1) Gii thiu mn hc

Tn gi mn hc: Quan h kinh t quc t hay Kinh t i ngoi i tng nghin cu: Quan h kinh t quc t trn thc t Khi nim Quan h kinh t quc t: Quan h kinh t quc t l tng th tt c cc mi quan h kinh t gia cc ch th ca nn kinh t th gii Khi nim Kinh t i ngoi: KTN l quan h kinh t quc t ca 1 QG QHKTQT l tng th quan h kinh t i ngoi ca cc QG

Quan h kinh t quc t theo cp song phng v a phng: Quan h KTQT tng th Quan h KTQT ca tng QG ring bit: Quan h KTQT ca cc nhm lin kt, nhm quc gia,:. Phn bit mn hc Kinh t quc t v Quan h kinh t quc t

 ngha ca QHKTQT (Kinh t i ngoi): Hi nhp kinh t quc t, ton cu ha l xu hng tt yu Vai tr quan trng ca QHKTQT vi tt c cc quc gia S ph thuc cht ch vo th trng t/gii: nh hng mnh m t cc yu t quc t: Cn thit kin thc c bn l thuyt v thc t v Quan h kinh t quc t Mc tiu mn hc: Hiu c cc nguyn tc c bn ca QHKTQT: Nm c c trng ca QHKTQT: Nm c nguyn tc, thc trng QHKTQT ca Vit Nam:

2) Ni dung l thuyt
Chng 1: Nhng vn c bn ca Quan h kinh t quc t Chng 2: c im v tnh hnh kinh t th gii Chng 3: Cc lin kt kinh t quc t Chng 4: Cc t chc quc t Chng 5: Thng mi hng ha quc t Chng 6: Thng mi dch v quc t Chng 7: Thng mi quc t chnh sch thng mi quc t ca Vit Nam Chng 8: Th trng ngoi hi v t gi hi oi (T c) Chng 9: u t quc t chnh sch u t quc t ca Vit Nam

3) Cc vn thuyt trnh
I) Cc vn v WTO: 1) Hip nh chung v thng mi v thu quan 1994 (The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GATT 1994, sau vng Uruguay) 2) Hip nh v hng ro k thut (Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade - TBT) 3) Hip nh v cc bin php v sinh dch t (SPS Agreement on Phytosanitary anh Sanitary Measures) 4) Hip nh v Tr gi Hi quan (Agreement on Customs Valuation ACV) 5) Hip nh v xut x hng ho (Agreement on Rules of Origin - ROO)

6)Hip nh v tr cp v cc bin php i

khng (Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures SCM); 7)Hip nh v nng nghip (AOA Agreement on Agriculture); 8)Hip nh v chng bn ph gi (ADP Agreement on Antidamping Procedures) 9)Hip nh v t v (ASG Agreement on Safeguards) 10)Hip nh v Cc bin php u t lin quan ti thng mi (TRIM Agreement on TradeRelated Investment Measures) 11)Hip nh v cc kha cnh s hu tr tu lin quan n thng mi (TRIPS Agreement
on Trade-Related Aspects on Intellectual Property)

12)Hip nh v th tc cp php nhp khu

(Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures - ILP);

Hip nh v kim nh hng ho trc khi xp hng (Pre-shipment Inspection - PSI); 13)Cc hip nh nhiu bn (Plurilateral Agreements): Hip nh mua sm chnh ph, Hip nh mua bn my bay dn dng, Hip nh cng ngh thng tin, 14)Bn ghi nh v gii quyt tranh chp (DSU Understanding on Dispute Settlement) 15)Hip nh v Thng mi dch v (GATS General Agreement on Trade in Services) 16)Cam kt gia nhp WTO ca Vit Nam

II) Cc vn Quan h song phng v QHKTQT Vit Nam:

1) Kinh t M v quan h kinh t vi Vit Nam 2)Kinh t EU v quan h kinh t vi Vit Nam 3)Kinh t Trung Quc v q/h k/t vi VN 4)Kinh t Nht Bn v q/h kinh t vi VN 5)Kinh t Hn Quc v q/h k/t vi Vit Nam 6)Kinh t Australia v q/h k/t vi Vit Nam 7)Kinh t n v quan h k/t vi Vit Nam 8)Kinh t Nga v quan h k/t vi Vit Nam 9) Tnh hnh xut khu dt may ca Vit Nam 10)Tnh hnh xut khu da giy ca Vit Nam 11)Tnh hnh xut khu thy sn ca Vit Nam

12)Tnh hnh xut khu go ca Vit Nam 13)Tnh hnh xut khu cao su ca Vit Nam 14)Du lch quc t ca Vit Nam: 15)Xut khu lao ng ca Vit Nam: 16)Thc trng cc khu ch xut, khu cng nghip, khu kinh t ca Vit Nam

Hng dn chun b thuyt trnh

Lp chia ng 15 nhm Mi nhm chun b 1 (1-15) vn v WTO (I) Cu 16 (WTO) tt c t c, c kim tra Cc cu cn li: t nguyn Ban cn s Lp t chc chia t, bc thm v lp danh sch cc t vi cc cu hi. K hoch thuyt tnh: Trnh t t trn xung di, khng xo trn Mi ti c 1 nhm phn bin: nhm 2 phn bin nhm 1, nhm 3 p/b nhm 2,, nhm 15 p/b nhm 14, nhm 1 p/b nhm 15 T bui 5 bt u thuyt trnh: 2-3 vn /bui

 Yu cu thuyt trnh: PowerPoint: Font unicode, c 28-32; Yu cu ni dung: y , ngn gn, xc tch Chuyn nhm phn bin trc t nht 5 ngy Thi gian thuyt tnh: khng qu 30 pht

cho 1 vn 15 trnh by 15 hi, tr li v tho lun: - Nhm phn bin c kin trc - Sau ti cc nhm khc

4) nh gi mn hc
Trc nghim, c s dng ti liu Thi gia k: 20% Thi cui k: 50% im qu trnh (thuyt trnh, phn bin, pht biu, tho lun, ln lp,): 30% - Thuyt trnh: 60% (theo nhm) - Phn bin: 10% (theo nhm) - Pht biu: 30% (theo nhm) Vi c nhn: - Vng trn 25% s bui: cm thi - Vng 1 bui: tr 25% im qu trnh

5) Gio trnh v ti liu tham kho

Quan h kinh t quc t. (GS. TS. V Thanh Thu) Kinh t i ngoi Vit Nam. (PGS.TS. Nguyn Vn Trnh) Gio trnh Kinh t quc t. (TS. c Bnh, TS. Nguyn Thng Lng) Gio trnh Kinh t i ngoi Vit Nam. (TS. Nguyn Anh Tun, TS. Nguyn Vn Lch) Hi p v WTO (www.mutrap.org) Cc ti liu tham kho khc: th vin

Cc trang Web: Tng cc thng k: www.gso.gov.vn B cng thng: www.mot.gov.vn UBQGv HTKTQT: www.nciec.gov.vn B KH&T: www.mpi.gov.vn Cc xc tin thng mi: www.vietrade.gov.vn D n h tr TM a bin: www.mutrap.org.vn www.wto.nciec.gov.vn; trungtamwto.vn; wto.nciec.gov.vn; chongbanphagia.vn; vcci.com.vn; www.baocongthuong.com.vn;
http://nciec.gov.vn/index.nciec??247;

Trang web ca cc t chc: UN, UNCTAD,

WTO, IMF, WB, ADB,..

CHNG 1: NHNG VN C BN CA QUAN H KINH T QUC T 1. KHI NIM, C S CA QUAN H KINH T QUC T: 1.1 Cc b phn ca nn kinh t th gii: Khi nim Nn kinh t th gii: Nn kinh t th gii l tng th ca cc nn kinh t quc dn c lp vi cc mi quan h v tc ng qua li vi nhau to thnh mt h thng kinh t quc t nh mt chnh th thng nht, tn ti v vn ng theo cc qui lut kinh t khch quan. Nn kinh t th gii gm 2 b phn c bn: Cc ch th kinh t quc t Cc quan h kinh t quc t

1.1.1 Cc ch th kinh t quc t:

Cc nn kinh t c lp. Cc nn kinh t ca cc quc gia v vng lnh th. Quan h gia cc nn kinh t th hin thng qua cc hip nh kinh t, vn ho, khoa hccng ngh. (song phng, a phng). i din cho cc quc gia v vng lnh th: nh nc chnh ph: iu tit hot ng kinh t i ni, i ngoi L ngi tiu dng hng ho v dch v ln Tham gia trc tip hot ng sn xut-kinh doanh thng qua doanh nghip nh nc

 Cc ch th cp thp hn: Cc cng ty, x nghip, tp on, n v kinh

doanh, cc t chc phi li nhun, C nhn, th nhn Mi quan h gia cc ch th ny thng qua hp ng thng mi-u t, hp tc trong tt c cc lnh vc kinh t Cc cng ty a quc gia, cty xuyn quc gia. Vai tr quan trng : Sn xut 25% GDP th gii; chim 2/3 kim ngch thng mi quc t; 4/5 s lng bng pht minh sng ch; u t trc tip nc ngoi (FDI): 80%

Cc ch th kinh t cp quc t.

Cc t chc quc t:

Lin hip quc v cc t chc, cc t chc

chuyn mn IMF, Ngn hng Th gii (WB), Cc t chc quc t chuyn ngnh: T chc thng mi th gii WTO, T chc du lch quc t, T chc hi quan th gii, cc hip hi ngnh ngh. Cc lin kt kinh t khu vc: Lin minh Chu u - EU, khu vc mu dch t do Bc M (NAFTA), khu vc mu dch t do ASEAN (AFTA), Th trng chung Nam M MERCOSUR, Khu vc mu dch t do Nam (SAFTA),.

1.1.2 Cc quan h kinh t quc t Khi nim quan h kinh t quc t: Quan h kinh t quc t l tng th tt c cc mi quan h kinh t gia cc ch th ca nn kinh t th gii Quan h kinh t i ngoi L quan h kinh t ca 1 quc gia vi cc ch th ca nn kinh t th gii l quan h kinh t quc t ca 1 quc gia 1.2 C s ca quan h kinh t quc t: S hnh thnh v pht trin ca th trng quc t Phn cng lao ng quc t c s pht trin cc mi quan h kinh t quc t

2. NI DUNG QUAN H KINH T QUC T

Thng mi (hng ha) quc t - Ngoi thng Thng mi dch v quc t Hp tc trong lnh vc sn xut Hp tc khoa hc k thut u t quc t Lnh vc ti chnh Di chuyn lao ng quc t .

2.1 Thng mi (hng ha) quc t Thng mi quc t l s trao i hng ho gia cc quc gia thng qua xut nhp khu. Vai tr thng mi quc t (Ngoi thng): Tng tch lu cho nn kinh t ng lc tng trng kinh t iu tit tha thiu trong nc Nng cao trnh cng ngh v c cu ngnh ngh (hp l). Ni dung ca ngoi thng bao gm: Nhp khu hng ho Xut khu hng ho Thu gia cng Ti xut khu

2.2 Thng mi dch v (Cc hnh thc dch v thu ngoi t): Cc loi hnh dch v: Du lch quc t Vn ti quc t Bu chnh, vin thng Xy dng Dch v ti chnh; Bo him Dch v tin hc v cng ngh thng tin; Dch v kinh doanh Vn ha, gii tr, gio dc . Kim ngch thng mi dch v so vi thng mi hng ha: trn 20%

2.3 Hp tc trong lnh vc sn xut: Nhn gia cng Xy dng lin doanh vi vn v cng ngh t nc ngoi. Hp tc sn xut quc t trn c s chuyn mn ho. 2.4 Hp tc khoa hc k thut. Trao i, mua bn sng ch, b quyt cng ngh (ti liu, k thut, thit k, giy php, kinh nghim), Chuyn giao cng ngh thng qua mua bn my mc, thit b, t vn k thut, qun l sn xut Phi hp nghin cu khoa hc k thut, hp tc o to, bi dng cn b, cng nhn..

2.5 u t quc t. u t quc t l mt qu trnh u t vn ra nc ngoi nhm mc ch sinh li ti u u t quc t c tc ng hai mt tch cc v tiu cc vi nc u t v nhn u t. C hai loi hnh u t: u t trc tip v u t gin tip 2.6 Lnh vc ti chnh Thanh ton quc t T gi hi oi Vay n, tn dng

3. C TRNG V CC NGUYN TC C BN CA QUAN H KINH T QUC T 3.1 c trng ca quan h kinh t quc t QHKTQT l quan h tho thun, t nguyn gia cc quc gia c lp, gia cc t chc kinh t c tnh php nhn trn nguyn tc bnh ng, t nguyn, cng c li, tn trng c lp ch quyn, khng can thip vo cng vic ni b, thng qua k kt cc hip nh, hp ng kinh t QHKTQT c mi quan h, tc ng qua li vi quan h chnh tr quc t

QHKTQT din ra theo cc quy lut kinh t khch quan: Kinh t th trng, m ca hi nhp quc t, ton cu ha, QHKTQT chu tc ng ca cc h thng qun l, cc h thng th ch, lut php khc nhau, chnh sch ca tng quc gia, cc iu c, thng l quc t, QHKTQT gn lin vi chuyn i gia cc ng tin QHKTQT chu tc ng trc tip ca khong cch a l (khng nh nhau???)

3.2 Nhng nguyn tc c bn ca quan h kinh t quc t.

Nguyn tc tng h (Reciprocity): Cc bn trong quan h kinh t i ngoi dnh cho nhau nhng u i v nhn nhng tng xng nhau (c i c li) Nguyn tc ngang bng dn tc (National parity - NP) i hi cng dn ca cc bn tham gia trong QHKTQT c hng quyn li v ngha v nh nhau (tr quyn bu c, ng c, ngha v qun s)

Nguyn tc i x quc gia (National treatment NT) To ra mi trng bnh ng gia cc nh kinh doanh trong nc v nc ngoi Tc l Khng phn bit i x: Trong thng mi: gia hng sn xut trong nc v hng nhp khu sau khi tr thu nhp khu: Trong u t, dch v: gia cc nh u t, cung cp dch v trong nc v nc ngoi Trong bo h s hu tr tu:

Nguyn tc ti hu quc (Most Favoured Nation - MFN), hay Nc c u i nht i hi cc bn trong quan h kinh t dnh cho nhau nhng u i khng km hn nhng u i m mnh hoc s dnh cho nc khc Nguyn tc ny c hiu theo 2 cch: Tt c cc u i v min gim m mt bn tham gia dnh cho bt k mt nc th ba no th cng dnh cho bn kia c hng mt cch khng iu kin

Hng ho di chuyn t mt bn tham gia vo lnh th ca bn tham gia kia s khng chu mc thu v ph tn cao hn so vi mc p dng i vi hng ho nhp khu t nc th ba no khc. Nguyn tc MFN l khng phn bit i x gia cc i tc thng mi, m bo iu kin cnh tranh cng bng gia cc i tc. MFN khng c ngha l dnh cho nhau c quyn gia cc bn tham gia. Nguyn tc MFN c m rng trong cc quan h kinh t quc t khc: dch v, u t, s hu tr tu,

 C tn ti ngoi l, v d: Tham gia vo cc lin kt kinh t khu vc Ch thu quan u i ph cp (The Generalized System of Preferences GSP) C th duy tr mt s loi tr trong thng mi dch v, c hng MFN: m phn v k kt song phng hip nh v MFN Gia nhp WTO (MFN t tt c cc thnh vin WTO)

Dnh u i cho cc nc ang pht trin Ch thu quan u i ph cp (The Generalised System of Preference GSP): Gim hoc min thu vi hng cng nghip nhp khu t cc nc ang pht trin, km pht trin GSP cho php min hoc gim thu nhp khu so vi thu Ti hu quc (MFN) vi cc mt hng thuc din iu chnh ca GSP GSP thng qua 1968 ti Hi ngh ca LHQ v Thng mi v Pht trin (UNCTAD). GSP khng i hi c i c li GSP khng mang tnh cam kt, thay i theo thi k

Mi quc gia c o lut v GSP, quy nh: Sn phm c hng, mc thu, iu kin thu nhp bnh qun, Th phn, Xut x hng ho (t trng nguyn liu, chi

ph L: 35-60%) . Mt s nc ang pht trin, kinh t chuyn i cng dnh thu u i GSP

4. CC NGUN LC CHO PHT TRIN KINH T I NGOI VIT NAM 4.1 Ngun nhn lc: Vit Nam c mt ngun nhn lc tng i di do v s lng, cht lng S lng tng i ln: 86 triu, khong 40 triu trong tui lao ng, C cu tr, t l trong tui lao ng cao, Tc tng kh cao trn 1%

Cht lng: u im: Thng minh, sng to, ham hc hi, nhn thc nhanh, cn c, chu kh, trnh vn ho tng i cao, tin lng tng i thp, Hn ch: chuyn mn, tay ngh cha cao; th lc yu; vn ho, k lut lao ng cha cao; trnh qun l km, c cu o to cha hp l Ngun nhn lc ca Vit Nam l ngun lc c li th nht pht trin kinh t i ngoi:

S liu v Dn s Vit Nam

Nm Dn s Tc (triu) tng (%) Nam 1,86 48,80 1991 67,2 1,65 48,94 1995 71,99 1,35 49,17 2000 77,63 1,28 49,17 2001 78,62 1,17 49,17 2005 82,40 1,12 49,20 2006 83,31 1,09 49,22 2007 84,22 1,07 49,30 2008 85,12 1,06 49,43 2009 86,02 1,05 49,49 2010 86,93 2011* 87,84 1,04% C cu (%) N T/th N/thn

51,20 51,06 50,83 50,83 50,83 50,80 50,78 50,70 50,57 50,51

19,67 20,75 24,13 24,55 27,10 27,67 28,20 28,98 29,61 30,17

80,33 79,25 75,87 75,45 72,90 72,33 71,80 71,02 70,39 69,83

4.2 Ngun lc t nhin: Ti nguyn t ai Nh (330.000km2) iu kin th nhng, kh hu a dng: m bo an ninh lng thc; pht trin nhiu loi cy c gi tr xut khu: nh hng mnh do bin i kh hu Ti nguyn rng: Trc y giu ti nguyn rng, B tn ph. Din tch 1990 cn 24%, hin nay gn 30%. Ngnh giy, g gp kh khn. nh hng xu n mi trng, ti pht trin du lch:

 Ti nguyn bin: Vit nam c li th v ti nguyn bin, vi 1 triu km2 lnh hi, tr lng thu hi sn ln B bin di, v tr a l thun li: pht trin ngnh cng nghip ng tu, sa cha tu bin, vn ti ng bin, du lch Ti nguyn khong sn: Kh a dng, nhng tr lng khng ln S lng tng i ln: Du m (1 t tn); kh t (hng nghn t m3)
Than: Than (4-5 t tn); than nu (hng chc

t tn - ng bng Bc b su 800m) Qung st (min ni pha Bc, H Tnh); Qung nhm (Ty nguyn); Apatt (Lo cai, Ph Th);

Ti nguyn du lch: Nhiu danh lam thng cnh c sc, Di tch, di sn vn ho c o V tr a l: thun li pht trin du lch v vn ti ng bin, hng khng, ng b quc t, trao i thng mi, thu ht u t nc ngoi 4.3 Ngun vn: H tng kinh t-x hi cn thiu, lc hu Vn ti chnh: hn ch do GDP bnh qun u thp, t l tit kim cha cao 1.2.4 Trnh khoa hc-Cng ngh: thp v tt hu so vi th gii v khu vc

5. NHNG THUN LI, KH KHN

5.1 Nhng thun li Cc ngun lc cho pht trin kinh t i ngoi ca Vit Nam nhn chung thun li Nm trong khu vc pht trin nng ng, thun li hi nhp kinh t khu vc v th gii Vit nam thc hin chnh sch m ca v t c nhng kt qu quan trng trong kinh t i ngoi L nc ang pht trin, i sau nn Vit nam c th hc hi v rt kinh nghim v pht trin kinh t ca cc quc gia i trc

5.2 Nhng kh khn: Cc ngun lc pht trin kinh t i ngoi cn hn ch, kh khn trong khai thc Trnh cng ngh, sn xut, qun l cn yu km, nng lc ti chnh ca cc doanh nghip cn yu Xu hng t do ho thng mi km theo xu hng bo h trong thng mi quc t trn th gii Mi trng kinh t, ti chnh - tin t khu vc v th gii nhiu bin ng Sc cnh tranh ca hng ho Vit Nam trn th trng th gii cn rt yu

GDP (nghn t VND) - Gi hin hnh

Nm 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011* Tng 41,9 228,8 441,6 481,2 535,7 715,3 839,2 974,2 1143,7 1485,0 1658,4 1980,9 2535,0 NN-LN-TS 16,2 62,2 108,3 111,8 123,3 155,9 175,9 198,7 232,5 329,9 346,8 407,6 558,3 CN-XD 9,5 65,8 162,2 183,5 206,1 287,6 344,2 404,6 474,4 591,6 667,3 814,1 1020,4 Dch v 16,1 100,8 171,0 185,9 206,1 271,6 319,0 370,7 436,7 563,5 644,3 759,2 956,3

C cu GDP (%) (Gi hin hnh) Nm Tng NN-LN-TS CN-XD Dch v 1990 100,0 38,74 22,67 38,59 1995 100,0 27,18 28,76 44,06 2000 100,0 24,53 36,73 38,74 2001 100,0 23,24 38,13 38,63 2002 100,0 23,03 38,49 38,48 2004 100,0 21,81 40,21 37,98 2005 100,0 20,97 41,02 38,01 2006 100,0 20,40 41,54 38,06 2007 100,0 20,34 41,48 38,18 2008 100,0 22,21 39,84 37,95 2009 100,0 20,91 40,24 38,85 2010 100,0 20,58 41,09 38,33 22,02 40,25 37,73 2011* 100,0

2011*

1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Nm

Tng trng GDP (%), gi so snh 1994

Tng
105,09 109,54 106,79 106,89 107,08 107,79 108,44 108,23 108,46 106,31 105,32 106,78 105,89 101,00 104,80 104,63 102,98 104,17 104,36 104,02 103,69 103,76 104,70 101,83 102,78 104,00 102,27 113,60 110,07 110,39 109,48 110,22 110,69 110,38 110,22 105,98 105,52 107,70 105,53

NN-LN-TS CN-XD Dch v

110,19 109,83 105,32 106,10 106,54 107,26 108,48 108,29 108,85 107,37 106,63 107,52 106,99

GDP bnh qun u ngi Vit Nam

Ni t USD (Nghn VND) (T gi bnh qun) 5.689 402 10.185 642 11.694 13.580 17.446 19.278 731 843 1.052 1.064

2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

2010
2011*

22.787
28.859

1.169

Country 2011-12 2010-11 Index GCI) (The Global Competitiveness 2009-10 08-09 (Economy) Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Ca: Din n kinh t th gii Switzerland 1- World Economic Forum) 5.74 1 5.63 1 5.60 2 (WEF Singapore 2 5.63 3 5.48 3 5,55 5 Malaysia 21 5.08 26 4.88 24 4,87 21 China 26 4.90 27 4.84 29 4,74 30 Brunei 28 4.78 28 4.75 32 4,64 39 Thailand 39 4.52 38 4.51 36 4,56 34 Indonesia 46 4.38 44 4.43 54 4,26 55 India 56 4.30 51 4.33 49 4,30 50 Vietnam 65 4.24 59 4.27 75 4,03 70 Philippines 75 4.08 85 3.96 87 3,90 71 Cambodia 97 3.85 109 3.63 110 3,51 109

Ch s cnh tranh quc gia

CHNG 2: NHNG C IM V TNH HNH KINH T TH GII HIN NAY 1. NHNG C IM CHUNG CA TNH HNH PHT TRIN KINH T TH GII 2. 2. TNH HNH KINH T TH GII NHNG NM GN Y:

1. NHNG C IM CHUNG CA TNH HNH PHT TRIN KINH T TH GII Pht trin kinh t th trng m l xu th chung trn th gii hin nay Kinh t th gii pht trin theo xu hng ton cu ho v khu vc ho Cnh tranh kinh t gay gt v khc lit Cc chnh ph can thip ngy cng su vo hot ng kinh t Cc lin kt kinh t khu vc v lin khu vc hnh thnh v pht trin mnh m Quan h kinh t Bc Nam mang tnh hp tc i thoi, vn tn ti mu thun, i lp Hot ng mua bn v sp nhp pht trin mnh m N cng nh hng ti kinh t th gii

1.1 Pht trin kinh t th trng m l xu th chung trn th gii hin nay: T u nhng nm 1990: Cc nc XHCN ng u t b kinh t k hoch ha tp trung v pht trin theo m hnh kinh t th trng. M hnh kinh t th trng theo nh hng khc nhau: T bn ch ngha, X hi ch ngha, M hnh cc nc Bc u; M hnh mt s nc M la tinh: Venezuela, Bolivia, Ecuador. Lun c iu chnh, thay i

1.2 Nn kinh t th gii pht trin theo xu hng ton cu ho v khu vc ho: Ton cu ho (Globalization): S ph thuc ln nhau gia cc quc gia trong cc lnh vc kinh t-x hi (Kinh t, chnh tr, an ninh quc phng, vn ho, mi trng, th ch,) trn phm vi ton cu Khu vc ho (Regionalization): S lin kt gia cc nc trong khu vc, hnh thnh nhng nhm hoc t chc khu vc. (bao gm hip nh hp tc song phng c th cch xa v a l).

Ton cu ho v Khu vc ha tng t v ni dung, khc nhau v phm vi. Biu hin ca ton cu ho v khu vc ho: Gia tng thng mi quc t, 1995-2000: tng trng trung bnh ca xut khu hng ho: l 7%, so vi tng trng GDP ton cu: 3% 2000-2007: tng t 5,5% so vi 3% Thng mi dch v: 1995-2000: 5%; 2000-07: 12% Gia tng u t quc t: u t trc tip: u t gin tip: tng mnh, qui m ln

u t trc tip nc ngoi trn th gii (gi tr thc t - t USD)

Foreign Direct Investment FDI
19952002 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2000 FDI 735 625 718 959 1411 2100 1744 1185 1244 (IF) FDI 707 537 920 881 1323 2268 1911 1171 1323 (OF)

FDI (IF) FDI Inflows 2011: 1524 t USD FDI (OF) FDI Outflows 2012: 1686 1995-2000: trung bnh nm 2013: 1875

Tng trng FDI trn th gii (%)

FDI

1986 1991 1996 2001 - 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 1990 1995 2000 2005 23,6 22,5 40,0 5,2 47,2 29,9 -15,7 -32,1 4,9 25,9 16,5 36,1 9,2 50,2 50,9 -14,9 -38,7 13,1

FDI
Inflows

FDI
Outflows

S pht trin mnh m quan h ti chnh, tn dng, tin t quc t Th trng ngoi hi: 1992 820 t USD; 1998 1490; 2004 1880; 2007 3324; 2010 - 4000 Gia tng chuyn giao cng ngh quc t Cc sn phm mang tnh quc t cao. 90% sn phm sn xut vi s tham gia t 2 nc tr ln Gia tng v s lng cc cng ty quc t (cng ty xuyn quc gia - TNC, cng ty a quc gia - MNC). Cng ty a quc gia (Multinational Company): vn ca nhiu nc ng gp, hot ng nhiu quc gia

Cng ty xuyn quc gia (Transnational Company) Cty thnh lp do vn ng gp ca mt nc, a bn hot ng ti nhiu quc gia Thc t hin nay khng phn bit cty a quc gia v cty xuyn quc gia. S lng cty quc t: Gia tng nhanh chng Tp trung ch yu ti cc nc pht trin (>70%), c bit Ty u. T l TNCs ca cc nc PT tng V tim lc v qui m, ng u l TNCs ca M, Nht Bn

Gia tng di chuyn lao ng quc t Ph cp thng tin ton cu nh pht trin internet, cc phng tin thng tin lin lc. nh hng trong vn ha: ha nhp v a dng ha (tc ng tch cc v tiu cc) 1.3 Cnh tranh kinh t ngy cng gay gt v khc lit Gia cc quc gia trn th trng th gii v hng ha, dch v; Gia cc cty bn x vi cty quc t trn th trng ni a Gia cc quc gia trong thu ht vn, u t Duy tr, gia tng nh hng,

1.4 Cc chnh ph can thip ngy cng su vo hot ng kinh t: Gia tng can thip iu tit kinh t v m: Tham gia cc lin kt kinh t, cc hip nh song phng, a phng H tr ca chnh ph cho kinh doanh: Tham gia, can thip trc tip vo hot ng sn xut kinh doanh

1.5 Cc lin kt kinh t khu vc v lin khu vc hnh thnh v pht trin mnh m: Cc lin kt khu vc: Cc hip nh song phng: 1.6 Quan h kinh t Bc Nam (NorthSouth) mang tnh hp tc i thoi, nhng tn ti mu thun, i lp. 1.7 Xu hng mua bn v sp nhp (Mergers & Acquisitions M&A) pht trin mnh m 1.8 N cng nh hng ti kinh t th gii

Mua bn, sp nhp qua bin gii Cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&As)
Crossborder 1990 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 M&As Gi tr 99 462 636 1023 707 250 339 (T USD) Tng trng mua bn sp nhp (%) 1988- 1991- 1996- 20012006 2007 2008 2009 2010 1990 1995 2000 2005 26,6 49,1 64,0 0,6 20,3 46,4 -30,9 -64,7 35,7

2. TNH HNH KINH T TH GII NHNG NM GN Y: Giai on 4 nm tng trng tng i cao, n nh (2004-07), 2008 Kinh t th gii lm vo khng hong ti chnh, kinh t: Tng trng kinh t chm Thng mi quc t tng chm, st gim . Hot ng u t FDI gim st: T qu 3/2009: bt u phc hi

Tng trng GDP th gii (%)

9101 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 00
World

3,1 2,2 2,8 3,6 4,9 4,5 5,1 5,2 3,0 -0,5 5,0 3,8

Advanced 2,8 1,2 1,6 1,9 3,2 2,6 03 2,7 0,5 -3,2 3,0 1,6 economies

Emerging and 3,6 3,8 4,8 6,3 7,5 7,1 8,0 8,3 6,1 2,4 7,3 6,2 developing economies

Advanced economies Cc nc pht trin Emerging and developing economies Cc nn kinh t chuyn i v ang pht trin

Tng trng GDP cc nc pht trin (%)

91 - 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 00 World 3,1 2,2 2,8 3,6 4,9 4,5 5,1 5,2 3,0 -0,5 5,0 3,8 Advanced economies 2,8 1,2 1,6 1,9 3,2 2,6 03 2,7 0,5 -3,2 3,0 1,6
United 3,3 0,8 1,6 2,5 3,6 2,9 2,8 2,0 0,4 -2,4 2,8 1,8 States Euro 1,9 0,9 0,8 2,2 1,7 2,9 2,7 0,6 -4,1 1,7 1,6 area EU 2,2 2,1 1,4 1,5 2,6 2,2 3,4 3,1* 0,9 -4,1 1,8 1,6 Japan
Other advanced economies

1,3 0,2 0,3 1,4 2,7 1,9 2,0 2,4 -1,2 -6,3 3,9 -0,9 3,5 1,8 3,2 2,5 04 3,3 3,9 4,0 1,2 -2,3 4,3 3,3

2.1 Tnh hnh tng trng kinh t cc nc pht trin (34 quc gia v lnh th) Tng trng thp hn so vi th gii Tng trng gim mnh do khng hong Kinh t phc hi sau khng hong chm Vn n cng nh hng mnh ti kinh t 2.1.1 Kinh t M: ng vai tr u tu trong kinh t th gii. Kinh t M chim gn 1/4 GDP th gii: 2010: 14582 t USD - 23,2%; Xut khu hng ha: 2010: 1278 t USD 8,4% xut khu th gii

 Nhp khu hng ha:

2010: 1968 t USD hay 12,8% th gii ng USD l ng tin chnh trong thng mi, u t, d tr quc t. L nh cung cp ln trong cc ngnh cng ngh cao: Cng nghip hng khng-v tr: Thit b my vi tnh Phng tin lin lc Dch v cng ngh-thng tin: phn mm, c s d liu, Nh sn xut nng nghip ln: la m, ng, u tng, bng, ht c du, tht,

Tng trng ca kinh t M: Giai on 2003-06: phc hi tng trng Nm 2007 chm li (2%) Khng hong 2008: 0,4%; 2009: 2,4 T qu 3/2009 bt u phc hi, cha bn vng: 2010 2,8% Nguyn nhn khng hong: Khng hong ti chnh bt ngun t khng hong vay th chp trn th trng nh t Lan sang khu vc ti chnh: nh hng ti lnh vc sn xut, dch v

Tng cu gim trong khng hong:

2008: -1,1%; 2009: -3,6%; 2010:3,2% - Chi tiu c nhn gim: 2008: - 0,2%; 2009: -0,6%; 2010: 1,8% - u t: 2008: -3,6%; 2009: -14,5%; 2010: 3,2% Hnh ng Chnh ph: Can thip mnh m Bm tin vo nn kinh t Cu cc ngn hng, t chc ti chnh, DN Gim li sut xung mc thp nht (0,25%) Tng chi ngn sch: Gii quyt vn n xu Kt qu: Qu 3/2009: c du hiu phc hi (GDP tng) Phc hi chm, cha chc chn

Nhng yu t bt n ca kinh t M: Thm ht kp: Thm ht thng mi v cn cn vng lai: Cn cn vng lai thm ht: 4-5% GDP. Thm ht vi cc nc: Trung Quc, EU, Canada, Nht, OPEC, Mexico, Hn Quc, i Loan, Brazil. Thm ht ngn sch: 2-6% GDP; N cng tng nhanh, mc cao p lc lm pht gia tng: C/s ni lng cung tin, tng chi ngn sch ng la mt gi Nng sut lao ng tng chm t 2003 Nhng bt n v kinh t, an ninh, Hu qu nng n t khng hong ti chnh

GDP ca M
1980 1990 2000 2005 2007 2008 2010 World 11.922 22.130 31.850 45.090 54.841 60.690 62.909 (t $) U.S 2.785 5.790 9.834 12.364 13.742 14.093 14.582 (T $) U.S (%)

23,4

26,2

30,9

27,4

25,1

23,2

23,2

T trng ca M theo GDP (PPP): nm 2008: 20,7%; 2009: 20,5% Cu 3: Ti sao t trng ca M trong GDP (PPP) ca th gii thp hn so vi trong GDP gi hin hnh? Cu hi

Kim ngch (v th hng) xut khu, nhp khu ca M (t USD)

2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 XK NK 781
(1)

904 1.038 1.163 1.287 1057 1278

(2) (2) (3) (3) (3) (2)

1.257 1.732 1.119 2.020 2.170 1.604 1968

(1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (2)

T trng thng mi quc t ca M

1948 1973 1993 2003 2007 2008 2009 2010 XK 21,7 12,3 12,6 9,8 XK* 8,5 8,2 8,5 8,4

11,3 10,6 11,2 10,8

NK 13,0 12,3 15,9 16,9 14,5 13,5 12,7 12,8 NK* 19,0 17,4 16,7 16,4

(*) Khng tnh xut khu (nhp khu) ni khi ca EU (27)

Cn cn vng lai ca M
20 01 20 03 20 05 20 06 20 07 20 08 20 09 20 10 20 11*

I -385 -522 -749 -804 -718 -669 -378 -470 -494 II -3,8 -4,7 -5,9 -6,0 -5,1 -4,7 -2,7 -3,2 -2,8

I Cn cn vng lai Current Account (T

USD) - CA II T trng CA/GDP (%)

Thm ht ngn sch, n chnh ph ca M

%GDP 99-02 20 03 20 05 20 06 20 07 20 08 20 09 20 10 20 11*

Actual balance -1,6 -4,8 -3,2 -2,0 -2,7 -6,6 -12,5 -10,6 -10,8

Net debt 46,2 41,5 42,6 41,9 42,6 48,8 59,9 64,8 72,4
Gross debt 64,9 61,2 61,6 61,1 62,1 71,2 84,6 91,6 99,5

Actual balance: Cn cn ngn sch/GDP hin hnh Net debt: N rng ca ngn sch nh nc Gross debt: Tng n ca ngn sch nh nc

2.1.2 Kinh t Nht Bn: Nn kinh t ln th 3 th gii t qu 3/2010* GDP: 5498 8,8% GDP th gii (2010, gi hin hnh); 2008: 4.911 t 8,1%; 2005: 10,2% Theo GDP (PPP): 2005 7,6%; 2008 6,4%; 2009 6,0% Xut khu hng ho 2010: 770 t USD (5,1% th gii); 2007: 5,2%. Nhp khu: 2010: 693 t USD - 4,5% th gii; 2007: 4,4%. Cn cn thng mi, vng lai lun thng d D tr ngoi t th hai th gii: 2009 l 1049 t USD (gm d tr vng)

L quc gia ln trong sn xut: robot; vt liu bn dn, in t; xe hi; ng tu; ch to my; si tng hp; thit b in, in t; thit b vn phng, thng tin lin lc; thp, Kinh t ph thuc nhiu vo xut khu L quc gia xut khu vn ln: u t trc tip, vn vay v vin tr pht trin (ODA) Pht trin kinh t gn y: T thp k 90 th k XX, kinh t Nht Bn b suy thoi v tr tr ko di: 1992 2002: GDP tng 0,7%. T 2003 kinh t Nht Bn bt u phc hi: tng trng n nh ti 2007: trung bnh 2%. nh hng mnh t Khng hong 2008: GDP 2008 (-1,2%); 2009 ( 6,3%); 2010 (3,9%)

Vn kinh t Nht Bn: Ph thuc nhp khu nhin liu: gn 20% tng nhp khu. Chu nh hng mnh m trc bin ng trn th gii, c bit (M, Trung Quc v cc nc ng v ng Nam ). N kh i ca nn kinh t: Tr tr ca h thng, Ci cch h thng gp nhiu kh khn, v d: t nhn ho ngnh bu in Tnh hnh gim pht ko di, n cng cao: Vn lao ng, dn s gi, ng JPY ln gi

Vn chuyn i c cu kinh t: T trng cao cc ngnh cng nghip thm

dng t bn truyn thng, ??? (nh hng ti cc ngnh cng nghip mi). Tin lng cao, kh khn trong cnh tranh. T trng khu vc ti chnh tng i thp. Tt hu vi cc nc pht trin khc trong h tng x hi, tiu th ni a, nng nghip

2.1.3 Kinh t EU: EU(27): chim khong 30% GDP th gii Thng mi quc t ca EU(27) 2007: 38,1% xut khu v 39,1% nhp khu th gii Cc sn phm xut khu hng u: ch to my, ho phm, sn phm cng ngh cao, nng sn (th 2 th gii) Cc ngnh pht trin: Nng nghip: m bo 90% nhu cu Cng nghip: Ch to my, phng tin vn ti, thit b lin lc, in v in t, cng nghip hng khng v v tr, ho phm v dc phm

Cng nghip nh kh pht trin: Italia, B

o Nha, Hy Lp, cc nc thnh vin mi Nhn chung cc ngnh cng ngh cao tt hu so vi M v Nht Bn. Lnh vc dch v cng km pht trin hn so vi M, c bit ngnh cng ngh thng tin

Tng trng kinh t EU: 2002-03: tng trng chm:1,4% v 1,5%; 2004-07: tng trng cao, n nh 2,2-3,4% 2008: nh hng khng hong ti chnh Tng trng chm: 2008: 0,9%; 2009: -4,1%; 2010: 1,8% Khu vc ti chnh EU b nh hng mnh Chnh ph: cu tr, kch cu tiu dng Kinh t phc hi t qu 3/2009, nhng cha chc chn EU ang i mt vi khng hong n cng ti mt s thnh vin

 Vn kinh t EU: Tt hu v nng sut lao ng so vi M, Nht Bn. Tt hu trong nhiu ngnh cng ngh tin tin (do chi cho nghin cu pht trin thp). Tht nghip cao do theo ui m hnh kinh t th trng-x hi chu u. N cng cao: Mu thun gia cc thnh vin: M rng EU, chnh sch thng mi, gii quyt n cng,

Thng mi quc t ca EU (27)

(t USD) Xut khu EU(27) Xut khu th gii T trng EU(27) Xut khu EU(27)* Xut khu th gii* T trng EU(27)* Nhp khu EU(27) Nhp khu th gii T trng EU(27) Nhp khu EU(27)* Nhp khu th gii* T trng EU(27)* 2007 5.320 13.950 38,1% 1.698 10.328 16,4% 5574 14.244 39,1% 1952 10.622 18,4% 2008 5.898 16.070 36,7% 1.925 12.096 15,9% 6.256 16.422 38,1% 2.282 12.449 18,3% 2009 4.567 12.461 36,7% 1.525 9.149 16,2% 4.714 12.647 37,3% 1.672 9.605 17,4% 2010 5.147 14,855 34,7% 1,787 11.495 15,5 5,337 15,050 35,5 1,977 11690 16,9%

(*) - excluding intra-EU (27) trade

2.2 Tnh hnh kinh t cc nc ang pht trin v kinh t chuyn i (Emerging and developing economies)
Khong 150 nc PT v KTC (IMF 2010) Tng trng kinh t cao, n nh: 2001:3,8%; 2002: 4,8%; 2003-07: cao, n nh 6,3-8,3% 2008: nh hng khng hong, vn tng trng: 2008: 6,1%; 2009: 2,7%; 2010:7,3% Vai tr ngy cng gia tng (G20)

2.2.1 Cc nc ang pht trin: Tng trng kinh t cao nht, gp phn cho tng trng kinh t th gii Khng hong, vn tng trng c tnh: Km pht trin v lc hu: pht trin kinh t, lc lng sn xut, c cu kinh t, cng ngh-k thut, vn ho, x hi Ph thuc vo cc nc pht trin Cung cp cc nguyn liu ch lc, hng tiu dng, thc phm; ngun nhn lc; Nhn li: Vai trTrung Quc, n , Brazil,: tch cc v tiu cc Phn ho su sc

Vn : N nc ngoi v thm ht cn cn vng lai. Thiu vn pht trin (t l tit kim thp, vn nc ngoi ch tp trung vo mt s khu vc v quc gia). Tht nghip, i ngho, dch bnh, xung t chnh tr, sc tc Xu hng bt li v gi trong xut khu nguyn liu, khong sn, nng sn Kh khn trong thng mi quc t: bo h t pha cc nc pht trin

Tng trng ca cc nc ang pht trin

World
9201 02 04 05 06

C&EE

Emerging & developing economies

(Central & eastern Europe)

07 08 09 10 3,2 2,9 4,9 4,5 5,1 5,2 3,0 -0,5 5,0

3,8 4,8 7,5 7,1 7,9 8,3 6,1 2,7 7,3 2,6 4,4 7,3 5,9 6,5 5,5 3,0 -3,6 4,2
5,2 8,2 6,7 8,5 8,6 5,5 -6,4 4,6

CIS (Commonwealth
of Independent States)

Dev-ping Asia 7,3 6,9 8,6 9,0 9,8 10,6 7,9 7,2 9,5
Middle East & 3,4 3,8 5,8 5,3 5,7 5,6 5,1 1,8 3,8 North Africa Sub-Saharan 2,8 7,4 7,1 6,3 6,5 6,9 5,5 2,8 5,0 Africa Western 3,0 0,5 6,0 4,7 5,6 5,8 4,3 -1,7 6,1 Hemisphere

Tng trng kinh t cc nc ang pht trin Chu (%)

World
9201 02 04 05

Emerging & developing 3,8 4,8 7,5 7,1 7,9 8,3 6,1 2,7 economies Dev-ping Asia 7,3 6,9 8,6 9,0 9,8 10,6 7,9 7,2

06 07 08 09 10 3,2 2,9 4,9 4,5 5,1 5,2 3,0 -0,5 4,6

7,3

China India Bangladesh Indonesia Malaysia Thailand Philippines Vit Nam

9,5 10,3 9,1 10,1 10,4 11,6 13,0 9,6 9,2 10,3 5,7 4,6 7,9 9,2 9,8 9,4 7,3 6,8 10,4
5,0 3,6 6,2 3,8 3,3 7,7 4,8 4,5 5,4 5,3 4,4 7,1 6,1 5,0 6,8 6,3 6,4 7,8 6,3 5,7 5,3 4,6 5,0 8,4 6,5 5,5 5,8 5,1 5,3 8,2 6,3 6,3 6,2 4,9 7,1 8,5 6,0 5,8 6,0 6,0 4,6 6,1 4,6 -1,7 7,2 2,5 -2,3 7,8 3,8 1,1 7,3 6,2 5,3 6,5

2.2.2 cc nc kinh t chuyn i: 1)Trung v ng u: Central and eastern Europe (CEE): IMF 2010: 14 quc gia; Albania; Bulgaria; Croatia; Estonia; Hungary; Macedonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Poland; Romania; Turkey; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; 2) Cng ng cc quc gia c lp: (Commonwealth of Independent States CIS): 13 QG: Armenia; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Georgia; Kazakhstan; Kyrgystan; Moldova; Mongolia*; Russia; Tajikistan; Turkmekistan; Ukraine, Uzbekistan

Cc nc kinh t chuyn i thot khi tr tr thp nin 1990 v tng trng kh cao 2002-07: tng trng nhanh 2008: nh hng khng hong: chm li 2009: C&EE: -3,6%; CIS: -6,4% 2010: C&EE: 4,2%; CIS: 4,6% c im v vn : Chuyn t m hnh k hoch ho tp trung sang kinh t th trng: Kinh t t nhn ngy cng ng vai tr quan trng. Cc nc C&EE pht trin nhanh hn theo hng th trng Cc nc CIS: vai tr nh nc rt ln, thi gian cui c thay i tch cc:.

Tch cc hi nhp kinh t quc t: Xut nhp khu tng trng nhanh, ng vai

tr quan trng trong pht trin kinh t, Thu ht vn nc ngoi l tc nhn thc y pht trin v ci cch. Cn cn thanh ton quc t thm ht (tr mt s quc gia xut khu du m). Tip tc c cu li nn kinh t, doanh nghip nh nc Tip tc qu trnh ci cch kinh t CIS: ph thuc nhiu vo xut khu nhin liu, nguyn liu, kim loi C&EE: c cu kinh t vi t trng cng nghip cao, tng bc hi nhp vi EU

CHNG 3: CC LIN KT KINH T QUC T

1. NHNG VN C BN V LIN KT KINH T QUC T 2. LIN KT KINH T QUC T NH NC 3. NHNG LIN KT KINH T QUC T QUAN TRNG

1. NHNG VN C BN V LIN KT KINH T QUC T 1.1 Khi nim: Lin kt kinh t quc t l mi quan h kinh t hnh thnh da vo s tha thun hai bn hoc nhiu bn, tm v m hoc vi m nhm to iu kin thun li cho hat ng kinh t v thng mi pht trin Phn bit: LKKTQT nh nc v t nhn Lin kt kinh t quc t nh nc: l cc lin kt kinh t c hnh thnh trn c s cc hip nh c k kt gia cc quc gia nhm lp ra cc lin kt kinh t khu vc

2. LIN KT KINH T QUC T NH NC

2.1 c im ca LKKTQT: Thnh lp, hot ng ph hp vi php lut, thng l quc t, trn c s iu l ca mnh. Thnh lp, hot ng c mc ch nht nh. C h thng c quan thng trc duy tr hot ng ca t chc v lin h vi cc thnh vin. 2.2 Cc hnh thc lin kt kinh t quc t nh nc (lin kt kinh t khu vc) Cc lin kt kinh t trn th gii theo cc hnh thc t chc sau:

- Hip c mu dch u i - Khu vc mu dch t do - Lin minh thu quan - Th trng chung - Lin minh kinh t - Lin minh tin t
Phn bit Lin kt kinh t quc t t nhn: L hnh thc lin kt kinh t quc t tm vi m (cp cng ty, doanh nghip) lp ra cc cng ty quc t

 Hip c mu dch u i (Preferential

trade Agreement): u i: ct gim thu quan L giai on chun b: Khu vc mu dch t do (Free Trade Area hay Free Trade Agreement): T do thng mi ni b T do trong chnh sch thng mi vi bn ngoi Thc t: - C th loi tr mt s sn phm nhy cm - C quan iu hnh gn nh: ban th k nh - C th bt u xc tin c t do ha thng mi dch v, u t

Cc khu vc mu dch t do ln: -NAFTA: Khu vc mu dch t do Bc M (North American Free Trade Agreement): Canada, Mexico, United States -AFTA : Khu vc mu dch t do ASEAN: -SAFTA : Khu vc mu dch t do Nam (South Asian Free Trade Arrangement): Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Maldives -ANZCERTA: Khu vc mu dch t do c v New Zealand (ANZCERTA Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Ralations Trade Agreement), - Cc hip nh mu dch t do song phng: rt ph bin

 Lin minh thu quan (Custom Union): c tnh:

- T do thng mi ni b - Chnh sch thng mi chung C quan iu hnh: - Ban th k thng trc, - Cc cuc hp thng k cc b, hp cp cao Thc t: ANDEANPACT l Lin minh thu quan bao gm: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru. Lin minh Chu u khi mi thnh lp; Lin minh thu quan v kinh t Trung Phi (Custom and Economic Union of Central Africa UDEAC)

T trng xut khu ni khi (%)

(Intra-export/Total Export)
19 99 20 00 20 02 20 04 20 06 20 07 20 08 20 09

EU (27) NAFTA
AFTA (ASEAN)

69,1 68,0 68,0 68,5 68,3 68,1 67,4 66,7

54,2 55,7 56,6 55,8 53,9 51,4 49,8 47,9 22,4 24,1 23,3 25,5 24,8 25,0 25,5 24,8

MERCOSUR 20,3 21,2 11,2 12,5 13,7 14,3 15,1 15,2

Andean 8,7 7,7 11,5 7,7 Community

7,7

7,9

7,5

7,7

 Th trng chung (Common Market): c tnh:

- Ging Lin minh thu quan - Thm: T do di chuyn vn, lao ng gia cc thnh vin Thc t: - Hon thnh t do ha thng mi dch v - iu hnh: qui m ln hn: Cc cuc hp thng xuyn hn ban th k hot ng thng xuyn hnh thnh v hot ng cc c quan iu hnh lin chnh ph.

 Cc khi lin kt th trng chung:

- Hi ng hp tc vng vnh (The Gulf Cooperation Council, 1981): Bahrain, Kuweit, man, Katar, rp X t, Cc tiu vng quc rp thng nht. - Hip hi lin kt M la tinh (Latin American Integration Association LAIA) 1960: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chi l, Columbia, Ecvador, M hi c, P ru, Uruguay, Venezuela. - Khi th trng chung Nam M (MERCOSUR Southern Cone Common Market, 1991): Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Venezuela.

- Th trng chung cc nc vng Ca ri b (Caribean Community Common Market) CARICOM - Cng ng kinh t cc quc gia Ty phi (Economic Community of West African States ECOWAS) Thc t cha hon thnh: Lin minh kinh t (Economic Union) c tnh: - Cc c tnh ging Th trng chung - c tnh khc: Hi ho v thng nht chnh sch v m trng yu: ngoi hi, ti kho, thu, ti chnh-tin t, cc chnh sch x hi

 Thc t:

Cc c quan iu hnh khng ch phi hp, gim st, m cn ra quyt nh hnh ng cho ton Lin minh. C quan iu hnh ca EU - U ban Chu u. Lin minh tin t (Monetary Union): c tnh: - Ging lin minh kinh t, - c s dng ng tin chung (Cc chnh sch thng nht mc cao: thu, ti kha; chnh sch ti chnh-tin t chung) Thc t: Lin minh tin t trong EU (Khu vc ng euro): ban u 12 thnh vin; hin nay - 17

3. NHNG LIN KT KINH T QUC T QUAN TRNG 3.1 T chc thng mi th gii Word Trade Organization (WTO) 3.1.1 Qu trnh hnh thnh, pht trin: WTO thnh lp 1994, hot ng t 1/1/1995 c 153 thnh vin, Vit Nam l 150. Tin thn l: Hip nh chung v Thu quan v Thng mi (General agreement on Tariff and Trade GATT) 30/10/1947 (hiu lc t 1/1/1948); 23 quc gia (12 quc gia pht trin). GATT l din n i thoi ch yu v ct gim thu quan, cc ro cn phi thu quan. 1948 - 1994 GATT tri qua 8 vng m phn:

 Vng m phn Geneve (1947) Vng m phn Annecy Php (1948) Vng m phn Torquay Anh (1950) Vng m phn Geneve (1956) Vng m phn Geneve hay vng m phn Dellon (1960-1961) Vng m phn Geneve (1964-1967) hay vng m phn Kennedy Vng m phn Tokyo (1973-1979) Vng m phn Uruguay (1986-1994) Hon thin nhiu vn v thnh lp WTO

V tr, vai tr GATT: Gim thu quan trong thng mi quc t: Vng Uruguay: thu trung bnh 6,3% xung cn 3,9%, (gim khong 40%) Thng qua GATT cc quc gia ang pht trin ginh c quyn by t kin tp th. Dn xp, gii quyt tranh chp thng mi. Thc y trao i thng tin kinh t, thng mi th gii.

Phn bit GATT v WTO (Khc bit) + GATT l tng hp cc quy nh, hip nh a bin, khng c nn tng v th ch, ch c mt ban th k nh. WTO l mt t chc thng trc, c iu l, c cu t chc cht ch. + Hip nh ca GATT l a phng, mang tnh tm thi, cc cam kt ca WTO l y v c nh. + Cc quy nh ca GATT ch p dng cho thng mi hng ho, WTO c thng mi dch v v cc vn lin quan n thng mi. + H thng gii quyt tranh chp ca GATT cng knh v km hiu qu, ca WTO hiu qu hn

3.1.2 Mc tiu v chc nng ca WTO: Mc tiu ca WTO: Thc y t do ho thng mi hng ho v dch v Pht trin cc th ch th trng Gii quyt bt ng, tranh chp thng mi Nng cao mc sng ca ngi dn ca cc thnh vin. Chc nng ca WTO: Gim st thc hin cc hip c ca WTO Tin hnh cc vng m phn

 H tr gii quyt tranh chp thng mi Kim sot s pht trin ca thng mi

quc t v chnh sch thng mi H tr k thut v o to chuyn gia Hp tc vi cc t chc quc t khc trong cc vn chnh sch thng mi 3.1.3 Cc nguyn tc hot ng ca WTO Nguyn tc Ti hu quc (Most Favoured Nation MFN): Cc QG thnh vin WTO dnh cho nhau qui ch ti hu quc. Nhng u i m mt quc gia dnh cho mt trong cc i tc thng mi ca mnh, cng s t ng v v iu kin dnh cho cc quc gia khc

Ngoi l: Thnh vin ca mt lin kt khu vc S dng cc bin php i ph vi cc hnh thc cnh tranh khng lnh mnh u i c trc cc hip nh thng mi a phng c k kt, sa i Hn ch thng mi lin quan ti vn an ninh quc gia, bo v sc kho con ngi, H thng u i chung GSP (Generalised System of Preference) v SSP (South-South Preference) Hip nh a si (Multi-Fiber Arrangements), Hip nh dt may (Agreement on Textiles and Clothing) Mua sm chnh ph,.

p dng vi hu ht lnh vc: thng mi

hng ho, dch v, u t, s hu tr tu V d: Nguyn tc i x quc gia (National Treatment- NT) p dng trong thng mi hng ho, dch v, s hu tr tu, u t lin quan ti thng mi, vi mc khc nhau m bo khng phn bit i x (i x bnh ng) gia hng ho nc ngoi (nhp khu) v hng ho ni a; gia cc doanh nghip trong nc v nc ngoi (c vn u t nc ngoi),

Trong thng mi hng ho: cc quc gia

khng c dnh cho hng ho ni a ch u i hn so vi hng ho nhp khu u i c th l cc khon thu ph, thu ni a, iu kin kinh doanh, V d: Ngoi l: Mua sm chnh ph Hn ch trong cc ngnh dch v

Nguyn tc Tip cn th trng (Market Access): M ca th trng hng ho, dch v, u t cho cc thnh vin, thng qua ct gim thu quan, thu quan ho cc bin php hn ch s lng, m ca thng mi dch v t do ho thng mi Ct gim thu quan, ro cn phi thu quan Thu quan b rng buc, khng tng tr li: - Thu sut rng buc (binding rate): - Thu sut trn (ceiling rate): Kt qu: - Thu quan trung bnh gim t 35% (nhng nm 1940) xung 6% trc vng Uruguay. - Sau vng Uruguay: xung ti 3,8%, - Thng mi thu bng 0 tng t 30% ti 44%

Nguyn tc Cnh tranh cng bng (Fair Competition) T do cnh tranh trn iu kin bnh ng: Tun th n/t ti hu quc v i x quc gia Khng s dng cc cng c cnh tranh khng lnh mnh: Cho php p dng thu chng bn ph gi, thu i khng, ... C ch kim tra chnh sch thng mi (Trade Policy Reviews Mechanism): 4 quc gia c khi lng thng mi ln nht, bao gm EU, 2 nm 1 ln; 12 quc gia tip theo nh gi 6 nm 1 ln.

Nguyn tc chnh sch thng mi minh bch, n nh v c th d on Chnh sch ca cc thnh vin phi r rng, c th, y m bo tnh minh bch Ch nhn nhn thu quan l cng c bo v th trng trong nc minh bch hn c, v thng mi t b bp mo hn Thc hin chnh sch thng mi ng theo cc qui nh ca WTO, v khng xy ra cc vi phm qui tc c tnh n phng Rng buc thu quan (tariff binding): Mi quc gia nhn chung khng c tng thu quan i mt sn phm cao hn thu sut rng buc (n nh khi m phn)

 S dng cc bin php hn ch nhp khu

ng cc qui nh ca WTO: Cc bin php t v (safeguards); Cc bin php chng bn ph gi (Antidumping measures) Thu i khng Nguyn tc gii quyt cc tranh chp theo qui nh ca WTO:
Nguyn tc dnh u i cho cc nc ang

pht trin v km pht trin: GSP, cc u i song phng

3.1.4 C cu t chc ca WTO: Hi ngh B Trng (Ministerial Conference): C quan cao nht ca WTO, hp t nht 2 nm 1 ln, thm quyn thng qua cc vn v cc hip nh a phng, kt np thnh vin mi i hi ng (General Council): C quan thng trc cao nht, gm i din tt c thnh vin, iu hnh hng ngy. C quan gii quyt tranh chp: L i hi ng hp khi cn thit, c Ch tch v th tc lm vic ring. C quan r sot chnh sch thng mi: L i hi ng hp khi cn thit, c ch tch v th tc lm vic ring:

Ban th k v Tng gim c WTO: h tr t chc m phn, h tr k thut, nghin cu chnh sch thng mi, t vn trong gii quyt tranh chp thng mi Cc c quan trc thuc i hng ng (cc hi ng): Hi ng v thng mi hng ho (Council for Trade in Goods): Bao gm 11 u ban: tip cn th trng; nng nghip; kim dch, cc bin php u t lin quan ti thng mi; xut x hng ho; thu i khng; gi tr tnh thu quan; ro cn k thut; chng bn ph gi, th tc cp php; cc bin php t v...

 Hi ng v thng mi dch v (Council for

trade in Services) gm 5 u ban v: dch v cng nghip; ti chnh; vn ti bin; vin thng Hi ng v cc vn s hu tr tu lin quan n thng mi (Council for TradeRelated Aspects of Intellectual Property) Cc u ban khc: UB v thng mi v mi trng, UB v thng mi v pht trin, UB v cn cn thanh ton, UB ngn sch v hnh chnh

C ch biu quyt ca WTO: Cc quyt nh thng c thng qua trn c s ng thun ca tt c cc thnh vin (ng thun: vo thi im thng qua khng c kin phn i nu ra). Hoc b phiu: 1 quc gia 1 l phiu: Cc quyt nh quan trng: 100% s phiu t quan trong hn: 3/4 s phiu. Kt np thnh vin mi: 2/3 n phm: WTO Focus; WTO Annual Report; World trade report; Trade Policy Reviews (nh k theo tng quc gia), International Statistics

Ph lc 1A: GATT 1994 v cc hip nh lin quan v thng mi: Ph lc 1B: Hip nh v Thng mi dch v (GATS General Agreement on Trade in Services) Ph lc 1C: Hip nh v cc kha cnh s hu tr tu lin quan n thng mi (TRIPS Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects on Intellectual Property) Ph lc 2: Bn ghi nh v gii quyt tranh chp (DSU Understanding on Dispute Settlement) Ph lc 3: C ch R sot Chnh sch Thng mi (TPRM Trade Policy Review Mechanism) Ph lc 4: Cc hip nh nhiu bn (Plurilateral Agreements):

3.1.5 Ni dung php l ca WTO:

Ph lc 1A: GATT 1994 Hip nh chung v thng mi v thu quan 1994 (GATT 1994 c chnh sa v b sung sau vng m phn Uruguay). Hip nh v hng ro k thut (Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade - TBT) Hip nh v cc bin php v sinh dch t (SPS Agreement on Phytosanitary anh Sanitary Measures) Hip nh v xut x hng ho (Agreement on Rules of Origin - ROO): Hip nh v th tc cp php nhp khu (ILP Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures) Hip nh v Tr gi Hi quan (Agreement on Customs Valuation ACV)

 Hip nh v kim nh hng ho trc khi

xp hng (Pre-shipment Inspection PSI). Hip nh v tr cp v cc bin php i khng (Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures SCM) Hip nh v chng bn ph gi (ADP Agreement on Antidamping Procedures) Hip nh v t v (ASG Agreement on Safeguards) Hip nh v nng nghip (AOA Agreement on Agriculture) Hip nh dt may (ATC Agreement on Textiles and Clothing) Hip nh v Cc bin php u t lin quan ti thng mi (TRIM Agreement on TradeRelated Investment Measures)

3.1.6 Th tc gia nhp WTO: Np n xin gia nhp,cung cp mt bn ghi nh v chnh sch thng mi WTO thnh lp nhm lm vic Cc thnh vin a ra cu hi Quc gia xin gia nhp tr li m phn 3 chng trnh nhng b v hng cng nghip, nng sn v dch v (song phng hoc a phng) Hon tt m phn, chun b Ngh nh th gia nhp. Trnh i hi ng thng qua Tng gim c WTO k, quc gia gia nhp ph chun.

3.1.7 Tc ng gia nhp WTO vi VN: Tc ng tch cc: Hng qui ch ti hu quc (MFN) Hng u i GSP Thun li hn trong gii quyt tranh chp thng mi Bi b hn ngch dt may ng lc mnh m cho ci cch kinh t Thc y cc doanh nghip nng cao nng lc cnh tranh Ci thin mi trng kinh doanh Li ch ca ngi tiu dng

Tc ng tiu cc: Sc p cnh tranh i vi hng ho nng sn v cng nghip M ca th trng dch v Thc hin bo h s hu tr tu Loi b nhiu hn ch vi u t nc ngoi Khng th thc hin bo h, h tr mt s ngnh cng nghip nh hng x hi: phn ho x hi, nh hng ti chng i ngho 3.1.8 Vit Nam v WTO: 1/1995: np n gia nhp 7/11/2006: Vit Nam - thnh vin 150 ca WTO

3.2 Lin minh Chu u European Union (EU)

3.2.1 S hnh thnh v pht trin ca EU: Lin minh Chu u (EU) l mt lin kt kinh t khu vc ln nht, pht trin nht hin nay gm 27 quc gia: c, Php, Anh, , B, H Lan, Luxemburg, Ty Ban Nha, B o Nha, Ailen, an Mch, Thu in, o, Phn Lan, Hy Lp, Ba Lan, Hungary, Cng ho Sc, Slovakia, Slovenia, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Cyprus, Malta, Bulgaria, Romania EU lin minh kinh t Lin minh tin t (euro) gm 17 quc gia:

3.2.1 S lc lch s pht trin ca EU: Khi u EU l Cng ng than v thp Chu u (The European Coal and Steel Community ECSC) 1951, vi 6 quc gia: B, CHLB c, Php, , H Lan, Luxemburg 25/3/1957 6 quc gia ny k hip c Roma thnh lp Cng ng Kinh t Chu u (The European Economic Community EEC) v
Cng ng nng lng nguyn t Chu u (The European Atomic Energy Community)

1/1/1973 Anh, an Mch, Ai len gia nhp EEC Hy Lp 1981; Ty Ban Nha v B o Nha 1986; o, Thu in v Phn Lan 1995.

5/2004 kt np 10 thnh vin mi: Sp, Malta, Ba Lan, CH Sc, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia v Litva. 2007: Bulgaria v Romania 3.2.2 Cc giai on pht trin: Giai on 1958-1968: (khu vc MD t do) Tng bc xo b thu quan, hn ch s lng vi hng cng nghip Hng nng sn: t do ho thng mi theo l trnh tng bc. Bt u thc hin chnh sch thu quan chung vi nhp khu t nc th ba Nng nghip: t 1962 chnh sch chung vi gi v sn lng cc loi nng sn; Qu nh hng v bo him nng nghip

Giai on 1968-1986 (Lin minh thu quan) 1971: chng trnh thnh lp lin minh kinh t v tin t vo 1980, khng thnh cng do: Bt ng tm thi trong ni b EEC, Gia tng cch bit kinh t v pht trin giai on khng hong 1970 - u nhng nm 1980. L thi gian tr tr. 1975 chnh sch thng mi do cc c quan ca EEC m nhim H thng tin t Chu u: n v tin t ECU, xc nh bng r tin t T gi gia cc ng bn t v USD n nh gii hn dao ng l 2,25% xung quanh t gi ca cc NHTW. ( dao ng : 6%)

Gia thp k 1980: EEC c bn l mt lin

minh thu quan pht trin, b sung thm mt s nhn t v s thng nht trong chnh sch kinh t v ngoi hi. Giai on 1986-1992 (Th trng chung): Qu trnh lin kt trong EEC c y mnh: Do cnh tranh t pha M, Nht Bn v NICs; S thay i quan im ca Php v EEC 1985: Vn kin Chu u thng nht (The Single European Act): xy dng th trng chung thng nht vo nm 1992 1992: EEC c bn l th trng chung hng ho v dch v; mi ro cn php l trong chu chuyn vn, lao ng c xo b T 1993 EEC i tn thnh EU.

Giai on t 1992 ti nay: Hip c Maastricht (12/1991): Quc tch thng nht EU ng thi vi quc tch cc nc thnh vin Hnh thnh lin minh kinh t v tin t vi ng tin chung euro, thnh lp NHTW Chu u; Hnh thnh lin minh chnh tr: chnh sch i ngoi lin kt; thng nht hn na chnh sch i ni, h thng php lut, m rng hn vai tr v quyn lc ca Ngh vin Chu u

10/1997: Hip c Amsterdam (sa i, b

sung hip c Maastricht), tng cng hp tc trong cc vn : Ci t th ch EU, T php v i ni, nhm dn xy dng mt khng gian t do, an ninh v php quyn Chnh sch x hi v vic lm Chnh sch i ngoi v an ninh chung Hip c Nice (12/2000) m rng thnh vin, ci cch th ch, tng cng vai tr ca ngh vin EU, tng cng an ninh quc phng 2004: Ngh vin thng qua hin php EU, khng c thng qua nhiu nc

Hip c Lisbon: hiu lc t 1/12/2009 thay

th cho Hin php khng c thng qua Quyn li mi cho cng dn EU: Cc chnh sch mi: chnh sch nng lng chung, mi trng i ph m ln ton cu, anh ninh chng khng b, Tng cng quyn lc chung ca EU Th ch v lnh o: Ch tch Hi ng chu u (2,5 nm) thay nc ch tch lun phin 6 thng; i din cao cp v chnh sch i ngoi v an ninh; y ban Chu u gim s thnh vin t 2014 nhm tng hiu qu.

Biu quyt: Tng cng s dng quy tc biu quyt theo

a s thay ng thun trc y H thng a s kp thng qua 1 vn bn php lut: t nht 55% s nc thnh vin (15/27), i din cho t nht 65% dn s EU biu quyt thng qua Tng quyn lc ca Ngh vin Chu u: tng thm cc chnh sch cn c Ngh vin thng qua (t php, an ninh, nhp c, m phn, ph chun hip c, lut, chnh sch thng mi,); iu khon ra khi EU:

Qu trnh hnh thnh lin minh tin t: iu kin: Thm ht ngn sch khng qu 3% GDP; Tng n chnh ph khng qu 60% GDP; Lm pht khng qu 1,5% so vi mc lm pht ti 3 quc gia thnh vin c mc lm pht thp nht, Li sut tri phiu chnh ph di hn khng vt qu 2% so vi li sut tng ng ti 3 quc gia c mc lm pht thp nht; Tun th gii hn dao ng ca t gi trong gii hn c n nh trong thi gian 2 nm trc khi gia nhp lin minh tin t (15%).

1/1/1999: euro lu hnh song song vi cc

ng bn t (tin xu v chuyn khon) T 1/1/2002 euro thay th cc ng bn t ti 12 quc gia ca lin minh tin t Hin 17 quc gia thnh vin s dng euro Thi gian u EUR vn hnh tt, n nh, tng gi so vi USD Sau khng hong ti chnh 2008-2009 bc l vn , EUR mt gi so vi USD v cc ng tin khc, nguyn nhn: n cng v thm ht ngn sch cao ca nhiu nc thnh vin

3.2.3 C cu t chc ca EU
Hi ng Chu u (European Council): K hp lnh o cc nc thnh vin, t nht 2 ln 1 nm (4 ln sau h/ Lisbon) Thng qua cc quyt nh chin lc, di hn ca lin minh. Hot ng: 100% phiu thun (H thng biu quyt kp sau h/ Lisbon) Hi ng B trng (Council of the EU) i din-b trng cc thnh vin, c quyn ra cc ch th, sc lut, ngh nh c tnh bt buc vi tt c thnh vin. Hi ng B trng nhm hp vi thnh phn ph thuc vo lnh vc: i ngoi, kinh t, ti chnh, nng nghip, gio dc..

U ban Chu u (Commission of the EU): C quan iu hnh ca EU, 27 thnh vin (trc kia 20, 25), do chnh ph cc nc thnh vin b nhim v c Ngh vin Chu u ph chun. Mi thnh vin ph trch mt lnh vc . Ngh vin Chu u (European parliament): Gm 732 ngh s, chia s chc nng lp php vi Hi ng B trng. Chc nng lp php ca Ngh vin c m rng ng k. Ngh vin l c quan gim st hot ng ca U ban Chu u, thng qua ngn sch EU To n Chu u (Court of justice): Gim st vic thc thi cc sc lut ca EU v gii quyt cc tranh chp.

Cc c quan khc: Ngn hng Trung ng Chu u To kim ton Chu u: gim st chi tiu ngn sch ca EU Cc u ban t vn: U ban kinh t-x hi, U ban khu vc Cc th ch khc: Ngn hng u t Chu u, Qu x hi, Qu nh hng v bo him nng nghip, Qu pht trin khu vc, . 3.2.4 Cc chnh sch ca EU:
Chnh sch thng mi chung Chnh sch nng nghip chung (CAP) Chnh sch khu vc: H tr cc vng km p/t Chnh sch x hi thng nht: Phi hp chnh sch cng nghip theo ngnh .

3.3 Din n hp tc kinh t Chu - Thi Bnh Dng (Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation APEC) 3.3.1 Qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin: APEC thnh lp 11/1989 bi 12 quc gia: M, Canada, Nht Bn, Australia, New Zealand, Hn Quc, Thi Lan, Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines. 1991 kt np 3 thnh vin: Trung Quc, Hong Kong v i Loan. 1993 3: Mexico, Papua New Guinea, Chi L 1997: Vit Nam, P Ru v LB Nga, s thnh vin: 21 Hin c 8 quc gia xin gia nhp APEC: 60%GDP th gii

3.3.2 Mc tiu, nguyn tc hot ng Mc tiu Thc hin t do ho thng mi v u t trong t chc vo 2010 i vi cc thnh vin-quc gia pht trin, vo 2020 i vi cc thnh vin-quc gia ang pht trin. Thun li ho thng mi v u t gia cc quc gia trong vng. Hp tc trong cc lnh vc kinh t, k thut nhm to s pht trin bn vng, n nh cho cc quc gia thnh vin.

Nguyn tc hot ng:

Bnh ng, tn trng ln nhau; H tr, hai bn cng c li; Quan h i tc chn thnh, xy dng v mi quyt nh a ra trn c s nht tr chung 1)Nguyn tc ton din: T do ho v thun li ho thng mi, u t trong tt c cc lnh vc kinh t 2) Ph hp vi cc nguyn tc ca t chc thng mi th gii WTO: 3) Nguyn tc tng xng: 4) Khng phn bit i x, ch ngha khu vc m

5) Bo m cng khai, minh bch v lut l, chnh sch. 6) Nguyn tc gim cc bin php bo h 7) Linh hot trong thc hin t do ho 8) Nguyn tc v tin trnh t do ho, thun li ho: trin khai ng thi, lin tc 9) Nguyn tc hp tc: Tng cng hp tc kinh t v k thut tng trng bn vng

3.3.3 C cu t chc
Hi ngh thng nh (APEC Summit meeting) c quan cao nht, hp nm 1 ln, thng qua cc quyt nh di dng cc tuyn b Hi ngh B trng ngoi giao v kinh t (APEC Ministerial Meeting) Xem xt, thng qua cc chng trnh hnh ng, ngn sch, mt s vn v c cu, qui ch thnh vin. Hi ngh cc quan chc cao cp (Senior Officials Meeting SOM) gia cc k hi ngh b trng, tr gip, chun b, a ra cc kin ngh cho hi ngh b trng

Ban Th k (Secretariat). thng trc ti Singapore, tr gip hot ng ca din n Din n doanh nghip Thi Bnh Dng (Pacific Business Forum): i din cho doanh nghip: tho lun v cc vn kinh t Cc u ban chuyn mn: U ban v thng mi v u t (Committee of Trade and Investment) U ban Kinh t (Economic Committee) U ban ngn sch v hnh chnh (Budget and Administrative Committee :

Cc u ban hp tc kinh t v k thut: gm 14 nhm: nng lng, vin thng, du lch, giao thng vn ti, ngh c, nng nghip, pht trin nhn lc, k thut v khoa hc cng nghip, bo tn ti nguyn bin, d liu thng mi v u t, xc tin thng mi

3.3.4 Chng trnh t do ho thng mi Chng trnh t do ho thng mi c nu ra trong tuyn b ti hi ngh thng nh ln 2 ti Bogor (Indonesia) nm 1994, Sau c th ho trong cc chng trnh hnh ng Osaka v Manila v cc chng trnh ca cc cuc gp cp cao sau . Tuyn b Bogor: Mc tiu v phng hng chung cho tin trnh t do ho thng mi v u t nhm hnh thnh khu vc mu dch t do Chu Thi Bnh Dng: vo 2010 vi cc thnh vin-quc gia pht trin, v 2020 vi cc thnh vin-quc gia ang pht trin.

Chng trnh hnh ng Osaka (1995) T do ho v thun li ho thng mi: Ct gim thu quan, cc ro cn phi thu

quan, cng khai v minh bch ho chnh sch thu quan v ro cn phi thu quan. Bt u t do ho thng mi dch v, p dng qui ch ti hu quc (MFN) v i ng quc gia gia cc thnh vin trong 4 lnh vc: vin thng, vn ti, du lch, nng lng. p dng qui ch ti hu quc v i ng quc gia trong u t. Hp tc thc y t do ho thng mi v u t trong cc lnh vc: hi quan; tiu chun k thut; bo h s hu tr tu; gii quyt tranh chp, chnh sch cnh tranh,

Hp tc kinh t v k thut:

Phm vi bao trm tt c lnh vc: Nng lng, vn ti, vin thng, du lch, xy dng c s h tng kinh t, khoa hc k thut cng nghip, k thut nng nghip, pht trin nhn lc, c s d liu thng mi v u t, xc tin thng mi, bo tn ti nguyn bin, ngh c Chng trnh hnh ng Manila (1996) gm 3 ni dung: K hoch hnh ng ring: Cc nc a ra k hoch hnh ng ca ring mnh:

 Thi biu v cc bin php thc hin t

c mc tiu t do ho thng mi v u t vo 2010 hoc 2020. Ch yu l ct gim thu quan v cc ro cn phi thu quan. K hoch hnh ng tp th: Cc bin php cng thc hin to thun li cho pht trin thng mi v u t. Trong cc lnh vc: hi quan; tiu chun k thut; bo h s hu tr tu; gii quyt tranh chp thng mi Hp tc kinh t k thut: Tip tc y mnh hp tc trong cc lnh vc nu trong k hoch hnh ng Osaka.

3.3.5 Trin vng ca APEC Trong giai on u tin, din n i thoi: Cc k hoch hnh ng mang tnh tuyn b T do ho thng mi v u t ph thuc ch yu vo k hoch hnh ng ring K hoch hnh ng chung cha chi tit, khng c thi biu c th. APEC cho nhng kt qu ban u: Mc thu quan trung bnh gia cc thnh vin c gim APEC t c ct gim thu quan vi cc sn phm thit b tin hc v vin thng Nhiu tin b trong: th tc, cc ro cn phi thu quan,

 Thc t sau hi ngh APEC 18, mt s quc

gia (hin 8, c Vit Nam) bt u m phn TPP - Hip nh hp tc Kinh t chin lc Xuyn Thi Bnh Dng (Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement) 3.3.6 Quan h Vit Nam - APEC Sinh vin t c

3.4 Hip hi cc quc gia ng Nam (The Association of Southaest Asian Nations ASEAN): 3.4.1 Qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin: ASEAN thnh lp 8/8/1967, vi 5 quc gia: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand v Singapore. 1/1984: Brunei 7/1995: Vit Nam 7/1997: Lo v Myanma 4/1999: Campuchia. ASEAN: 10 thnh vin Tim lc: - GDP: 2008: 1460 t USD (2,4% th gii) - Xut khu: 2008: 990 t USD (6,2%); 2009: 814 t USD (6,7% th gii);

GDP cc nc ASEAN (t USD)

2001 2003 2005 5.6 6.5 9.5 Brunei 4.6 6.3 Cambodia 3.8 Indonesia 161.1 235.0 284.8 2.1 2.9 Lao PDR 1.7 Malaysia 88.0 104.0 138.0 Myanmar 6.9 11.7 11.0 Philippines 72.0 79.6 98.8 Singapore 87.7 96.0 125.4 Thailand 115.6 142.9 176.3 Viet Nam 32.6 39.5 53.0 575 722 906 ASEAN
Country

2006 11.5 7.3 364.4 3.5 157.2 13.2 117.5 145.1 207.5 61.0 1,088

2007 12.3 8.6 431.0 4.1 187.1 19.1 146.8 176.8 247.1 71.0 1,304

2008 14.5 11.1 513.0 5.3 222.7 22.9 166.4 193.5 272.8 90.5 1,513

2009 10.8 10.4 546.9 5.6 193.1 25.0 161.4 182.7 264.3 96.3 1,496

Thng mi quc t ASEAN (t USD)

Country ASEAN Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam 2006 770 104 161 47 272 131 40 2007 2008 2009 2010 864 990 814 1052 118 139 120 158 176 200 157 199 51 49 39 299 338 270 352 153 178 152 195 48 63 57 72

3.4.2 Mc tiu hot ng

Ban u: mc tiu chnh tr - gi gn n nh,

an ninh trong khu vc. Thc y tng trng kinh t, tin b x hi, pht trin vn ha Thc y ha bnh v n nh trong khu vc Thc y hp tc v tng tr ln nhau trong cc vn cng quan tm trong kinh t, x hi, vn ha, khoa hc, gio dc Hp tc m rng thng mi Hp tc, pht trin cc mi quan h vi cc t chc quc t v khu vc

1992 (Singapore): bc pht trin mi trong hp tc, c bit hp tc kinh t: Thng mi, cng nghip, nng-lm-ng nghip, ti chnh-ngn hng, vn ti-thng tin lin lc, du lch Thnh lp Khu vc mu dch t do ASEAN trong 15 nm: Chng trnh thu quan u i c hiu lc chung (Common Effective Preferential Tariffs CEPT) Sau rt xung 10 nm 2002 mc tiu: Xy dng Cng ng ASEAN vo 2020, sau 2015, gm 3 tr ct: Cng ng Chnh tr-An ninh ASEAN (APSC) Cng ng Kinh t ASEAN (AEC) Cng ng Vn haX hi ASEAN (ASCC)

2007: Hin chng ASEAN thng qua, t

15/12/2008 c hiu lc, thit lp khun kh th ch v php l cho ASEAN: Mc tiu v nguyn tc, T cch php nhn Thnh vin Cc c quan. Ra quyt nh: tham vn v ng thun Gii quyt tranh chp Ngn sch, ti chnh Hnh chnh th tc

3.4.3 Nguyn tc hot ng Cc nguyn tc i ngoi: Tn trng c lp, ch quyn, bnh ng, ton vn lnh th, bn sc dn tc ca cc quc gia Khng can thip vo cng vic ni b Gii quyt cc bt ng v tranh chp bng bin php ho bnh; Khng e do hoc s dng v lc; Hp tc vi nhau mt cch c hiu qu.

Cc nguyn tc c bn iu phi hot ng ca ASEAN: Nguyn tc nht tr Vn quan trng: nht tr tt c thnh vin Mt s vn : nht tr a s hoc nht tr tuyt i (ng thun) Nguyn tc bnh ng: Cc quc gia thnh vin d ln nh hay giu ngho u bnh ng v ngha v v quyn li Hot ng iu hnh trn c s lun phin: Nguyn tc 6-X: 2 hoc nhiu quc gia thnh vin c th thc hin trc cc chng trnh, k hoch, khng nht thit ch tt c cc thnh vin

Cc nguyn tc khc: Nguyn tc c i c li, Nguyn tc khng i u, Nguyn tc thn thin, khng tuyn truyn t

co ln nhau qua bo ch, Nguyn tc gi gn on kt trong ASEAN v gi gn bn cht chung ca Hip hi. 3.4.4 C cu t chc ca ASEAN C quan hoch nh chnh sch: Hi ngh thng nh ASEAN (ASEAN Summit) Cp cao: Hp 3 nm 1 ln. T 2002 1 nm 1 ln. T 2008: 2 ln 1 nm Phng hng v chnh sch chung

 Hi ngh b trng (Ministerial Meeting

AMM): Hi ngh b trng ngoi giao, hng nm. Hoch nh v quyt nh chnh sch Hi ngh b trng kinh t ASEAN: t chc hng nm Hi ngh lin b trng (Joint Ministerial Meeting): Ngoi giao v kinh t Cuc hp cc quan chc cao cp (Senior Officials Meeting): 3-4 ln trong nm, chun b cho hi ngh b trng Cuc hp cc quan chc kinh t cao cp (Senior Economic Officials Meeting SEOM)

 Cuc hp t vn chung (Joint Consultative

Meeting): triu tp khi cn thit, thc y cng vic gia cc quan chc lin ngnh Hi ngh sau hi ngh b trng (Post Ministerial Conference): Ngay sau hi ngh b trng ngoi giao ASEAN, bao gm: cc b trng ngoi giao ASEAN v 10 nc i thoi (M, Nht Bn, Canada, c, New Zealand; EU, Hn Quc; Nga; Trung Quc v n ). Cc cuc hp ca ASEAN vi cc bn i thoi: trong cc lnh vc khc nhau: thng mi, chuyn giao cng ngh; u t; ti tr; pht trin h tng; nhn lc, o to,.

Cc U ban ca ASEAN: U ban Thng trc ASEAN (ASEAN Standing Committee ASC). Hp 2 thng 1 ln, thc hin cng vic ca hi ngh b trng. U ban gm: Ch tch l b trng ngoi giao ca nc ang cai hi ngh b trng tip theo, tng th k v tng v trng cc Ban th k ASEAN quc gia. Cc U ban hp tc chuyn ngnh: cc lnh vc: Mi trng, khoa hc cng ngh, vn ho v thng tin, pht trin x hi, kim sot ma tu v cc vn v cng chc.

Cc Ban Th k ASEAN Ban th k ASEAN (ASEAN Secritariat): Khuyn ngh, xut, phi hp v thc hin cc hot ng. Hnh thnh cc k hoch, chng trnh, qun l cc hot ng thng qua.. Ban th k ASEAN quc gia (ASEAN National Secritariat): iu phi lin lc gia cc quc gia ASEAN vi nhau v vi ban th k ASEAN Tng th k: Nhim k 5 nm. Do cc nh lnh o bu. U ban ASEAN cc quc gia th ba.

Sau 15/12/2008: Khi ng cc c ch mi U ban cc i din Thng trc ASEAN Hi ng iu phi Hi ng Cng ng ASEAN U ban lin chnh ph ASEAN v nhn quyn

3.4.5 Hot ng lin kt kinh t ca ASEAN 1977: Tho thun u i thng mi (Preferential Trade Agreement): Mc thu quan gia cc thnh vin gim 50% so vi mc thu quan ti hu quc. Hot ng lin kt kinh t thc s c y mnh sau hi ngh thng nh nm 1992. Ni dung hp tc kinh t ASEAN: Thit lp khu vc mu dch t do ASEAN (AFTA) Tng cng u t, lin kt v b sung cho cng nghip thng qua cc bin php v hnh thc hp tc mi.

 Cng c v pht trin hp tc trong lnh vc

th trng vn, lao ng Pht trin mng li h tng c s giao thng vn ti v thng tin. Pht trin hp tc du lch v nng lng. Thc y bun bn cc sn phm nng nghip. Pht trin hp tc tiu vng gia cc quc gia ca Hip hi y mnh s hp tc t nhn

a. Hp tc thng mi
Thnh lp AFTA Mc tiu ca AFTA: Thc y thng mi gia cc nc thnh vin: bng thu quan u i, d b hn ch s lng, ro cn phi thu quan. Tng cng sc cnh tranh ca cc thnh vin v ca ton khi: ? Chi ph u vo gim Hng ho xut khu ca ASEAN d c hng u i thu quan xt t xut x hng ho trn c s ton khi To ra th trng ln, hp dn u t nc ngoi: ???

M rng th trng, Thng nht v php l, chnh sch u t. Thc y pht trin kinh t ca cc thnh vin Nng cao v th ASEAN trong m phn

Thc hin AFTA: Chng trnh thu quan u i c hiu lc chung (Common Effective Preferential Tariffs) CEPT Xa b cc ro cn phi thu quan Hp tc trong lnh vc hi quan

L trnh thc hin CEPT: Ct gim thu quan trong thng mi ni b xung cn: 0 5%; Xo b cc bin php hn ch s lng v ro cn phi thu quan Thc hin t 1993: trong 15 nm, sau rt xung 10 nm v hon thnh vo 2003. i vi Vit Nam: 2006; Lo v Mianma: 2008 Campuchia: 2010

Ni dung c th CEPT: Mi quc gia phn loi hng ho v ct gim thu quan theo 4 danh mc: Danh mc gim thu nhp khu (Inclusion list IL) Danh mc loi tr tm thi (Temporary exclusion list TEL) Danh mc loi tr hon ton (General exclusion list GEL) Danh mc hng nng sn cha ch bin (danh mc nhy cm - Sentitive list SL) Danh mc ct gim thu quan IL: 2 nhm: Knh gim thu nhanh (Fast track): 15 nhm sn phm cng nghip:

- Xi mng, ho cht, phn bn, cht do, in t, dc phm, dt may, du thc vt, sn phm da, cao su, giy, gm v thu tinh, g v song my - Sn phm c thu trn 20%, ct gim xung mc 0-5% t 1/1/2000. - Sn phm c mc thu quan di 20%, ct gim xung mc 0-5% t 1/1/1998. Knh gim thu bnh thng (normal track): - Cc sn phm c thu trn 20%: gim xung 20% vo 1998 v 0-5% vo 2003. - Cc sn phm c thu thp hn hoc bng 20%: xung 0-5% vo 2000.

 Danh mc loi tr tm thi (TEL) Danh mc m mi quc gia c php tm

thi khng ct gim thu quan. Danh mc ny khng nhiu, khng vt qu 8% danh mc hng ho. T 1/1996 n 1/2000 hng ho trong TEL phi chuyn dn sang danh mc ct gim thu, bnh qun 20% mi nm Danh mc loi tr hon ton (GEL): Khng tham gia CEPT. L cc sn phm nh hng ti an ninh quc phng, o c x hi, cuc sng, sc kho con ngi, ng thc vt, bo tn gi tr vn ho ngh thut, di tch lch s, kho c

Danh mc nng sn cha ch bin (SL): Hng nng sn cha ch bin khng tham

gia theo chng trnh CEPT 1992, B sung vo chng trnh CEPT sau ny: - Nng sn cha ch bin c a vo danh mc ct gim thu quan, danh mc loi tr tm thi v danh mc nhy cm. - Nng sn danh mc IL xung 0-5% vo 1/2003 - Nng sn danh mc TEL chuyn dn sang danh mc ct gim trong 5 nm, mi nm 20%, t 1998 ti 2003. - Nng sn trong danh mc nhy cm s ct gim t 2001, v hon tt nm 2013. - Mt s mt hng nng sn c th c nhng iu chnh linh hot.

Cc ro cn phi thu quan Cc ro cn phi thu quan s c xo b song song vi ct gim thu quan: Cc bin php hn ch s lng (Quantitative Restrictions) s c xo b khi sn phm c hng u i theo chng trnh CEPT Cc ro cn phi thu quan khc s c r b trong vng 5 nm sau khi sn phm c hng u i (tiu chun k thut, v sinh dch t, an ton thc phm, qun l ngoi hi, th tc hnh chnh, hi quan )

Hp tc trong lnh vc Hi quan S dng biu thu quan thng nht:

da trn Biu thu quan mi nht ca t chc hi quan th gii (HS Harmonised System of tariff classification). Thng nht phng php nh gi tnh thu: phng php ca GATT thng qua ti vng m phn Uruguay. Hi ho ho th tc hi quan: mu khai bo CEPT (Common Asean CEPT form) v n gin ho th tc xut nhp khu (khai bo, kim tra, chng nhn xut x, hon thu) Xy dng h thng lung xanh hi quan c thc hin t 1 thng 1 nm 1996 cho nhp khu theo CEPT

iu kin hng u i theo CEPT: 4 yu cu Sn phm phi thuc danh mc ct gim thu quan ca c nc nhp khu v nc xut khu, c mc thu ti a l 20% Sn phm c chng trnh ct gim thu quan c hi ng AFTA thng qua p ng iu kin xut x ca AFTA: sn phm phi c hm lng xut x t cc nc thnh vin AFTA t nht l 40%. Sn phm vn chuyn thng t nc xut khu ti nc nhp khu: (c th qu cnh)

Qu trnh thc hin CEPT ca Vit Nam Thc hin CEPT theo ng lch trnh, bt u t 1996. Vit Nam khng cng b ton b danh mc IL vi l trnh c th, m cng b danh mc a vo ct gim trong tng nm. n ht 2002 Vit Nam hon thnh ct gim thu theo danh mc IL. Nm 2003 Vit Nam a khong 750 danh mc hng ha cn li vo danh mc IL. Mt s ngnh i mt cnh tranh mnh: in t, linh kin xe my, t Nhiu ngnh ngh chnh ph ko di thi gian ct gim ti 2006 (in t).

Cc Thnh vin xa b thu quan i vi tt c cc sn phm trong thng mi ni khi vo 2010 i vi ASEAN 6, v vo 2015, vi linh hot ti nm 2018, cho 4 nc cn li. Thu nhp khu vi nng sn cha ch bin trong L trnh D ca tng quc gia s c ct gim hoc xa b xung mc 0 - 5%: 2010 vi ASEAN-6; 2013 vi Vit Nam (ng ca Vit Nam s gim xung 0-5% vo nm 2010); 2015 vi Lo v Myanmar; 2017 vi Campuchia,

Hip nh thng mi hng ha ASEAN (ATIGA-ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement )

Xa b cc hn ngch thu quan. Hi ha, minh bch cc ro cn phi thu quan khc Thun li ha thng mi: th tc, quy nh hnh chnh, hi quan, ..

Tc ng ti Vit Nam khi tham gia AFTA Tc ng tch cc: Gia tng xut khu vo ASEAN, v th gii Tng kh nng thu ht vn u t nc ngoi Thc y tng trng kinh t, ci t c cu theo hng cng nghip ho, hin i ho. Bi hc v kinh nghim qu bu, cho vic gia nhp cc lin kt ln hn, mnh hn nh APEC, WTO. y mnh cng cuc ci cch kinh t v hnh chnh ti Vit Nam Thc y doanh nghip trong nc nng cao nng lc cnh tranh, c bit doanh nghip nh nc.

Tc ng tiu cc: Thit thi do Vit Nam l quc gia c trnh pht trin thp hn rt nhiu, trong thi k chuyn i sang nn kinh t th trng Kh khn vi doanh nghip do nng lc cnh tranh thp Kh khn trong qun l nh nc: h thng php l cha hon thin, nng lc b my qun l thp Tc ng tiu cc ti thu ht u t nc ngoi vo cc ngnh Vit Nam khng c li th cnh tranh. nh hng ti ngun thu ngn sch: cui nhng nm 1990, thu quan chim khong 30% thu ngn sch.

b) Hp tc trong cc lnh vc khc:

Cng nghip: Dch v: u t: Ti chnh-ngn hng Nng nghip, ng nghip, lm nghip Khong sn, nng lng (C THM)

3.4.6 Hp tc ngoi khi ca ASEAN

Din n u v EU ASEAN; ASEAN Trung Quc; ASEAN Nht Bn; ASEAN - n ; ASEAN Hn Quc; ASEAN+3; ASEAN Australia v New Zealand ; ASEAN Nga; ASEAN M,

CHNG 4: CC T CHC QUC T

1. H thng Lin hip quc a) Mc tiu: Mc tiu hot ng chung: Lin hip quc (UN United Nations) thnh lp 24/10/1945 vi cc mc ch (iu l): Gi gn ho bnh v an ninh quc t; Hp tc gii quyt cc vn chnh tr, kinh t, x hi; To iu kin thun li, n nh cho pht trin quan h ho bnh, hu ngh gia cc quc gia.

Mc ch trong lnh vc kinh t-x hi: Gii quyt cc vn kinh t chung ton cu H tr hp tc kinh t gia cc quc gia vi

trnh pht trin khc nhau Gii quyt vn pht trin kinh t khu vc H tr pht trin kinh t cc nc PT b) Hnh thc hot ng: Hot ng thng tin. Cc c quan UN cng b cc thng tin kinh tx hi a dng, nhiu n phm thng k, phn tch uy tn, tin cy v cc nc v th gii Hot ng t vn k thut: Tp trung vo cc chng trnh pht trin, hoch nh chnh sch v o to nhn lc

Hot ng ti chnh tin t: Thng qua cc t chc Qu Tin t Quc t (IMF) v nhm Ngn hng Th gii (World Bank Group). c) C cu t chc: 6 c quan: i hi ng (General Assembly) Hi ng bo an (Security Council) Hi ng kinh t-x hi (Economic and Social Council) Hi ng qun thc (Trusteeship Council) To n Quc t (International Court of Justice) Ban th k (Secretariat)

Cc c quan v t chc chuyn trch: UNCTAD, UNDP, ITC, FAO, UNIDO, ICAO, WTO, ILO, IMO, WIPO, IMF, Worl Bank Group (IBRD, IDA, IFC, MIGA, ICSID) T chc t tr: IAEA, WTO (T chc du lch th gii)

2. Qu tin t quc t International Monetary Fund (IMF) Qu Tin t Quc t (IMF) thnh lp ti Hi ngh ti chnh-tin t quc t 7/1944 ti Bretton Woods (New Hampshire, M) cng s ra i ca H thng tin t quc t Bretton Woods. Qu Tin t Quc t bt u hot ng t 5/1946 vi 39 thnh vin. Hin nay s thnh vin l 187.

2.1 Mc tiu hot ng Thc y hp tc ti chnh-tin t quc t trong khun kh mt nh ch thng xuyn. To iu kin m rng, pht trin hi ha thng mi quc t, qua pht trin kinh t, bo m vic lm, thu nhp thc t cao v pht trin cc ngun lc sn xut ca cc thnh vin. To iu kin thun li cho vic thnh lp h thng thanh ton a phng i vi cc giao dch vng lai, bi b cc hn ch ngoi hi nhm thc y thng mi quc t.

 To s tin cy gia cc thnh vin:

Tng cng n nh trong trao i tin t, duy tr trt t trong quan h tin t gia cc thnh vin, trnh mi s ph gi tin t nhm to li th cnh tranh khng chnh ng. Gim thiu quy m v mc bt cn bng ca cn cn thanh ton: Cung cp ngun ti chnh cho cc quc gia thnh vin iu chnh bt cn i ca cn cn thanh ton.

2.2 C cu t chc: Hi ng thng c (Board of Governors) L c quan lnh o cao nht, Mi quc gia thnh vin c mt i din (b trng ti chnh hoc thng c NHTW) Hp thng k mi nm mt ln. Thng qua nhng quyt nh quan trng nht Ph duyt k hoch hot ng hng nm, Thng qua chnh l v sa i iu l Kt np TV mi, khai tr TV c Pht hnh, phn chia SDR, tng vn, thay i t l gp vn ca thnh vin, bu gim c,

 Nguyn tc biu quyt: S hu phiu bu ca mt quc gia: Mi quc gia c 250 phiu khng ph thuc vo t l gp vn, Cng thm s phiu tng ng vi vn gp (100 nghn SDR vn gp tng ng vi 1 phiu biu quyt). S phiu ca mi quc gia ph thuc vo t l gp vn (Hn ngch quota). 11/3/2011: T l phiu bu ca M l 16,17%; c 5,68%; Nht 5,82%, Anh 4,70% Php 4,70%; Trung Quc 3,55%; Saudi Arabia 3,07% EU trn 30%.

 Nhng quyt nh thng c thng qua

trn nguyn tc nht tr (khng t hn 50% s phiu chp thun). Nhng quyt nh quan trng i hi 70% hoc 85% s phiu chp thun. Cc quyt nh quan trng cn 85%: M, EU c quyn ph quyt: Cc vn c cu t chc ca Qu, Xem xt li v thay i hn ngch gp vn ca cc quc gia, Pht hnh v phn chia SDR, Quy nh v ch t gi hi oi

Ban gim c Executive board (Hi ng iu hnh): iu hnh hot ng thng ngy ca IMF: Gm 24 gim c iu hnh: 5 do M, Anh, Php, c, Nht b nhim Cn li do Hi ng thng c bu. Tng gim c (Managing Director): Ban gim c bu, vi nhim k 5 nm. Tng Gim c ngi Chu u, Ph Tng gim c th nht ngi M. U ban lm thi (Interim Committee): Hi ng thng c ch nh, chc nng t vn, gim st hot ng ca Ban gim c.

2.3 n phm ca Qu Tin t Quc t: World Economic Outlook Global Financial Stability Report, International Financial Statistics Government Finance Statistics Report on Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions, Direction of Trade Statistics, .

Vn gp ca cc thnh vin: Quc gia gp vn vo IMF theo hn ngch 25% bng SDR hoc cc ng tin chuyn i (vng trc 1978), 1/2010 3005 tn105 t $ 75% hn ngch cn li bn t. Hn ngch xc nh trn c s GDP, cn cn vng lai v d tr ngoi hi. Trn c s hn ngch gp vn xc nh: S phiu biu quyt, Kh nng s dng vn vay S lng SDR nhn c mi t pht hnh Tng s vn gp ca IMF (24/2/2012) l 237,993 t SDR ( 368,3 t USD),

2.4 Vn ca Qu Tin t Quc t

Ngun vn vay: IMF c th s dng ngun vn vay: Theo Tho thun chung v vay n (General Arrangements to Borrow) t 1962: 17 t SDR (26,6 t USD) Theo Tha thun mi v vay n - New Arrangements to Borrow (NAB): gii hn 367,5 t SDR (579 t USD). C th tng ti 750 t USD IMF c th vay theo cc tho thun song phng vi: B, Thu S, Rp X t, Nht Bn, Ngn hng Thanh ton Quc t. Theo iu l, IMF c th thu ht vn t nhn, (ln u tin 2009: tri phiu).

2.5 Chc nng hot ng

Gim st:

Chnh sch t gi ca cc thnh vin, v cc chnh sch kinh t v m c lin quan. Hot ng tn dng (gip ti chnh): Cung cp tn dng cho cc thnh vin khc phc tnh trng mt cn i ca cn cn thanh ton v duy tr s n nh ca t gi. Pht hnh SDR H tr k thut: H tr cc thnh vin trong lnh vc: chnh sch tin t, ngoi hi, ti kho, thng k, son tho cc iu lut v o to cn b

a)Gim st (Surveillance): Cc thnh vin phi cung cp thng tin cho IMF v nhiu lnh vc: tin t, ngn sch, kinh t i ngoi, chnh sch t hu ho, th trng lao ng Mc ch: pht hin s mt cn bng v m tim nng c th nh hng ti n nh t gi v a ra nhng khuyn co khc phc Hnh thc thc hin: 3 T vn (Consultation): IMF hng nm gi cc nhm cng tc ti cc nc thnh vin. i thoi vi cc c quan: b ti chnh, NHTW, b kinh t

Chun b bo co cng khuyn co cho chnh

ph v trnh ban gim c. Sau khi nghe kin chnh ph, ban gim c thng qua nhng khuyn co cho chnh ph. Khuyn co khng c tnh bt buc, nhng thng c nhn nhn nghim tc v c th xem xt khi hoch nh chnh sch. Kt qu c ng ti trn website ca IMF Tin hnh mi nm mt ln Cc quc gia nh c th 1,5 2 nm mt ln.

Gim st a phng (Multilateral surveillance) Quy m ton cu: Bo co Tng quan kinh t th gii (World Economic Outlook). V Bo co n nh ti chnh ton cu (Global Financial Stability Report) Tng hp tnh hnh kinh t th gii, c tnh

ti nh hng ca cc yu t ton cu: Gi du m v cc mt hng quan trng, th trng tin t, ti chnh quc t, chu chuyn vn ngn hn, qu trnh lin kt kinh t, a ra d bo kinh t th gii 2-3 nm ti: GDP, lm pht, thm ht ngn sch, cn cn vng lai, n nc ngoi, d tr ngoi hi Quy m khu vc: bo co cho tng khu vc.

Gim st chi tit (enhanced surveillance): Thng thc hin vi cc nc gp vn

n nc ngoi, thc hin hng qu L iu kin c cu li n (gim st chi tit ca IMF vi k hoch iu chnh kinh t). Gim st chi tit cn c s dng nh mt bin php nng cao uy tn k hoch ci cch ca chnh ph: ng thun ca IMF c vai tr quan trng, cng c lng tin ca cng ng quc t, kch thch u t nc ngoi, m rng thng mi.

b) Hot ng tn dng: Mc ch: 3 mc ch chnh Gip thnh vin c bin php iu chnh hp l vi cc c sc, trnh cc bin iu chnh c tc ng tiu cc nng n hoc tnh hung v n quc gia Gip cc nc tip cn cc ngun ti tr khc (thng qua chng trnh kinh t khi vay) Gip ngn nga khng hong (khng hong thanh ton cn x l t khi mi c du hiu) i tng vay: ch cc c quan nh nc: Kho bc, NHTW, B ti chnh

 Bn cht: Khi vay ca IMF, quc gia mua

ngoi t bng ng ni t. Khi tr n th dng ngoi t mua li ni t ca mnh v thanh ton li sut Quy trnh vay: Theo ngh ca QG thnh vin, IMF c th cho vay theo tha thun (Arrangement), nu c thng qua iu kin: thc hin chnh sch kinh t gii quyt vn BOP, son tho vi t vn ca IMF Tha thun vay trnh Ban gim c Nu c thng qua, tn dng s gii ngn tng t theo tin trnh thc thi chng trnh

Phn loi tn dng: 2 loi v 1 c ch Tn dng thng thng: Dnh cho cc nc PT thu nhp trung bnh Li sut trn c s li sut th trng (SDR) Cc dng tn dng thng thng: Tha thun tn dng d phng (SBA Stand-

By Arrangements) Knh tn dng linh hot (Flexible Credit Line FCL) Knh tn dng phng nga v thanh khon (Precautionary and Liquidity Line - PLL) Cng c qu m rng: (Extended Fund FacilityEFF) H tr khn cp (Emergency Assistance):

Tn dng u i (concessional lending facilities): Dnh cho cc nc ngho, iu kin u i Ti tr bi Qu qun thc gim i ngho v

tng trng, t ti chnh ca IMF v ng gp ca cc quc gia Cc dng tn dng u i: Cng c tn dng m rng (The Extended Credit Facility ECF): Cng c tn dng d phng (The Standby Credit Facility SCF) Cng c tn dng nhanh (The Rapid Credit Facility RCF). C ch tn dng hi nhp thng mi (Trade Integration Mechanism)

Ni dung ca cc dng tn dng: Tha thun tn dng d phng (SBA) Phn ln tn dng IMF cho cc nc PT c thu nhp trung bnh bng SBA SBA dnh cho cc nc mt cn bng cn cn thanh ton (BOP) ngn hn Thc thi mc tiu ca chng trnh l iu kin gii ngn Li sut: trn c s li sut th trng (da trn li sut SDR), thp hn vay thng mi; cng vay nhiu li sut cng cao Tha thun thng ko di: 12-24 thng; ko qu 36 thng

Lng vay: 200% hn ngch cho 12 thng;

c th ti 600%; c bit c th hn Thi hn tr n: 3 - 5 nm sau khi gii ngn (mi t gii ngn c tr n hng qu thnh 8 t, sau 3 nm t khi gii ngn) C ch phng nga: Quc gia khng nhn tin vay theo k hoch, nhng gi li quyn vay nu tnh hnh xu i (phi tr ph) Li lut: -Trn c s li lut th trng (li lut SDR), -Cng thm 2% vi khon vay vt 200% hn ngch; v 3% khi vt 300% hn ngch -Ph cam kt t 0,15-0,3% cho s tin cam kt nhng ko vay

 Knh tn dng linh hot (FCL): Ch dnh cho cc nc c nn tng, chnh sch kinh t tt, c l lch rt tt trong thc hin chnh sch (Poland, Mexico and Colombia) Vi mc ch ngn chn khng hong Ch dnh cho quc gia p ng c nhng tiu ch nh trc Khng cn chng trnh kinh t ging SBA Kh nng vay xc nh tng trng hp, c th ti 1000% hn ngch hoc cao hn C th vay vo thi im c thng qua hoc s dng nh bin php phng nga iu kin cn li tng t SBA

 Knh tn dng phng nga v thanh khon (Precautionary and Liquidity Line - PLL) Dnh cho cc nc c nn tng, chnh sch kinh t tt, c vi im yu khng th vay tn dng linh hot Gn ging FCL, dnh cho quc gia p ng c nhng tiu ch nh trc Cn chng trnh kinh t, tp trung khc phc nhng im yu Thi gian tr n: 3 - 5 nm Kh nng vay: c th ti 500% hn ngch trong nm th 1; v tng th ti 1000% vo nm th 2 Cn li tng t FCL

 Cng c qu m rng (EFF) Dnh cho cc quc gia mt cn bng BOP trung hn, cn ci cch iu chnh c cu Thi hn thc hin di hn SBA: 3-4 nm Vn vay: 600% hn ngch; ngoi l cao hn Thi gian tr n trong: 4 - 10 nm Cn li tng t SBA

 H tr khn cp (EA): T 1962, dnh cho cc quc gia sau thin tai,

xung t v trang, Gii ngn nhanh cng h tr t vn chnh sch, v h tr k thut Ch cn vch ra chnh sch kinh t chung cn tun th Kh nng vay: thng 25% hn ngch (50%) Li sut: trn c s li sut th trng Thi hn tr n: 3 - 5 nm

Cng c tn dng d phng (The Standby Credit Facility SCF) T 1/2010 thay Tn dng chng sc ngoi sinh (ESF), tng t Tha thun tn dng d phng cho cc nc PT thu nhp trung bnh Dnh cho cc nc ngho: Mc ch: Gii quyt cc vn ti chnh ngn hn nhm n nh v m v thc y tng trng, gim ngho i Cn chng trnh kinh t tng t SBA Thi hn: 12-24 thng; Tr n: tr ht trong 8 nm, n hn 4 nm Li sut: u i, quy nh 0,25% (hin 0%); Lng vay: 300% hn ngch; c th cao hn

 Cng c tn dng m rng (The Extended Credit Facility ECF) thay Tn dng gim ngho v thc y tng trng (PRGF) t 1/2010 Mc ch: gii quyt bt cn bng v m trung-di hn, nhm gim ngho v thc y tng trng bn vng iu kin: Cc nc c thu nhp thp Cn chnh sch kinh t vi IMF Thi gian thc hin: 3-5 nm Thi hn tr n: 10 nm, n hn 5 nm Li sut: u i, (hin 0%) Khi lng vay: 300% hn ngch cho tt c cc khon vay u i; c th cao hn

 Cng c tn dng nhanh (The Rapid Credit

Facility RCF) Mc ch: gii quyt nhu cu ti chnh khn cp, linh hot trong trng hp cn thit: thin tai, thm ha, tnh trng khn cp, iu kin: dnh cho cc nc ngho, khng cn chng trnh kinh t vi IMF Lng vay: 25% hn ngch cho 1 nm, v 75% cho tng lng vay, (c th 50 v 100%) Li sut: u i (hin 0%), Tr n: 10 nm, n hn 5 nm

C ch tn dng hi nhp thng mi (Trade

Integration Mechanism) t 2004 Nhm h tr cc nc c vn BOP do nh hng t t do ha thng mi a phng (lin quan ti vng m phn Doha WTO) Ch tc ng t bn ngoi, khng do thc hin ct gim ca chnh quc gia Khng l cng c cho vay ring bit, s dng trong khun kh cc cng c SBA, EFF, hoc 3 cng c cho cc nc ngho Trong chnh sch ch ti khc phc thm ht cn cn thng mi

c) Pht hnh SDR

SDR Special Drawing Right (Quyn vay vn

c bit), c hiu lc t 1969. SDR l phng tin tn dng v d tr c pht hnh bi IMF Chia cho cc thnh vin theo t l hn ngch S lng SDR ca mi quc gia ghi trn ti khon ca IMF. SDR pht hnh vi 85% s phiu nht tr. Pht hnh: t 1 (1970-1972): 9,3 t; t 2 (1979-1981): 12,1 t; t 3 (28/8/2009): 161,2 t; t 4: 21,5 t. Tng cng: khong 204 t

Gi tr ca SDR Gi tr SDR pht hnh ln u (1970-1972) c nh vi vng, (1 SDR = 1 USD = 0,888671 g). Sau s sp ca h thng Bretton Woods, gi tr SDR c xc nh bng r tin t: - Ban u gm 16 ng tin - Nm 1981 s lng cc ng tin rt xung cn 5: USD, DEM, JPY, GBP, FRF. - T 1999: DEM v FRF c thay bng EUR Li sut SDR tnh hng tun trn c s li sut ngn hn cc ng tin trong r trn th trng tin t quc t. Gi tr SDR n nh hn???

 C ch tn dng v d tr ca SDR: Cc thnh vin c th dng SDR iu chnh cn cn thanh ton: SDR c th chuyn i v iu kin ra cc ng tin ca cc thnh vin. Cc quc gia s dng SDR phi tr li sut. Khi s d ti khon SDR ca quc gia nh hn hn ngch th quc gia ny phi tr li sut trn chnh lch gia hn ngch phn b v s d SDR. Ngc li th quc gia ny s nhn c li sut trn s chnh lch.

Vai tr thc t ca IMF:!!!!!!!!!!!!! Khng ch gii hn trong tn dng cung cp, quan trng hn l xc tc cc quc gia thnh vin nhn c cc khon vay t cc chnh ph, NHTW cc nc pht trin, Ngn hng Th gii, cc Ngn hng Thng mi. T trng IMF khng qu 10% tng tn dng quc t m cc nc PT nhn c. Tn dng d rt nh ca IMF to iu kin cc quc gia ang pht trin tip cn th trng vn quc t. IMF ng vai tr trung tm trong gii quyt vn n nc ngoi ca cc nc PT, thng qua phi hp cht ch vi Cu lc b Paris v Cu lc b London

3. Tp on Ngn hng th gii (World Bank Group WBG) Bao gm: Ngn hng Ti thit v Pht trin quc t (IBRD - International Bank for Reconstruction and Development), hay Ngn hng th gii; Hip hi Pht trin Quc t (IDA International Development Association) Cng ty Ti chnh Quc t (IFC - International Finance Corporation) C quan bo lnh u t a phng (MIGA Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency) Trung tm Quc t gii quyt tranh chp u t (ICSID - International Center for settlement of investment dispute)

3.1 Ngn hng Ti thit v Pht trin quc t IBRD Thnh lp 1944 cng IMF ti Hi ngh Bretton Woods. S thnh vin hin ti: 187 a) Vn ca IBRD: Vn php nh ca IBRD hnh thnh t vn ng k l 193,7 t USD: Vn thc gp l 11,7 t USD. Vn d phng: 182 t USD s gp nu cn, ng vai tr bo lnh cha 1 ln s dng Vn gp ca mi thnh vin ph thuc vo v tr trong nn kinh t th gii.

T l gp vn ca mi quc gia vo IBRD

tng t gp vo IMF. C ch b phiu ging IMF: Cc quyt nh quan trng cng cn 85% s phiu nht tr. b) C cu t chc: Tng t IMF: Hi ng qun tr: - Mi quc gia thnh vin c 1 i din (thng c NHTW hoc B trng ti chnh) - Hp 1 nm 1 ln. cng thi gian k hp Hi ng thng c IMF.

 Ban gim c:

- L c quan iu hnh thng ngy. - Gm 24 gim c iu hnh: 5 ngi do 5 quc gia gp nhiu vn nht c (M, Anh, c, Php v Nht Bn). - Ch tch iu hnh Ban gim c, lun l cng dn M.

c) Hot ng tn dng: Chnh sch tn dng ca IBRD IBRD thu ht vn trn th trng quc t v cho cc quc gia PT vay li. IBRD ng vai tr trung gian gip cc nc PT tip cn th trng vn quc t. IBRD ch cung cp tn dng cho Chnh ph hoc cho vay di s bo lnh Chnh ph (c khu vc nh nc v t nhn). Hot ng tn dng ca IBRD Tp trung ch yu vo cc chng trnh sau: Gim i ngho, lc hu Qun l kinh t

Pht trin x hi v mi trng Khu vc ti chnh, t nhn, c s h tng Pht trin con ngi IBRD phi hp cht ch vi nhiu t chc

quc t trong u tranh chng i ngho, nh: IMF, UNCTAD, WTO, FAO IBRD quan tm c bit cc vn mi trng. IBRD y mnh cung cp tn dng cho khu vc t nhn t nhng nm 1990 (k c ti tr c s h tng cn thit cho khu vc t nhn).

Hnh thc tn dng: 2 Tn dng pht trin chnh sch v Tn dng u t Tn dng pht trin chnh sch (development policy operations): Ging tn dng thng thng ca IMF Mc ch: h tr ci cch chnh sch, th ch Tn dng pht trin chim 20-25% Tn dng u t (investment operations): L hnh thc ch o, ti tr cc d n /t Ti tr mua sm hng ha, dch v cc d n pht trin kinh t-x hi D n phi c thm nh, thng qua v gim st trong qu trnh thc hin

IBRD cung cp tn dng d n cng cc nh

u t khc: ng ti tr song song hoc ng ti tr lin kt ng ti tr song song: Cc bn, k c IBRD, c lp ti tr theo tho thun ring bit. ng ti tr lin kt: - Cc bn tham gia cng ti tr d n t u n cui (gm c IBRD). - IBRD ng vai tr iu phi v kim tra qu trnh chun b v thc hin d n. Tham gia ca IBRD to thun li cho cc nh u t. Gim chi ph chun b d n Gim thiu ri ro trong hon tr tn dng.

 Tn dng u t l tn dng rng buc v quc

gia i vay phi thc hin cc bin php bo m hiu qu d n hon n. Khc bit so vi ODA song phng: cung cp cho d n la chn bng u thu t do.

Li sut tn dng: Trn c s li sut th trng vn quc t. C nh hoc th ni. Li sut th ni: Xem xt 6 thng 1 ln trn c s Li sut cho vay lin ngn hng ti London (LIBOR London Interbank Offer Rate). Li sut vay: Li lut c s (LIBOR) cng Chnh lch (0,28 1,05%) cng ph 0,25%. Li sut cho vay ca IBRD lun thp hn ng k so vi li sut cho vay thng mi. IBRD n nh li sut khng ph thuc kh nng thanh ton ca quc gia vay Li nhun mt phn chuyn cho IDA Thi hn: 12 20 nm, n hn t 3 5 nm

Nguyn tc huy ng vn, cung cp tn dng C cu ngoi t vn huy ng lun tng thch vi c cu ngoi t tn dng cung cp Thi hn trung bnh ca vn huy ng tng ng vi tn dng cung cp Tng tn dng cung cp khng vt qu vn ng k IBRD, thng duy tr 50 60%. Khng xem xt v c cu li cc khon cho vay (khng xo v gin n). m bo tri phiu IBRD pht hnh c tn nhim xp hng cao nht (AAA), ng ngha li sut huy ng thp nht

3.2 Hip hi Pht trin Quc t - IDA IDA thnh lp 1960 vi mc ch cung cp tn dng u i cho cc nc ngho V php l, quan h ti chnh IDA l th ch c lp. (170 thnh vin) Thc cht IDA l th ch do IBRD ph trch v iu hnh, (c c quan iu hnh chung) Ch cung cp tn dng v vin tr cho Chnh ph, c quan chnh ph hoc c bo lnh chnh ph. (hn 220 t; vin tr 20%; 50% Chu Phi) Ch cc thnh vin theo phn loi ca IBRD c thu nhp bnh qun u ngi thp. (nm 2011: cc nc c GNI bnh qun (2009) khng qu $1165. c th cao hn,

 Tn dng IDA l u i thi hn 25 - 40 nm, Vi cc nc ngho: Khng tnh li sut, ch

tnh ph l 0,75%. Vi cc nc cn li: ngoi ph 0,75%, cn tnh li lut 1,25% hoc 2,8%. Thi gian n hn l 10 nm. Ngun ti chnh: Quyn gp ca cc quc gia ti tr (40 quc gia, 3 nm 1 ln) v li nhun rng ca IBRD Ngun ti chnh ca IDA lun thiu ht C cu tn dng ca IDA nh hng x hi hn so vi ca IBRD:

3.3 Cng ty Ti chnh Quc t IFC (International Finance Corporation) Thnh lp nm 1956, Mc ch: h tr u t t nhn vo cc nc ang pht trin, gim ngho i v nng cao i sng ngi dn. C cu t chc: C ng: 182 quc gia thnh vin Vn php nh: 2,45 t USD Li nhun: c th chia cho cc c ng Hi ng thng c (cc b trng ti chnh) Ban gim c (24 ngi): iu hnh Ch tch WB l Tng gim c IFC. iu hnh IFC l Ph Tng gim c

Vn hot ng: Vn t c (vn gp v li nhun) Vn huy ng ti chnh ch yu trn th

trng vn quc t, c th vay t IBDR Hot ng ca IFC: Nguyn tc: Khng cn bo lnh ca chnh ph, Ch u t vo doanh vc t nhn, c th doanh nghip nh nc trong qu trnh t nhn ha, Tham gia khng qu 25% vn doanh nghip hay d n. (Ngoi l khng qu 35%)

Cc dng hot ng chnh: - u t - Cung cp tn dng - Cung cp dch v ti chnh, dch v t vn - H tr k thut u t: u t vo vn c phn, c phiu: - Thng 5-15% vn, khng qu 35% - Khng tham gia tch cc vo iu hnh - Di hn: 8-15 nm u t vo tri phiu, c phiu u i: Thnh lp v u t vo cc qu u t

nhm thu ht u t gin tip

Cung cp tn dng Tn dng trc tip t vn ca IFC, ng cung cp tn dng, qua trung gian,

cho doanh nghip, Ti tr chnh quyn a phng, C cu tn dng, u t: khu vc cng nghip, dch v Cung cp dch v ti chnh, dch v t vn: Bo him ri ro ngoi hi, ri ro li lut Bo him 1 phn ri ro tn dng Pht hnh cng c vay Dch v nh gi ri ro, kh nng x hi, mi trng ca d n

T vn dch v bo him d n, phng nga

la o, tham nhng trong u t Tt c sn phm, dch v nu trn ca IFC trn c s thng mi H tr k thut: Khng mang tnh thng mi, ti tr bng ng gp ca IFC v cc nh ti tr H tr trong nhiu vn cp quc gia, khu vc, ton cu - Gim kh nh knh, dch v t vn v kinh doanh bn vng, v mi trng, vn mi trng trong u t,

- H tr doanh nhn l ph n, ci thin mi

trng u t, h tr doanh nghip va v nh, m bo bn vng cho th trng ti chnh, pht trin cc qu u t, tn thc,
Thng qua hot ng, IFC ng vai tr quan

trng xc tin u t t nhn, c bit l hnh thnh, pht trin th trng chng khon ti nhiu nc PT

3.4 C quan bo lnh u t a phng MIGA) Thnh lp 1988 nhm khuyn khch u t trc tip vo cc nc PT (182 thnh vin) Bo him u t trc cc ri ro phi thng mi nh: Tch thu hoc quc hu ho ti sn Ri ro chin tranh v cc hnh ng qun s Bin c chnh tr dn ti thay i tnh hnh kinh t, x hi; Kh khn trong chuyn li nhun v nc do thay i chnh sch ngoi hi Ri ro khng thc thi hp ng do cc quyt nh ca Chnh ph s ti

 T vn cho cc c quan chnh ph trong

hoch nh v thc hin chnh sch, bin php iu tit u t nc ngoi. T chc gp g v tho lun, m phn gia gii doanh nghip quc t v Chnh ph cc quc gia thu ht u t nc ngoi, Cung cp dch v h tr v thng tin. 3.5 C quan gii quyt tranh chp u t quc t (ICSID International Center for settlement of investment dispute) Thnh lp 1966, nhm gii quyt tranh chp u t gia Chnh ph v cc nh u t nc ngoi.

4. Cc ngn hng pht trin khu vc

Ngn hng Pht trin Lin chu M (Inter-

American Development IADB) - 1959; Ngn hng Pht trin Chu Phi (African Development Bank AFDB) 1963; Ngn hng Pht trin Chu (Asia Development Bank ADB). Ngn hng Ti thit v Pht trin Chu u
(European Bank for Reconstruction and Development EBRD)

Ngn hng Pht trin Carib (Carribean

Development Bank - CDB).

Ngn hng Pht trin Hi gio (Islamic

Development Bank - IDB):

c tnh chung: u c mc ch, c cu t chc, nguyn tc hot ng, ni dung hot ng tng t Ngn hng th gii Hot ng phm vi khu vc

Ngn hng Pht trin Lin Chu M S thnh vin 46: 28 trong khu vc M La tinh v Carib. Tr s t ti Washington Vn s hu khong 100 t USD, Ban gim c gm 14 thnh vin: 1 gim c do M b nhim, 3 do cc nc ngoi khu vc 10 do cc nc trong khu vc bu. Ch tch l ngi M La tinh. Cc nc thnh vin trong khu vc nm hn 50% phiu bu; M 30%; cc nc ngoi khu vc 16%.

 Ngn hng pht trin Chu (ADB) S thnh vin 58: 42 trong khu vc Chu Thi Bnh Dng 16 quc gia ngoi khu vc. Tr s t ti Manila (Phi lp pin). Vn s hu: khong 50 t USD Ban gim c gm 16 thnh vin: 12 do cc nc trong khu vc bu 4 do cc nc ngoi khu vc bu. Ch tch theo truyn thng l ngi Nht. M v Nht Bn c vn gp ln nht (cng 16,4%). Cc nc pht trin trong ADB nm a s vn gp v phiu bu (60%).

 Ngn hng Pht trin Chu Phi (AFDB) Thnh vin: 53 trong khu vc v 24 ngoi khu vc. Vn s hu khong 23 t USD, Cc ngn hng pht trin khu vc khc: 1974, bi T chc Hi Ngh Hi gio (Organization of Islamic Conference) Mc ch thc y pht trin kinh t ca cc quc gia thuc Cng ng Hi gio.

 Ngn hng Ti thit v Pht trin Chu u

(European Bank for Reconstruction and Development EBRD) 1990 bi 40 quc gia, t tr s ti London. 1999 s thnh vin 60. Mc ch h tr qu trnh chuyn i kinh t cc quc gia ng u v Lin X c, pht trin khu vc t nhn ti cc quc gia ny. Vn s hu: t vn gp l 10 t ECU, trong thc gp l 3 t. Nm 1997 vn s hu tng ln 20 t ECU, thc gp 5,25 t. T 1999 ng ECU thay th bng EURO.

5. Cc c quan v t chc chuyn trch ca Lin hip quc:

a) Hi ngh Lin hip quc v thng mi v pht trin (UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) Thnh lp 1964, mc ch bo v v u tranh cho quyn li ca cc nc PT trong thng mi quc t. Kt qu: Thng qua H thng thu quan u i chung (GSP) v c cc nc pht trin thc hin t nhng nm 1970. Cung cp vin tr pht trin

 Chc nng: H tr pht trin thng mi quc t, hi

nhp kinh t ca cc nc PT. Son tho cc khuyn co, nguyn tc, iu kin php l cho hot ng thng mi quc t (khng bt buc). Tin hnh i thoi a phng v cc vn ton cu ho v pht trin, thng mi quc t, u t v dch v. Phi hp vi cc c quan v t chc khc ca UN trong lnh vc pht trin kinh t, m rng thng mi.

Thc hin chc nng thng tin v phn tch

vi nhiu n phm thng tin thng k v phn tch: UNCTAD Bulletin, Trade and Development Report, Transnational Corporations, World Investment Report, Handbook of International Trade and Development Statistics, UNCTAD Commodity Yearbook, Monthly Commodity Price Bulletin, Advanced Technology Assessment System Bulletin.

b) Chng trnh pht trin ca Lin hip quc (UNDP UN Development Program): Mc tiu: h tr k thut v u t cho cc nc PT trong cc lnh vc quan trng: u tranh chng i ngho Hp tc k thut gia cc nc PT Bo v mi trng S dng ti u ti nguyn thin nhin Pht trin nng lc qun l, tim nng con ngi Chuyn giao, thch ng cng ngh cho cc nc PT An ninh lng thc, u tranh chng AIDS. Vit Nam l thnh vin ca UNDP

c) Trung tm thng mi quc t (ITC International Trade Center) C quan hp tc gia GATT-WTO v UNCTAD, thnh lp 1964, vi nhim v ch yu l xc tin thng mi: Pht trin sn phm v th trng: h tr t vn v sn phm v th trng, tip th. Thng tin thng mi: cung cp cc thng tin v thng mi ca cc quc gia, thng tin v sn phm, dch v, th trng Pht trin cc dch v h tr thng mi H tr k thut trong xy dng cc chng trnh xc tin thng mi.

d) T chc pht trin cng nghip ca Lin hip quc (UNIDO UN Industrial Development Organization) 1966, mc tiu h tr cng nghip ho ca cc nc PT, thu ht cc ngun lc bn trong v bn ngoi. Ni dung hot ng ch yu sau y: Son tho cc khuyn co v tr gip cc nc PT trong chun b cc chng trnh cng nghip ho H tr iu hnh, qun l sn xut, i mi cng ngh. T chc v tin hnh nghin cu tin d n Gip k thut cho cc d n.

Chc nng thng tin:

- Thu thp, phn tch, ph bin thng tin, cng b cc bo co phn tch. - Ngn hng d liu v cng nghip v cng ngh c kh nng cung cp thng tin mang tnh khoa hc k thut cho cc nc PT. e) T chc nng lng ca Lin hip quc (FAO Food and Agreculture Organization) H tr cc nc PT trong lnh vc nng nghip, lm nghip v ng nghip: Gip vt cht v k thut, cung cp lng thc, T vn k thut, o to nhn lc, son tho cc khuyn ngh cho cc thnh vin

f) T chc lao ng quc t (ILO International Labour Organization) Hp tc quc t trong ci thin iu kin sng v lm vic, bo m vic lm, o to ngh nghip Cng c v Khuyn ngh v cc vn lao ng: lng ti thiu, bo him x hi, iu kin lm vic, bo h lao ng, lao ng ph n v tr em, bo v quyn con ngi, quyn ngi lao ng, quyn li cho ngi di c Cc cng c ca ILO khng l bt buc, nhng vic thc thi nhiu cng c trn thc t phi tun th. Thng k v lao ng, di c

g) Cc t chc khc ca UN: T chc hng khng dn dng quc t (ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization) T chc hng hi quc t (IMO International Maritime Organization). T chc s hu tr tu quc t (WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization) T chc du lch th gii (WTO World Tourism Organization)

6. Mt s t chc quc t khc (khng thuc h thng Lin hip quc) Phng thng mi quc t (ICC International Chamber of Commerce) ICC l t chc phi chnh ph, thnh lp 1919. Thnh vin gm hng nghn cng ty v cc hip hi doanh nghip Mc tiu c bn: H tr pht trin kinh doanh, m rng thng mi v u t quc t. Bo m c s kinh t v php l cho pht trin hi ho v t do thng mi. Bo v h thng t doanh Gii quyt tranh chp thng mi qua ho gii (To n trng ti ca ICC m nhim)

ng gp : Son tho Nhng qui tc thng nht v thc

hnh tn dng chng t (The uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits UCP) Cc qui tc thng nht cho chng t vn ti lin hp, Qui tc quc t v thut ng thng mi INCOTERMS, cc iu kin c s giao hng trong thng mi quc t, s dng rng ri. n phm khc: T in thut ng v tiu th, qung co; cc b lut v trng ti thng mi ca cc quc gia; tuyn tp v cc qui tc, iu kin qung co ca cc quc gia

T chc Hi quan th gii (WCO World Customs Organization) Mc ch: Son tho v ph bin cc qui tc hi quan thng nht; Hi ho ho, hon thin h thng hi quan v lut hi quan gia cc quc gia: t c: Son tho, thng qua Cng c Kyoto 1973 v n gin ho, hi ho ho th tc hi quan Son tho v thng qua Cng c v H thng hi ho miu t v m s ho hng ho nm 1983 (HS Harmonised System of tariff classification), v c hu ht cc quc gia p dng t nm 1988.

 T chc hp tc kinh t v pht trin

(OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) 29 thnh vin, phn ln cc nc pht trin Phn tch, a ra d bo trong vng 1,5 nm

tnh hnh kinh t ca cc nc thnh vin (2 ln 1 nm). L c quan nghin cu, phn tch ln, uy tn. Son tho khuyn ngh trong cc lnh vc iu tit v m, qui m ngnh, bao gm thng mi quc t. Phi hp chnh sch h tr ti chnh cho cc nc PT Cng b thng k cc n phm phn tch v thng k c uy tn

CHNG 5: THNG MI HNG HA QUC T

1. c im chung: Qui m ca thng mi hng ha quc t gia tng nhanh, vt tri so vi tng trng sn xut hng ho th gii (GDP). Nguyn nhn: T do ho thng mi din ra mnh m trn ton th gii, c bit trong WTO: S ra i v pht trin ca cc khi lin kt kinh t khu vc: EU, NAFTA, AFTA, S ra i nhiu cc hip nh thng mi song phng

S tng ng v xu hng hn gia tc

tng trng thng mi quc t v GDP th gii (T nhng nm 1990): S ph thuc v nh hng qua li gia sn xut v thng mi quc t cht ch hn, khng kht hn Gia tng s ph thuc ca cc quc gia vo thng mi quc t: T l gia kim ngch ngoi thng v tng sn phm quc ni tng ln ng k v t mc kh cao, tu thuc vo tng quc gia. Gia tng thng mi trong khun kh cc lin kt kinh t quc t, hip nh t do thng mi song phng

WTO, EU, NAFTA, MERCOSUR, AFTA, APEC, hng trm hip nh t do thng mi song phng Bt cn bng trong thng mi quc t: thm ht thng mi ca nhiu quc gia Trong thng mi quc t lun lun tn ti v pht sinh mu thun gay gt i chi gia hai xu hng t do ha thng mi v bo h mu dch, Trong gii quyt vn thm thng mu dch gia cc quc gia, Vn bn ph v tr cp. S hu tr tu Trong vn ro cn phi thu quan

Gi hng ho th gii gn y bin ng theo xu hng c li hn cho cc nc ang pht trin (PT) Trc y: bt li cho cc nc PT Xem thay i iu kin mu dch V c cu hng ha: T trng nhm hng nng sn; khong sn (khng k nhin liu) tip tc xu hng gim di hn, hin mc hn 8%; T trng nhm hng nhin liu dao ng mnh trong gii hn 10 - 15%; T trng nhm hng cng ngip ch bin chim t trng ln

 T trng nhm ny sau thi gian di tng,

hin dao ng mc 70% Nhng nm 1950: t trng nhm ny 35% Nhm hng ch bin c tc tng trng cao nht (theo khi lng giao dch) Thng mi in t pht trin mnh m, c tc tng trng cao Gia tng ln sng bo h thng qua cc ro cn phi thu quan

Tng trng xut khu v GDP th gii (%)

1964 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 -95 -00 -07 XK 5,3 7,0 5,5 6,5 8,5 6,0 2,1 NS 3,0 3,5 4,0 6,0 6,0 4,5 2,5 KS 3,2 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,0 0,5 CB 6,9 8,0 6,5 7,5 10,0 7,5 2,0 SXHH 3,2 4,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 4,0 -0,5
XK: Xut khu NS: Xut khu nng sn KS: Xut khu khong sn CB: Xut khu hng ch bin SXHH Sn xut hng ha

2009 2010

-12,0 14,5 -3,0 -4,5 -15,5 -5,0

3,6

GDP 3,4 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,5 3,5 1,5 -2,5

Biu tng trng xut khu v GDP th gii (%)

T trng Xut khu/GDP th gii (%)

1980 1990 2000 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Th 17,0 15,7 20,3 20,4 22,1 gii Cc nc 22,8 22,0 30,3 31,9 35,2 PT Cc nc 8,4 13,7 39,2 32,4 33,1 KTC Cc nc 16,3 14,4 17,2 17,1 18,2 Ngun: Unctad Handbook of PT

23,3 24,9 25,5 26,5 36,5 37,5 36,9 37,2

33,3 32,6 29,9 33,7

19,0 20,3 21,1 21,8

Statistics 2008

Thay i iu kin mu dch (Terms of trade) - trung bnh nm (%)

19851994 19912000 0,1 -0,2 1,6 -0,4 2001- 2002- 20032010 2011 2012 -0,1 1,2 3,4 0,2 -0,1 1,5 5,2 0,0 -0,4 1,4 6,1 -0,6

Cc nc pht 1,1 trin Cc nc PT -3,5 v KT mi ni Cc nc PT -8,7 xut khu du Cc nc PT -0,8 khng XK du

C cu hng ha trong thng mi quc t - % (theo xut khu)

1990 2000 2001 2006 2007 2008 2009 12,2 3,7 9,0 2,9 9,1 2,9 8,0 4,3 8,3 4,5 8,5 4,3 9,6 3,8

Nng sn Khong sn* Nhin liu Hng ch bin

10,7 10,2 10,3 15,0 15,0 18,2 14,8 70,4 74,9 74,8 70,1 69,8 66,5 68,6

Tng trng khi lng thng mi theo nhm hng (%)

2. Thng mi quc t ca cc nc pht trin

Cc nc pht trin tip tc gi vai tr ch

o trong thng mi quc t Trong xut khu 2008: 56,5% Trong nhp khu 2008: 61,5% T trng cc nc pht trin c xu hng gim Thng mi ni b chim t trng ln trong thng mi gia cc nc pht trin. T trng thng mi ni b chim ti 75% kim ngch thng mi ca cc nc pht trin.

Nguyn nhn: Cc nc pht trin l th trng tiu th

ln: GDP (PPP) ca cc nc pht trin chim 55,1% th gii 2008; 2009: 53,9%; 2010: 52,3% Ti cc nc pht trin c s chuyn mn ho cao trong sn xut Cc nc pht trin l th trng tiu th ln cc nhm sn phm: nng sn, khong sn, hng ch bin T trng ca cc nc pht trin trong nhp khu th gii theo cc nhm hng ho chim t 50 n trn 70%, ngoi tr nguyn liu c ngun gc nng sn (gn 40%).

Thay i trong c cu hng ha: Trong xut khu: Tng t trng sn phm cng ngh cao: (in t, thit b vin thng, my tnh, robot cng nghip, .), Gim t trng cc sn phm thm dng vn truyn thng: (luyn kim, ng tu, phng tin vn ti) Trong nhp khu: C cu nhp khu rt a dng: lng thc, thc phm, hng tiu dng (dt may, giy dp, ), my mc thit b, cc phng tin vn ti, in t Xu hng tng nhp khu my mc, thit b, s/p in t, thit b vin thng, tin hc

C cu xut khu th gii theo cc nn kinh t (%)

Xut khu 1980 1990 2000 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 Cc nc 29,4 24,3 31,9 32,2 36,0 37,3 37,5 38,7 PT Cc nc 4,2 3,4 2,4 2,7 3,4 3,7 3,9 4,8 KTC Cc nc 66,4 72,3 65,8 65,1 60,5 59,0 58,6 56,5 PT Th gii 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

C cu nhp khu th gii theo cc nn kinh t (%)

Nhp khu 1980 1990 2000 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 Cc nc 23,8 22,3 28,8 29,0 31,5 32,2 33,0 34,8 PT Cc nc 4,0 3,9 1,6 2,2 2,5 2,8 3,3 3,7 KTC Cc nc 72,2 73,8 69,6 68,8 65,9 65,0 63,7 61,5 PT Th gii 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

3. Thng mi quc t cc nc ang pht trin v kinh t chuyn i Vai tr ca cc nc PT v kinh t chuyn i ngy cng c m rng v cng c T trng trong xut khu th gii: 1980 33,6%; 2008 43,5% T trng trong nhp khu th gii: 1980 27,8%; 2008 38,5% Vai tr ni tri ca Chu v 1 s quc gia: - Trung Quc, ASEAN, n , Brazil, Nga, M hi c - Trung Quc t 2009: xut khu hng u Nm 2010: 1578 t USD (10,4% th gii)

 Trong c cu hng ho xut khu ca cc

nc PT c s thay i tch cc: Gim t trng hng ho nguyn liu v s ch, v gia tng t trng hng ch bin. 1970-2001: t trng nhm hng ho nguyn liu v s ch trong xut khu ca cc nc PT gim t 80% xung 29%. Din bin tch cc ny khng din ra ng u tt c cc nc PT. Thay i mnh m nht Chu , sau l Chu M La Tinh. Chu Phi v Trung ng thay i chm

C cu xut khu ca cc nc ang pht

trin rt a dng: Nhm cc nc xut khu du m: Xut khu du m v cc sn phm cng nghip ngun gc du m chim t trng cao Mt s quc gia t trng ln trong xut khu l sn phm nng sn v khong sn Mt s quc gia c t trng cc sn phm ch bin cao: Dt may, gia dy, luyn kim, sn phm kim loi, cc sn phm in t lp rp, ng tu, cc sn phm cng ngh cao T trng sn phm cng ngh cao cn thp, tp trung vo 1 s t quc gia

CHNG 6: THNG MI DCH V QUC T

1. Phn loi dch v 2. Hnh thc cung cp dch v 3. c trng ca thng mi dch v 4. Qui m thng mi dch v 5. C cu theo lnh vc 6. C cu a l thng mi dch v 7. Chnh sch thng mi dch v quc t

1. Phn loi dch v: Vn ti: Khi nim: Dch v vn ti quc t (Thng mi dch v vn ti quc t) l dch v tt c cc loi hnh vn ti do Ngi c tr (Php nhn v Th nhn) ca mt quc gia cung cp cho Ngi c tr ca mt quc gia khc V d: Cc loi hnh vn ti: Vn ti ng bin, ng sng, ng b, ng ng dn, hng khng v v tr Phn bit: vn ti hnh khch; vn ti hng ho; thu phng tin vn ti vi kp li; cc dch v tr gip v ph tr khc.

Du lch quc t Khi nim: Du lch quc t t gic thng k l gi tr hng ho v dch v m khch du lch mua v tiu th nc ngoi trong thi gian du lch (di 1 nm v khch du lch khng c cho l ngi c tr ti quc gia m h du lch) Phn bit 2 dng: Du lch quc t gm du lch vi mc ch kinh doanh v du lch c nhn. Dch v vin thng lin lc Xy dng; Bo him

Dch v ti chnh; Dch v my tnh v tin hc; Ph bn quyn v giy php

(bng sng ch, quyn tc gi, nhn hiu thng mi, b quyt cng ngh, nhng quyn) Cc loi dch v kinh doanh khc: Dch v lin quan ti thng mi, cho thu, dch v k thut, nh: k ton, kim ton; qun l, iu hnh sn xut, kinh doanh; nghin cu pht trin; nghin cu th trng, dch v marketing.; Dch v c nhn, vn ho v gii tr. Thng mi dch v khng gm dch v ca cc chnh ph v cc t chc quc t!!!

2. Hnh thc cung cp dch v: 4 Cung cp dch v qua bin gii (cross-border): dch v di chuyn, khng c s di chuyn ca con ngi. V d: Tiu th nc ngoi (consumption abroad): c dn ca A ti B v s dng dch v ti B. V d. Hin din thng mi ti nc tiu th
(Commercial presence in the consuming country):

V d: chi nhnh, lin doanh, cng ty con, S hin din ca th nhn (presence of natural person). V d: cc nh qun l, chuyn gia.

3. c trng ca thng mi dch v: (Khc bit so vi thng mi hng ho): Thng mi dch v khng qun l v kim sot ti bin gii thu quan nh i vi thng mi hng ho, m thng bng nhng lut l v qui nh c tnh cht ni b trong phm vi mt quc gia. Dch v thng ko th bo qun hay lu kho. Dch v thng to ra v s dng ng thi, v vy hu ht dch v trao i trn c s tip xc trc tip gia ngi bn v ngi mua. Sn xut v tiu th dch v c bo h cht ch hn so vi thng mi hng ho.

Thng mi dch v quc t lin quan qua li cht ch vi thng mi hng ho quc t v tc ng mnh m ln s pht trin ca thng mi hng ho. V d: bo hnh v bo tr, dch v t vn, h tr k thut, chuyn giao cng ngh, Rt nhiu dng dch v, khng th trao i hoc trao i khng ng k trong thng mi dch v quc t. l hu ht cc dng dch v c nhn, nhiu loi dch v cng cng v d: gio dc, y t, giao thng cng cng ????????

4. Qui m thng mi dch v: Thng mi dch v quc t ng mt vai tr quan trng trong thng mi quc t: - 2010: XK dch v 3665 t USD Qui m thng mi dch v quc t so vi hng ho thay i khng ng k Tc tng trng ca thng mi dch v v hng ho quc t c xu hng tng ng, khng c s khc bit ng k Gi tr thng k ca thng mi dch v quc t c cho l thp hn so vi thc t: Nguyn nhn:

Chi tiu ca khch du lch, tin lng ca

cng nhn nc ngoi thng kh tnh chnh xc v b h thp. Thng k khng y do dch v thng trao i ng thi, trn gi vi hng ho, V d: dch v lp t, bo dng, chuyn giao cng ngh, o to nhn lc. c bit cung cp my mc, thit b trong cc lnh vc cng ngh cao th t l dch v trong gi thnh l rt ng k. Kh thng k y thng mi dch v ca cc cng ty xuyn quc gia (khng thng k cung cp dch v bi i din thng mi)
Gi tr thng k c th b h thp 40 - 50%

Kim ngch xut khu dch v v t l xut khu dch v/xut khu hng ha
1970 1980 1990 1995 2000 2002 2008 2009 2010 XK dch v (t - 364 783 1191 1475 1538 3730 3312 3665 USD) XK DV/XK 21,0 17,9 22,7 23,1 22,9 23,9 23,6 27,3 24,6 h.ha (%)

Thng mi dch v thng thng v qua i din thng mi

5. C cu theo lnh vc: Vn ti; Du lch; Cc dch v thng mi khc Dch v vn ti: 2008: 890 t USD (23,6%); 2009-704 t (21,3%) 2008-09: gim mnh (-21%) C xu hng gim t trng do tng trng trung bnh thp hn so dch v ni chung Nguyn nhn: - Gim chi ph trung bnh ca dch v vn ti; - Thay i c cu thng mi hng ho C cu: -Vn ti ng bin: t trng tng: 2006 - 43% -Vn ti hng khng: t trng gim: 2006 - 33% -Cc dng khc: t trng n nh: 2006 - 24% Cc nc xut v nhp khu d/v vn ti ln:

Dch v du lch quc t: 2008: 950 t USD (25,2%); 2009-854 t (25,8%) gim (-11%) Sau thi k tng trng mnh 1980-1990, t gia nhng nm 1990 tc tng trng gim, do t trng cng gim Nguyn nhn pht trin mnh vo 1980-90: Tng thu nhp v gim gi tour du lch (tour trn gi) Thi gian gn y du lch lin quan ti gio dc tng trng nhanh Australia: thu t du lch lin quan ti gio dc l hn 10 t USD (46% doanh thu du lch) Cc nc xut nhp khu ln d/v du lch

Nhm cc dch v thng mi khc (other commercial services): - Bao gm: thng tin lin lc, xy dng, bo him, ti chnh; d/v my tnh v tin hc; ph bn quyn v giy php; cc dch v kinh doanh; d/v c nhn, vn ha, gii tr; - Tng trng cao, t trng gia tng D/v thng tin lin lc (Communications): 2006: 70 t USD; 2007: 80 t Tng trng 2000-06: 13% Tng trng thp hn tng trng chung ca thng mi dch v (2000-06: 14%) Cc nc XK ln: EU, USA, Kuwait, India, Canada

Dch v Xy dng (Construction):

2007: 70 t USD Tng trng 2000-07: 14% Nga, Trung Quc c tc tng trng cao Cc nc xut khu d/v xy dng ln (S

liu khng tnh gi tr xy dng thc hin nc ngoi bi cc chi nhnh TNCs). EU, Nht Bn, Trung Quc, Nga, Malaysia, USA Ph bn quyn v giy php (royalties and licence fees): 2006: 155 t USD; 2007: 190 t Tng trng 2000-07: trung bnh nm 12% Tp trung ch yu ti cc nc pht trin XK ln: USA, EU, Nht Bn, Thy S, Canada

Bo him: 2006: 60 t USD; 2007: 75 t Tng trng 2000-07: 17% Nc XK ln: EU, USA, Thy S, Canada,

Mexico Dch v ti chnh: 2006: 215 t USD; 2007: 290 t Tng trng: 200-07: 17% Nc XK ln: EU, USA, Thy S, Hong Kong, Singapore

Dch v my tnh v tin hc (Computer and

information services): 2006: 125 t USD; 2007: 160 t Tng trng 2000-07: 19% Cc nc XK ln: EU, n , USA, Israel, Canada Dch v c nhn, vn ha, gii tr (Personal, cultural and recreational services): 2006: 35 t USD; 2007: 45 t T trng ln l dch v nghe nhn: ng u l USA Tng trng xut khu thp hn trung bnh ngnh dch v: 00-07: 9%

 Dch v kinh doanh khc (Other business

services): H tr, t vn php l, qun l, kin trc, qung co, k ton, dch v lin quan ti thng mi, t vn k thut, 2006: 680 t USD; 2007: 830 t Tng trng cao 2000-07: 15% Cc nc xut khu ln: EU, USA, Trung Quc, Nht Bn, n ,

C cu thng mi dch v quc t theo ngnh (%)

19 70 19 90 19 95 20 00 20 05 20 07 20 08 20 09 20 10

Vn 35,1 28,5 25,5 23,0 23,4 22,8 23,6 21,3 ti Du 27,0 33,8 33,5 32,4 27,9 26,0 25,2 25,8 lch D/v t/mi 37,9 37,6 41,0 44,6 48,7 51,2 51,2 52,9 khc Tng 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

6. C cu a l thng mi dch v
Cc nc pht trin chim vai tr ni tri

trong thng mi dch v quc t, c xut khu v nhp khu, nhng t trng c xu hng gim Xut khu: 2008 71,5% Nhp khu: 2008 65,7% Cc quc gia xut khu, nhp khu dch v ln ch yu l cc nc pht trin. Vai tr cc nc PT d gia tng nhng cn khim tn Trong nhm cc nc ang pht trin trong xut khu dch v ni ln khu vc Chu

7. Chnh sch thng mi dch v quc t

Cc dng dch v i km vi hng ho trong

thng mi chu s chi phi, iu tit ca cc hnh thc bo h mu dch p dng cho hng ho. Hu ht cc quc gia tnh thu nhp khu theo gi CIF, nn vn ti v bo him lun chu thu quan nhp khu nh hng ho. Thng mi dch v quc t l i tng chu s iu tit nghim ngt, cht ch ca cc cng c mang tnh cht phi thu quan, bao gm 2 ni dung ch yu sau:

Th nht, iu tit quyn tip cn th trng: Hn ch quyn cung cp dch v:

thng l nhng qui nh php l khng cho php cc nh cung cp dch v nc ngoi hot ng trong nhng lnh vc nht nh. p dng hn ngch nhp khu dch v: mt s lnh vc c th, V d: hn ngch s lng phim nc ngoi c mua hoc chiu trn cc knh truyn hnh a phng, Hn ch s thnh lp trong th trng ni a chi nhnh ca cc cng ty nc ngoi hot ng trong lnh vc dch v

Hn ch s i li ca cc chuyn gia cung

cp dch v. Thng s dng cc th tc hnh chnh nh: kim tra, st hch, cp php, qui nh v trnh tay ngh ca cc chuyn gia cung cp dch v (ch cho php khi cc nh cung cp ni a khng trnh ). Gii hn s i li ca ngi tiu th dch v Th hai, Hn ch tha hng nguyn tc Ngang bng dn tc v i x quc gia S phn bit i x gia cc nh cung cp dch v trong nc v nc ngoi trn th trng ni a theo chiu hng bt li cho cc cng ty nc ngoi:

 p dng cc qui nh bt li hn i vi cc

nh cung cp dch v nc ngoi, V d: Hoc dnh cho cc nh cung cp dch v a phng u tin, c quyn, c li, tr cp... V d: - Vn ti hng khng: quyn s dng sn bay, thi gian bay, cung cp cc dch v bay - Trong vn ti ng bin: thi gian ra vo cng, xp d hng ho, ph cu cng - Trong cung cp dch v vin thng, tin hc: quyn kt ni vi cc nh cung cp ni a - .

CHNG 9: CHNH SCH V TNH HNH THNG MI QUC T CA VIT NAM

1. CHNH SCH THNG MI QUC T 2. CHNH SCH V TNH HNH THNG MI QUC T CA VIT NAM

1. CHNH SCH THNG MI QUC T 1.1 Khi nim: l mt h thng cc nguyn tc, mc tiu, cng c, bin php thch hp m chnh ph mt quc gia s dng iu chnh cc hot ng thng mi quc t ca nc mnh trong mt thi k nht nh. Bao gm Chnh sch xut khu v Chnh sch nhp khu; C lin quan cht ch, tc ng qua li. Chnh sch thng mi c lin quan cht ch ti cc chnh sch kinh t khc: chnh sch ti chnh-tin t, t gi, u t, chnh sch cng nghip, nng nghip, dch v .

Mc ch chnh sch thng mi quc t: To iu kin thun li khai thc trit

li th ca nn kinh t t nc: gip cho cc doanh nghip m rng th trng bn ngoi, tham gia mnh m vo phn cng lao ng v mu dch quc t. Bo v th trng ni a: to iu kin cho cc doanh nghip trong nc ng vng v vn ln trong hot ng kinh doanh quc t ngha nghin cu chnh sch thng mi: Vi cc c quan nh nc, t chc: Vi doanh nghip:

1.2 Phn loi chnh sch thng mi quc t: a) Chnh sch t do thng mi v chnh sch bo h mu dch: Chnh sch t do thng mi: L chnh sch m trong nh nc khng can thip trc tip vo qu trnh iu tit thng mi quc t, m ca th trng cho thng mi quc t pht trin. ??? u im: Hng ha c lu thng t do Cnh tranh gip nng cao cht lng, h gi thnh hng ha Th trng ni a phong ph hng ha, p ng ti u nhu cu ngi tiu dng

Nhc im: Th trng d b xo trn, l thuc vo tnh

hnh kinh t, chnh tr bn ngoi. Khi cc nh sn xut trong nc cha mnh th d b ph sn Chnh sch bo h mu dch: L chnh sch m nh nc s dng cc bin php bo v th trng ni a, nng cc nh sn xut trong nc cnh tranh nhp khu v m rng ra th trng ngoi nc u im: Gim bt sc cnh tranh ca hng nhp; Bo h nh sn xut trong nc, gip h nng cao kh nng cnh tranh;

Gip nh xut khu nng cao kh nng cnh

tranh, chim lnh th trng bn ngoi. Nhc im: Gy tn thng cho thng mi quc t, Nn kinh t c th b c lp vi bn ngai; Lm gia tng tr tr ca cc nh sn xut trong nc khin h chm ci tin; Thit hi cho ngi tiu dng, bi hng ha km a dng v mu m... Thc t: Cc quc gia thng khng thin v mt chnh sch c th no, m kt hp c 2 xu hng trn, vi cc mc khc nhau ty tng thi k pht trin

b) Chnh sch hng ni v Chnh sch hng v xut khu: Chnh sch hng ni inward oriented trade policy (thay th nhp khu) : Pht trin cc ngnh sn xut thay th nhp khu vi mc bo h cao Bt u vi hng tiu dng, sau sn phm trung gian, ri ti phng tin sn xut u im: Th trng ni a c bo h cht ch, to iu kin pht trin cc ngnh cng nghip: Huy ng ti a ngun ni lc cho pht trin kinh t (ch yu da vo ngun ni lc) t chu s tc ng ca th trng th gii, Tng trng kinh t n nh

Nhc im: Sc cnh tranh ca hng ha thp Nhiu ngnh cng nghip pht trin vi hiu

qu thp Thm ht thng mi, cn cn vng lai cao Vay nc ngoi cao v gnh nng tr n nng n Tng trng kinh t thp Chnh sch hng v xut khu (outward oriented trade policy): Ly xut khu lm ng lc, pht trin cc ngnh c li th hng v xut khu Mc bo h mu dch khng cao

u im: Hng ha c sc cnh tranh cao Cc ngnh pht trin nng ng, trnh

cng ngh, qun l cao hn Kt hp cc ngun lc bn trong v bn ngoi cho pht trin Cn cn thng mi thm ht khng ln N nc ngoi khng cao v kh nng thanh ton n tt Tng trng kinh t cao hn Nhc im: Ph thuc mnh vo kinh t th gii Kh khn trong h tr pht trin cc ngnh cng nghip mi nhn????

c) Chnh sch thng mi ca cc nc ang pht trin: Chnh sch ng ca Vo nhng nm 1950 v 60, cc nc ang pht trin thc hin chnh sch ng ca kinh t do nguyn nhn: Sau khi ginh c lp, mun pht trin kinh t khng ph thuc bn ngoi V li ch ca t bn dn tc Hn ch tc ng t khng hong kinh t c im: Pht trin theo nh hng thay th nhp khu nhm p ng nhu cu trong nc v hng ha, k c cc ngnh khng c li th

Mc bo h mu dch cao Ch xut khu sau khi tha mn nhu cu

trong nc Khng khuyn khch u t trc tip nc ngoi, ch yu hnh thc vay vn Vai tr kinh t nh nc ln u im: Tc tng trng n nh, t chu nh hng t bn ngoi m bo quyn t quyt kinh t v chnh tr Nn kinh t pht trin ton din hn v c cu (c bit cc nc ln)

Hn ch: Khng pht huy li th so snh, nng lc

cnh tranh thp, gi thnh cao Hn ch tip nhn cng ngh nc ngoi Thiu ngoi t ti tr nhp khu v u t N nc ngoi cao Tng trng khng cao Chnh sch m ca kinh t: c p dng sau khi chnh sch ng ca khng thnh cng (v iu kin thun li) M rng quan h kinh t, t do ha thng mi, pht trin nh hng xut khu cc ngnh c li th, Tng cng thu ht u t nc ngoi

u im: Nng lc cnh tranh, trnh cng ngh

c nng cao, gim chi ph sn xut, Tham gia hiu qu hi nhp quc t Pht trin xut khu, tng ngun thu ngoi t Ci thin cn cn thanh ton Thu ht u t nc ngoi pht trin kinh t Hn ch: Gia tng ph thuc vo bn ngoi: thng mi, u t, vn, chnh sch kinh t C cu kinh t mt cn i do pht trin mnh cc ngnh xut khu Gia tng bt bnh ng v thu nhp

1.3 Cng c chnh sch thng mi:

1.3.1 Thu quan (tariff) : Khi nim thu quan: l thu nh ln hng ho xut khu hay nhp khu khi i qua bin gii thu quan Phn bit: Thu quan xut khu, Thu quan nhp khu Thu quan nhp khu s dng ph bin. Thu quan xut khu t s dng Chc nng ca thu quan: Bo h sn xut trong nc Chc nng thu thu iu tit tiu dng: ???? (gin tip)

iu tit cn cn thanh ton: ??? L cng c phn bit i x trong chnh sch

thng mi Phn loi theo phng php tnh thu: Thu quan tnh theo gi tr (Ad valorem duty) L thu quan c tnh bng t l phn trm ca gi tr hng ho. V d: Thu nhp khu ca xe hi l 20%, Xe hi gi $20.000 - chu thu 4.000$. Xe hi gi $30.000 - chu thu 6.000$. Gi tr tnh thu (Customs value): Gi hp ng (u tin hng u):

 Gi FOB hoc Gi CIF (Gi CFR)

(FOB Free on Boad); (CIF Cost, Insurance, Freight); (CFR Cost and Freight) c im: Tng i n gin, cng bng, thun li trong m phn ct gim thu quan C th gian ln thng mi Thu quan tnh theo s lng (Specific duty) Thu tuyt i L thu tnh bng tin nh trn mi n v vt cht ca hng ho xut nhp khu, khng ph thuc vo gi tr hng ho V d: Thu nh vo ru: $5/chai.

c im: Khng cng bng Thng p dng vi cc sn phm ng

nht: nng sn, khong sn, kim loi Thu quan hn hp (Compound duty): L hnh thc tnh thu kt hp c hai cch tnh thu: theo gi tr v theo s lng. V d: Thu quan nhp khu xe hi l thu quan hn hp, bao gm: Thu theo gi tr 20% Thu theo s lng $2.000 mi xe. Xe nhp khu c gi $20.000; Thu nhp khu: $4.000 + $2.000 = $6.000 Thu quan tnh theo gi tr ph bin nht

T l bo h thc t ca thu quan (Effective

rate of protection): Xc nh mc bo h thc t m nh sn xut nhn c t h thng thu quan Chnh sch Leo thang thu quan (Tariff escalation): Gia tng thu quan theo mc gia cng ca sn phm Sn phm cui cng c t l bo h thc t cao (hn thu quan danh ngha) Rt ph bin, c bit ti cc nc pht trin ERP = Te = V V (1)

t aiti (2) = t + ai(t ti) ERP = Te = 1 ai 1 ai

1.3.2 Cng c phi thu quan: a) Cc bin php hn ch s lng (quantitative restrictions) Hn ngch: l bin php hn ch s lng, n nh s lng ti a ca mt sn phm c php xut khu hay nhp khu trong mt thi k nht nh thng qua hnh thc cp giy php Hn ngch nhp khu c tc ng tng t thu nhp khu. Hn ngch xut khu c tc ng tng t thu xut khu

Khc bit gia hn ngch v thu quan

(tng ng): Hn ngch cho bit s lng nhp khu chc chn, cn thu quan th khng Thu mang li ngun thu; hn ngch thng khng mang li ngun thu, pht sinh tiu cc Hn ngch l cng c khng minh bch: Bo h cht ch, d dn ti c quyn WTO: hn ngch l bin php khng c khuyn khch (cm, s dng hn ch..) Hn ngch thu quan: l dng thu quan c thu sut thay i theo s lng nhp khu:

Khi nhp khu trong hn ngch thu quan th

p dng thu sut c s (within-quota rate) thu sut trong hn ngch (thp) S lng NK vt qu hn ngch thu quan th chu thu sut cao hn (over-quota rate) thu sut ngoi hn ngch Trong WTO hn ch s dng Giy php (licence): i vi cc mt hng qun l bng hn ngch hay xut nhp khu c iu kin Yu cu: Quy nh i tng, th tc cp php r rng, minh bch, cng bng,

Th tc n gin, khoa hc trnh cn tr

thng mi Ch p dng vi cc sn phm cn thit phi c s qun l ca nh nc Giy php t ng (Automatic licence): Cp ngay hoc trong vng 10 ngy. Khng km theo iu kin, thng mc ch thng k Giy php khng t ng: Cp vi mt s iu kin: s lng hn ngch, lnh vc kinh doanh, loi hnh doanh nghip, quy m,. Giy php chung: thng qua giy php quy nh quyn kinh doanh xut nhp khu:

Thng p dng bi quc gia kinh t phi th

trng (Hin nay Vit Nam bi b) Hn ch xut khu t nguyn (Voluntary export restraints - VER) Khi nim HCXKTN: l bin php hn ch xut khu, p dng t nguyn bi quc gia xut khu trc p lc ca quc gia nhp khu, nu khng quc gia nhp khu s n phng p dng cc bin php hn ch nhp khu. i vi quc gia nhp khu: Tc ng ca HCXKTN gn ging hn ngch nhp khu: Khc g so vi HNNK ????

i vi quc gia xut khu: Tc ng ca

HCXKTN gn ging hn ngch xut khu. Thit hi s nh hn so vi cc bin php hn ch nhp khu ????? Cm vn thng mi: C th thc hin vi mt, mt vi hoc ton b hng ha ca mt quc gia Cm vn c th thc hin bi mt quc gia, mt nhm quc gia hay tt c cc quc gia thng qua Lin hip quc

b) Cc cng c ti chnh: Tr cp (subsidy): Khi nim: Tr cp l h tr ti chnh ca chnh ph, trc tip hoc gin tip, cho cc nh sn xut trong nc cnh tranh vi nhp khu hoc cc nh xut khu. Phn bit: Tr cp trc tip v gin tip Tr cp trc tip: h tr trc tip t ngn sch b p chnh lch gia chi ph v doanh thu ca DN Tr cp trc tip b cm bi WTO, c th dn ti cc bin php tr a ca cc i tc thng mi

Tr cp gin tip:

thng qua cc u i ca chnh ph: u i thu thu nhp, thu nhp khu, bo him, tn dng u i, tr gi, h tr xc tin thng mi, cung cp thng tin th trng, h tr k thut, nghin cu v pht trin, c thm v Hip nh v tr cp v cc bin php i khng ca WTO (vi hng cng nghip) v Hip nh nng nghip (nng sn) Hip nh v tr cp v cc bin php i khng: 3 dng tr cp: Tr cp cm (): Tr cp xut khu v tr cp s dng hng trong nc thay th nhp khu l tr cp

Vi tr cp xut khu:

Ngoi tr cp trc tip, tr cp cm cn bao gm cc dng: Cung cp nguyn liu c hng tr cp sn xut hng XK; min thu trc thu (thu li tc c c do XK); hon thu nhp khu qu mc vi nguyn liu sn xut hng XK; cung cp tn dng thp hn chi ph Tr cp c php s dng t/c vng, (c th b kin nu gy thit hi cho q/gia khc) H tr cho ngnh, vng,... Tr cp khng cm (xanh): mang tnh ph cp, khng phn bit gia cc ngnh, doanh nghip, hay da trn tiu ch khch quan:

V d: H tr nghin cu, pht trin vng lc hu, trong vn mi trng l tr cp xanh km theo 1 s iu kin Tr cp vi nng sn c cp trong Hip nh nng nghip: Vi tr cp xut khu: c php duy tr vi mt s sn phm nhng phi ct gim gi tr v s lng sn phm hng tr cp Tr cp trong nc vi nng sn chia 3 loi: Tr cp hp xanh lc: khng mang tnh thng mi: tr cp to ging mi, dit tr su bnh, ci to mi trng,...,

Tr cp hp xanh lam: c tnh khuyn khch

sn xut: tr cp u vo cho nng dn ngho, vng kh khn, chuyn i c cu, Tr cp vng: nh hng ti thng mi: tr gi, gi sn thu mua, L dng tr cp cn ct gim Tr cp xut khu thng qua tn dng:

Bn ph gi (Dumping) Khi nim:

l phn bit gi quc t, khi doanh nghip xut khu bn sn phm trn th trng nc ngoi vi gi thp hn gi bnh thng Gi bnh thng: Thng thng: gi bn trn th trng trong nc ca quc gia xut khu Gi ca mt quc gia th 3 c iu kin kinh t-x hi tng t (khi quc gia xut khu c nn kinh t phi th trng; hoc hng ch xut khu, khng tiu th trong nc)

Bn ph gi b cm bi WTO, lut chng ph

gi ca cc quc gia. Khi bn ph gi c chng minh, quc gia nhp khu c quyn p dng cc bin php chng bn ph gi: thu chng bn ph gi, Thu chng bn ph gi l thu quan c tnh tm thi vi mc ch trit tiu nhng tc ng tiu cc ca bn ph gi. Thng thng, mc thu chng bn ph gi bng chnh lch gia gi bnh thng v gi xut khu bn ph gi Bin ph gi.

Cc bin php chng bn ph gi

(Antidumping Measures) c s dng ph bin nh mt cng c bo h mu dch Nguyn nhn: Xu hng chung gia tng s dng cc ro cn phi thu quan C s php l ca chng bn ph gi rt phc tp, lp lun kinh t mp m, gy kh khn cho quc gia i tc trong i ph, N trnh s ch trch quc t v trong nc: Cc tc ng khc ngoi tc ng tng gi sn phm:..???

Cc bin php lin quan t gi hi oi: Qun l ngoi hi:

C th p dng: hn ch trong mua bn ngoi hi, ch a t gi,. iu tit t gi: Ph gi hay nng gi (thc) ni t, nh hng nng lc cnh tranh v gi. Xem t gi v cnh tranh thng mi quc t Cc bin php khc: k qu, t cc

c) Cc bin php hn ch thng mi ngm (tr hnh) Ro cn k thut (Technical Barriers): L cc qui nh k thut, hnh chnh,, m cc quc gia ra nhm cn tr, hn ch nhp khu hng ho. Ph bin nht l cc qui nh c tnh k thut: Tiu chun cht lng, Chng ch cht lng, Cc yu cu c bit v bao b, nhn mc, Cc ch tiu an ton v sinh, Lut v bo v ngi tiu dng, Cc qui nh v mi trng, Cc qui nh quc t v lao ng, Th tc hi quan,

Trong WTO: Hip nh v hng ro k thut

v Hip nh v cc bin php v sinh dch t Thu v ph (Domestic Taxes and Charges) Hng ho nhp khu c th b nh thu (thu tiu th c bit, thu doanh thu,), cc loi ph hi quan, ph cng, lu kho, Vai tr ca thu v ph hin nay gim. WTO ra nhng qui nh r rng v thu v ph nhm hn ch ti a lm dng thu ph hn ch thng mi.

Chnh sch mua sm chnh ph (state

procurement): Chnh ph thng u tin cc nh sn xut, cung cp trong nc khi mua sm. Hip c v mua sm chnh ph ca WTO l khng bt buc, (ch c hiu lc i vi cc thnh vin tham gia hip c). Yu cu v t l ni a ho, t l xut khu ti thiu: Quy nh bt buc v t l ni a ho ti thiu i vi hng ho bn trn th trng ni a nhm pht trin cng nghip a phng.

T l xut khu ti thiu thng p dng

nh mt iu kin gia nhp mt s ngnh. Hai bin php hn ch ni trn u b cm trong khun kh WTO. Cc bin php chng bn ph gi (Antidumping Measures) S dng ph bin nh cng c hn ch thng mi (xem phn Bn ph gi) d) Tha thun (hip nh) thng mi: l cng c quan trng: a phng: Song phng: thi gian gn y pht trin mnh m

2.1 Ni dung: Quan im chung ca Vit Nam: Chnh sch thng mi hng v xut khu ng thi dn thay th nhp khu vi Chnh sch bo h hp l v gim dn cc bin php bo h khi tham gia cc t chc, hip nh thng mi: WTO, AFTA,... Mc tiu c th: Tng trng xut khu, to vic lm, thu ngoi t Gp phn y mnh cng nghip ha, hin i ha, chuyn dch c cu (tng cc sn phm ch bin v ch to, cng ngh cao)

2. CHNH SCH V TNH HNH THNG MI QUC T CA VIT NAM

Ch trng nhp khu my mc, thit b,

nguyn vt liu, (nht l thit b tin tin) Bo m cn cn thng mi mc hp l, tin ti cn bng cn cn thng mi (2020) Tng trng xut khu: 2010-2015: 15 16,5%; 2016-2020: 16 17,5% Tng trng nhp khu: 2010-2015: 13 15,5%; 2016-2020: 13,5 15% M rng v a phng ha th trng v phng thc kinh doanh, hi nhp thnh cng vo kinh t khu vc v th gii V c ch qun l: Tun th y v nghim tc cc tha thun song phng v a phng

2.2 Qu trnh pht trin chnh sch thng

mi Vit Nam: Chnh sch thng mi trc 1986: c quyn thng mi nh nc: Th trng xut nhp khu ch yu l cc nc XHCN (70%) Xut khu p ng hn 30% nhp khu, Nhp khu ti tr nhiu bng vay, vin tr Chnh sch thng mi giai on 1986-1995: M rng ngoi thng vi ton th gii: Tng t ch ca doanh nghip ngoi thng T gi vn n nh

Sau khi Lin X v SEV tan r, chnh ph ni

lng cc bin php qun l: doanh nghip c trc tip k kt hp ng, doanh nghip t nhn tham gia ngoi thng Cha p ng nhu cu i mi v hi nhp Chnh sch thng mi t 1995 ti 2006: (Thay i c bn): Bi b qun l cp php khng cn thit Phn tch chc nng qun l v kinh doanh xut nhp khu Hn ch dn qun l bng hn ngch p dng biu thu theo H thng hi ho miu t v m s ho hng ho (HS Harmonised System of tariff classification)

M rng quyn kinh doanh xut nhp khu

cho doanh nghip tt c cc thnh phn Tng cng h tr cc hot ng xut nhp khu, xc tin thng mi B dn cc bin php qun l mang tnh mnh lnh hnh chnh, thay bng cc cng c: thu quan, thu i khng, chng bn ph gi,. K kt v thc hin cc hip nh: hip nh thng mi Vit-M, khu vc mu dch t do ASEAN (AFTA), Hip nh t do ASEAN-Hn Quc, ASEAN-Trung Quc, ASEAN-n , Hip nh hp tc kinh t Vit-Nht,

Cng vi m phn gia nhp WTO, chnh

sch thng mi Vit Nam dn chuyn sang s dng cc cng c, bin php ca WTO Hon thin h thng php l ph hp WTO Giai on t 2007 ti nay: Thc thi cc cam kt gia nhp WTO, AFTA, m Vit Nam k kt Chnh sch thng mi xy dng da trn quy nh php l ca WTO Phn ln cc bin php tri vi cc quy nh WTO d b trc v ngay sau khi gia nhp Mt s bin php Vit Nam c thi k qu .

2.3 Tnh hnh xut khu ca Vit Nam: a) Vai tr ca xut khu: To ngun vn ch yu cho nhp khu: (trn 80% nhp khu) L yu t tch cc thc y sn xut, gii quyt vic lm, ci thin i sng nhn dn ng vai tr tch cc trong chuyn dch c cu kinh t, Nng cao nng lc cnh tranh cc ngnh, cc doanh nghip Pht trin cc ngnh c li th cnh tranh N lc nng cao nng lc cnh tranh khi xut khu ra th trng quc t

b) Tnh hnh xut khu: Tng trng kim ngch xut khu ca Vit Nam tng i cao: Tng trng xut khu hng nm 20-30% Khng hong 2008-09: 2009 xut khu gim 2010: phc hi tng trng Kim ngch xut khu lun thp hn kim ngch nhp khu, thm ht CCTM Mt hng cng nghip ngy cng gia tng v khi lng, gi tr, v t trng T trng hng xut khu l nguyn liu th hay s ch c xu hng gim, nhng cn cao (Trc y trn 50%, hin nay gim di 50%)

Tng trng xut nhp khu VN (%)

1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011*

Xut khu 34,4 26,6 1,9 23,3 25,5 3,8 11,2 20,6 31,4 22,5 22,7 21,9 29,1 -8,9 26,1 33,3

Nhp khu 40,0 4,0 -0,8 2,1 33,2 3,7 21,8 27,9 26,6 15,0 22,1 39,8 28,6 -13,3 21,2 24,7

Xut nhp khu ca Vit Nam (triu USD) Xut khu Nhp khu CCTM 1995 5.449 8.155 -2.707 2000 14.483 15.637 -1.154 2001 15.029 16.218 -1.189 2002 16.706 19.746 -3.040 2003 20.149 25.256 -5.107 2004 26.485 31.969 -5.484 2005 32.447 36.761 -4.314 2006 39.826 44.891 -5.065 2007 48.561 62.765 -14.203 2008 62.685 80.714 -18.029 2009 57.096 69.949 -12.853 72.192 84.801 -12.609 2010 96.257 105.774 -9.517 2011*

Xut khu hng ha Vit Nam (t USD) (theo nhm hng)

19 20 95 00 TNG S 5,4 14,5 Hng th, 3,7 8,1 s ch Hng ch bin, tinh 1,8 6,4 ch Hng ho 0,00 0,01 khc 20 20 20 20 20 20 02 04 05 06 07 08 16,7 26,5 32,4 39,8 48,6 62,7 8,3 12,6 16,1 19,2 21,7 27,7

8,4 13,9 16,3 20,6 26,9 34,6

0,00 0,00 0,01 0,01 0,02 0,36

C cu xut khu ca Vit Nam (%)

1995 2000 2002 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
TNG S 100

100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Hng th, 67,2 55,8 49,6 47,4 49,6 48,3 44,6 44,2 s ch

Hng ch bin, tinh 32,8 44,2 50,4 52,6 50,4 51,7 55,4 55,2 ch Hng ho 0,00 0,04 0,01 0,01 0,02 0,02 0,04 0,6 khc

Mt hng xut khu kh a dng, nhiu mt

hng c gi tr xut khu ln, l cc sn phm Vit Nam c li th (cc sn phm thm dng lao ng) T trng sn phm cng nghip nng (c kh, ng tu, in t,) tng, nhng cn thp Gi tr gia tng thp ca hng cng nghip ch bin xut khu, phi chu cnh tranh gay gt v gi, vp phi nhiu ro cn thng mi: 25-30%

Doanh nghip cc thnh phn tham gia hot

ng xut nhp khu, c bit vai tr ca khu vc c vn TNN Th trng xut khu ch lc ca Vit Nam ch yu l cc nc pht trin v cc quc gia ng : M, EU, Nht, Trung Quc, c, Hn Quc, cc nc ASEAN, Th trng xut khu ca Vit Nam c s a dng ho trong thi gian gn y:.. Quan tm hn ti th trng Trung ng, Chu Phi, M La Tinh

Tr gi v mt hng xut khu s b nm 2010 Tn hng Lng T trng (%) Hng dt may 11,209,676 15.5 Giy dp cc loi 5,122,259 7.1 Hng hi sn 5,016,297 6.9 Du th 4,957,580 6.9 My vi tnh, sn phm in t & linh lin 3,590,167 5.0 G v sn phm g 3,435,574 4.8 Go 3,247,860 4.5 My mc thit b dng c ph tng khc 3,056,563 4.2 qu, kim loi qu v sn phm 2,823,970 3.9 Cao su 2,388,225 3.3 C ph 1,851,358 2.6 Than 1,610,692 2.2 Phng tin vn ti v ph tng 1,577,689 2.2 Xng du cc loi 1,346,378 1.9 Dy in & dy cp in 1,311,104 1.8

Xut khu theo khu vc kinh t (%)

1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Khu vc kinh t Khu vc c vn trong nc FDI Tng cng 73.0 27.0 100 53.0 47.0 100 54.8 45.2 100 52.9 47.1 100 49.6 50.4 100 45.3 54.7 100 42.8 57.2 100 42.1 57.9 100 42.8 57.2 100 44.9 55.1 100 46.8 53.2 100 51.2 48.8 100

(Nm 2010) EU ASEAN Trong : M Nht Bn Trung Hoa Hn Quc -xtry-li-a Thu S c Xin-ga-po Ma-lai-xi-a Phi-li-pin H Lan Vng quc Anh Cam-pu-chia Hng Cng i Loan In--n-xia Thi Lan Ty Ban Nha Php

C cu xut khu theo quc gia

Xut khu 11,385 10,351 14,238 7,728 7,309 3,092 2,704 2,652 2,373 2,121 2,093 1,706 1,688 1,682 1,552 1,464 1,443 1,433 1,183 1,111 1,095

Nhp khu 6,362 16,408 3,767 9,016 20,019 9,761 1,444 1,007 1,742 4,101 3,413 700 528 511 277 860 6,977 1,909 5,602 231 969

CCTM 5024 -6057 0 10471 -1288 -12710 -6669 1260 1645 630 -1980 -1320 1006 1160 1171 1275 604 -5534 -476 -4419 880 126

2.4 Tnh hnh nhp khu ca Vit Nam: a) Vai tr ca nhp khu: p ng v b sung hng ha trong nc cha sn xut c hoc sn xut cha , phc v nhu cu tiu dng ca nhn dn. Cung cp phn ln nguyn vt liu, sn phm u vo cho sn xut trong nc Nng cao trnh cng ngh-k thut ca nn kinh t b) Nguyn tc chnh sch nhp khu: S dng tit kim, hiu qu ngun ngoi t phc v cng nghip ha, pht trin kinh t:

Nhp khu my mc thit b, cng ngh ph hp vi hon cnh kinh t, trnh k thut cng ngh ca tng ngnh, m bo s dng hiu qu nht my mc thit b nhp khu ??? u tin nhp khu my mc thit b, nguyn vt liu phc v sn xut, ng thi m bo nhp khu cc sn phm thit yu m trong nc cha sn xut c Chnh sch nhp khu phi bo m bo h hp l cc ngnh sn xut trong nc: Trong bi cnh hi nhp, cn xy dng chnh sch nhp khu m ca, cn ch bo h sn xut trong nc

Khng bo h dn tri, ch tp trung bo h

cc ngnh cng nghip trng im Phi hp ng b chnh sch nhp khu v xut khu: u tin nhp khu my mc, thit b, nguyn vt liu sn xut phc v xut khu Pht trin cc ngnh cng nghip ph tr nhm nng cao nng lc cnh tranh cc ngnh xut khu ch lc Chnh sch t gi m bo hi ha li ch xut khu v nhp khu ??? Hoch nh chnh sch ph hp vi cc quy nh php l cc tha thun m Vit Nam tham gia: AFTA, WTO, cc hip nh song phng,

c) Tnh hnh nhp khu ca Vit Nam: Tng trng nhp khu cao Vit Nam thng xuyn l quc gia nhp siu, v nhp khu tng mnh sau khi Vit Nam gia nhp WTO C cu nhp khu nhn chung ph hp vi chin lc nhp khu v pht trin kinh t My mc thit b, nguyn vt liu, nhin liu chim t trng ln Hng tiu dng chim t trng thp, nhng c xu hng gia tng, c bit sau khi Vit Nam gia nhp WTO

C cu Nhp khu hng ha Vit Nam (%) 1995 (theo nhm hng) 2007 2008 2009 2000 2002 2005 2006
TNG S T liu sn xut -My mc, thit b, dng c, -Nguyn, nhin, vt liu Hng tiu dng Vng phi tin t 100 84,8 25,7 100 93,8 30,6 100 92,1 29,8 100 89,6 25,3 100 88,0 24,6 100 90,5 28,6 100 88,8 28,0 100 90,2 29,3

59,1 15,2

63,2 6,2

62,3 7,9

64,4 8,2 2,2

63,4 7,8 4,2

61,9 7,4 2,1

60,9 7,8 3,4

60,9 9,3 0,5

Th trng nhp khu a dng, nhng tp

trung ch yu vo cc quc gia chu v mt s quc gia pht trin: Trung Quc, Xin-ga-po, i Loan, Nht Bn, Hn Quc, Thi Lan, M, Hng Cng (TQ), Malai-xi-a, n , Thy S, In--n-xi-a, c, xtry-li-a, Cn cn thng mi song phng: Vit Nam nhp siu ln t Trung Quc, ASEAN, Hn Quc, i Loan, n , Xut siu sang M, EU, Australia, Nhp khu my mc thit b trnh cng ngh cha cao. ???

2010 EU ASEAN Trong : Trung Quc Hn Quc Nht Bn i Loan Thi Lan Xin-ga-po M Ma-lai-xi-a In--n-xia n c -xtry-li-a Thu S Lin bang Nga Php Hng Cng c-hen-ti-na I-ta-li-a Phi-li-pin

Xut khu 11,385 10,351 7,309 3,092 7,728 1,443 1,183 2,121 14,238 2,093 1,433 992 2,373 2,704 2,652 830 1,095 1,464 92 980 1,706

Nhp khu 6,362 16,408 20,019 9,761 9,016 6,977 5,602 4,101 3,767 3,413 1,909 1,762 1,742 1,444 1,007 999 969 860 826 822 700

CCTM 5024 -6057 -12710 -6669 -1288 -5534 -4419 -1980 10471 -1320 -476 -770 630 1260 1645 -169 126 604 -735 158 1006

CHNG 9: U T QUC T U T QUC T CA VIT NAM

1. VAI TR CA U T QUC T 2. CC HNH THC U T QUC T 3. U T TRC TIP NC NGOI TI VIT NAM 4. TNH HNH THU HT VN U T GIN TIP NC NGOI VO VIT NAM 5. TNH HNH THU HT VN ODA CA VIT NAM 6. U T RA NC NGOI CA VIT NAM

1. VAI TR CA U T QUC T 1.1 Khi nim: u t quc t l s di chuyn ca vn (t bn) t quc gia ny sang quc gia khc nhm tm kim li nhun ti u. Vn u t quc t c th tn ti di dng: tin t; hin vt hu hnh (t liu sn xut, nh xng, ti nguyn,); ti sn v hnh (cng ngh, thng hiu, pht minh, sng ch, ,; cc phng tin u t khc (c phiu, tri phiu, kim loi qu) 1.2 Nguyn nhn u t quc t: S dng chi ph SX r hn nc ngoi

Li nhun thp hn cc nc pht trin Nhu cu vn u t trn ton th gii rt ln Chuyn dch c cu kinh t ton cu a dng ho u t nhm phn tn ri ro S pht trin mnh m ca cc cty QG m bo cung cp nguyn liu n nh Vt qua hng ro bo h thu quan

1.3 Vai tr ca u t quc t: a) i vi nc u t: Tc ng tch cc: Nng cao hiu qu s dng vn v cc ngun lc sn xut Ci thin cn cn thanh ton trong di hn

Bo m ngun cung cp nguyn liu n

nh M rng nh hng kinh t Phn tn ri ro Thay i c cu kinh t theo hng hiu qu Nng cao nng lc cnh tranh ca quc gia u t trong di hn Chuyn cc ngnh cng nghip lc hu, mt li th cnh tranh ra nc ngoi Tc ng tiu cc: u t ra nc ngoi c th gim ngun lc pht trin kinh t trong nc, tng tht nghip nh hng ti cn cn thanh ton

b) i vi quc gia nhn u t: i vi nc pht trin: Tc ng tch cc: Gii quyt kh khn: to vic lm, tng thu ngn sch Vc dy doanh nghip hiu qu km To mi trng cnh tranh, thc y pht trin Doanh nghip trong nc hc hi kinh nghim qun l t doanh nghip nc ngoi Tc ng tiu cc: Cc doanh nghip trong nc c th b ph sn nu khng nng cao nng lc cnh tranh C th gy bt n kinh t v m: c bit l u t ngn hn

i vi cc nc ang pht trin: Tc ng tch cc: y mnh tng trng v pht trin kinh t To vic lm, tng thu nhp To mi trng cnh tranh, kch thch kinh t

tng trng v lng v cht Gim gnh nng n nc ngoi L knh tip cn cng ngh, kinh nghim qun l tin tin Tc ng tiu cc: C th l ni tip nhn cng ngh lc hu Tc ng tiu cc ti mi trng: nhim, cn kit ti nguyn Trn thu

2. CC HNH THC U T QUC T 2.1 u t gin tip (Foreign indirect investments): a) Khi nim: L hnh thc u t m ch s hu vn u t khng trc tip qun l, iu hnh hot ng s dng vn, nhm thu li nhun l c tc, li tc, li sut hay gia tng gi tr ti sn b) Cc hnh thc u t gin tip: u t chng khon: L hnh thc m ch u t mua c phn doanh nghip (khng l u t trc tip); tri phiu chnh ph, doanh nghip; cng c th trng tin t; cng c ti chnh phi sinh,

Tn dng quc t: L hnh thc m nh u t cung cp cho i

tc mt khon tn dng vi mc ch thu li bng li sut vay. Phn bit 2 dng tn dng: Tn dng ngn hng: Do ngn hng v cc t chc ti chnh, tn dng cung cp . Tn dng ngn hng ln thng l tn dng lin kt (vi s tham gia ca nhiu ngn hng) Theo mc ch: Tn dng xut nhp khu: Ti tr d n: Cho thu ti chnh (leasing) Ti tr mua bn st nhp,

Vin tr pht trin chnh thc (official

development assistance): L hnh thc tn dng u i c bit m chnh ph cc nc pht trin, cc t chc quc t, cc t chc phi chnh ph dnh cho cc nc ang pht trin. Thnh phn h tr (subsidies) phi chim t nht 25%, c tnh trn c s li sut vay, thi hn v thi gian n hn. (Vin tr khng hon li thnh phn h tr 100%). iu kin trung bnh tn dng ODA: li sut 3%; Thi hn vay 30 nm; n hn 10 nm.

H tr pht trin chnh thc (ODA) l b phn

ca Ti chnh pht trin chnh thc (official development finance ODF) ODF l ton b ngun ti chnh m cc nc pht trin v cc t chc quc t dnh cho cc nc ang pht trin, bao gm c cc khon vay vi li sut gn bng li sut th trng. ODA chim khong 80% ODF Phn bit cc dng ODA: Vin tr khng hon li Tn dng u i ODA hn hp: bao gm vay u i, vin tr khng hon li; hoc thm c tn dng trn c s li sut th trng Phn bit ODA song phng v a phng

2.2 u t trc tip (Foreign Direct Investmens FDI): a) Khi nim: L dng u t m ch u t tham gia trc tip qun l v iu hnh hot ng ca i tng u t b) Cc dng u t trc tip (hnh thc): Xy dng chi nhnh, cng ty con (lin doanh, hay 100% vn nc ngoi) Hn vn kinh doanh khng thnh lp php nhn (Hp ng hp tc kinh doanh): Cc bn tham gia k kt hp ng phn nh r trch nhim, phn chia kt qu kinh doanh

Mua c phn kim sot (t 10%) Nh u t trc tip mua c phn ca cng

ty m h kim sot Li nhn ti u t Vay ni b m cng ty m cho cng ty con, cc cng ty di quyn kim sot vay Mua bt ng sn nc ngoi c) c im ca u t trc tip: T l gp vn ti thiu m bo quyn tham gia trc tip iu hnh. Thng thng t 10% C th khng ch t l trn nm gi vn ca cc nh u t nc ngoi Li nhun thu c ph thuc vo kt qu kinh doanh v t l gp vn

d) Tc ng ca u t trc tip: i vi quc gia u t: Tc ng tch cc: M rng th trng tiu th sn phm, cng ngh, thit b; v m rng nh hng kinh t Gim chi ph sn xut: lao ng r, tip cn cung cp nguyn liu Trnh cc hng ro bo h Tc ng tiu cc: u t ra nc ngoi c th tng tht nghip, nh hng tng trng kinh t u t trc tip c th chu ri ro cao hn trong nc, c bit cc nc bt n chnh tr

i vi quc gia tip nhn u t: Tc ng tch cc: Tng ngun vn t bn ngoi cho sn xut

kinh doanh, khng tng n nc ngoi To iu kin khai thc tt nht cc li th ca quc gia Tip nhn cng ngh mi, kinh nghim qun l, nng cao trnh ngi lao ng (tay ngh, tc phong cng nghip) To vic lm, tng thu nhp Tng thu ngn sch Thc y chuyn dch c cu kinh t hiu qu theo hng m hi nhp kinh t quc t

Tip cn th trng th gii thng qua h

thng cung cp, tiu th ca cc cty a quc gia Nng cao nng lc cnh tranh quc gia Tc ng tiu cc: Cn kit ti nguyn, cc vn mi trng C th tip nhn cng ngh lc hu Thit hi t hnh ng lch thu Gia tng thm ht cn cn vng lai di hn: Gia tng cch bit pht trin vng, min

e) Cc c trng ca dng vn u t trc tip nc ngoi trn th gii: Tng trng tng i nhanh, nhng khng n nh Dng vn u t trc tip tp trung ch yu gia cc nc pht trin: -chim t trng ln trong dng vn u t ra nc ngoi (70%) -Dng vn tip nhn: 2010 48% (u tin) Cc nc u t ln ch yu l cc nc pht trin, ni ln 1 s quc gia Chu : Nht Bn, i Loan, Hn Quc, Hong Kong, Singapore, Trung Quc, n ,

C s thay i trong lnh vc u t: Ti cc nc pht trin tp trung vo cc

ngnh cng ngh cao, dch v, ch yu thng qua mua bn st nhp Trong u t vo cc nc ang pht trin, th u t hng vo cc ngnh: Khai thc ti nguyn thin nhin Cc ngnh thm dng lao ng Cc ngnh hng tiu dng c bo h cao Cc ngnh cng nghip nhim: luyn kim, ho cht, . Cc ngnh dch v

Khu vc Chu -Thi Bnh Dng l a

im hp dn thu ht u t trc tip gia cc nc ang pht trin u t ra nc ngoi ca cc nc chu c xu hng gia tng mnh m Cnh tranh quyt lit gia cc quc gia trong thu ht vn u t trc tip nc ngoi

2.3 C cu u t nc ngoi trn th gii Cc nn kinh t pht trin: u t gin tip chim t trng ln: (60%) u t trc tip: gn 20% Tn dng: trn 20% Cc nn kinh t chuyn i: ng u cho 3 dng trn Ti cc nc pht trin: u t trc tip: 45% u t gin tip: 10% Tn dng: 45%

3. U T TRC TIP NC NGOI TI VIT NAM 3.1 Qu trnh hnh thnh v hon thin chnh sch u t: iu l u t nc ngoi (1977): Khng trin khai thc hin: chin tranh bin gii Ty Nam, pha Bc, M cm vn kinh t, Lut u t nc ngoi 1987: L lut c nh gi tng i hp dn v c tnh khuyn khch u t lc Cn nhiu hn ch: Hn ch cc nh u t trong nc hp tc vi nh u t nc ngoi, vn bn di lut khng kp thi, mi trng php l bt cp,

Cp php v qun l hot ng ca doanh

nghip u t nc ngoi ht sc cht ch C s phn bit i x gia doanh nghip trong nc v u t nc ngoi: Lnh vc u t, iu kin cp php (t l ni a ho, t l xut khu), c ch 2 gi, trong qun l, tin lng ti thiu, Vn bn, th tc phc tp, chng cho Lut u t nc ngoi sa i 1990: M rng i tng trong nc hp tc vi u t n/n Cam kt hn na trong bo m u t Khuyn khch u t vi cng ngh tin tin, sn xut hng xut khu, thay th nhp khu,..

Lut u t nc ngoi sa i nm 1992 B sung v bo m u t M rng ngnh ngh, lnh vc thu ht: (lnh

vc h tng cng nghip, kinh t x hi,) B sung cc hnh thc: BOT, BTO, BT u t vo khu cng nghip, khu ch xut u t nc ngoi v u t trong nc i x bnh ng hn Lut u t sa i 1996: Hon thin php l trong qun l, ci cch hnh chnh Quy nh u i thu nhm khuyn khch u t vo ngnh, vng Phn cp UBND tnh, thnh ph, ban qun l cc KCN, KCX cp php

Sa i nhn chung thu hp cc u i, hn

ch u t vo mt s lnh vc, nng gi thu t, n b gii to Lut u t nc ngoi sa i 2000: Cho php chuyn i hnh thc u t thng qua tch hoc st nhp, Cho php chuyn i quyn s hu vn Cho php th chp quyn s dng t vay vn Gim thu chuyn li nhun cn (3, 5, 7%). T u 2004 b thu ny M rng u i vi u t vo cc ngnh, vng khuyn khch u t

Lut u t 2005 c hiu lc t 1/7/2006: Thay th Lut khuyn khch u t trong

nc v Lut u t nc ngoi. Xo b phn ln phn bit i x gia u t trong nc v u t nc ngoi Phn cp mnh m hn trong cp giy php v qun l u t cho UBND tnh, thnh ph, Ban qun l KCN, KCX, KCNC, KKT,

3.2 Cc hnh thc u t trc tip nc ngoi ti Vit Nam: Hp ng hp tc kinh doanh (BCC): Cc bn tham gia k kt phn nh trch nhim, phn chia kt qu kinh doanh v khng thnh lp php nhn Doanh nghip lin doanh Doanh nghip 100% vn u t nc ngoi Hnh thc u t pht trin kinh doanh: Tng vn php nh m rng quy m, nng lc sn xut, i mi my mc thit b, . u t thng qua mua bn v st nhp DN Mua c phn hoc gp vn tham gia qun l hot ng u t Cc hnh thc u t trc tip khc

Cc hnh thc c bit khc: Hp ng xy dng-kinh doanh-chuyn giao

BOT (Build-Operate-Transfer): L vn bn k kt gia chnh ph v nh u t xy dng, kinh doanh cng trnh c s hn tng trong mt thi gian nht nh, ht thi hn nh u t chuyn giao khng bi hon cng trnh cho nh nc VN Hp ng BTO (Build-Transfer-Operate): k gia c quan nh nc v nh u t xy dng cng trnh kt cu h tng; khi xy dng xong, nh u t chuyn giao cng trnh cho Nh nc Vit Nam; Chnh ph dnh cho nh u t quyn kinh doanh cng trnh trong mt thi hn nht nh thu hi vn u t v li nhun

Hp ng BT (Build-Transfer):

k gia c quan nh nc v nh u t xy dng cng trnh kt cu h tng; sau khi xy dng xong, nh u t chuyn giao cng trnh cho Nh nc Vit Nam; Chnh ph to iu kin cho nh u t thc hin d n khc thu hi vn u t v li nhun hoc thanh ton cho nh u t theo tho thun trong hp ng BT

3.3 Tnh hnh thu ht vn u t trc tip nc ngoi ti Vit Nam (FDI): a) Tnh hnh thu ht vn: V s d n v quy m vn: Giai on 1988-20/7/2011: S d n cn hiu lc: 12959 Vn ng k: 203,4 t USD Vn iu l: 66,7 t USD Quy m d n: 1988-1990: trung bnh 7,5 triu USD/d n 1991-1995: 11,6 tr.USD 1996-2000: 12,3 tr.USD

2001-2005: 3,4 tr.USD 2006-2007: 14,4 tr.USD 2008: 42,7 tr.USD 2009: 19,2 tr.USD 2010: 19,2 tr. USD Nhiu d n u t tng vn: Ht nm 2007 c gn 4.100 d n tng vn,

vi tng vn tng l 18,9 t USD, bng 23,8% tng vn ng k cp mi. 2008: tng vn 5,09 t USD 2009: 5,13 t USD 2010: 1,37 t USD

Tnh hnh gii ngn vn FDI: cn thp Ti ht 2010: vn thc hin l 77,95 t USD,

tng ng 36,6% vn ng k. Vn thc hin c xu hng tng, t trng so vi vn ng k dao ng mnh C cu vn u t theo ngnh: Tnh ti 7/2011: tp trung ch yu vo cng nghip ch to v ch bin (49%), Gia tng FDI vo cng nghip nng (luyn kim, lc ha du,), v c cng ngh cao Kinh doanh bt ng sn: 23,7% Xy dng: 5,8% Khch sn v nh hng: 5,8%

C cu FDI theo ngnh (ti 7/2011)

TT Chuyn ngnh 1 CN ch bin,ch to 2 KD bt ng sn 3 Xy dng 4 Dv lu tr v n ung 5 SX,pp in,kh,nc,.ha 6 Thng tin v truyn thng 7 Ngh thut v gii tr 8 Vn ti kho bi 9 Nng,lm nghip;thy sn 10 Khai khong 11 Bn bun,bn l;sa cha 12 Ti chnh,n.hng,bo him 13 Y t v tr gip XH 14 H chuyn mn, KHCN 15 Dch v khc 16 Cp nc;x l cht thi 17 Gio dc v o to 18 Hnh chnh v dv h tr Tng s

S d Tng vn ng T trng n k (tr.USD) (%) 7,654 99,747 49.05 361 48,198 23.70 761 11,868 5.84 310 11,774 5.79 65 7,395 3.64 669 4,828 2.37 127 3,636 1.79 307 3,218 1.58 488 3,171 1.56 69 2,975 1.46 579 1,816 0.89 75 1,322 0.65 75 1,019 0.50 1,042 788 0.39 108 679 0.33 26 387 0.19 141 345 0.17 102 183 0.09 12,959 203,349 100.00

V hnh thc u t (ti ht 7/2011): Doanh nghip 100% vn nc ngoi ph

bin nht: 51,7% Lin doanh: 25,4,0% Hp ng BOT, BT, BTO: 2,4% ; Hp ng hp tc kinh doanh: 2,1% Cty c phn: 2,0% Cty m con: 0,04% Tnh hnh thu ht vn theo i tc u t Ti 7/2011 c 92 quc gia v vng lnh th Cc nc Chu vn l cc nh u t ln: Hn Quc (11,5%); i Loan (11,4%); Singapore (11,4%); Nht Bn (10,6%); Malaysia (9,2%); Hoa K (6,5%) Gia tng FDI t cc nc ASEAN

Tnh hnh u t FDI : theo hnh thc u t (%)

TT Hnh thc u t S d Tng vn ng k n (tr.USD) 10,143 125,834 T trng (%) 51.71

1 100% vn nc ngoi

2 Lin doanh 3 Hp ng BOT,BT,BTO

4 Hp ng hp tc KD 5 Cng ty c phn 6 Cng ty m con Tng s

2,388 12
221 194 1

61,693 5,857
5,048 4,818 98 203,349

25.35 2.41
2.07 1.98 0.04 100.00

Tnh hnh u t FDI ti 7/2011: theo i tc u t

TT i tc u t 1 Hn Quc 2 i Loan 3 Singapore 4 Nht Bn 5 Malaysia 6 BritishVirginIslands 7 Hoa K 8 Hng Kng 9 Cayman Islands 10 Thi Lan 11 H Lan 12 Brunei 13 Canada 14 Trung Quc 15 Php 16 Samoa 17 Vng quc Anh 18 Sp 19 Thy S 20 Australia 21Cc nc cn li S d n 2,823 2,187 937 1,560 386 498 579 639 52 253 153 119 110 805 325 86 142 11 80 245 969 Tng vn ng k (tr.USD) 23,404 23,242 23,225 21,616 18,789 14,889 13,251 10,710 7,432 5,728 5,598 4,783 4,640 4,159 2,987 2,945 2,547 2,356 1,972 1,249 7,827

T trng (%) 11.51 11.43 11.42 10.63 9.24 7.32 6.52 5.27 3.65 2.82 2.75 2.35 2.28 2.05 1.47 1.45 1.25 1.16 0.97 0.61 3,85

Tnh hnh thu ht vn u t FDI theo vng

v a phng: ng u l TP.HCM (15,39%); B Ra-Vng Tu (13,18%); H Ni (10,19%); ng Nai (8,62%); Bnh Dng (7,13%) Vng ng Nam B: 45.23% vn ng bng sng Hng: 21.04% Bc trung b v Duyn hi Nam Trung B: 25.91%; ng bng sng Cu Long: 4.81% Trung du v min ni pha Bc: 1.36% Ty Nguyn thu ht FDI khng ng k

TT Tnh hnh u t FDI d n Vn ng k bn u t a phng S ti 12/2008:theo a T trng (%) (tr.USD) 1 TP H Ch Minh 3,717 31,304 15.39 2 B Ra-Vng Tu 269 26,799 13.18 3 H Ni 2,096 20,716 10.19 4 ng Nai 1,068 17,524 8.62 5 Bnh Dng 2,208 14,489 7.13 6 Ninh Thun 27 10,411 5.12 7 H Tnh 29 8,452 4.16 8 Ph Yn 52 8,139 4.00 9 Thanh Ha 46 7,095 3.49 10 Hi Phng 326 5,575 2.74 11 Hi Dng 299 5,189 2.55 12 Qung Nam 77 5,056 2.49 13 Qung Ninh 108 3,834 1.89 14 Qung Ngi 20 3,790 1.86 15 Long An 373 3,565 1.75 16 Nng 181 3,394 1.67 17 Kin Giang 23 3,017 1.48 18 Du kh 43 2,554 1.26 19 Bc Ninh 228 2,476 1.22 20 Vnh Phc 143 2,265 1.11 21Cc tnh cn li 1626 17,703 8.71 Tng 12959 203,349 100.00

Tnh hnh u t FDI ti 7/2011 theo vng u t Tng vn T S d T trng a phng ng k T n (%) (tr.USD) 1 ng bng sng Hng 3,527 42,789 21.04 Trung du v min ni 2 336 2,760 1.36 pha Bc Bc Trung B v duyn 3 752 52,681 25.91 hi min Trung 4 Ty Nguyn 137 803 0.39 5 ng Nam B 7,549 91,974 45.23 ng bng sng Cu 6 615 9,787 4.81 Long 7 Du kh 43 2,554 1.26 Tng s 12,959 203,349 100.00

Cc KCN, KCX (gi chung KCN, KCNC, KKT)

ng vai tr quan trng trong thu ht vn FDI Khu cng nghip l khu chuyn sn xut hng cng nghip v thc hin cc dch v cho sn xut cng nghip, c ranh gii a l xc nh, c thnh lp theo quy nh ca Chnh ph Khu ch xut l KCN chuyn sn xut hng xut khu, thc hin dch v cho sn xut hng xut khu v hot ng xut khu, c ranh gii a l xc nh, c thnh lp theo quy nh ca Chnh ph.

Khu cng ngh cao l khu chuyn nghin

cu pht trin, ng dng cng ngh cao, m to doanh nghip cng ngh cao, o to nhn lc cng ngh cao, sn xut v kinh doanh sn phm cng ngh cao, c ranh gii a l xc nh, c thnh lp theo quy nh ca Chnh ph. Khu kinh t l khu vc c khng gian kinh t ring bit vi mi trng u t v kinh doanh c bit thun li cho cc nh u t, c ranh gii a l xc nh, c thnh lp theo quy nh ca Chnh ph.

Khu CNN (Ti 6/2011):. 260 KCN, tng din tch 72000 ha C 174 KCN i vo hot ng FDI: 4045 d n vi vn ng k 56,8 t USD. u t trong nc: 4.756 d n vi tng vn

ng k 360.000 t VND. Khu kinh t (KKT): 15 KKT vi tng din tch t 662.249 ha (12/2010) Thu ht FDI v TTN: 33 t USD v 400.000 t ng (6/2011)

Tnh hnh cc KCN v thu ht u t

Ti 12/2010 S lng KCN Din tch t (ha) Din tch c th cho thu T l lp y t c th cho thu (%) S lng KCN hot ng Din tch KCN hot ng D n FDI Vn FDI (t USD) D n TTN Vn TTN (nghn t VND) 255 69253 50 171 43580 3900 54 4664 310 174 4045 56,8 4756 360 Ti 6/2011 260 72000 46000

Tnh hnh cc KKT v thu ht u t

Ti 12/2010 Ti 6/2011

S lng KKT Din tch t (ha)

Vn thu ht bng USD (t USD) Vn thu ht bng VND (nghn t VND)

15 69253
33 330

15
33 400

b) Tc ng ca FDI ti Vit Nam: Cc tc ng tch cc: Cung cp ngun vn quan trng cho pht trin kinh t-x hi: T trng ca FDI trong tng vn u t bin ng mnh qua cc nm: 15 30% ng gp ln thc y tng trng kinh t: Khu vc FDI c t l tng trng cao hn cc khu vc khc, gp khong 1,5 ln so vi tng trng GDP chung

C cu vn u t theo thnh phn kinh t (%)

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Tng s 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 Kinh t Nh nc 42,0 49,1 49,4 55,5 58,7 59,1 59,8 57,3 52,9 48,1 47,1 45,7 37,2 33,9 40,5 38,1 Kinh t ngoi nh nc 27,6 24,9 22,6 23,7 24,0 22,9 22,6 25,3 31,1 37,7 38,0 38,1 38,5 35,2 33,9 36,1

Khu vc FDI 30,4 26,0 28,0 20,8 17,3 18,0 17,6 17,4 16,0 14,2 14,9 16,2 24,3 30,9 25,6QUAY 25,8

Tng trng GDP theo thnh phn kinh t (%)

Kinh t Kinh t ngoi GDP Nh nc nh nc Khu vc FDI 9,42 9,54 8,87 14,98 5,56 3,77 19,10 5,76 7,72 5,04 11,44 6,79 7,08 7,11 7,04 7,16 7,79 7,75 6,95 11,51 8,44 7,37 8,21 13,22 8,23 6,17 8,44 14,33 8,46 5,91 9,37 13,04 6,31 4,36 7,47 7,85 5,32 3,99 6,52 4,81 6,78 4,62 8,09 8,12

1995 1998 2000 2002 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

C cu GDP theo thnh phn kinh t (%)

Kinh t Kinh t ngoi Kinh t c TNG Nh nc Nh nc vn FDI S 40,18 53,52 6,30 100,0 40,00 49,98 10,03 100,0 38,52 48,20 13,28 100,0 38,38 47,86 13,76 100,0 39,10 45,77 15,13 100,0 37,39 45,63 16,98 100,0 35,93 46,11 17,96 100,0 35,54 46,03 18,43 100,0 35,14 46,53 18,33 100,0 33,74 47,54 18,72 100,0

1995 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

ng gp quan trng vo chuyn dch c cu

kinh t theo hng CNH, HH T trng khu vc FDI trong gi tr sn xut cng nghip cao: 2009: 43,1%. ng vai tr quan trng trong nhiu ngnh cng nghip: du kh, thit b my tnh, my git, iu ha, in t, thp cn, Giy th thao, Qun o may sn, t, Xe my, Tc ng lan ta ti cc thnh phn khc Gp phn quan trng trong pht trin cng ngh, c bit cc ngnh cng ngh cao

Nng cao nng lc cnh tranh, gia tng xut

khu ca Vit Nam khu vc c vn FDI c vai tr quan trng: 2010 l 39,1 t USD hay 54,1% (c du th) Khng tnh du th: 34,1 t USD hay 47,3% Gp phn gii quyt vic lm, pht trin ngun nhn lc, nng cao thu nhp: S vic lm trong khu vc FDI tng ng k. 2010: 1,7 triu lao ng trc tip (3,5%) Tc ng gin tip to vic lm ng gp ng k cho ngn sch: Np ngn sch ca khu vc FDI tng nhanh: 2007: 31.388 t VND (9,94%); 2008: 43,9 nghn t
VND (10,52%)

Khu vc kinh t Khu vc c vn TNG S trong nc FDI 73,0 27,0 100,0 1995 65,7 34,3 100,0 1998 53,0 47,0 100,0 2000 52,9 47,1 100,0 2002 45,3 54,7 100,0 2004 42,8 57,2 100,0 2005 42,1 57,9 100,0 2006 42,8 57,2 100,0 2007 44,9 55,1 100,0 2008 46,8 53,2 100,0 2009 45,9 100,0 2010 Bao gm c xut khu du th54,1

C cu xut khu theo thnh phn kinh t (%)

Thu ngn sch nh nc (nghn t VND)

2000 2002 2004 2006
TNG THU
Thu trong nc -Thu t doanh nghip NN -Thu t doanh nghip FDI -Thu t khu vc ngoi QD -Cc khon thu khc Thu t du th

2007
315,9
174,3

2008
416,8
229,8

90,8
46,2

123,9
63,5

190,9
104,6

279,5
145,4

19,7
4,7

25,1
7,3

32,2
15,1

46,3
25,8

50,4
31,4

68,5
43,9

5,8

7,8

13,3

22,1

31,2

43,5

23,5

26,5

48,6

83,4

77,0

88,8

Thu t hi quan Thu vin tr khng hon li

19,0
2,03

31,6
2,25

34,9
2,88

42,8
7,90

60,4
4,26

90,9
7,28

C cu thu ngn sch nh nc (%)

2000 2002 2004 2005 2006 TNG THU -Thu t DN NN -Thu t DN FDI -Thu t khu vc ngoi QD -Cc khon thu khc Thu t du th Thu t hi quan Thu vin tr khng hon li 2007 2008 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

Thu trong nc 50,95 51,29 54,77 52,49 52,03 55,17 55,13 21,7 20,24 16,85 17,12 16,58 15,94 16,43 5,22 6,39 5,87 6,27 7,91 6,95 8,36 7,42 9,25 7,9 9,94 10,52 9,87 10,44

25,93 21,4 25,43 29,16 29,82 24,37 21,31 20,89 25,49 18,29 16,7 15,32 19,11 21,82

2,23

1,82

1,51

1,66

2,83

1,35

1,74

Tc ng tiu cc: FDI c tc ng lm chuyn dch c cu theo

hng thay th nhp khu: FDI tp trung vo cc ngnh c bo h cao Mt cn i ngnh ngh, vng lnh th Lnh vc, ngnh, d n c t sut li nhun cao, cc ngnh Vit Nam c li th, c cc nh u t quan tm Tp trung vo nhng ni c kt cu h tng kinh t-x hi thun li: cc thnh ph ln, gn cng bin, cng hng khng, cc tnh ng bng Cc tnh min ni, vng su, vng xa c t d n FDI

Chuyn giao cng ngh cn hn ch: Cc d n t EU, M, Nht Bn cha nhiu,

nn cha tip cn cng ngh ngun, S dng nhiu cng ngh lc hu Quan h lao ng cha tun th theo quy nh php lut Tc ng tiu cc ti mi trng Lch thu, trn thu, bo him x hi

c) nh hng thu ht vn u t FDI: nh hng ngnh cng nghip: Cc ngnh c bit khuyn khch u t: cng ngh thng tin, in t, vi in t, cng ngh sinh hc, Ch trng cng ngh ngun t cc nc pht trin (Hoa K, EU, Nht Bn) Coi trng thu ht FDI gn vi nghin cu pht trin v chuyn giao cng ngh Cng nghip ph tr: Nhm gim chi ph u vo v nguyn ph liu, gp phn nng cao nng lc cnh tranh ca sn phm sn xut trong nc

Cc ngnh dch v: Dch v l ngnh c tim nng ln thu ht

FDI cho pht trin kinh t. Thu ht u t vo cc ngnh dch v tun theo l trnh m ca trong cam kt WTO, bo v doanh nghip trong nc v thu ht vn pht trin kinh t Khuyn khch mnh vo cc ngnh du lch, y t, gio dc-o to. M ca theo l trnh cc lnh vc nhy cm nh ngn hng, ti chnh, vn ti, vin thng, bn bun, bn l, vn ho. Khuyn khch TNN tham gia xy dng c s h tng (phng thc BOT, BT, BTO)

Ngnh Nng-Lm-Ng nghip Trng trt v ch bin nng sn, tp trung

vo cc d n cc vng trng v ch bin nng sn xut khu theo hng thm canh, nng cao cht lng, h gi thnh, i mi thit b ch bin. Chn nui, ch bin sn phm chn nui, tp trung thu ht vo cc d n sn xut ging vt nui c cht lng cao, tip tc thu ht u t sn xut thc n chn nui cht lng cao. V trng rng-ch bin g, tp trung vo cc d n sn xut ging cy cht lng, nng sut cao nhm p ng nhu cu trng rng nguyn liu

nh hng thu ht vn u t theo vng: Vn FDI vn s tp trung ch yu vo nhng

a phng c iu kin thun li, nht l cc vng kinh t trng im. Tng cng thu ht FDI ti nhng vng kh khn, bng u i v cng xy dng nhanh h tng k thut, giao thng, in, nc, ... Tp trung thu ht u t, lp y cc KCN, KCX, KCNC, khu kinh t ph duyt gp phn y nhanh thu hp khong cch pht trin gia cc vng. Tn dng t trng, i trc, t gi tr nng nghip pht trin KCN, xy dng nh my, hn ch xy dng KCN-KCX-KCNC trn t canh tc nng nghip truyn thng

4. TNH HNH THU HT VN U T GIN TIP NC NGOI VO VIT NAM

Qu trnh pht trin v tnh hnh thu ht FII: Nhng nm 1990: u nhng nm 1990: c 7 qu u t nc

ngoi c thnh lp ti Vit Nam vi tng vn huy ng khong 400 triu USD. Khng hong ti chnh chu 1997 khin mt s qu rt khi th trng Vit Nam, nhng qu cn li thu hp hot ng. Khng xut hin mt qu u t mi no trn th trng ti chnh Vit Nam trong vng 4 nm sau khng hong (1998 2001).

T 2002 cc ngun vn bt u tng tr li Trong 2002: 15 qu u t mi thnh lp vi

tng vn FII vo Vit Nam trn 1 t USD 2006-2007: lng FII chy vo Vit Nam cao: Nm 2007: 6,3 t USD Ch yu vo th trng tri phiu: 60-70% T 2008: c xu hng nh TNN rt vn 2008: vn FII rt khi Vit Nam: 578 tr. USD Trong 2009: rt 600 tr. USD Nm 2010: FII quay li. Khong 1 t USD. Hn 1200 t chc nc ngoi m ti khon giao dch ti VN, thc t 30% c giao dch Chim 20-25% khi lng g/dch trn TTCK

FII gii ngn vo c phiu 5 t USD Vn gii ngn t NT chin lc nc ngoi

vo cc ngn hng thng mi, cty bo him, cc doanh nghip ln khong 1 t USD Vn gii ngn t cc c/ty qun l qu, cc nh ch ti chnh nc ngoi khng hin din ti VN khong 4 t USD Quy m FII cn nh: khong 5-6 % GDP Tc ng ca FII: ng gp 1 phn vn cho pht trin kinh t Vai tr quan trng vi doanh nghip: ngn hng, bo him thng qua u t chin lc Thc y th trng chng khon pht trin: Kinh nghim u t, i hi minh bch, .

5. TNH HNH THU HT ODA CA VIT NAM Tnh hnh thu ht: Vn cam kt 1993-2011: 69,3 t USD Vn k kt 1993-2010: 45,2 t USD Vn gii ngn: 1993-2010: 29,7 t USD Trc y t l vin tr v vay u i ln. T 2010 t l ODA u i s gim dn C cu vn ODA theo ngnh, lnh vc: Tp trung vo c s h tng kinh t-x hi, nng nghip v pht trin nng thn, xa i gim ngho, cng nghip v nng lng, y t, gio dc, khoa hc cng ngh, mi trng, xy dng th ch,

Vn ODA giai on 1993-2009

Nm
1993-2000 2000-2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Tng

Cam kt
17,678 14,888 4,446 5,430 5,014 5,914 8,063 7,880 69,312

K kt
13,861 11,125 2,825 3,796 4,332 6,144 3,172 45,254

Gii ngn
8,017 7,882 1,785 2,176 2,253 4,105 3,500 29,718

Cc nh ti tr ODA :

Trn 50 nh ti tr hot ng ti Vit Nam: Cc nh ti tr song phng: cc chnh ph Nht Bn, Hn Quc, Php, c, M l nhng nh ti tr ln Cc nh ti tr a phng: Cc nh ch ti chnh quc t v cc qu Cc t chc quc t v lin chnh ph Ngn hng th gii (WB) v Ngn hng pht trin Chu (ADB) l cc nh ti tr ln

C cu ODA theo ngnh (1993-2008)

Ngnh Nng nghip v PTNT kt hp vi xo i gim ngho Cng nghip v Nng lng Giao thng vn ti, bu chnh vin thng Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng Y t-Gio dc-X hi Cp thot nc v pht trin th Cc ngnh, lnh vc khc Tng T trng (%) 15,66 21,78

28,06
3,32 8,90 9,17 13,11 100,0

5 nh ti tr song phng ln ODA cam kt cho 2011 ca Vit Nam (tr. USD) Nht 1760 Hn Quc 412 Php 221 c 199 M 142 5 nh ti tr a phng ln ODA cam kt cho 2011 ca Vit Nam (tr. USD) WB 2601 ADB 1500 Cc t chc phi chnh ph 270 Lin hp quc 140 EU 88

Tc ng ca ODA: B sung ngun vn pht trin kinh t-x hi

(trung bnh 9,5% tng vn u t ton x hi) ODA gp phn quan trng vo s pht trin c s h tng kinh t-x hi: giao thng vn ti, truyn thng, nng lng, thy li, ODA c tc dng tch cc tng cng nng lc, pht trin th ch trn nhiu lnh vc, gio dc o to, p/trin ngun nhn lc, y t, dn s, xy dng php lut, ci cch hnh chnh, ODA gp phn quan trng thc y pht trin nng nghip v nng thn, xa i ngho Khng nh lng tin ca cng ng quc t

Kh khn trong thu ht ngun vn ODA: Trong gii phng mt bng B tr vn i ng Trong cng tc u thu Tin thi cng cc cng trnh chm Cht lng 1 s cng trnh cha m bo Cng tc qun l nh nc cn nhiu bt cp Gii ngn chm Bt cp trong th ch, th tc hnh chnh ..

6. U T RA NC NGOI CA VIT NAM

Qu trnh pht trin: T 1989, u nhng nm 1990 doanh nghip

VN bt u u t ra nc ngoi (ch yu Lo, Campuchia): Ngh nh s 22/1999/N-CP ngy 14/4/1999 quy nh TRNN ca doanh nghip Vit Nam hng dn v qun l hot ng TRNN Hot ng TRNN c iu tit trong Lut u t nm 2005 vi hng dn c th bng Ngh nh 78/2006/N-CP ca Chnh ph quy nh v TRNN ca doanh nghip Vit Nam ngy 09/9/2006

Tnh hnh TRNN: S d n, khi lng vn TRNN: Ti 12/2010: c 579 d n vi vn ng k

bn Vit Nam l 10.736 triu USD Trc 2007: vn TRNN hng nm nh T 2007: vn TRNN hng nm tng mnh C cu ngnh ca TRNN: Cng nghip khai khong : 42,9% Nng nghip v lm nghip: 18,6% Ngh thut, gii tr: 11,8% Sn xut, phn phi in, kh, nc: 10,3% Thng tin truyn thng: 5,1% Cng nghip ch bin: 4,4%

C cu TRNN theo i tc: Trn 50 quc gia, vng lnh th i tc ln nht l Lo: 33%.

u t vo hu ht cc lnh vc, tp trung vo khai khong, thy in, nhit in, trng cy cng nghip, dt may, Campuchia, Venezuela, LB Nga, Malaysia, Mozambique, Hoa K,... Tnh hnh nm 2011: 4 thng u nm: 26 d n cp giy chng nhn TRNN, vi tng vn ng k 1,74 t USD

u t ra nc ngoi ca Vit Nam

S d n 1989-2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Tng s 46 13 15 26 17 37 36 80 113 89 107 579 Vn ng k (Tr.USD) (*) 32,90 7,7 170,9 28,2 12,5 368,5 349,1 929,2 3.364,6 2.460,4 3.012,7 10.736,7

(*) Bao gm c vn tng thm ca cc d n c cp giy php t cc nm trc

C cu ngnh ca u t trc tip ra nc ngoi ca Vit Nam 1989-2010

TT Ngnh 1 Khai khong 2 Nng,lm nghip;thy sn 3 Ngh thut v gii tr 4 SX,pp in,kh,nc,.ha 5 Thng tin v truyn thng 6 CN ch bin,ch to 7 Ti chnh,n.hng,bo him 8 KD bt ng sn 9 Bn bun,bn l;sa cha 10 Cc ngnh cn li Tng

T trng (%) 42.93 18.63 11.79 10.31 5.05 4.36 2.16 1.58 1.50 1.69 100.00

u t ra nc ngoi theo i tc 1989-2010 TT Quc gia/vng lnh th 1 Lo 2 Campuchia 3 Venezuela 4 Lin bang Nga 5 Malaysia 6 Mozambique 7 Hoa K 8 Angiri 9 Cuba 10 Madagascar 11 Cc nc cn li Tng T trng (%) 33.00 18.57 18.18 7.74 4.10 3.44 2.50 2.24 1.25 1.17 7.80 100.00