mi h thng xut hin ca s New Table. + Open New Browser: To mt lp d liu di dng bng biu. + Open New Mapper: To mt lp d liu di dng bn hoc bn v. + Add to Current Mapper: Thm mt lp d liu vo WorkSpace c sn. - Open: M mt hoc nhiu tp tin c nh dng c MapInfo h tr. - Open DBMS Connection: M mt c s d liu nm ngoi MapInfo. Nhp mt bng d liu c to ra bi phn mm khc (D liu thuc tnh) thng qua c ch ODBC (Open DataBase Connectivity) ca Windows. V d: Ta c th cp nht thng tin thuc tnh nh cc bng biu, danh sch thng k c sn trn giy bng cc phn mm nh FoxPro, Oracle... sau s dng trong MapInfo. - Close Table: ng mt lp thng tin ang m. - Close All: ng mi lp thng tin ang m. - Close DBMS Connection: ng mt lin kt DBMS. - Save Table: Ghi thng tin trn mt Table no . - Save Query: Lu mt query (kt qu ca mt php truy vn, tm kim hay mt php chn no ) thnh mt bng ring. - Save workspace: Lu workspace. - Save Window as: Lu ca s ang c kch hot thnh mt tp tin hnh nh. - Revert Table: Hu b nhng thay i c thc hin nhng cha ra lnh lu. - Save Copy As: Ghi mt bn thng tin ang m. - Page Set Up: nh dng trang in. - Print: In mt ca s ca MapInfo. - Recent Files: Lit k danh sch cc tp tin c m trc . - Exit: Thot khi MapInfo, tng ng vi t hp phm <Alt>+<F4>. 2.1.2. Thc n Edit Thc n ny cho php thc hin cc lnh lin quan n vic chnh sa cc i tng hay d liu cng nh xem thng tin.

- Undo: Hu b lnh va c thc hin. - Cut: Xo bn ghi/i tng ang c chn (d liu v phn ho trn bn ). - Copy/Copy Map Window: Copy bn ghi/i tng ang c chn. - Paste: Dn/chuyn nhng g c ct/chp (lnh Cut/Copy) ln bng d liu hay ln bn . - Clear: Xo i tng ho hay bn ghi ang c chn. - Clear Map Object Only: i vi mt bng va c i tng ho (bn ) va c d liu, lnh ny xo cc i tng ho nhng gi li phn d liu. Lc ny bng ca MapInfo l mt bng thc s (ch cn d liu ch khng cn bn na). - Reshape: Chnh sa hnh dng i tng. y l lnh dng chnh sa hnh dng cc i tng ho bng cch chnh sa cc nt ca chng. - New Row: Thm mt hng mi vo bng MapInfo. - Get Info: Xem thng tin trong bng d liu ca i tng c chn. 2.1.3. Thc n Tools Thc n Tools cho php thit lp ch khi ng v chy cc ng dng ca MapBasic, cc lnh chuyn i nh dng bn s cng nh mt s lnh lin quan n cc thng tin trn internet hay cc a ch web. - Crystal Reports: M/to bo co Crystal v thng tin trong mt bng MapInfo. - Run MapBasic Program: Chy chng trnh MapBasic. MapBasic l mt phn mm cho php ta lp trnh to thm chc nng cho MapInfo ngoi nhng chc nng c sn ca chng trnh chnh. - Tool Manager: Qun l cc chng trnh MapBasic. Lnh ny cho php iu chnh ch khi ng ca nhng chng trnh MapBasic v c th ng k thm ng dng MapBasic. - Mapping Wizard Tool: L lnh gip thc hin cc lnh ca MapInfo qua tng bc hng dn. - MetaData Browser Launcher: Khi ng mt lin kt vo internet v gip tm kim cc bn s c trn mng. MetaData Browser ch khi ng nu c ci t. - Universal Translator: Trnh ng dng cho php dch cc bn s c nh dng khc sang MapInfo hay ngc li. Trnh ng dng ny h tr dch mt s nh dng bn s ph bin khc nh AutoCAD, ESRI Shape (Arcview), Intergraph/Microstation Design. 2.1.4. Thc n Objects Thc n Objects gm cc lnh chnh sa trn ca s bn .

- Set Target: t i tng chn thnh i tng mc tiu. - Clear Target: Hu thit lp mc tiu. - Combine: Kt hp cc i tng chn thnh mt i tng mi. - Disaggregate: Tch i tng. - Buffer: To vng m cho mt hay nhiu i tng ang c chn. Lnh ny to ra mt hay nhiu i tng kiu vng bao xung quanh (cc) i tng c chn vi bn knh vng m do ta xc nh. - Convex Hull: To ra mt a gic li chy quanh cc nt ngoi cng ca nhng i tng c chn. - Enclose: To ra (cc) vng t cc ng ct nhau khp kn. - Voronoi: Chia mt khu vc ra thnh cc vng. - Split: Phn tch i tng chn thnh cc i tng mi. - Erase: Xo mt phn (hay ton b) mt hay nhiu i tng mc tiu chn bn trong i tng khc. - Erase Outside: Xo phn khng chung (nm ngoi) ca mt hay nhiu i tng. Phn b xo l phn khng chung vi (cc) i tng ct. (Cc) i tng chu tc ng ca lnh ny phi c thit lp l mc tiu. Trong cc lnh Split, Erase v Erase Outside i tng ct phi l vng. - Polyline Split: Lnh ny dng ng ct ng hay vng. - Overlay nodes: To im chung (nt) gia mt hay nhiu i tng c thit lp l mc tiu vi mt hay nhiu i tng c chn. - Check Regions: Lnh ny gip kim tra li cc lp kiu vng sau khi s ho. - Clean: Lm sch vng. Lnh Clean cho php ta nhanh chng sa li cc bng kiu vng. - Snap/Thin: Lnh ny t ng tinh chnh cc i tng sau khi s ho. N cho php nhp hai nt st nhau trn hai hay nhiu i tng khc nhau li chung mt v tr, loi b nt gia trong 3 nt gn nh thng hng, xo b cc vng c din tch nh hn din tch ch nh. - Smooth: Lm trn cc i tng chn. - Unsmooth: Kh tc dng lm trn i tng ca lnh Smooth trc . - Convert to Region: L lnh i ng thnh vng. - Convert to Polyline: i vng thnh ng. 2.1.5. Thc n Query Thc n ny bao gm cc lnh lin quan n vic chn v tm thng tin.

 - Select: Chn i tng/bn ghi trong mt bng thng qua cc ch ti u cho trc v thc hin ng thi vic tng hp cc d liu thuc tnh cho cc d liu c chn. - SQL Select: Chn bng SQL - Structured Query Language (Ngn ng Truy vn c Cu trc), y cng l lnh chn nhng SQL Select c cu trc lnh phc tp hn ng thi n cho php ta chn d liu mnh hn so vi lnh Select. - Select All: Chn tt c cc i tng trong cng mt lp i tng ang c chn. - Invert Selection: o ngc php chn, tc kh chn nhng i tng ang c chn v chn nhng i tng trc khng c chn trong mt bng. - Unselect All: Kh chn tt c nhng i tng/bn ghi ang c chn. - Find: Lnh ny tm kim cc i tng theo mt ch tiu cho trc v nh du n. - Find Selection: Hin th cc i tng ang chn vo ca s hin thi trn mn hnh. - Calculate Statistics: Hin th ca s thng tin tnh ton thng k 2.1.6. Thc n Table Thc n ny bao gm cc lnh lin quan n d liu ca cc lp bn , cc d liu ngoi MapInfo v mt s lnh v nh qut ng k vo MapInfo. - Update Column: Thay i gi tr ca cc trng d liu trong Table. Thc hin lin kt cc i tng trong cc Table theo trng d liu thuc tnh chung v theo phn b a l. - Append Rows to Table: Ghp ni cc bn ghi ca hai Table c cng cu trc d liu thnh 1 Table mi. - Geocode: M a ho cc i tng trong bn - Create Points: To i tng im trn c s c d liu c sn. - Combine Objects using Column: Kt hp cc i tng ho theo gi tr ca trng d liu. - Import: Lnh ny cho php nhp cc tp tin c nh dng khc vo MapInfo. Cc nh dng tp tin c th nhp c vo MapInfo l MapInfo Interchange (*.mif), AutoCAD DXF (*.dxf), MapInfo DOS MBI (*.mbi), MapInfo DOS MMI (*.mmi), MapInfo DOS Image (*.img). - Export: Lnh ny xut d liu trong bng MapInfo sang mt nh dng khc. Cc nh dng c h tr l MapInfo Interchange (*.mif), Delimited ASCII (*.txt), AutoCAD DXF (*.dxf) v dBASE DBF (*.dbf). - Maintenance: Chnh sa cu trc bng d liu ca MapInfo nh thm trng, thay i thuc tnh, kch thc trng,... (Table structure), xo Table, i tn Table, ng gi d liu (pack Table) - Raster: iu chnh nh qut (nh raster) trong MapInfo. Ta c th iu chnh tng phn, sng cng nh trong sut (Translucency) ca nh qut c m trong MapInfo. N cng cho php thay i ng k to nh qut trong MapInfo. 2.1.7. Thc n Options Thc n ny gm cc lnh nh dng i tng ho trong MapInfo, cc lnh hin th cc ca s v cc thanh cng c v nhng thit lp cc tu chn ca MapInfo.

- Line Style: nh dng kiu ng. - Region Style: nh dng kiu vng. - Symbol Style: nh dng biu tng. - Text Style: nh dng kiu ch. - Toolbar: Bt/tt v iu chnh ch hin th cc thanh cng c ca MapInfo. - Show/Hide Theme Legend Window: Bt/tt ca s ch gii. - Show/Hide Statistics Window: Bt/tt ca s thng k. - Show/Hide MapBasic Window: Bt/tt ca s MapBasic. - Show/Hide Status Bar: Bt/tt thanh trng thi ca h thng. - Custom Colors: To thm mu theo mun ngi dng. - Preferences: Thit lp cc cu hnh h thng ca MapInfo. 2.1.8. Thc n Map - Layer Control: Kim sot lp, lnh ny dng iu chnh vic hin th v tnh cht cc lp ang m. Trong mc Layer hin th tn ca cc Table ang c m. + Visible cho php ta chn ch hin th hoc khng hin th Table thng qua vic chn hoc khng chn. + Editable cho php ta chn ch sa cha hoc khng sa cha Table thng qua vic chn hoc khng chn. + Selectable cho php ta chn ch c la chn cc phn t ho trong Table hay khng c nh du thng qua vic chn hoc khng chn. + Show Centroid cho php ta chn ch hin th hoc khng hin th c s d liu c cp vo Table thng qua vic chn hoc khng chn (gn nhn). - Create 3D Map: To bn 3 chiu t mt tp tin grid (li). Tp tin grid ny c to ra bng lnh Create Thematic Map. - Create Prism Map: To bn ba chiu dng lng tr (prism) theo d liu do ta ch nh. Ch c nhng bng kiu vng mi chy c lnh ny. - Create Thematic Map: To bn chuyn . - Modify Thematic Map: iu chnh bn ch c to thnh trong lnh trn. - Create Legend: Lm ch gii cho bn . - Change view: Thay i t l v v tr ca bn bng cch np thng s. - Clone View: M ra mt ca s bn mi y ht nh ca s bn ang c kch hot. - Previous View: Quay tr li ch hin th trc ca ca s bn ang c kch hot.

- View Entire Layer: Hin th ht ni dung ca mt hay tt c cc lp bn ang m trong ca s bn c kch hot. - Clear Custom Labels: Xo cc nhn c to ra mt cch th cng. - Save Cosmetic Objects: Lu li ni dung trn lp Cosmetic thnh mt lp mi hay lu vo mt lp bn ang m. - Clear Cosmetic Layer: Xo b ni dung trn lp Cosmetic. - Set Clip Region: Thit lp vng ct. Lnh ny cho php ta ch hin th bn trong gii hn ca vng c chn. - Clip Region On/Off: Bt/tt vng ct, l On khi c vng ct v cha bt ln, Off khi vng ct c bt ln. - Digitizer Setup: Ci t bn s ho. - Options: iu chnh cc tu chn trong ca s bn (n v to , khong cch, din tch, ch ca s bn phng to, thu nh, cch thc hin th thng tin trn ca s bn ,...) 2.1.9. Thc n Window Thc n ny gm cc lnh m/iu chnh s hin th ca cc ca s - New Browser Window: M mt ca s thng tin thuc tnh. - New Map Windows: M mt ca s bn mi. - New Graph Window: Thc hin lnh v biu / th. - New Redistrict Window: Thc hin lnh phn chia nhm (Redistrict). - Redraw Window: V li ca s ang c kch hot cp nht nhng thay i nu c. - Tile Windows: Sp xp tt c cc ca s ang m sao cho chng u c hin th trn mn hnh. - Cascade Windows: Sp xp cc ca s thng tin ang m theo lp. - Arrange Icons: Sp xp li cc nt lnh. Phn di cng ca menu Window lit k danh sch cc ca s ang c m. 2.2. CC HP THANH CNG C QUAN TRNG TRONG MAPINFO 2.2.1. Thanh cng c chun (Standard Toolbar) Thanh cng c ny gm c cc nt lnh sau:

1 2 3

5 6 7

8 9 10 11 12 13 14

1 - New Table Button: To mt bng mi. 2 - Open Table Button: M mt bng c sn. 3 - Save Table Button: Lu mt bng. 4 - Print Window Button: In ra my in.

5 - Cut Button: Ct mt hay nhiu i tng. 6 - Copy Button: Sao chp cc i tng. 7 - Paste Button: Dn mt hay nhiu i tng. 8 - Undo Button: Hu b mt lnh va thc hin. 9 - New Browser Button: To mt bng d liu mi. 10 - New Mapper Button: M mt ca s bn mi. 11 - New Grapher Button: V biu / th. 12 - New Layout Button: M mt ca s trnh by mi. 13 - New Redistricter Button: Thc hin lnh phn chia nhm. 14 - Help Button: Gi tr gip. 2.2.2. Thanh cng c chnh (Main Toolbar) 1 - Select Button: Chn i tng trn ca s bn , gi phm <Shift> chn nhiu i tng hay nhiu bn ghi mt lc. 2 - Marquee Select Button: Chn cc i tng trn bn theo hnh ch nht (hoc hnh vung). 3 - Radius Select Button: Chn cc i tng trn bn theo hnh trn. 4 - Polygon Select Button: Chn bng cch v mt vng. 5 - Boundary Select Button: Chn bng cch nhp chut ln mt vng trn mt lp bn , nhng i tng c trng tm nm trong vng nhng thuc mt lp khc s c chn. 6 - Unselect All Button: Kh chn tt c nhng i tng/bn ghi ang c chn. 7 - Invert Selection Button: o ngc php chn, c ngha l kh chn nhng i tng ang c chn v chn nhng i tng khng c chn trong mt bng. 8 - Graph Select Button: Chn mt gi tr trn biu . 9 - Zoom-in Button: Phng to ca s mn hnh. 10 - Zoom-out Button: Thu nh ca s mn hnh. 11- Change View Button: Thay i t l v v tr bn bng cch np gi tr. Tng ng vi lnh Change View trong menu Map. 12- Grabber Button: S dng cng c (ko) thay i li v tr ca bn hoc layout trong ca s ang hin th 13- Info Tool Button: Hin th ca s thng tin thuc tnh ca i tng. 14- Hot Link Button: M mt tp tin nh dng khc trn my tnh hay mt a ch trn mng, c lin kt vi mt i tng/bn ghi trong bng MapInfo thng qua vic thit lp ng dn trong mt trng ca bng. 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

15- Label Button: Dn nhn th cng cc i tng trn ca s bn bng cc thng tin ly t c s d liu quan h.

16- Drag Map Window Button: Ko mt ca s bn sang mt phn mm khc. Mun thc hin iu ny ta phi m hai ca s ng thi, ca s MapInfo v ca s ng dng kia, Word chng hn, ri chn nt ny, con tr chut trn ca s bn , r chut sang ca s kia. Bn s c chn vo v tr du nhc trong phn mm kia. 17- Layer Control Button: iu khin cc lp thng tin. Truy nhp vo hp thoi Layer control ch nh v kim sot ton b cc table trong ca s bn ang c hin th. Trong hp thoi ny ngi s dng c th t cc tu chn nh hin th hoc khng hin th cc i tng hc trong mt layer (Visible), chn layer sa cha (Editable) cho php chn hay khng cc i tng ho trn bn , t cc xc lp hin th cho tng kiu i tng c trong layer (ng, im, vng, text), sp xp li th t cc layer ang hin th trong ca s bn , thm vo hoc bt i (Add, remove) trong ca s ang hin th mt hay nhiu layer... 18- Ruler Button: o khong cch trn bn . 19- Show/Hide Legend Button: Bt/tt ca s ch gii. 20- Show/Hide Statistics Button: Bt/tt ca s thng k. 21- Set Target District Button: Thit lp nhm cha i tng c chn trn ca s bn thnh mt nhm mc tiu trong ca s Districts Browser. 22- Assign Selected Objects Button: Gn i tng c chn vo nhm mc tiu. 24- Clip Region On/Off Button: Bt/tt ch ct vng. 24- Set Clip Region Button: Thit lp vng ct. 2.2.3. Thanh cng c v (Drawing Toolbar) 1- Symbol Button: To i tng im trn bn . 2- Line Button: To i tng ng thng. 3- Polyline Button: To i tng ng gp khc. 4- Arc Button: To ng vng cung. 5- Polygon Button: To i tng vng hnh a gic. 6- Ellipse Button: To i tng vng hnh ellipse. Gi phm <Shift> khi r chut s to ra mt hnh trn. 7- Rectangle Button: To i tng vng hnh ch nht. Gi phm <Shift> khi r chut s to ra hnh vung. 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

15 8- Rounded Rectangle Button: To i tng vng hnh ch nht bo trn gc, gi phm <Shift> khi r chut s to ra hnh vung gc bo trn. 9- Text Button: To i tng ch. 10- Frame Button: To cc khung ca s trn trang trnh by. 11- Reshape Button: To iu khin bt/ tt cc im nt ca i tng. 12- Add Node Button: To thm im nt cho i tng. 13- Symbol Style Button: Chn/chnh kiu biu tng. 14- Line Style Button: Chn/chnh kiu ng 15- Region Style Button: Chn/chnh kiu vng 16- Text Style Button: Chn/chnh kiu ch.

2.2.4. Thanh cng c dng c (Tools Toolbar) 1. Run MapBasic Program: Kch hot chng trnh load Run MapBasic Program. 2. Show/Hide MapBasic Window: a ra hoc ct i chng trnh MapBasic Window. 3. Creat line by length: To ng bng cch a cc thng s v di v gc. 4. Creat Grid: To li vung cho bn . 5. Text Label: Vit tn cho i tng (nhn). 6. Launch Metadata Browser: Khi ng trnh tm kim bn s trn mng. 7. Draw Scale Bar: To thc t l cho bn . Tt c nhng hp cng c ny c load t File (Run Basic Program, tuy nhin mun xo chng khi hp cng c TOOLS, bn ch cn vo TOOLS v chn ng tn (ri chn Exit cc biu tng s ct i). 1 3 4 6 7 2 5

CHNG 3. XY DNG D LIU KHNG GIAN

3.1. CHUN B BN (BN NGUN) ng k bn giy vo MapInfo, trc ht bn phi c chuyn thnh nh o trn my tnh bng my qut (scanner). nh qut v my tnh s c x l li cho r nt v chnh xc bng phn mm x l nh. Nu t bn qu ln m ta ch c my qut nh th phi qut nhiu ln v rp nh li trong phn mm x l nh. nh x l xong nn c lu li di mt trong nhng nh dng nh m MapInfo h tr. Nhng nh dng nh sau c h tr: - MrSID: nh nh dng MrSID, ui m rng .sid, file ca trnh iu khin nh (MrSID raster Handler). - Windows Bitmap: nh nh dng chun ca h iu hnh Window, ui m rng .bmp. - GIF: nh nh dng ca Graphics Interchange Format, ui m rng .gif. - JPEG: Chun nn nh ca Joint Photographic Expert Group, ui m rng .jpg. - PCX: Chun nh s ca ZSoft Paintbrush, ui m rng .pcx. - SPOT: Chun nh v tinh ca Php (Satellite Pour Observation de la Terre), ui m rng .bil. - TGA: Chun nh s ca Targa True Vision TGA, ui m rng .tga. - TIFF: Chun nh s ca Tagged Image File Format, ui m rng .tif. 3.2. NG K BN QUT VO MAPINFO Bn c qut qua my qut (scanner) to nn cc tp tin nh vi phn m rng l *.tif, ,*.jpg, *.bmp, tu theo kch thc bn m qut thnh nhng tp tin nh kh A4 (vi my qut thng dng), hay A3,... s dng cc tp tin nh ny nh l bn giy, ta phi khai bo ng nhp to ca n v c th s dng nh bn nn trong qu trnh s ho. Tuy nhin trong qu trnh thu thp bn giy c 3 trng hp xy ra: bn giy c thng tin v li chiu v to , bn giy khng c thng tin v li chiu v to nhng chng ta c bn s v khu vc v bn giy nhng hon ton khng c thng tin g v li chiu v to . Lc ny, tu vo tng trng hp ta s c phng php ng k bn dod qut vo phn mm MapInfo khc nhau: 3.2.1. ng k nh qut khi bit thng tin v li chiu v to a l: Cch ng k nh qut nh sau: - Chn File > Open Table. Xut hin hp thoi Open Table. - Chn Files of type l Raster Image ri chn nh qut cn ng k. - Xut hin hp thoi MapInfo. - Chn Register vo hp thoi Image Registration ng k nh qut. + Edit: Chnh sa to ca im khng ch. + Remove: Xo mt im. + Find: Tm n im khng ch trn mn hnh bn .

+ Add: Thm mt im khng ch. + Projection: Chn h quy chiu cho bn . Xut hin hp thoi Choose Projection. Chn loi li chiu Category v tn h to ph hp khu vc nghin cu Category Members.

Nu mun khai bo theo to a l (kinh v v ) th chn Longtitude/Latitude trong mc Category. Trong phn Category Memebers, tu theo h quy chiu ca bn m chng ta c th khai bo: Longtitude/Latitude chung cho cc h quy chiu. Longtitude/Latitude (WGS 84) nu h quy chiu l UTM. Longtitude/Latitude (Pulkovo 1942) nu h quy chiu l Gauss. Nu mun khai bo theo h quy chiu, trng hp h quy chiu l UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) ta chn Universal Transverse Mercator (WGS 84) trong mc Category. Tip theo tu theo v tr ca tng vng kho st m chn UTM Zone 48, Northern Hemisphere (WGS 84) hay UTM Zone 49, Northern Hemisphere (WGS 84). Trng hp h quy chiu l Gauss, trong mc Category chng ta c th chn Gauss

- Kriuger (Pulkovo 1942), v trong phn Category Members chn GK Zone 18 (Pulkovo 1942).

T ngy 12/07/2000, Th Tng Chnh ph a ra quyt nh s 83/2000/Q-TTg v vic p dng H quy chiu v H to quc gia VN-2000. Trong trng hp bn H quy chiu VN-2000, ta chn VN-2000 su dung noi bo mc Category, tip theo tu theo v tr ca tng khu vc kho st v loi bn m ta c nhng tu chn khc nhau. S dng li chiu hnh tr ngang ng gc vi mi chiu 60 c h s iu chnh t l bin dng chiu di k0 = 0,9996 th hin cc bn a hnh c bn, bn nn, bn hnh chnh quc gia t l t 1:500.000 n 1:25.000. V d: VN-2000 KT 105 mi 6. S dng li chiu hnh tr ngang ng gc vi mi chiu 30 c h s iu chnh t l bin dng chiu di k0 = 0,9999 th hin cc bn a hnh c bn, bn nn, bn hnh chnh t l t 1:10.000 n 1:2.000. V d: VN-2000 KT 108 mui 3. S dng li chiu hnh tr ngang ng gc vi mi chiu ph hp c h s iu chnh t l bin dng chiu di k0=0,9999 th hin h thng bn a chnh c s v bn a chnh cc loi t l, kinh tuyn trc c quy nh cho tng tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng. V d: VN-2000 Thua Thien - Hue mui 3. + Units: Chn n v.

+ Np to ca cc im khng ch vo bn trong hp thoi Image Registration bng cch nhp chut vo im bit to , hp thoi Add Control Point m ra, np to cho im khng ch vo hai MapX v MapY (X l kinh , Y l v ). To np vo phi c tnh bng thp phn. + Di chuyn bn tm im khng ch bng hai thanh trt ngang v ng, bm nt "+" v "-" phng to hay thu nh bn . - Sau khi np to cc im khng ch, kim tra sai s (tnh bng pixel). Nu c th chn OK trong hp thoi Image Registration m nh qut.
Bi tp p dng Bi tp 1: ng k nh qut bn khi bit h quy chiu. - ng k nh qut bn a hnh phn Ty Bc Hu (Tay Bac Hue.jpg) nm trong mnh bn a hnh Thnh ph Hu, E-48-96-A (6541 IV) theo h quy chiu VN-2000. - ng k nh qut bn Thuathienhue.tif theo h quy chiu UTM.

3.2.2. ng k nh qut theo bn s khc c sn ca cng khu vc

Mun ng k mt bn dng nh qut vo MapInfo, phi bit to ca t nht 3 im th mi ng k ng c. Tuy nhin nu ta c mt bn s trn MapInfo ca cng khu vc vi bn nh qut mun ng k th c th ly ngay cc to trn bng MapInfo v s dng lm im khng ch ng k nh qut theo bn c. Vic ny c thc hin bng lnh Select Control Point from Map (chn im khng ch t bn ). Cch thc hin nh sau: 1 - M bn s c cng khu vc vi nh qut cn ng k ra (ta c th m mt nh qut khc ng k ri cng c). 2 - M bn nh qut mun ng k ra bng lnh File > Open Table, trong Files of Type chn Raster Image (*.bil, *.tif, *.grd,...). 3 - Mt hp thoi m ra hi ta mun ng k (Register) hay ch hin th nh (Display) nh qut. Nhp chut chn Register. Hp thoi Image Registration m ra. 4 - Chn h quy chiu cho nh qut mun ng k bng nt Projection, chn n v bng nt Units. Trong phng php ng k nh qut kiu ny th h quy chiu v n v ca nh qut cn ng k phi trng vi h quy chiu ca bn s m ta s dng ly to cc im khng ch. 5 - Di chuyn nh qut trn hp thoi Image Registration n vng c im khng ch mun ly. C th phng to hay thu nh nh qut nu cn. 6 - Chn nt cng c Grabber trn thanh cng c Main. 7 - Dng nt cng c ny di chuyn bn s trong ca s bn n cng mt vng vi nh qut. C th dng hai nt cng c phng to-thu nh thay i phng i ca bn s nu cn. Trong tnh hung ny, thy hp thoi Image Registration khng bin mt m thanh tiu ca hp thoi ny ch chuyn sang mu xm m thi. V th nh di chuyn bn sao cho vng d kin chn ly im khng ch khng b hp thoi ny che khut. 8 - T menu chnh chn Table > Raster > Select Control Point fromMap. 9 - Di chuyn chut li ca s bn , con tr chut bin thnh hnh du cng. Nhp chut ln v tr chn lm im khng ch. 10 - Hp thoi Add Control Point m ra. hai MapX v MapY hin th to ca im mi nhp chut. Hai ImageX v ImageY hin gi tr 0. C th t tn cho im khng ch trong Label. Ta chn OK chp nhn ly im khng ch . To ca im c a vo hp thoi Image Registration. 11 - Quay li hp thoi Image Registration nhp chut ln chn im khng ch mi c a vo. Pha di hin ln dng thng bo: Click on Image to modify points coordinates (nhp chut ln nh thay i to im). 12 - Di chuyn chut li phn nh qut. Con tr chut bin th hnh du cng. Nhp nh chut ln nh qut ngay ti im trng vi im nhp chut trn bn s trc . 13 - Hp thoi Edit Control Point m ra. Lc ny hp thoi hin ra li to ca im nhp chut trong bn s lc u trong hai MapX v MapY. Trong hai ImageX v ImageY lc ny khng phi l gi tr 0 na m hin ra to ca im ta mi nhp chut trn

nh qut (to ny tnh bng im nh - pixel). Nh vy to t bn s c gn ln im nhp chut trn nh qut cn ng k. 14 - Nhp chut chn OK kt thc ng k im th nht. 15 - Thc hin li t bc 5 n bc 7 di chuyn nh qut v bn s n v tr cn ng k th hai. 16 - Trn hp thoi Image Registration nhp chut chn nt New chun b np im khng ch th hai, th 3 v 4. Xem sai s khi ng k nh qut bit c c th chp nhn c sai s hay khng. 19 - Sau khi np s lng im khng ch cn thit, nhp chut vo nt OK trn hp thoi Image Registration kt thc qu trnh ng k nh qut.
Bi tp p dng Bi tp 2. ng k nh qut bn theo mt bn s c sn. ng k nh qut bn gii tha x Ph Thanh (PTHANH GT.tif) theo bn s c sn ca lnh th x Ph Thanh, huyn Ph Vang, tnh Tha Thin Hu.

3.2.3. ng k nh qut khi khng c thng tin v li chiu v to i khi ta cng c nhu cu x l mt bn trong MapInfo m khng bit to . Hoc cng c th ta mun x l mt bn khng lin quan n to a l trn b mt qu t, v d nh bn v mt l t chng hn. Trong trng hp ta vn c th ng k mt bn qut khng c to vo MapInfo s ho v s dng cc lnh ca MapInfo. Mt bn khng bit to hoc khng cn to khi ng k vo MapInfo cng phi bit t l th cc tnh ton a l mi chnh xc c. Mt bn trong MapInfo khng s dng h to qu t th h to n s dng c gi l h to phi qu t (Non-Earth). Khi ng k bn theo h kinh /v , MapInfo s cn c trn cc im khng ch hin th nh qut cho ng vi h to c chn. nh qut trong my tnh khc vi nh giy bnh thng. Mt nh qut trong my tnh thc cht bao gm nhiu im nh hnh vung gi l pixel - im nh (vit tt ca ch picture element). Mi mt im nh c mt mu xc nh. S mu ca mt nh qut tu thuc vo nh dng ca nh qut . V d nh thang xm 8 bit s c 256 cp xm (28 = 256) t mu trng n mu en, nh mu 24 bit s c 224 = 16777216 mu (hn 16,7 triu mu). My tnh qun l nh qut theo tng im nh v gi tr mu ca im nh . Khi quan st mt nh qut trn my tnh, v kch thc im nh qu nh nn ta khng nhn thy cc im nh. Nhng nu phng to nh qut ra th ta s nhn thy nhng im nh ny. Mi im nh trn nh qut s c 3 thng s, to ca im nh theo trc x v y v gi tr mu ca im nh . To ca im nh l v tr ca im nh trn nh, tc im nh nm hng th my v ct th my. Gc to ca nh nm gc trn bn tri ca tm nh. Trong h to ca nh qut chiu dng ca trc tung (trc y) l chiu t trn xung, cn chiu dng ca trc honh (trc x) l chiu t tri sang phi. Trong khi h to

 phi qu t trong MapInfo li ly gc to l gc di bn tri. V vy trc Y trong nh qut v trc Y trong MapInfo c chiu ngc nhau.

A. H to ca nh qut v B: h to phi qu t trong MapInfo (h to Descartes). Khi ng k nh qut c to theo h to ca Tri t (kinh /v ), ta phi s dng mt trong nhng h quy chiu c MapInfo h tr. Trong h to theo kinh /v ca qu t, gc to 0 l giao im ca ng kinh tuyn gc v ng xch o. ng kinh tuyn gc l trc Y v ng xch o l trc X. Chiu dng ca v l chiu hng ln trn (hng bc) v chiu dng ca kinh l chiu hng sang phi (hng ng).

Khi ng k nh qut khng c to , MapInfo s dng h trc to Descartes vi chiu ca trc tung v trc honh cng ging vi chiu ca h to kinh/v . Do h to ca nh qut v h to phi qu t (Non-Earth) m MapInfo s dng c trc tung ngc chiu nhau v vy khi ng k nh qut ta phi i du gi tr y ca cc im khng ch. Cch ng k nh qut ng k theo h to phi qu t cng phi bit t l th mi ng k ng c. Ta c th s dng ngay h to ca Photoshop ly to ca cc im khng ch, sau quy i chng ra khong cch trn thc a bng cch nhn vi t l ca bn . Khi np to cc im khng ch trong hp thoi Image Registation ca MapInfo, ta i du gi tr Y (tc trc tung). Nu khng i du, do ch hin th ca nh qut trong MapInfo b ph thuc vo nh qut v th ta khng thy nh qut b ngc chiu. Nhng khi s ho trn nh qut ny v ch m bn s ho th bn s s b lt ngc. Nhng bn s nh vy khng th chnh sa c. Ta s xem xt mt v d di y. Ta c mt nh qut l bn hin trng s dng t nm 2005 ca th x ng H, tnh Qung Tr, t l 1/400.000, tp tin c tn l HTDH_2005.jpg. Cc bc thc hin ng k nh sau: 1- Khi ng phn mm Photoshop v m nh qut ra. 2- Bt thc o ngang v ng ca Photoshop ln nu cha bt. Cch lm: t menu chnh ca Photoshop chn View > Show Ruler.

3- Chuyn thc o trn Photoshop thnh centimet. Cch lm: t menu chnh chn Edit > Preferences > Units and Rulers. Hp thoi Preferences m ra. 4- Trong Units, phn Rulers, i n v o thnh cm. 5- Chn trc trn t bn qut nhng im no c s dng lm im khng ch. Nguyn tc chn im khng ch trong trng hp ny cng ging nh khi ng k theo kinh /v . Ta nn chn ti thiu l 4 im thy c sai s. 6- Bt ca s bo to v tr con tr chut ln, cch lm: t menu chnh chn Window > Show Info. 7- Nhp chut chn cng c Rectangular Marquee Tool Photoshop. 8- Di chuyn chut tr li nh qut. Con tr chut bin thnh hnh du cng. Khi di chuyn cht trong nh qut, trn hai thc o ngang v ng hin ra hai ng chm chm mnh cho ta bit to v tr con tr chut. ng thi trn ca s Info, gc di bene tri cng hin ra hai gi tr X v Y cho ta bit chnh xc to ca con tr. 9- Di chuyn con tr chut n im khng ch th nht, ghi li to X v Y ca v tr trn ca s Info. 10- Tng t di chuyn con tr chut n tt c cc v tr chn lm im khng ch v ln lt ghi li cc cp to (X, Y) ca cc im . Lm xong ng tp tin nh li v thot khi Photoshop. Gi s ta chn bn im khng ch c cc to nh sau: im 1: (x= 3.68, y =2.53); im 2: (x = 6.25, y = 12.74); im 3: (x = 11.42, y = 2.53); im 4: (x = 11.42, y = 10.20). V thc t l ta chn y l cm nn cc gi tr to y c tnh bng centimt. `Ta tin hnh quy i cc to ny v kch thc trn thc a. Cch lm: 11- Bn ny c t l l 1:40,000 vy 1cm = 40,000 cm = 0.4 km trn thc a. Nh vy to trn nh ca im 1 l (3.68,2.53) (cm) nn to ca im tnh theo t l thc a s l x = 3.68 x 0.4 v y = 2.53 x 0.4, tc l (x = 1.472, y = 1.012) (km). Tng t nh vy ta tnh li to cc im khng ch theo t l thc. Kt qu l cc im khng ch s c to thc nh sau: im 1: (x= 1.472, y =1.012); im 2: (x = 2.5, y = 5.112); im 3: (x = 4.568, y = 1.012); im 4: (x = 4.568, y = 4.08).

Sau khi c to ca 4 im khng ch trn thc a, ta tin hnh ng k to vo MapInfo nh sau: 12- Khi ng MapInfo. 13- T hp thoi Quick Start chn Open a Table hay t menu chnh chn File > Open Table. Hp thoi Open Table m ra. 14- Trong hp thoi m bng, File of Type chn Raster Image, trong Look in, m th mc lu tp tin nh qut HTDH_2005.jpg v chn tp tin ny ri nhp chut chn Open. Hp thoi hi ng k nh m ra. 15- Chn Register. Hp thoi Image Registration m ra. 16- Nhp chut chn nt Projection, hp thoi Choose Projection m ra. 17- Trong Category nhp chut vo nt th xung chn Non-Earth; di Category Members chn Non-Earth (kilometers) (v to ta tnh phn trn theo kilmt). Xong chn OK quay li hp thoi Image Registration. Nu nhp chut vo nt Units ta s thy n v tnh s c i thnh kilometers. 18- Dng hai thanh cun ngang v ng di chuyn bn n im ng k th nht. C th phng to hay thu nh bn thy r. Thng thng ta nn phng to bn chm im khng ch cho chnh xc. 19- Nhp chut vo v tr im khng ch th nht. Hp thoi Add Control Point m ra. 20- Np to x v y ca im khng ch th nht vo MapX v MapY. Nh trnh by, trc to Y trong nh qut v MapInfo ngc chiu nhau nn pha trc gi tr y ta phi g du tr (-) i chiu li theo MapInfo. Du tr phi nm st vo con s ch khng c cch ra. Lm xong chn OK. 21- Di chuyn bn n cc im khng ch khc v np to mt cch tng t.

22- Kim tra sai s xem c chp nhn c hay khng. Nu c chn OK kt thc. nh qut s c m ra. Nu sai s th kim tra xem sai s v l do g, nhp chut chn im sai v nhn nt Edit chnh sa li nu cn. Khi ng k nh qut theo h quy chiu phi qu t v s ho trn MapInfo theo bn qut , cn lu mt s vn sau: - Bn s da theo nh qut ng k nh trn ch hin th c cc vt th c s ho trong ranh gii ca nh qut m thi, nu ta s ho thm nhng vt th nm ngoi nh qut th khi va v xong chng s b bp vo st mp ca nh qut v khng cn hnh dng v na. - Khi thc hin tnh ton a l (chiu di, din tch) trong bn s ho theo h to phi qu t, MapInfo p dng cch tnh theo h to Descartes phng hai chiu. Gi tr tnh ton c trong MapInfo c sai s nhng thc ra cng khng nhiu v cc bn s theo kiu Non-Earth thng ch c s dng trong mt phm vi rt nh so vi b mt a cu, v trong trng hp mt cong a cu gn nh mt phng. - Trong v d trn ta ly gc to l gc trn bn tri c th tn dng cch ly to im khng ch trong Photoshop cho tin. V mt nguyn tc, khi ng k nh qut theo h to phi qu t, ta c th chn gc to ti bt k v tr no, thm ch ngoi gii hn nh qut cng c. Tuy nhin nu chn mt gc to bt k th vic tnh ton to cc im khng ch khng d v mt thi gian. - Khi qut nh v m nh ra trong Photoshop, khong cch hin th trong Photoshop bng ng vi kch thc nh giy lc qut vo, khng ph thuc vo vic ta chn phn gii khi qut l bao nhiu. - i vi mt nh qut cn a vo MapInfo m khng bit t l, nu c mt bn s khc hay mt nh qut ng k khc ca cng khu vc, ta c th thc hin phng php ng k to theo mt bng MapInfo c. Khi ng k nh qut m c mt im no sai s nhiu nhng khng th chnh sa bng cch thay i v tr im khng ch hay thay i to im khng ch, hoc cng khng th tm c nh qut cht lng tt hn th nn tng thm s lng im khng ch. Cc im khng ch mi nn c thm vo vng xung quanh im sai s nhiu ng thi thm mt s im khng ch vo vng gia nh qut. Nu ch np 3 im khng ch th sai s ng k nh lun bng 0 pixel d ta chm cc im sai hoc np sai to . Nu np t 4 im khng ch tr ln th mi c th bit c sai s. Sai s trong ng k nh c th do cc nguyn nhn sau: - nh qut khng chnh xc (b mo hoc ghp nh khng chnh xc). Cht lng ca t bn qut rt quan trng. - Np to sai. - Chm im khng ch sai. - Chn h quy chiu khng ng vi h quy chiu ca nh qut. Khi ng k xong, MapInfo to ra mt tp tin cha cc thng tin v ng k to . Tp tin ny c cng tn vi tp tin nh m ta ng k vi ui m rng l .tab. Ln sau, khi

mun m li tp tin nh ng k th ch cn m tp tin .tab v khng cn phi ng k nh qut li na. Trong qu trnh ng k ta c th iu chnh sng v tng phn ca nh trong Table > Raster> Adjust Image Style thun tin cho vic chn cc im khng ch. Sau khi ng k nh qut bn ta c th chnh sa to ca nh qut sau khi khai bo: Sau khi ng nhp, mun khai bo to v tr cc im, vo Table > Raster> Modify Image Registration, s xut hin ca s Image Registration chng ta thm/bt/sa i v tr cc im. Sau khi nhp hay sa i cc im, click OK trong ca s Image Registration hon tt vic ng nhp.
Bi tp ng dng Bi tp 3: ng k nh qut khi khng c thng tin v l i chiu v to . ng k nh qut bn c tn l HTDH_2005.jpg.

3.3. S HO BN 3.3.1. Phng php trc tip Tng qut phng php s ho trc tip nh sau: - M nh qut ng k ra bng lnh File > Open. - Chn Map > Layer Control. - nh du chnh sa vo lp Cosmetic. - Tin hnh s ho bn bng cch dng cc cng c v trn thanh cng c Drawing. Cc thng tin trn bn nn c s ho theo nhm v c cng kiu trong cng mt lp d qun l sau ny. - Khi s ho xong dng lnh Map > Save Cosmetic Objects lu cc i tng v thnh mt bng MapInfo hon chnh. - C th ch cn v vi i tng u tin l c th dng lnh trn lu nhng g v thnh mt lp v t tn cho n. Xong vo li Map > Layer Control v nh du chnh sa vo lp mi lu ri quay li v tip. 3.3.2. Phng php to bng mi trc Sau khi ng k nh qut, ta s tin hnh to cc bng MapInfo mi (cha c thng tin g). Gi s ta ng k bn hnh chnh tnh Tha Thin Hu v d kin s ho cc thng tin sau: ranh gii tnh Tha Thin Hu, ranh gii huyn, ranh gii x, h thng ng giao thng chnh (ng nha, ng st). cc sng ngi chnh, hnh chnh huyn, hnh chnh x, a danh. Ta s to cc tp tin MapInfo mi (nhng khng c phn ho - cha v g c) nh sau: - Chn File > New Table; hp thoi New Table m ra. - Trong phn Create New Table c 3 tu chn: + Open New Browser: To bng mi xong m ca s Browser ca bng mi ra. + Open New Mapper: To bng mi xong m ca s bn ra.

+ Add to Current Mapper: To bng mi xong a bng mi vo ca s bn ca mt o lp bn ang m hin ti. Nu khng c lp bn n ang m th tu chn ny b m i. o Nu ta khng nh du chn v no th MapInfo s to mt bng mi nhng ng n li. - Chn mc ta mun ri nhn nt Create. Hp thoi New Table Structure s m ra. Hp thoi ny cho php ta to cc trng cha d liu cho bn sau ny. Khi to mt bng MapInfo mi, ta phi d kin bng cha nhng thng tin g v d kin c bao nhiu loi thng tin to nhng trng cn thit cho lp bn . V d nh nu ta d nh to lp sng sui, ta s to trng cha tn cc sng sui, trng cha chiu di, trng cha thuc tnh (c nc thng xuyn hay c nc theo ma),... - Trong phn Table Structure c hai tu chn. Create New (tu chn mc nh) dng to mt bng mi hon ton. Tu chn Use Table cho php ta to mt bng mi da trn cu trc d liu (cc trng) ca mt bng c sn (phi m bng ny ra trc khi thc hin lnh ny). - Nhn nt Create. Hp thoi New Table Structure m ra. Nu trc ta dng tu chn Use Table v chn mt bng no th ton b cc trng cng nh dng ca bng s c sao chp sang bng mi m khng phi to li. - To trng mi bng cch nhp chut vo nt Add field. MapInfo t ng t tn cho trng mi trong Field Name l Field1. Sa li tn trng cho ph hp vi mun. Lu l tn trng khng c c khong trng v khng th hin th ting Vit c v th khng nn g du. Sau khi t tn trng ta phi chn nh dng cho trng trong Type. Chn nh dng trng thch hp vi thng tin d kin np vo, v d nu to trng tn th nh dng trng phi l Character (k t). Mun b trng mi th nhp chut chn trng ri chn nt Remove Field. - Tip theo, ta phi chn h quy chiu cho lp bn mi bng nt Projection. Khi chn nt ny hp thoi Choose Projection s m ra. Chn h quy chiu cho ph hp. - Chnh xong cc thit lp trn chn nt Create, hp thoi Create New Table m ra. - t tn cho bng MapInfo mi trong File Name, trong Save As Type chn MapInfo (*.tab), chn th mc lu bng mi trong Save In ri chn Save. Nh vy ta to xong mt bng MapInfo mi v rng (cha c d liu). Bng phng php ny ta to ra cc bng MapInfo cha cc thng tin s s ho, v d ta s to cc bng MapInfo l ranh_gioi, cac_tinh, thanh_pho, song, vietnam_vung. thc hin s ho vo cc bng mi ny ta lm nh sau: - M nh qut ng k to ra. - M lp cn s ho ra, trong Preferred View chn Current Mapper, v d m lp ranh_gioi. Lp ny c m chung vi ca s bn qut nhng cha c g. C hai cch s ho: V d c th s ho cho lp ranh_gioi: * S ho thng qua lp Cosmetic + Chn Map > Layer Control, nh du chn chnh sa vo lp Cosmetic Layer.

+ Bt u s ho ng ranh gii bng cch s dng cng c v ng v cc chi tit theo nh qut m. + S ho c mt lc chn Map > Save Cosmetic Objects. Hp thoi Save Cosmetic Objects m ra. + Trong hp thoi Save Cosmetic Objects, thay v chn <New>, ta chn ranh_gioi ri chn Save. Nh vy nhng g v trong lp Cosmetic s c chuyn ln lp ranh_gioi. + Nhn nt Save, hp thoi Save table m ra chn ranh_gioi ri chn Save lu nhng g chuyn t lp Cosmetic vo lp ranh_gioi. * S ho trc tip trn lp ang s ho (ranh_gioi) + Chn Map > Layer Control. + nh du vo ct chnh sa ca lp ranh_gioi. + Tin hnh s ho lp ranh_gioi bng cch s dng cng c v ng. Trong qu trnh v thnh thong nhn t hp phm <Ctrl>+<S> hay chn File > Save Table lu li nhng g v vo lp ranh_gioi. s ho cc i tng tip gip nhau cng chung mt ranh gii, nn s dng kh nng bt im (snap to node) bm phm S tt m kh nng nyGhi ch: Khi lu nhng thng tin v thnh mt lp mi, MapInfo s lu nhng thng tin ny thnh 4 tp tin ring bit, nhng tp tin ny c cng tn nhng c phn m rng khc nhau. Trong trng hp ny c 4 tp tin c lu li l ranh_gioi.tab, ranh_gioi.map, ranh_gioi.dat v ranh_gioi.id. Khi dng lnh m bng (Open Table), ta ch nhn thy mt tp tin duy nht l ranh_gioi.tab. * u v nhc im ca phng php s ho thng qua lp Cosmetic Layer v s ho trc tip trn lp ang s ho: - S ho thng qua lp Cosmetic Layer: Phng php ny c 2 u im l: Th nht, trong qu trnh s ho khi c chnh sa (ct, gp hay xo) cc i tng, do chng nm trn lp Cosmetic v khng c thng tin nn cc lnh chnh sa c thc hin nhanh hn. Th hai, trong qu trnh s ho nhng bn s ho mt phn ri th lp Cosmetic c tc dng nh mt lp v nhp, nu ng ta mi dng lnh Save Cosmetic Objects chuyn n sang lp cn s ho, nu cha c ta c th dng lnh Clear Cosmetic Layer xo ton b m khng nh hng n lp bn c thng tin. Tuy nhin c cng c nhc im l sau khi chuyn t lp Cosmetic ln lp bn cn s ho, ta phi tin hnh nhp s liu theo 3 phng php trn. - S ho trc tip trn lp ang s ho: Phng php ny c u im l ta c th nhp d liu ngay trong qu trnh s ho m khng phi mt nhiu thi gian tm li tng i tng nhp d liu sau khi s ho xong. Nhc im ca phng php ny l qu trnh chnh sa bn (Combine, Split, Erase, Erase Outside) trong qu trnh s ho s chm hn nhiu do xut hin hp thoi hi ta x l d liu nh th no. 3.4. THAO TC VI CC I TNG HO

3.4.1. nh dng cc kiu i tng ho chn ch chnh sa cho mt lp bn , t menu chnh chn Map > Layer Control, hp thoi Layer Control m ra, nh du vo ct chnh sa cho lp mun chnh sa. a. nh dng im im trong MapInfo theo mc nh l biu tng ngi sao mu en, c 12 point. Mun i kiu ca im, cch lm nh sau: - Dng cng c chn chn im , gi phm <Shift> chn nhiu i tng mt lc, t menu chnh chn Options > Symbol Style hay chn nhanh bng cch nhp chut chn nt nh dng biu tng trn thanh cng c Drawing. Hp thoi Symbol Style m ra: Hp thoi ny gm cc ni dung sau: + Font: Chn Font cha biu tng thch hp, bn phi Font l chnh kch thc biu tng. + Symbol: Chn biu tng thch hp. + Color: Chn mu cho biu tng. + Rotation Angle: Quay biu tng theo gi tr np vo ny (tnh theo - deg). + Background: C 3 tu chn l None - khng c nn cho biu tng; Halo - quanh biu tng c vin trng v Border - to ng vin en quanh biu tng. + Effects: C 2 tu chn l Drop Shadow - to bng cho biu tng v Bold - biu tng c mu m hn. + Sample: Hin th trc biu tng khi iu chnh. - Sau khi chn cc nh dng trong hp thoi trn, chn OK. b. nh dng ng - Chn mt/nhiu ng. - Chn Options > Line Style, chn nhanh bng cch nhp chut ln nt Line Style trn thanh cng c Drawing. Hp thoi Line Style m ra. Hp thoi ny bao gm cc ni dung sau: + Style: Chn kiu ng. + Color: Chn mu cho ng. + Width: Ch nh dy ca ng. Pixels: tnh dy ng theo im nh c gi tr t 1 n 7; Points: tnh dy ng theo point c gi tr t 0.2 n 6. + Sample: Xem mu ng khi iu chnh. - Thit lp tu chn xong chn OK. c. nh dng vng

- Chn mt/nhiu vng cn nh dng - Chn Options > Region Style hay chn nhanh bng nt Region Style Button trn thanh cng c Drawing, hp thoi Region Style m ra. Hp thoi ny gm cc ni dung sau: + Fill: t mu cho vng, gm cc ni dung chn sau: Pattern: Kiu t mu, N l khng mu (chn N th phn Foreground m i). Foreground: Chn mu t. Background: Mc nh tu chn ny tt i (tc khng hin mu nn di). nh du ny cho php nh dng mu nn cho i tng vng. Nu c bt ln th tu chn mc nh trong ny l N (khng mu). - Border: nh dng ng vin cho vng, phn ny tng t nh dng ng. - Sample: cho php xem trc nh dng khi iu chnh. - Thit lp cc tu chn xong chn OK. d. nh dng k t - Chn i tng cn nh dng - Chn Options > Text Style. Hp thoi Text Style m ra: Hp thoi ny gm cc ni dung sau: + Font: Chn kiu ch, bn cnh l cho php chn c ch. + Text Color: Chn mu ca ch. + Background: Chn mu nn cho ch, None l khng mu; Halo l v mt vin trng xung quanh i tng k t; Box l v mt khung ch nht quanh ch. Tu chn Halo v Box cho php chn mu nn trong Color pha di. + Effects: nh dng cc hiu ng khc nhau cho ch: Bold (ch m), Underline (gch di), Shadow ( bng), Italic (ch nghing), All Caps (vit hoa ton b) v Expanded (ko dn ch ra). Hp thoi trn ch dng nh dng kiu ch cho i tng k t. Nu ta chn i tng k t ri t menu chnh chn Edit > Get Info (hay chn nhanh bng cch nhp chut p) th hp thoi Text Object m ra. Hp thoi ny c cc tu chn sau:

+ Text hin th ni dung ca i tng k t ang c chn. Ta c th xo hay chnh li ni dung trong ny. + Nt Style chnh kiu ch. m hp thoi Text Style

+ Hai Start X v Y: Cho bit to ca k t u tin ca i tng k t. Nu thay i gi tr trong hai ny th i tng k t s di chuyn v tr trn bn . + Line Spacing: Cho php chnh kiu dng ca i tng k t, Single l dng n (tu chn mc nh), 1.5 l ch mt dng ri v Double l ch cch dng i. + Justification: C 3 tu chn l Left - cn l bn tri, Center - cn l chnh gia v Right cn l bn phi. + Label Line: C 3 tu chn: No Line - khng c ng ch; Simple Line - ng ch n. Arrow Line - ng ch c mi tn. + Rotation Angle: Quay i tng k t bng cch np gi tr vo ny. Chiu dng l ngc chiu kim ng h. 3.4.2. Chnh hnh dng ca ng, vng v k t a. iu chnh hnh dng ca ng v vng ng c chiu di v hnh dng nn ta c th thay i hnh dng ca ng. Cch lm: s dng cng c chn chn ng , ng c chn bng cch b nh du, ng thi c bn hnh vung mu en nm xung quanh gii hn ranh gii ca ng , gc di bn phi c mt chm vung na, l tay cm. Gi nt chut tri trn mt trong 4 nt hnh vung mu en ny v r chut th ta c th lm thay i ng (co gin ng). Gi chut tri trn tay cm v r chut th ta c th quay ng . Hnh dng ng c iu chnh bng nt lnh Reshape (chnh hnh dng). Cch lm nh sau: - Dng cng c chn nhp chut chn mt ng trn ca s bn . - Nhp chut vo nt Reshape . Cc nt ca ng ang c chn hin ln.

- Nhp chut vo mt nt ri r chut th ta c th di chuyn v tr nt v do vy thay i hnh dng ca ng. chn nhiu nt ta cng gi phm <Shift> v cng c th di chuyn nhiu nt mt lc. Ta c th s dng nt cng c thm nt Add Node thm mt nt bng cch nhp chut chn nt ny ri nhp chut ln v tr mun thm nt trn ng ang c chnh sa. Ta c th xo mt nt bng cch nhp chut chn nt ri nhn phm <Delete>. Vng c gii hn bng mt ng gp khc nn ta cng c th iu chnh hnh dng ca vng hon ton ging nh cch iu chnh ng.

b. iu chnh k t Khi nhp chut chn mt i tng kiu k t, n s c nh du bng bn im khng ch mu en cng vi mt tay cm. Khi gi phm chut tri trn i tng k t v r chut th ta c th di chuyn n. Khi gi phm chut tri trn tay cm th ta c th quay i tng k t bng cch r chut. Nu mun chnh sa ni dung i tng k t, ta nhp chut p vo n m hp thoi Text Object ra v chnh sa ni dung trong Text. Lu l ting Vit khng hin th ng trong Text ny. 3.4.3. Lnh Combine v Disaggregate a. Lnh Combine: Chc nng: Gp hai hay nhiu i tng thnh mt. Cc i tng ny c th ch l i tng ng hoc i tng vng hoc i tng im hoc va bao gm c i tng ng, i tng vng v i tng im. Cc i tng ny c gp li tin cho qu trnh tnh ton din tch (i vi i tng vng), tnh ton chiu di (i tng ng) hay cc php ton truy vn. Cch thc hin: - Chn Map > Layer Control v nh du chnh sa cho lp mun thay i. - Chn cng c chn ri gi phm <Shift> chn hai hay nhiu i tng. - Chn Objects > Combine. - Hp thoi Data Aggregation (nhp d liu) m ra. Hp thoi ny hi ta khi nhp i tng ho th d liu c gp li nh th no. Tu theo tng trng hp m ta chn phng php gp d liu cho thch hp i vi tng trng. Ta cng c th nh du chn vo No data nhp i tng v cc trng ca i tng mi c to thnh khng c d liu g c. Lnh Combine c tc dng trn hai hay nhiu i tng cng kiu hoc khc kiu. V d ta c th nhp cc im, ng, vng li thnh mt v x l chng nh mt i tng duy nht. b. Lnh Disaggregate

Chc nng: y l lnh ngc li vi Combine. Lnh ny tch cc i tng gp (i tng bao gm nhiu thnh phn ring l to thnh do lnh Combine) ra thnh cc i tng c lp. Cch thc hin: - Chn i tng gp cn tch ri thc hin lnh Objects > Disaggregate. Hp thoi Disaggregate Objects m ra. Hp thoi ny c hai tu chn. + Nu nh du tu chn All Objects th (cc) i tng s b tch ra thnh tng i tng ring l tch ri nhau. V d ta c mt i tng gp bao gm cc vng th khi thc hin lnh Disaggregate chng s b tch ra thnh tng i tng vng ring l. Trong phn ny ta c th nh du vo mc Retain Holes in Regions. Nu nh du mc ny th cc vng c l gia s c gi nguyn l. Nu khng nh du tu chn ny th khi thc hin lnh tch, cc l gia s b i thnh cc vng. + Tu chn Collections Only tch (cc) i tng gp ra thnh cc i tng ring l theo nhm (collection). V d mt i tng gp bao gm nhiu vng, nhiu ng v nhiu im th khi thc hin lnh tch v chn Collection Only th i tng gp s b tch ra thnh 3 i tng gp theo kiu ca chng, mt i tng gp bao gm cc vng, mt bao gm cc ng v mt bao gm cc im. - Ch nh xong cc tiu chun tch ta chn Next, hp thoi Data Disaggregation (tch d liu) m ra. - Ch nh cch tch d liu cho cc trng ri chn OK. 3.4.4. Lnh ct (Split), lnh Xo phn chung (Erase) v lnh Xo phn khng chung (Erase Outside) mt i tng a. Lnh Split (Ct): Chc nng: L lnh ct mt hay nhiu i tng bng i tng ct (cutter). Mc tiu s b ct ra lm hai phn: phn chung vi i tng ct v phn khng chung vi i tng ct. Cch thc hin lnh Split nh sau: - Chn (cc) i tng cn ct bng cng c chn. - Chn Objects > Set Target i (cc) i tng chn thnh mc tiu. - Chn (cc) i tng ct. - Thc hin lnh Objects > Split. - Hp thoi Data Disaggregation (tch d liu) hin th, hi ta chn ct d liu nh th no; chn phng php chia d liu ph hp ri chn OK. (Cc) mc tiu s b ct ra. Ta c th dng nhiu vng ct mt vng/ng, dng mt vng ct nhiu vng/ng hay nhiu vng ct nhiu vng/ng.

b. Lnh Erase (Xo): Chc nng: Lnh xo i tng tng t lnh Split, nhng phn chung vi (cc) i tng ct s b xo i. Cch thc hin lnh Erase nh sau: - Chn (cc) i tng cn ct bng cng c chn. - Chn Objects > Set Target i (cc) i tng chn thnh mc tiu. - Chn (cc) i tng ct. - Thc hin lnh Objects > Erase. - Hp thoi Data Disaggregation (tch d liu) hin th, hi ta chn xo d liu nh th no; chn phng php chia d liu ph hp ri chn OK.

c. Lnh Erase Outside (Xo phn khng chung): Tng t nh lnh Split nhng phn khng chung vi (cc) i tng ct b xo i. Trong cc lnh trn, i tng ct ch c th l vng, mc tiu (i tng b ct) c th l im gp, ng hay vng. i tng im khng th b ct. Lu rng i vi mt bn mi s ho, cha c phn d liu th vic chn phng php nhp hay tch d liu khng quan trng. Tuy nhin i vi mt bn np d liu th y l vn rt quan trng.

3.4.5. Lnh Overlay Nodes Chc nng: y l lnh chng im to thm (cc) nt ti v tr i tng ct chy qua i tng mc tiu. Nt c to thnh nm trn mc tiu. Lnh ny thng c s dng trong trng hp mun to cc im giao nhau gia cc vng ct nhau hay cc im giao nhau ca cc ng. Cch thc hin: - Thit lp mc tiu cho (cc) i tng cn to nt - Chn cc i tng giao vi (cc) mc tiu - Chn Objects > Overlay Nodes.

3.4.6. Lnh Buffer (to vng m) Buffer thc cht khng phi l lnh chnh sa i tng m n l lnh to ra mt i tng mi da vo i tng c. Chc nng: Lnh ny to mt vng m xung quanh i tng c chn vi bn knh vng m do ta xc nh. Lnh Buffer ny thng ng dng trong cc bi ton tnh ton khong cch, bi ton kinh t (xc nh bn knh tiu th), bi ton quy hoch... Cch thc hin: - Chn i tng cn to vng m, gi phm <Shift> chn nhiu i tng, nu mun. - Chn Objects > Buffer, hp thoi Buffer Objects m ra. Hp thoi Buffer Objects c cc tu chn sau: + Radius: Value: Xc nh bn knh vng m, gi tr ny c th ly t mt ct d liu trn lp bn . From Colum: Ct d liu cn ly. Units: Chn n v tnh bn knh. + Smoothness: Xc nh mn ca vng m; mn ny cn c trn hnh trn, gi tr mc nh l v vng trn bng 12 on. + One buffer for all objects: To mt vng m cho tt c cc i tng c chn + One buffer for each object: To mi vng m cho mt i tng c chn. + Buffer Width Distance using: Xc nh cch tnh khong cch. Cch tnh ny ph thuc vo h quy chiu ca lp bn cha cc i tng ang c x l.

 Spherical: i vi h to kinh/v. Cartesian (theo h to Descartes): i vi h to phi qu t.

3.4.7. Lnh Enclose Lnh ny to ra cc i tng vng t cc ng giao nhau khp kn. Cch lm: - Chn cc ng ct nhau khp kn ri chn Objects > Enclose. Hp thoi Create Regions Objects From Enclosed Areas m ra. Tu chn Ignore Regions Objects mc nh c bt ln (khng tnh cc vng c chn). - Chn OK. Cc vng s c to thnh trong lp no ang ch chnh sa

3.4.8. Lnh Smooth v Unsmooth a. Lnh Smooth Lnh ny dng bo trn i tng ng bng cch v hai on k nhau thnh mt ng cong tip tuyn vi gc nh gia chng. V d nh khi ta v mt con sng, mun cho con sng un o t nhin hn th ta dng lnh ny. Cch lm: + Chn ng cn bo trn. + Chn Objects > Smooth. b. Lnh Unsmooth Lnh Unsmooth l lnh ngc li vi lnh Smooth, lnh ny tr ng c bo trn v tnh trng ban u. Cch lm: + Chn i tng c Smooth ri. + Chn Objects > Unsmooth. Lnh ny ch thay i hnh dng ca i tng ng, cc tnh ton a l vn cn c trn i tng gc (khng Smooth).

3.4.9. Lnh Convert to Regions v Convert to Polylines a. Convert to Regions (i thnh vng) y l lnh i mt ng thnh mt vng. Cch lm: - Chn ng cn i. - Chn Objects > Convert to Regions. b. Convert to Polylines (i thnh ng) Lnh ny l lnh ngc li, i mt vng thnh mt ng. ng to thnh l ng ranh gii bao xung quanh vng c chn. Cch lm: - Chn vng cn i. - Chn Objects > Convert to Polylines.

Convert to Region 3.4.10. Lnh Check Regions

Convert to polyline

Cc v d ca lnh Convert to Region v Convert to Polyline y l mt lnh rt hiu qu trong vic kim tra li ca cc vng. Lnh ny s nh du nhng vng chm ln nhau bng cch v mt vng ln vng chung . ng thi n cng nh du nhng vng b xon, tc l vng t ct n, bng cch chm mt im ln im ct. Cch thc hin lnh kim tra vng nh sau: - Chn cc vng mun kim tra li. - Chn Objects > Check Regions; menu Check Region Objects m ra.

Hp thoi ny c 3 tu chn: + Self- Intersection Detection: pht hin cc vng t ct v nh du ch t ct bng mt biu tng.

+ Overlap Detection: pht hin cc vng chm ln nhau v nh du vng chm bng cch v mt vng t mu ln vng .

+ Gap Detection: pht hin l h gia cc vng nm cnh nhau v nh du bng mt vng t mu. Ch nh din tch ti a ca vng h cn nh du trong Maximum Gap Area v chn n v tnh din tch trong Area Units. Tu trng hp ta c th chn mt, hai hay c ba tu chn trn. Trong ba tu chn ny ta c th thay i kiu nh du bng 3 nt chn kiu im v vng bn phi cc tu chn ny. - Ch nh cc tu chn xong chn OK. Cc im/vng nh du to thnh trn lp no ang ch chnh sa.

Bi tp ng dng Bi tp 4. S ho cc lp thng tin bn T kt qu ng k nh qut bi tp 1 (thuathienhue.tif), tin hnh s ho cc thng tin trn bn . - Phn cc lp thng tin, i tng s ho: Thu h, giao thng, ranh gii, a danh, UBND, vng hnh chnh. - S ho cc i tng trn bn : S dng cc cng c v ng, im, vng, text s ho cc i tng, i vi cc vng hnh chnh s dng cc lnh Split, Erase, Erase outside. - nh dng cc i tng. - iu chnh cc i tng. - To buffer cho ranh gii. - Kim tra vng.

CHNG 4. XY DNG D LIU THUC TNH

4.1. THIT K CU TRC BNG D LIU THUC TNH M Table cn thit k c s d liu thuc tnh, hay ni cch khc ta xy dng cu trc bng d liu thuc tnh. T menu Table > Maintenance > Table Structure. Xut hin hp thoi Modify Table Structure, trong c cc ni dung:

+ Fields: Tn ca cc trng d liu ca bn hin thi. + Type: Kiu ca cc trng d liu ca bn hin thi. MapInfo cho php nh dng cc trng d liu vi cc kiu nh sau: Character: Kiu k t. Trng c nh dng ny c dng cha d liu kiu ch. V d nh tn tnh, tn sng, tn thnh ph. Trng ny c th cha ti a 254 k t. Integer: Kiu s nguyn. Trng kiu dg cha cc s nguyn. Gii hn ca trng ny l t m hai t (-2,000,000,000) n dng hai t (2,000,000,000). Small Integer: Kiu s nguyn nh. Trng kiu ny c gii hn trong khong m 32,768 (-32,768) n dng 32,767 (32,767). Float: Kiu s thp phn c du chm ng. Nn thit lp nh dng l trng ny nu khng bit chnh xc gi tr np vo l bao nhiu, v d nh khi nhp d liu vo trng bng cch lp cng thc tnh ton t d liu ca cc trng khc hay t hm s. Decimal: Kiu s thp phn xc nh, c ngha l phi bit chnh xc gii hn con s thp phn np vo l bao nhiu. V d: 12,57. Trng kiu ny c th cha ti a 19 ch s. Date: Kiu ngy thng. Gi tr ngy thng np vo mc nh theo th t h Anh - M, thng/ngy/nm. V d 12/09/2006 th MapInfo s hiu l ngy 9 thng 12 nm 2006. Logical: Kiu lun l. Trng ny ch c hai gi tr l ng/c (c g l T, l vit tt ca ch True) hoc sai/khng (c g l F, vit tt ca ch False). Khi nh dng trng theo kiu Logical, tt c cc bn ghiu c gi tr mc nh ban u l sai (F). i vi cc trng kiu s, gi tr mc nh ban u ca cc bn ghi l 0. + Indexed : Mc ny nu c nh du th nhng d liu ca trng hin hnh s c sp xp nhm tng kh nng truy nhp, tm kim. Ch trng d liu no c Indexed mi s dng c cng c Find ca MapInfo.

- Ta c th thay i tn, kiu d liu ti cc mc Name, Type. + Add Field: Dng thm vo mt trng d liu. + Remove Field: Dng lc b mt trng d liu no . + Projection: Dng thay i cc tham s v c s ton hc ca c bn . - Sau khi hon thnh vic thay i bm OK. Lu , tn trng (Field) ti a l 8 k t, khng c du v khng c k t c bit.. Trc khi thit k c s d liu thuc tnh cho mt lp no , ta cn phi phn tch cc ni dung g (trng g - Field) cn a vo trong lp v kiu loi trng l g. Sau khi thc hin mt lnh thay i cu trc bng d liu ca mt lp bn trong hp thoi Modify Table Structure th lp t ng tt i (nhng khng phi ng li). hin th li lp bn , ta vo Map>Layer Control , chn nt Add, hp thoi Add Layer m ra, ta chn tn lp v chn Add. 4.2. NHP D LIU THUC TNH Bng d liu ca bn c m ra bng lnh Window > New Browser Window > [chn lp bn cn m d liu]. Trc khi np d liu cho mt lp bn , cn thit k cc trng cha cc d liu. nh dng trng phi ph hp vi d liu d kin np vo. D liu trong MapInfo c th c np vo bng nhiu cch, bao gm 3 cch, l nhp d liu l ca s Browser, nhp d liu bng lnh Update Column, nhp d liu bng lnh Info Tool. 4.2.1. Nhp d liu t ca s Browser - M bn cn nhp liu ra, chn Window > New Browser Window > [chn tn bn cn nhp d liu]. - Chn Window > Tile Windows hin th ca s bn ln ca s d liu. iu chnh kch thc cc ca s sao cho thun tin. - Chn mt i tng trn ca s bn bng nt chn , bn ghi lin kt vi i tng c t en mp tri. Nu khng thy (v nm ngoi vng nhn thy trong ca s Browser) th chn lnh Query > Find Selection, i tng c chn s hin th trong ca s Browser. - Nhp chut vo hng v nhp d liu cho cc trng. Di chuyn gia cc bng cch s dng phm <Tab> hoc t hp phm <Shift> + <Tab>. - Chn mt i tng khc v lm tng t cho n ht. Cch nhp d liu theo cch ny c u im l kh nhm ln tuy nhin qu trnh thao tc s chm khi nhp cho nhiu i tng c cng mt gi tr (thuc tnh). 4.2.2. Nhp d liu bng lnh Update Column ng gi tr trong mt trng, Nu c nhiu i tng (bn ghi) trong mt lp bn c c ta khng nht thit phi g li nhiu ln m c th nhp d liu cho tt c cc i t ng c cng gi tr mt ln bng lnh Update Column. Cch lm tng qut nh sau:

- Chn cc i tng c cng gi tr ca trng d kin np d liu trn ca s bn bng nt chn , s dng phm <Shift> chn nhiu i tng mt ln. Nu chn nhm i tng th c th gi <Shift> v nhp chut li ln i tng chn nhm th i tng s c kh chn. - Chn Table > Update Column. - Trong Table to Update chn Selection. - Trong Column to Update, chn trng cn nhp d liu. - Trong Get Value from Table, gi nguyn thit lp l Selection. - Trong Value, g gi tr cn nhp liu vo. Lu rng nh dng kiu k t (Character), ngy thng (Date) v kiu lun l (Logical) phi c t trong du ngoc kp. V d: Nhp d liu cho i tng ng st qua lnh Update Column.

Assist xy dng biu thc cho mc Value. Bm vo nt Assist xut hin hp thoi Expression: + Column chn trng d liu cn tnh ton. + Operators chn biu thc Logic thch hp. + Functions chn hm x l. Lu rng MapInfo khng th hin th ting Vit ng trong cc hp thoi nh ng n hin th ng trong ca s Browser v khi trnh by bn , v th phi g cho ng chnh t. 4.2.3. Nhp d liu bng lnh Info Tool y l lnh xem thng tin ca mt i tng trn bn bng cch nhp chut vo i tng . Ta c th dng ca s Info Tool nhp liu cho bn . Cch lm nh sau: - Chn nt lnh Info Tool trn thanh cng c Main.

- Nhp chut ln mt i tng trn ca s bn . - Ca s Info Tool m ra, hin th cc trng cha gi tr ca i tng . - Nhp chut vo cc trng trong ca s Info Tool np d liu cho i tng c nhp chut chn lc u. - Di chuyn li ca s bn , nhp chut ln mt i tng khc, ca s Info Tool khng tt nhng hin th cc gi tr trong cc trng ca i tng va mi c nhp chut ln, li nhp d liu vo cc trng cho i tng . - Lm tng t cho tt c cc i tng trong lp bn . Lu : - Khi du nhy chut nm trong ca s Info Tool, c th di chuyn gia cc trng bng phm <Tab> hay t hp phm <Shift>+<Tab>. - Ting Vit hin th khng ng nn phi cn thn trnh sai chnh t. - D liu c nhp hay chnh sa trong ca s Info Tool cng s c lu li trong bng d liu chnh ca lp bn . - Khng g du ngoc kp khi g gi tr trong ca s Info Tool. Cch cp nht thng tin ny rt d dng v chnh xc nhng c mt nhc im rt ln tc x l s chm v khng hiu qu. * Nhn xt: Trong 3 cch np d liu nh trn th ta thy rng nu ta np d liu cho nhiu i tng c cng mt tnh cht (hay mt gi tr) th s dng lnh Update Column l nhanh chng nht. Tuy nhin nu cc gi tr ca mi i tng trn lp bn u khc nhau th ta phi dng cch 1 (np vo Browser) hay cch 3 (dng Info Tool).

Bi tp ng dng
Bi tp 5. Xy dng c s d liu thuc tnh Xy dng cu trc d liu thuc tnh v nhp d liu thuc tnh cho lp thng tin hnh chnh vng c s ho bi tp 4 theo s liu nh sau: Ten hanh chinh TP Hu Huyn Phong in Huyn Qung in Huyn Hng Tr Huyn Ph Vang Huyn Hng Thu Huyn Ph Lc Huyn A Li Huyn Nam ng Dien tich 70.99 955.71 163.29 520.05 280.83 458.17 729.56 1232.73 651.95 Dan so TB 335747 107088 92039 117359 179239 96197 152445 41717 23428 Nam 162956 51376 44613 59199 88795 47969 76191 20852 11935 Nu 172791 55712 47426 58160 90444 48501 76254 20865 11493 Thanh thi 305052 6517 10216 8038 19658 14475 23460 6398 3514 Nong thon 30695 100571 81823 109321 159581 81722 128985 35319 19914

4.3. THAO TC VI CC BNG D LIU THUC TNH 4.3.1. Xo Table bng cng c ca MapInfo - Chn Table > Maintenance > Delete Table. - Xut hin hp thoi Delete Table. - Bm phm Delete xo Table c chn. 4.3.2. Thay tn Table bng cng c ca MapInfo MapInfo cung cp cng c thay tn mt Table nh sau: - Chn Table > Maintenance > Rename Table. - Xut hin hp thoi Rename Table. - Bm phm Rename i tn Table c chn. 4.3.3. Nn Table bng cng c ca MapInfo MapInfo cung cp cng c nn mt Table nhm ti u ho d liu. - Chn Table > Maintenance > Pack Table - Xut hin hp thoi Pack Table Chn mc Pack Both types of Data ri chn OK.

4.4. LIN KT VI D LIU C SN C s d liu c sn c th c phn m rng .dbf (dbase), wks (Lotus), .xls (Excel), .txt (ASCII). MapInfo s dng cc c s d liu ny nh l nhng lp d liu ring sau khi hon tt th tc khai bo. Vo File> Open Table, chn tp tin c s d liu theo cc dng trn bng cch chn kiu tng thch trong List File of Types trong ca s Open Table. V d: C s d liu dng .xls (Excel) Thng thng d liu trong Excel ly hng trn cng lm tn ct (Field), v vy trong ca s Excel Information chng ta khai bo nh sau:

+ Trong khung Name Range chn Other s xut hin khung ghi gii hn ca d liu. MapInfo s cho thy ton vng d liu t hng ct no n hng ct no. Chng ta s thay i l tng thm mt hng i vi v tr u tin ca vng d liu. V d thay v A1:G10 th i li l A2:P18, click OK. + nh du vo mc Use Row Above Selected Range for Column Tittle (chng ta xc nh hng u tin l tn cc ct), ri click OK. Xut hin hp thoi Set Field Properties: Ta c th thit lp li cu trc ca cc tng d liu thuc tnh ca cc ct trong file Excel c m ra. Click OK. Ca s Browser xut hin vi d liu theo dng hng v ct ca tp tin .xls mi c a vo. MapInfo to ra tp tin dng .tab cng tn vi tp tin .xls (mt lp d liu ca MapInfo).

M bng d liu thuc tnh cn lin kt, lu lin kt c 2 bng d liu thuc tnh th cu trc d liu thuc tnh ca cc trng cn update phi ging nhau v trong 2 bng phi c t nht mt trng d liu thuc tnh chung lm ct tham chiu. Vo Table>Update column, xut hin hp thoi, chn bng cn update (v d Hanh_chinh_huyen), trng cn update l Dien_tich, ly gi tr t Bng d liu t Excel m ra (Lin_ket_TTHue). Cch thc tnh ton l ly gi tr (Value) ca trng Dien_tich trong bng d liu Excel.

lin kt c d liu ta phi chn trng d liu tham chiu, bm chn nt Join. Chn trng chung ca hai bng d liu thuc tnh, click OK v sau OK kt thc s cp nht c din tch cho lp Hanh_chinh_vung.
Bi tp ng dng Bi tp 6. Lin kt d liu thuc tnh Gi s ta c file d liu thuc tnh v lp hnh chnh vng phn mm Microsoft Excel (Lien ket TTHue.xls), tin hnh lin kt cc thng tin c sn qua phn mm MapInfo.

4.5. CP NHT V B SUNG D LIU 4.5.1. B sung s liu thng k Mi tnh cht ca cc i tng c b sung vo mt vng mi v tu theo kiu s liu khai bo thch hp trong kiu trng d liu (field). C th nhp s liu trc tip trong MapInfo. Vo Windows > New Browser Window, chn lp d liu mun b sung thm s xut hin mt ca s d liu Browser lit k d liu theo hng v ct, nhp s liu vo cc thch hp. c th s dng cc phn mm khc nh Excel hay Foxpro nhp cc s liu ny, ta phi lu lp d liu di dng dBase DBF vi mt tn khc. Vo File >Save Copy As, chn lp d liu cn lu, trong ca s Save Copy of Table As chn Save File As Type l dBase DBF, ta s c mt tp tin ca lp d liu tng ng c phn m rng l .dbf. vo Excel hay Foxpro v m tp tin ny cp nht, lu l khng c thay i v tr ca cc hng, v MapInfo lu thng tin v cc i tng a l ho theo th t cc hng.

4.5.2. B sung s liu do MapInfo tnh ton c a. Cc ton t, cc hm v t kho trong biu thc trong MapInfo Trong MapInfo vi cc hm v cc php ton chng ta c th xc lp cc biu thc tnh ton t ng trn tng i tng (cc hng trong bng), c ngha ta c th b sung t ng cc s liu trn MapInfo. Biu thc trong MapInfo bao gm tn vng ca lp d liu c m, trong obj l mt tn vng c bit ch n i tng a l ca cc hng trong bng d liu - cc ton t v cc hm. * Cc ton t: - Cc Ton t So snh: = bng, <> khc, > ln hn, < nh hn, >= ln hn hay bng, =< nh hn hay bng, _ tng t (tng trng cho mt k t bt k), % tng t (tng trng cho nhiu k t bt k) - Cc k hiu ngha: + cng, - tr, (- ) m, * nhn, / chia, ^ lu tha, () du ngoc. - Cc ton t ton t lun l: and (v), or (hoc) v not (khng). Trong : + and c coi l ng (true) khi (v ch khi) tt c tham s ca n (tc l cc biu thc m n ni li) u ng. Mt bn ghi phi tho mn tt c cc iu kin trong biu thc th mi c chn. + or c coi l ng khi mt, vi hay tt c cc tham s (tc l cc biu thc m t kho ny lin kt) ng. Mt bn ghi tho mn mt trong nhng iu kin ca biu thc th s c chn. N cng c chn khi hai hay tt c iu kin u c tho mn. + not l ng khi tham s ca n (biu thc m n c s dng trong ) l sai (false). Mt bn ghi s c chn khi n khng tho mn iu kin a ra. - Cc ton t a l. Chng c s dng chn cc i tng da trn mi quan h khng gian i vi (cc) i tng khc. MapInfo c mt t kho c bit s dng trong cc ton t a l l obj hay object (i tng). T kho ny (c coi nh mt tn trng) cho MapInfo bit rng n phi chn gi tr da trn cc i tng ho trong bn ch khng da vo bng d liu. Cc ton t a l c t nm gia cc i tng ang c xem xt. Di y l nhng ton t a l: + Contains (Cha): i tng A cha i tng B nu trng tm ca i tng B nm trong ranh gii ca i tng A. + Contains Entire (Cha hon ton): i tng A cha hon ton i tng B nu ranh gii ca B nm hon ton trong ranh gii ca A. + Within (Nm trong): i tng A nm trong i tng B nu trng tm ca n nm trong ranh gii ca B. + Entirely Within (Hon ton nm trong): i tng A hon ton nm trong i tng B nu ranh gii ca n hon ton nm trong i tng B. + Intersects (Giao, Ct): i tng A giao (ct) i tng B nu chng c t nht mt im chung. * Cc hm ca MapInfo: - Cc Hm Ton hc. Trong MapInfo c nhng hm ton hc sau: + Abs(num): Tr v gi tr tuyt i ca mt s. + Cos(num): Tr v cosine ca mt s; num tnh bng radian. (1 radian = 57,29578 )

+ Int(num): Tr v phn s nguyn ca mt s num. + Maximum(num1, num2): Tr v s ln hn trong hai s. + Minimum(num1, num2): Tr v s nh hn trong hai s. + Round(num1, num2): Tr v gi tr c lm trn ca s num1, n gi tr gn nht vi s num2 (v d nh nu num2 l 10 th num1 c lm trn n gi tr gn vi 10 nht). + Sin(num): Tr v sin ca mt s; num tnh bng radian. + Tan(num): Tr v tang ca mt s; num c tnh bng radian. - Cc Hm tng hp s liu (Aggregate Functions) + Count(*): m s lng bn ghi (hng) trong mt nhm. Hm ny ly du hoa th (*) lm i s v n p dng cho bn ghi mt cch tng qut v khng p dng cho mt trng c bit no ca bn ghi. + Sum(<expression>): Tnh tng ca cc gi tr trong biu thc <expression> cho tt c cc bn ghi trong mt nhm (trng). + Avg(<expression>): Tnh gi tr trung bnh ca cc gi tr trong biu thc <expression> trong tt c cc bn ghi ca mt nhm. + Max(<expression>): Tm gi tr ln nht trong <expression> trong tt c cc bn ghi ca mt nhm. + Min(<expression>): Tm gi tr thp nht trong <expression> trong tt c cc bn ghi trong mt nhm. - Cc Hm c kt qu l i tng a l + Buffer(obj, num_res, num_width, str): Tr v mt vng m. Thng s num_res ch nh phn gii, tnh theo s nt trn mt vng trn; num_width l bn knh ca vng m; str l tn ca n v tnh khong cch s dng trong num_width. + Centroid(obj): Tr v mt im c to ti trng tm ca i tng obj (nu i tng l vng, kt qu l trung im nu l ng). + CreateCircle(num_x, num_y, num_radius): Tr v mt ng trn; num_x, num_y tng ng l kinh v v ca tm ng trn, num_radius l bn knh ng trn tnh theo dm. + CreateLine(num_x, num_y, num_x2, num_y2): Tr v mt ng thng vi to im u v im cui tng ng l (num_x, num_y) v (num_x2, num_y2). + CreatePoint(num_x, num_y): Tr v mt im c to l (num_x, num_y). Mi hm s trn tr v mt i tng ho. Nu g lnh Update trong ca s MapBasic th ta c th s dng nhng hm s ny to ra cc i tng cho mi hng trong bng. - Cc Hm s tr v kt qu cc tnh ton a l + Area(obj, str): Tr v din tch ca i tng. Thng s str ch nh tn n v tnh din tch, v d sq mi (dm vung) hay sq km (km2). + CentroidX(obj): Tr v kinh X ca trng tm ca mt i tng vng (trung im i vi ng) . + CentroidY(obj): Tr v v Y ca trng tm ca mt i tng vng (trung im i vi ng).

+ Distance(num_x, num_y, num_x2, num_y2, str): Tr v khong cch gia hai v tr. Hai thng s u tin xc nh to ca im u; hai thng s tip theo xc nh to im cui; str l n v o khong cch, v d nh mi hay km. + ObjectLen(obj, str): Tr v chiu di ca i tng. Gi tr str l n v khong cch v d nh mi hay km. Ch c cc i tng l ng thng, ng (gp khc) v cung l c chiu di khc khng. + Perimeter(obj, str): Tr v chu vi ca i tng. Gi tr str l n v o khong cch. Ch c cc i tng kiu vng, ellipse v hnh ch nht l c chu vi khc khng. - Cc hm ngy thng + CurDate( ): Tr v ngy thng nm hin hnh. + Day(date): Tr v phn ngy trong thng (1 - 31) ca ngy. + Month(date): Tr v phn thng (1 - 12) ca ngy. + Weekday(date): Tr v phn ngy trong tun (1 - 7) ca ngy, 1 = Ch Nht. + Year(date): Tr v phn nm ca ngy. - Cc hm v chui k t + Chr$(num): Tr v mt k t tng ng vi m k t l num (v d chr$(65) s tr v chui A). + DeformatNumber$(str): o ngc tc ng ca hm FormatNumber$, tr v mt chui khng c cc du phn cch hng ngn. - Format$(num, str): Tr v mt chui biu th mt s c nh dng. V d Format$(12345.678,$,#.##) tr v gi tr $12,345.68. + FormatNumber$(num): Tr v mt chui biu th mt con s c nh dng. Hm s ny n gin hn hm Format$, nhng cho ta t quyn kim sot trong vic nh dng hn (v d nh s nh dng lun c du phn cch hng ngn). + InStr(num, str1, str2): Tm kim chui str2 bt u t v tr k t th num, v tm s hin din ca phn trong chui str1. Hm ny tr v v tr khi tm thy kt qu trong str1, hoc tr v 0 nu khng tm thy. yu cu MapInfo tm kim chui t u, np gi tr num l mt (1). + LCase$(str): Tr v nh dng ch vit thng ca chui str. + Left$(str, num): Tr v num s k t u tin ca chui str. + Len(str): Tr v s k t trong chui str. + LTrim$(str): Ct b bt k khong trng no u chui str v tr v kt qu. + Mid$(str, num1, num2 ): Tr v mt phn ca chui str bt u t k t th num1 v di num2 s k t. n + Proper$(str): Tr v mt chui vi cch vit hoa ng kiu (ch u ti vit hoa). + Right$(str, num): tr v num s k t cui cng ca chui str. + RTrim$(str): Ct b khong trng no phn cui ca chui str v tr v kt qu. + Str$(expr): tr v mt chui tng ng vi gi tr ca biu thc expr. + UCase$(str): Tr v dng ch vit hoa (ton b) ca chui str. + Val(str): Tr v gi tr s ca mt chui; v d Val(18) tr v s 18. * Cc t kho trong Biu thc

MapInfo cho php s dng cc t kho sau:any (bt k), all (tt c), in (trong) v between (trong khong). Nhng t kho ny phi c g vo biu thc (khng c sn). V d: - field_x = any (TP.HCM, N, KG) - field_x in (TP.HCM, N, KG) => tt c cc i tng m ct field_x c gi tr l TPHCM hay N hay Kg Trc khi thc hin cc bc tnh ton t ng ta cn phi iu chnh cc thit lp ca MapInfo (n v). - n v tnh din tch: mi (miles), in (inches), ft (feet), yd (yard), km, m, cm, mm... - n v tnh din tch: sq mi (square miles), sq in (square inches), sq km (km2), sq m (m2), sq cm (cm2), sq mm (mm2), hectare... b. Cp nht cc s liu (Update Column) Chng ta c th cp nht hay b sung tng ct d liu mt - Vo Table> Update Coulmn, ca s Update Column xut hin vi cc mc sau: - Table to Update: Chn lp d liu mun cp nht trong s cc lp d liu m - Get Value from Table: Ly gi tr t lp d liu no. C 2 trng hp: * T lp d liu mun cp nht: - Column to Update: Chn trng DL mun cp nht - Value: Nhp mt biu thc hp l. Thng s dng khung Assist xy dng biu thc. V d nh tnh din tch, chiu di, tnh gi tr to ... * T mt lp d liu khc: - Click khung Joint xc nh trng (field) tham chiu lin kt gia 2 lp d liu. - Column to Update: Mt trng c sn hay mt trng DL mi (Add New Temporary Column) - Calculate: Cch tnh ton c th l: Value hay cc biu thc tng hp nh: Average, Count, Minimum, Sum, Weighted Average (trung bnh gia trng), Proportion Sum (tng s theo t l), Proportion Average (trung bnh theo t l) v Proportion Weighted Average (trung bnh gia trng theo t l). Lu : Cc biu thc Average, Count, Minimum, Sum, Weighted Average c tham s l cc gi tr ca d liu, cc biu thc t l Proportion th x l cc i tng a l. - of: thng l mt ct hay mt biu thc hp l - Sau cng click OK tin hnh cp nht c. Cc v d * Tnh ton to ca cc im To ca mt im c xc nh bng hai gi tr: kinh v v , ta to thm hai trng mi cho lp mun np to . - Chn Table > Maintenance > Table Structure. Hp thoi Modify Table Structure m ra. - Chn Add Field to thm 2 trng mi l kinh_do v vi_do, kiu l Float. - Chn OK. Ln lt np to cho ct kinh_do v vi_do nh sau: - Chn Table > Update Column, hp thoi Update Column m ra.

- Chn tn lp cn np im trong Table to Update; trong Column to Update ta chn kinh_do. - Nhn chut chn nt Assist, hp thoi Expression m ra. - Nhn chut vo nt th xung Functions (hm s) v chn hm CentroidX; xong chn OK. - Quay tr li hp thoi Update Column, ta thy biu thc trong Value l CentroidX(obj) - Tt chn trong Browse Results i ri chn OK. Trong trng kinh_do tt c cc hng u c np kinh vo. To y c tnh bng thp phn i vi ct vi_do cch lm tng t v hm s s dng l CentroidY. * Tnh ton chiu di ca cc ng tnh chiu di ca cc i tng ng (con sng hay ng giao thng) trc ht ta cng phi to mt trng cha chiu di vi cc thng s Name: chieu_dai, Type: Float. Tin hnh np chiu di vo trng mi ny nh sau: - Chn Table > Update Column. Hp thoi Update Column m ra. - Trong Table to Update chn lp cn tnh; trong Column to Update chn trng chieu_dai. - Nhn chut chn nt Assist m hp thoi Expression ra. - Functions, trong danh sch th xung chn hm ObjectLen, dng biu thc hin th trong Expression l ObjectLen(obj, mi). Sa n v o lng mc nh trong ngoc kp mi (dm) thnh km (kilmt) v chn OK. Biu thc hin th trong Value s l ObjectLen(obj,km). - Tt chn trong Browse Results i ri chn OK. * Tnh ton chu vi v din tch, mt cho cc vng tnh chu vi v din tch cho cc vng lnh th ta s thc hin np cc d liu ny nh sau: - To hai trng mi l chu_vi v dien_tich cho lp vng cn np d liu, kiu u l Float. Cp nht ct chu_vi nh sau: - Chn Table > Update Column. - Trong Table to Update chn lp cn np (v d: cac_tinh), trong Column to Update chn chu_vi. - Nhn nt Assist. Hp thoi Expression m ra. - Trong mc Functions, t danh sch th xung ca ny chn Perimeter (chu vi). - Trong hp Type an Expression, sa ch mi trong ngoc kp thnh km i n v tnh chiu di. Xong chn OK.

- Trong hp thoi Update Column, tt chn trong Browse Results ri chn OK. Chu vi ca cc tnh c np xong, tnh bng kilmt. Ta cp nht ct dien_tich bng cch lm hon ton tng t nhng s dng hm s Area(obj, sq mi) v sa ch sq mi (dm vung) thnh hectare (hcta); hoc nu mun tnh l km2 th ta sa thnh sq km Lu : Khi np thng tin a l ca cc i tng theo phng php nh trn, MapInfo tnh ton cc gi tr da vo i tng ho c v trn bn . Nu sau ny ta chnh sa bn th nhng thng tin s b thay i. Ta phi chy li lnh Update Column v chp d liu cp nht mi ln nhng d liu c. tnh mt dn s cho bng cac_tinh, th trc tin cn phi c 2 trng din tch (dien_tich) v trng dn s (dan_so). Hoc nu ta cha c trng din tch th ta c th thn ton ngay trong biu thc tnh mt . cha gi tr mt dn s, ta cn to ra mt trng mi c tn l mat_do (mt ), nh dng kiu trng trong Type l Float. Cp nht trng mat_do bng cch: - Chn Table > Update Column. Hp thoi Update Column m ra. - Trong Table to Update chn bng cn tnh (v d: cac_tinh), trong Column to Update chn ct mat_do. - Trong Get Value from Table gi nguyn l bng cac_tinh. - Nhp chut vo nt Assist m hp thoi Expression ra. - Trong Expression ta g vo biu thc sau: Format$(Dan_so_TB / Area(obj, "sq km"),"#"). S dng hm Format$(con s, nh dng con s) lm trn gi tr mt . Con s y l cng thc tnh mt , cn ch s trong MapInfo quy nh l #, ta khng mun ly s l no, do phn nh dng con s y l # - Lm xong nhn OK quay li hp thoi Update Column. Biu thc c np vo Value. - Nhn OK kt thc lnh cp nht. Bi tp ng dng
Bi tp 7. Cp nht cc thng tin thuc tnh cho cc i tng S dng kt qu bi tp s 5, thc hin cc lnh sau: - Tin hnh tnh ton din tch, chu vi, mt dn s, t l nam/n, t l dn s thnh th/nng thn cho lp thng tin hnh chnh vng. - Cp nht thng tin loi ng, chiu di ng cho lp thng tin giao thng. - Tnh ton to cc im UBND (gi tr pht giy v gi tr km- s dng tool CoordinateExtractor chuyn i gia cc n v to ). Cho bn hin trng s dng t nm 2005 ca huyn Ph Vang, bao gm 3 trng d liu thuc tnh: ID, MDSDD07. Cp nht thng tin thuc tnh hin trng s dng t v tnh ton din tch cho cc khoanh vi hin trng s dng t.

CHNG 5. CHUYN I D LIU V LI CHIU TRONG MAPINFO

5.1. CHUYN I D LIU chuyn i cc file bn cc nh dng phn mm khc nhau, ta c th s dng mt chc nng trong phn Mapbasic ca MapInfo chuyn, l Universal Translator. Vo Tool/Universal Translator/Universal Translator Xut hin hp thoi Universal Translator.

- phn Source: thit lp cc thng s cho ngun d liu u vo: Format: nh dng g (MicroStation Design, MapInfo Mid/Mif, Mapinfo Tab, Esri shape, Files: ng dn lu file.Thit lp li chiu cho d liu bng cch chn nt projection. - phn Destination: thit lp cc thng s cho d liu u ra: Format: nh dng g v Files: ng dn lu file. - Phn log: lu li phc v xem thng tin v li trong qu trnh chuyn. Thit lp cc thng tin xong bm OK, s xut hin hp thoi th hin qu trnh convert.

Nu qu trnh chuyn i thnh cng s xut hin mt hp thng tin bo, ta chn Ok s t ng quay li hp thoi Universal Translator ban u thc hin cc php chuyn i khc. Bi tp ng dng
Bi tp 8. Chuyn i d liu

Chuyn cc d liu bn a chnh t Microstaion qua MapInfo Chuyn cc d liu t MapInfo sang cc nh dng khc

5.2. THAY I H QUY CHIU TRONG MAPINFO Trn lnh th Vit Nam, hin vn cn tn ti hai h li chiu khc nhau. Pha Bc dng h chiu GAUSS v pha Nam dng h chiu UTM. k t thng 12 nm 2000, Tng Cc a chnh ngh Chnh ph cho dng thng nht mt h chiu l UMT. Tuy nhin vic chuyn i ton b bn nn Pha Bc sang cng h chiu l cha th lm c ngay, v vy khi bin tp bn vn rt cn s chuyn i t li chiu ny sang li chiu khc hoc khi chp ni mnh bn h ny vi mnh bn ca h chiu khc. 5.2.1. Exporting A Map In A Different Projection (Xut bn trong li chiu khc): C nhiu cch chuyn, nhng n gin nht l xut sang file DXF (Autocad) ri nhp li. Vo TABLE < EXPORT, xut hin hp hi thoi

Trong Save As Type chn kiu AUTOCAD DXF (*.DXF) ri Click SAVE xut hin tip hp hi thoi

nh du vo vung dng Preserve Attribute Data v Click OK.

Vo Table > Import , trong File Of Type chn kiu File AUTOCAD DXF (*.DXF), s c hp hi thoi sau:

Chn file xong Click Open, hp hi thoi khc xut hin:

nh du vo vung dng Preserve Attribute Data, Click chut vo Projection xut hin hp hi thoi Choose Projection, nu bn thuc mi 48 ta chn nh sau:

Click OK, OK t tn file thch hp ri Click SAVE. Vi bn thuc mi 49 trong hp Cateory Member, chn UTM Zone 49, Northern Hemisphere (WGS 84). Tng t nh cch lm trn y, chng ta c th chuyn sang h chiu Gauss kinh v chuyn sang Gauss vi bn mi 48 nh sau:

Vi bn thuc mi 49 trong Cateory Member chn GK Zone 19 (Pulkovo 1942). Cch chuyn sang kinh v nh sau:

5.2.2. Saving A Copy Of Your Table In A Different Projection (ghi bn chp ca bn vi li chic khc) + Chn file > Save Copy As v ghi bn chep ca bng nh hp hi thoi c hin th. Khi bn c hn mt bng m, chn mt bng t hp hi thoi ghi bng v ghi bn chp ca bn nh hp hi thoi c hin th. + Kiu tn ca bng mi trong hp tn file ca hp hi thoi. + Ch ra th mc m file mi s c ghi. + Bm phm Projection v chn li chiu trong hp hi thoi chn li chiu. + Ch li chiu bn mun s dng. + Bm OK + Mapinfo to ra bng mi nhng n khng m c. Khi bn mun lm vic vi bng mi bn cn phi ln u tin m n s dng file > Open Table.
Bi tp 9. Thay i h quy chiu trong MapInfo Chuyn cc lp d liu t li chiu Non Earth sang UTM, Gausse