Mạng Cảm Biến Không Dây

i Hc Quc Gia Thnh Ph H Ch Minh
Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Thnh Ph H Ch Minh

Khoa in-in T
B Mn Vin Thng

WIRELESS
SENSOR NETWORKS
K Thut, Giao Thc v ng Dng

GVHD: Thy VNG PHT
SVTH : DUY TN

Thng 8/2009
i Hc Bch Khoa TPHCM Wireless Sensor Networks
B Mn Vin Thng K Thut,Giao Thc v ng Dng

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MC LC
Trang
Li ni u ...................................................................................................................................... 6
Cc t vit tt dng trong ti liu.................................................................................................... 7

Chng 1: TNG QUAN V MNG CM BIN KHNG DY
1.1 Gii thiu:.................................................................................................................................. 9
1.1.1 Cng ngh Sensor Network:................................................................................................. 9
1.1.2 ng dng ca mng cm bin :.......................................................................................... 11
1.2 Tng quan v k thut WSNs: ................................................................................................ 12
1.2.1 Cc thnh phn c bn cu trc mng cm bin : .............................................................. 12
1.2.2 Qu trnh pht trin mng cm bin: .................................................................................. 16
1.2.3 Cc thch thc v tr ngi:................................................................................................. 17

Chng 2: NG DNG MNG CM BIN KHNG DY
2.1 Cc m hnh phn b:.............................................................................................................. 18
2.2 Cc ng dng ca mng WSNs: ............................................................................................. 20
2.3 Cc v d v ng dng dng 1 WSN (C1WSN) :.................................................................... 21
2.3.1 ng dng qun s, an ninh v thin nhin:........................................................................ 21
2.3.2 ng dng trong gim st xe c v thng tin lin quan: ..................................................... 23
2.4 Cc v d v ng dng dng 2 WSN (C2WSN) :.................................................................... 23
2.4.1 iu khin cc thit b trong nh: ...................................................................................... 25
2.4.2 Cc ta nh t ng:........................................................................................................... 25
2.4.3 Qun l qu trnh t ng trong cng nghip: ................................................................... 26
2.4.4 Cc ng dng trong y hc: ................................................................................................. 27
2.5 Kt lun: .................................................................................................................................. 27

Chng 3: K THUT CM BIN KHNG DY
3.1 Khi qut v NODE cm bin:................................................................................................ 28
3.2 Phn cng v phn mm : ....................................................................................................... 29
3.3 Phn loi cm bin: ................................................................................................................. 30
3.4 Mi trng hot ng ca sensor node (WNs): ...................................................................... 31
3.5 Xu hng pht trin ca Node cm bin :............................................................................... 32

Chng 4: K THUT TRUYN DN KHNG DY
4.1 Qu trnh truyn sng :............................................................................................................ 33
4.2 iu ch tn hiu: .................................................................................................................... 35
4.3 Cc cng ngh khng dy: ...................................................................................................... 36
4.3.1 Bluetooth: ........................................................................................................................... 37
4.3.2 WLAN: ............................................................................................................................... 37
4.3.3 ZigBee: ............................................................................................................................... 40
4.4Kt lun: ................................................................................................................................... 41


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Chng 5: GIAO THC IU KHIN TRUY CP
TRONG MNG WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
5.1 M hnh giao thc cho WSNs: ................................................................................................ 42
5.2 Giao thc MAC:...................................................................................................................... 43
5.2.1 Cc thng s : ..................................................................................................................... 44
5.2.2 Cc giao thc chung: .......................................................................................................... 46
5.3 Cc giao thc MAC cho mng WSNs: ................................................................................... 54
5.3.1 Schedule-Based Protocols: ................................................................................................ 55
5.3.2 Random Access-Based Protocols:...................................................................................... 58
5.4 Nghin cu trng hp SENSOR-MAC: ............................................................................... 59
5.4.1 Tng qut:........................................................................................................................... 59
5.4.2 Lng nghe v ngh theo chu k (Listen and Sleep): ........................................................... 60
5.4.3 S phi hp v la chn lch lm vic: .............................................................................. 60
5.4.4 ng b khung thi gian:................................................................................................... 61
5.4.5 Lng nghe thch ng:.......................................................................................................... 62
5.4.6 iu khin truy cp v trao i d liu: ............................................................................. 62
5.4.7 Chuyn thng ip: ............................................................................................................ 63
5.5 Chun IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPANs: ........................................................................................ 64
5.5.1 Lp vt l (PHY):............................................................................................................... 66
5.5.2 Lp MAC: .......................................................................................................................... 68
5.6 Kt lun: .................................................................................................................................. 80

Chng 6: CC GIAO THC NH TUYN CHO MNG CM BIN KHNG DY
6.1 S phn phi v tp hp d liu:............................................................................................. 81
6.2 Thit k v thch thc trong k thut nh tuyn WSN:......................................................... 82
6.2.1 Kch thc mng v c tnh thay i theo thi gian: ....................................................... 82
6.2.2 Ti nguyn hn ch: ........................................................................................................... 83
6.3 Giao thc nh tuyn trong WSNs: ......................................................................................... 83
6.3.1 Cc k thut nh tuyn:..................................................................................................... 84
6.3.2 Flooding v cc bin th:.................................................................................................... 84
6.3.3 Giao thc nh tuyn thng tin qua s tha thun: ............................................................ 87
6.3.4 Phn nhm phn bc tng thch, nng lng thp (LEACH): ......................................... 90
6.3.5 Tp trung hiu qu cng sut trong h thng thng tin cm bin: ..................................... 93
6.3.6 Truyn tin trc tip:............................................................................................................ 94
6.3.7 nh tuyn theo v tr: ........................................................................................................ 97
6.4 Kt lun: ................................................................................................................................ 101

Chng 7: CC GIAO THC IU KHIN GIAO VN
CHO MNG CM BIN KHNG DY
7.1 Cc giao thc iu khin giao vn truyn thng: .................................................................. 102
7.1.1 TCP (RFC 793): ............................................................................................................... 102
7.1.2 UDP (RFC 768):............................................................................................................... 103
7.1.3 Mobile IP:......................................................................................................................... 103
7.1.4 Tnh kh thi khi p dng TCP v UDP cho mng WSN:................................................. 103
7.2 Thit k giao thc lp giao vn:............................................................................................ 103
7.3 Cc giao thc iu khin giao vn ang tn ti: ................................................................... 105

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7.4 c im ca cc giao thc iu khin giao vn: ................................................................. 105
7.4.1 S tc nghn: .................................................................................................................... 105
7.4.2 Khi phc gi b mt: ....................................................................................................... 106
7.5 Kt lun: ................................................................................................................................ 107

Chng 8: PHN MM CHO MNG CM BIN KHNG DY
8.1 Nguyn l thit k phn mm cho WSN:.............................................................................. 108
8.2 Kin trc phn mm: ............................................................................................................. 109
8.2.1 Cc chc nng lin quan n d liu: .............................................................................. 109
8.2.2 Kin trc: .......................................................................................................................... 110
8.3 Mt s phn mm ang s dng: .......................................................................................... 110

Chng 9: QUN L MNG CHO MNG CM BIN KHNG DY
9.1 Yu cu qun l mng:.......................................................................................................... 112
9.2 Cc kiu qun l mng truyn thng:.................................................................................... 112
9.3 Vn thit k qun l mng:............................................................................................... 113
9.4 Cc vn khc: ................................................................................................................... 113

Chng 10: H IU HNH CHO MNG CM BIN KHNG DY
10.1 Thit k h iu hnh: ......................................................................................................... 115
10.2 Mt s h iu hnh cho mng WSN:................................................................................. 116
10.2.1 TinyOS: .......................................................................................................................... 116
10.2.2 Mate:............................................................................................................................... 116
10.2.3 MagnetOS:...................................................................................................................... 117
10.2.4 MANTIS:........................................................................................................................ 117

Chng 11: QUN L S VN HNH V LU LNG THNG TIN
11.1 Vn thit k WSN:.......................................................................................................... 118
11.1.1 Giao thc MAC: ............................................................................................................. 118
11.1.2 Giao thc nh tuyn: ..................................................................................................... 119
11.1.3 Giao thc chuyn vn:.................................................................................................... 119
11.2 M hnh ha s vn hnh ca WSN:................................................................................... 119
11.2.1 Metric: ............................................................................................................................ 119
11.2.2 Cc m hnh c bn:....................................................................................................... 120
11.2.3 Cc m hnh mng:......................................................................................................... 123
11.3 Tnh ton thi gian sng ca h thng: ............................................................................... 124
11.3.1 Phn tch: ........................................................................................................................ 126
11.3.2 Tho lun:....................................................................................................................... 127
Tng kt:...................................................................................................................... 129
Ti liu tham kho..................................................................................................................... 130


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Li ni u

S pht trin ca Internet, truyn thng v cng ngh thng tin kt hp vi nhng tin b k
thut gn y to iu kin cho cc th h cm bin mi vi gi thnh thp, kh nng trin khai
qui m ln vi chnh xc cao. Cng ngh iu khin v cm bin gm cm bin dy, cm bin
trng in t, cm bin tn s v tuyn, cm bin quang in v hng ngoi, laser radar v cm bin
nh v dn ng.
Cc tin b trong lnh vc thit k cm bin, vt liu cho php gim kch thc, trng lng
v chi ph sn xut cm bin ng thi tng kh nng hot ng v chnh xc. Trong tng lai
gn, mng cm bin khng dy s c th tch hp hng triu cm bin vo h thng ci thin cht
lng v thi gian sng.
Cng ngh iu khin v cm bin c tim nng ln, khng ch trong khoa hc v nghin cu,
m quan trng hn chng c s dng rng ri trong cc ng dng lin quan n bo v cc cng
trnh trng yu, chm sc sc khe, bo v mi trng, nng lng, an ton thc phm, sn xut,
nng cao cht lng cuc sng v kinh tVi mc tiu gim gi thnh v tng hiu qu trong cng
nghip v thng mi, mng cm bin khng dy s mang n s tin nghi v cc ng dng thit
thc nng cao cht lng cuc sng cho con ngi.

Trong ni dung ti liu ny, trnh by v cc k thut xy dng mng cm bin khng dy,
cc giao thc thit k t n gin n phc tp. Bn cnh l cc ng dng ph bin c nhiu
tim nng ng dng trong thc t. Mt ci nhn tng qut v cng ngh mng cm bin khng dy.

Em xin chn thnh cm n s hng dn nhit tnh ca thy Vng Pht, s gi m v gp ca
thy h tr rt nhiu em c th hon thnh ti ny.


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CC T VIT TT DNG TRONG TI LIU

T vit tt Ngha ting Anh Ngha ting Vit

ACK Acknowledge Gi xc nhn ng
AES Advanced Encryption Standard Tiu chun m ha tin tin
API Application Programming Interface Giao din lp trnh ng dng
APS Application Support Sublayer Lp ph cung cp ng dng
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode Ch truyn bt ng b
BE Back-off Exponent Thi gian ch c truy cp
BTS Base Transceiver Station Trm thu pht c s
CAP Contention Access Period Thi gian tranh chp truy cp
CCA Clear Channel Assessment c nh knh truyn trng
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access a truy cp phn chia theo m
CFP Contention Free Period Thi gian tranh chp t do
CID Cluster Identity M xc nhn Cluster
CSMA Carrier Sense Multiple Access a truy cp cm bin sng mang
CSMA/CA Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance a truy cp cm bin sng mang
trnh ng
CSMA/CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection a truy cp cm bin sng mang
pht hin ng
CTS Clear to send Sn sng nhn
CW Congestion Window Ca s tranh chp
DCE Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment Thit b kt cui knh s liu
DSSS Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum Tri ph chui trc tip
DTE Data Terminal Equipment Thit b u cui
DTMC Discrete-Time Markov Chain Chui Markov thi gian ri rc
E2E End-to-End u cui ti u cui
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access a truy cp phn chia theo tn s
FFD Full-Function Device Thit b chc nng y
GTS Guaranteed Time Slot Khe thi gian m bo
HbH Hop-by-Hop Truyn tng bc
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Vin k thut in v in t
IrisNet Internet-Scale Resource-Intensive Sensor Networks Services Dch v mng cm bin
ti nguyn ln mc lin mng
ITU International Telecommunication Union Lin minh vin thng quc t
LAN Local Area Network Mnh ni b
LEACH Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy Cu trc phn bc tng thch,
nng lng thp
LQI Link Quality Indicator B ch th cht lng lin kt
LR-WPANs Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks Mng WPAN tc thp

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MAC Medium access control iu khin truy cp mi trng
MANETs Mobile ad hoc Network Mng ad hoc di ng
MIB Management Information Base C s thng tin qun l
MiLAN Middleware Linking Application and Network Phn mm lin kt ng dng v mng
NAV Network Allocation Vector Vector phn phi mng
NB Number of Back-off S ln back-off
NM Network Management Qun l mng
NMS Network Management System H thng qun l mng
OS Operating System H iu hnh
PAN Personal Area Network Mng c nhn
PEGASIS Power-efficient Gathering in Sensor Information System Tp trung hiu sut trong mng cm bin
PHY Physic Layer Lp vt l
PSDU PHY Service Data Unit n v d liu lp vt l
RED Receiver Energy Detection Pht hin nng lng my thu
RF Radio Frequency Tn s v tuyn
RFD Reduced-Function Device Thit b chc nng hn ch
RFICs Radio Frequency Intergrated Circuits Mch tch hp tn s v tuyn
RFID Radio Frequency Identify Device Thit b nhn dng bng sng v tuyn
RTS Ready to send Sn sng gi
RVF Routing Vector Field Trng vector nh tuyn
SAP Service access point im truy cp dch v
S-MAC sensor MAC Giao thc MAC cho cm bin
SMACS Self-Organizing Medium Access Control for Sensornets iu khin truy cp t sp xp
cho mng cm bin
SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol Giao thc qun l mng n gin
SPIN Sensor Protocols for Information via Negotiation Giao thc thng tin cm bin
thng qua s tha thun
STEM Sparse Topology and Energy Management Qun l nng lng v cu hnh ri rc
TDD Time Division Duplex Song cng phn chia thi gian
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access a truy cp phn chia theo thi gian
TOM Telecom Operation Map Lc cc hot ng vin thng
TS Timeslot Khe thi gian
UDP User Datagram Protocol Giao thc cho dch v truyn datagram
WAN Wide Area Networks Mng din rng
WPAN Wireless Personal Area Network Mng khng dy c nhn
WSNs Wireless Sensor Networks Mng cm bin khng dy
ZDO ZigBee Device Object i tng thit b ZigBee


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Chng 1

TNG QUAN V MNG CM BIN KHNG DY

1.1 Gii thiu:

Mng cm bin (sensor network) l mt cu trc, l s kt hp cc kh nng cm bin, x l
thng tin v cc thnh phn lin lc to kh nng quan st, phn tch v phn ng li vi cc s
kin v hin tng xy ra trong mi trng c th no .Mi trng c th l th gii vt l ,h
thng sinh hc.
Cc ng dng c bn ca mng cm bin ch yu gm thu thp d liu, gim st, theo di ,v cc
ng dng trong y hc.Tuy nhin ng dng ca mng cm bin ty theo yu cu s dng cn rt a
dng v khng b gii hn.
C 4 thnh phn c bn cu to nn mt mng cm bin:
Cc cm bin c phn b theo m hnh tp trung hay phn b ri
Mng li lin kt gia cc cm bin( c dy hay v tuyn)
im trung tm tp hp d liu (Clustering)
B phn x l d liu trung tm
Mt node cm bin c nh ngha l s kt hp cm bin v b phn x l, hay cn gi l mote.
Mng cm bin khng dy(WSN) l mng cm bin trong cc kt ni gia cc node cm bin
bng sng v tuyn.

1.1.1 Cng ngh Sensor Network:

Trong mng sensor network, cm bin c xem nh l phn quan trng nht phc v cho cc
ng dng. Cng ngh cm bin v iu khin bao gm cc cm bin trng in t; cm bin tn s
v tuyn; quang ,hng ngoi; radars; lasers; cc cm bin nh v, dn ng; o c cc thng s
mi trng; v cc cm bin phc v trong ng dng an ninh, sinh ha .. Ngy nay, cm bin c
s dng vi s lng ln.
Mng WSNs c c im ring ,cng sut b gii hn, thi gian cung cp nng lng ca ngun
(ch yu l pin) c thi gian ngn, chu k nhim v ngn, quan h a im-im, s lng ln cc
node cm bin
Cm bin c th ch gm 1 hay dy cm bin.Kch thc rt a dng , t nano (1-100nm), meso
(100-10000nm), micro (10-1000um), macro(vi mm-m)
Do c tnh ca mng WSNs l di ng v trc y ch yu phc v cho cc ng dng qun s
nn i hi tnh bo mt cao. Ngy nay ,cc ng dng WSNs m rng cho cc ng dng thng mi,
vic tiu chun ha to s to nn tnh thng mi cao cho WSNs.
Cc nghin cu v WSNs c th chia ra lm nhiu phn, cc s liu thng k gn y cho bng 1.1:


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Bng 1.1 : Cc lnh vc nghin cu v WSNs

Cc nghin cu gn y pht trin thng tin cng sut thp vi cc node x l gi thnh thp v
c kh nng t phn b sp xp ,la chn giao thc cho mng, gii quyt bi ton quan trng nht ca
mng WSNs l kh nng cung cp nng lng cho cc node b gii hn .Cc m hnh khng dy, c
mch tiu th nng lng thp c u tin pht trin. Hiu qu s dng cng sut ca WSNs v
tng qut da trn 3 tiu ch:
Chu k hot ng ngn
X l d liu ni b ti cc node gim chiu di d liu, thi gian truyn
M hnh mng multihop lm gim chiu di ng truyn, qua gim suy hao tng cng
,gim tng cng sut cho ng truyn.
WSNs c phn ra lm 2 loi ,theo m hnh kt ni v nh tuyn m cc nodes s dng:

Loi 1(C1WSNs):
S dng giao thc nh tuyn ng
Cc node tm ng i tt nht n ch
Vai tr ca cc node sensor ny vi cc node k tip nh l cc trm lp (repeater)
Khong cch rt ln (hng ngn mt)
Kh nng x l d liu cc node chuyn tip
Mng phc tp

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Loi 2(C2WSNs):
M hnh a im-im hay im-im, 1 kt ni radio n node trung tm
S dng gia thc nh tuyn tnh
1 node khng cung cp thng tin cho cc node khc
Khong cch vi trm mt
Node chuyn tip khng c kh nng x l d liu cho cc node khc
H thng tng i n gin

Tiu chun tn s ang c p dng cho WSNs l IEEE 802.15.4.Hot ng ti tn s
2.4GHz trong cng nghip, khoa hc v y hc(ISM), cung cp ng truyn d liu vi tc ln
n 250kbps khong cch 30 n 200 feet. Zigbee/IEEE 802.15.4 c thit k b sung cho cc
cng ngh khng dy nh l Bluetooth, Wifi ,Ultrawideband(UWB), mc ch phc v cho cc ng
dng thng mi.
Vi s ra i ca tiu chun Zigbee/IEEE 802.15.4, cc h thng dn pht trin theo hng
tiu chun, cho php cc cm bin truyn thng tin qua knh truyn c tiu chun ha.
Nhiu nghin cu trong lnh vc mng mobile ad hoc (MANETs). WSNs tng t nh MANETs
theo mt vi c im .C hai u l chun mng wireless ,multihop . Tuy nhin , cc ng dng v k
thut gia hai h thng c khc nhau.
Dng thng thng ca WSN l a ngun d liu truyn n ni nhn, khc hn im-im
trong MANETs.
Cc node trong WSNs t di ng, trong khi ad hoc cc node l di ng
Trong WSNs, d liu t cc cm bin ch yu t cc hin tng. s kin th gii thc.
MANETs ch yu l d liu.
Ngun gii hn, nng lng trong WSNs c qun l s dng rt cht ch.Trong MANETs
c th khng b rng buc bi ngun cung cp do cc thit b thng tin c th c thay th
ngun cung cp thng xuyn bi ngi dng
S lng node trong WSNs rt ln, MANETs t hn .

=>Do s khc bit gia 2 m hnh giao thc m cc giao thc nh tuyn trong MANETs khng
th p dng hon ton cho WSNs. Tuy nhin WSNs c th coi nh mt phn trong MANETs (ad
hoc) .

1.1.2 ng dng ca mng cm bin :

Qun s : theo di cc mc tiu, chin trng, cc nguy c tn cng nguyn t, sinh
ha,.
Mi trng : gim st chy rng, thay i kh hu, bo ,l lt,
Y t, sc khe : gim st bnh nhn trong bnh vin, qun l thuc, iu khin t xa,
Gia nh : ngi nh thng minh, iu khin cc thit b in, h thng si m,
Thng mi : iu khin trong mi trng cng nghip v vn phng, gim st xe c ,
giao thng,


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1.2 Tng quan v k thut WSNs:

Nh cp phn trn, mt vi mng cm bin dng giao thc x l ti node ngun trung tm,
mt s dng giao thc x l theo cu trc hay gi l x l trc ti node. Thay v gi i d liu n
node chuyn tip, node thng dng kh nng x l ca mnh gii quyt trc khi pht i.Vi
dng c cu trc, d liu c x l n mc tt nht nh lm gim c nng lng cn dng v
bng thng knh truyn. Mt vi k thut v tiu chun ph hp vi mng cm bin nh sau:

Cm bin:
Chc nng c bn
X l tn hiu
Nn v cc gia thc pht hin, sa li
Phn chia Cluster
T phn nhm
K thut truyn v tuyn
Dy truyn sng
S h hi ng truyn
K thut iu ch
Giao thc mng
Tiu chun
IEEE 802.11a/b/g
IEEE 802.15.1 PAN/Bluetooth
IEEE 802.15.3 ultrawideband (UWB)
IEEE 802.15.4/Zigbee (IEEE 802.15.4 l tiu chun cho v tuyn, Zigbee l phn
mm ng dng v mng logic).
IEEE 802.16 Wimax
IEEE 1451.5 (Wireless Sensor Working Group)
Mobile IP
Phn mm ng dng
H iu hnh
Phn mm mng
Phn mm kt ni c s d liu trc tip
Phn mm middleware
Phn mm qun l d liu

1.2.1 Cc thnh phn c bn cu trc mng cm bin :

Cc thnh phn c bn v thit k trng tm ca mng WSNs cn c t trong ng cnh
ca m hnh WSNs dng 1 (C1WSNs) c gii thiu phn trc. Bi v y l m hnh vi s
lng ln cm bin trong mng, chi d liu nhiu, d liu khng tht hon ho, kh nng hu hng
cc node cao, cng nh kh nng b nhiu ln, gii hn cng sut cung cp,x l, thiu thng tin cc
node trong mng. Do vy, C1WSNs tng qut hn so vi m hnh C2WSNs.S pht trin mng cm
bin da trn ci tin v cm bin, thng tin, v tnh ton (gii thut trao i d liu , phn cng v
phn mm).


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Sensor Types and Technology

Hnh 1.1 : M hnh mng cm bin thng thng

Hnh 1.1 cho thy m hnh cu trc ca mng cm bin thng dng. Cc cm bin lin kt theo giao
thc Multihop, phn chia Cluster chn ra node c kh nng tt nht lm node trung tm, tt c cc
node loi ny s truyn v node x l chnh. Nh vy, nng lng cng nh bng thng knh truyn
s s dng hiu qu hn. Tuy nhin, c th thy cu trc mng phc tp v giao thc phn chia
Cluster v nh tuyn cng tr nn kh khn hn.

Mt vi c im ca mng cm bin :
Cc node phn b dy c.
Cc node d b h hng.
Giao thc mng thay i thng xuyn.
Node b gii hn v cng sut, kh nng tnh ton, v b nh.
Cc node c th khng c ng nht ton h thng v s lng ln cc node.

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Hnh 1.2: Cc thnh phn trong mt Node

Cc thnh phn cu to nn mt node trong mng cm bin nh trn hnh 1.2:
Mt cm bin (c th l mt hay dy cm bin) v n v thc thi (nu c)
n v x l
n v lin lc bng v tuyn
Ngun cung cp
Cc phn ng dng khc

Software (Operating Systems and Middleware)
cung cp s hot ng cho cc node, phn quan trng l cc h iu hnh ngun m c thit k
c bit cho WSNs. Thng thng, cc h iu hnh nh th dng kin trc da trn thnh phn
c th thit lp mt cch nhanh chng trong khi kch thc code nh ph hp vi b nh c gii hn
ca sensor networks. TinyOS l mt v d v dng ny, y l mt chun khng chnh thc. Thnh
phn ca TinyOS gm giao thc mng, phn phi cc node, drivers cho cm bin v cc ng dng.
Rt nhiu nghin cu s dng TinyOS trong m phng pht trin v kim tra cc giao thc v gii
thut mi, nhiu nhm nghin cu ang c gng kt hp cc m xy dng tiu chun cho cc dch
v mng tng thch.

Standards for Transport Protocols
Mc ch thit k WSNs l pht trin gii php mng khng dy da trn tiu chun v hao ph l
thp nht, p ng cc yu cu nh tc d liu thp-trung bnh, tiu th cng sut thp, m bo
bo mt v tin cy cho h thng. V tr cc node cm bin hu nh khng xc nh trc, c ngha
l giao thc v gii thut mng phi c kh nng t xy dng.
Cc nh nghin cu pht trin nhiu giao thc c bit cho WSNs, trong vn cn bn l
nng lng tiu th phi thp nht n mc c th. Ch yu tp trung vo giao thc nh tuyn, bi v
nh tuyn c khc so vi cc mng truyn thng ( ph thuc vo ng dng v kin trc mng).

15

Hnh 1.3: Giao thc chung cho mng cm bin.

Giao thc mng cm bin gm lin lc trong mng v qun l.
Giao thc lin kt trong mng gm cc lp nh m hnh OSI.
Layer 1 : lp vt l: cc qui c v in, knh truyn , cm bin, x l tn hiu
Layer 2 : lp lin kt d liu : cc cu trc khung, nh thi
Layer 3 : lp mng : nh tuyn
Layer 4 : lp chuyn vn : truyn d liu trong mng, lu gi d liu
Upper Layers : phc v cc ng dng trong mng, bao gm x l ng dng, kt hp d liu,
x l cc yu cu t bn ngoi, c s d liu ngoi
.

Bng 1.2: Cc giao thc c th dng cho Lower-layer WSNs

16
Bng 1.2 nu ra mt s giao thc lp thp c th ng dng cho WSNs. So snh gia cc chun , mc
ch ca ng dng, tiu chun cho thit k, khong cch truyn v bng thng ti a.
Mc d cm bin c gi thnh ngy cng thp, nhng vn cn thiu cc tiu chun mng cho
WSNs,iu ny l mt yu t gy cn tr s pht trin mng cm bin cho mc ch thng mi.

Routing and Data Dissemination
Giao thc nh tuyn cho WSMs ri vo 3 nhm: d liu trung tm, kin trc mng, v cn c vo v
tr. Cc qui c v tp hp d liu kt hp d liu n t cc ngun khc nhau qua ng truyn.
iu ny cho php hn ch s d tha trong mng, lm gim s ng truyn, gim nng lng tiu
th. Vn quan tm trong x l ni mng , ngay khi d liu ang c truyn nhm tng hiu qu
s dng nng lng ca ton h thng. Bng thng b gii hn, kh nng cung cp cng sut ti cc
node b hn ch hay gi thnh cao. gii quyt vn ny, cn c qu trnh x l trc ti ngun
trc khi chuyn qua cc node ln cn, ch truyn thng tin tm tt, ngn gn, tng hp nht.

Sensor Network Organization and Tracking
Cc vn lin quan s sp xp mng v s theo di v gim st bao gm qun l nhm cc cm
bin, kh nng t phn chia nhm , xy dng phin lm vic.

Computation
Tnh ton lin quan n tp hp d liu, dung hp, phn tch, tnh ton cu trc, v x l tn hiu.

Data Management
Qun l d liu ph thuc vo kin trc d liu, qun l c s d liu, k thut truy vn v lu tr d
liu.Trong mi trng mng truyn thng, d liu c thu thp n trung tm lu tr khi c yu
cu c gi i. Trong cc mng phc tp hn, cc yu cu theo thi gian thc, cn c cc k thut
c xy dng dng cho cc m hnh lu tr d liu phn b. D liu cn c nh ch s cho vic
kim tra (theo khng gian v thi gian) hiu qu hn.

Security
Bo mt l mt phn quan trng trong WSNs, s chc chn, nht qun v s sn sng ca thng tin.

1.2.2 Qu trnh pht trin mng cm bin:

Thi k chin tranh lnh: cc mng ngm c pht trin rng ri M dng trong gim st
ngm di y bin. Mng trn khng phng th radar c trin khai Bc M.
S thc y mnh m cho nghin cu mng cm bin vo u nhng nm 1980 vi chng
trnh Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).
S pht trin cc ng dng trong qun s: vo nhng nm 1980-1990, y c th coi l th h
th nht ca cc sn phm thng mi da trn cc nghin cu DARPA-DSN.
Nghin cu mng cm bin ngy nay: y l th h th hai ca ng dng thng mi. Bc
tin trong tnh ton v truyn thng vo cui nhng nm 1990 v u nhng nm 2000 to
nn k thut mng cm bin th h mi. Cc cm bin mi c ch to c gi thnh thp, s
lng ln theo cng ngh MEMS , nanoscale electromechanical systems (NEMS) v s xut
hin cc tiu chun l cha kha cho s pht trin ca WSNs (ngoi ra cn c Internet-Web,
video s MPEG-4, mng t to, VoIP).

17

First Generation
(1980s-1990s)
Second Generation
(Early 2000s)
Third Generation
(Late 2000s)
Kch thc Ln Nh hn Nh
Trng lng Pounds Ounces Vi grams hay t hn
Kin trc
node
Cm bin ri rc, x l
v thng tin
Cm bin tch hp, x l
v thng tin
Tch hp y , mc cao
Giao thc Cha c chun chung Cha c chun chung Tiu chun:
Wifi,Zigbee,Wimax,
Cu hnh
mng
im-im, hnh sao, a
ng
Client-server, peer-to-
peer(ng ng, cng
mc)
Peer-to-peer mc cao
Ngun cung
cp
Pin ln Pin AA Cng ngh nano hay pin mt
tri
Vng i Ngy, gi, hay lu hn Ngy-tun Thng-nm
Bng 1.3 tm tt cc giai on pht trin ca mng cm bin.

1.2.3 Cc thch thc v tr ngi:

WSNs thc s tr nn rng khp trong cc ng dng, mt s thch thc v tr ngi cn phi
vt qua:
Chc nng gii hn, bao gm c vn v kch thc
Yu t ngun cung cp
Gi thnh cc node
Yu t mi trng
c tnh knh truyn
Giao thc qung l mng phc tp v s phn b ri cc node
Tiu chun v quyn s hu
Cc vn m rng


18

Chng 2

NG DNG MNG CM BIN KHNG DY

WSNs l s tp hp cc kch thc nh gn (compact-size), c th l cc node cm bin vi gi
thnh thp, c kh nng lm vic trong iu kin mi trng t nhin hoc o c cc thng s khc
v a nhng thng tin n trung tm cho cc x l ph hp. Cc node trong mng WSNs c th lin
lc vi cc node xung quanh n, v cn c th c cc x l d liu thu uc trc khi gi n cc
node khc. WSNs cung cp rt nhiu cc ng dng hu ch.

2.1 Cc m hnh phn b:

Nh c cp trong chng 1, m hnh WSNs c xy dng ch yu theo 2 loi:
Category 1 WSNs (C1WSNs): h thng li kt ni a ng gia cc node qua knh truyn
v tuyn, s dng giao thc nh tuyn ng.
Category 2 WSNs (C2WSNs): m hnh im-im hay a im-im, ch yu l cc lin kt
n (single-hop) gia cc node , dng giao thc nh tuyn tnh.

Hnh 2.1: Dng 1 WSNs , lin kt multipoint-to-point, multihop dng nh tuyn ng


19

Hnh 2.2: Dng 2 WSNs lin kt point-to-point , Star nh tuyn tnh

Theo cch khc, c th chia m hnh theo 2 dng hp tc (cooperative) v bt hp tc
(noncooperative). Trong dng hp tc cc node chuyn tip thng tin cho cc node ln cn. Cn trong
dng bt hp tc , cc node truyn thng tin trc tip ln trung tm m khng qua cc node ln cn.

Hnh 2.3: Cc node theo m hnh hp tc v bt hp tc

Mc d cn c cc cch phn loi m hnh khc, tuy nhin theo 2 dng C1WSNs v C2WSNs l
tng qut nht cho cc cch cu hnh mng WSNs. Cc ng dng c xy dng da trn cc m
hnh ny.


20
2.2 Cc ng dng ca mng WSNs:

Chia ra 2 loi ng dng theo m hnh: h thng im-im dng nh tuyn tnh v h thng phc
tp dng giao thc nh tuyn ng.
S hi t ca Internet, thng tin v tuyn, v k thut thng tin to cho cng ngh cm bin s
pht trin y tim nng. Phn cng WSN, c bit l cc vi x l gi thnh thp, cm bin nh gn,
phn thu pht v tuyn tiu th cng sut thp tr thnh cc tiu chun chung.Mng cm bin thng
thng hot ng tn s 900MHz (868-v 915-MHz), h thng thng mi (IEEE 802.11b hay
IEEE 802.5.4 ) trong dy tn 2.4-GHz.
Trong nhng nm gn y, cc nghin cu v WSN t c bc pht trin mnh m, cc
bc tin t cc nghin cu ha hn tc ng ln n cc ng dng rng ri trong cc lnh vc an
ninh quc gia, chm sc sc khe, mi trng, nng lng, an ton thc phm v sn xut...
Cc ng dng ca mng WSNs thc s ch b gii hn bi s tng tng ca con ngi.
Sau y l cc ng dng ph bin nht ca WSNs:

ng dng trong qun s v an ninh quc gia
Gim st chin trng
Bo v an ninh cho cc cng trnh trng yu
ng dng trong qun i
Thng tin, gim st, iu khin
Theo di mc tiu
Pht hin phng x ht nhn
Gim st di nc, trn khng
H thng radars
R sot bom mn
..

ng dng trong bo v mi trng
Pht hin hot ng ni la
Gim st chy rng
Gim st dch bnh
S dng hiu qu ti nguyn thin nhin
Cm bin dng trong nng nghip
Pht hin ng t
..

ng dng trong thng mi
iu khin khng lu
Qun l cu ng
Qun l kin trc v xy dng
iu khin nhit
Qun l ti trong tiu th in nng
H thng t ng
Cm bin cc cht ha hc, sinh hc, nguyn t

21
Thu thp d liu thi gian thc
Cc h thng nhn dng bng sng radio (RFID tags)
Qun l nng lng
iu khin nhit
Qun l sn xut
Robot t hnh
o lng kh gas, nc, in
H thng x l vt liu (ha hc, gas, nhit )
..

ng dng trong y hc
Cm bin gn trc tip ln c th ngi
Chm sc sc khe
Phn ng vi dch bnh
Phn tch sc khe c nhn
An ton thc phm
Phn tch nng cc cht
Gim st bnh nhn, nhn vin y t
.

ng dng trong gia nh
iu khin t xa cc thit b in trong nh
H thng t ng trong gia nh, cnh bo an ninh
Gim st an ninh
..

ng dng trong nghin cu

2.3 Cc v d v ng dng dng 1 WSN (C1WSN) :

C1WSN ng dng trong cc mng m cc node khng c gim st (unattended), WSNs c
bit c hiu qu trong qun s v dn s, gim st cc hot ng chin trng, an ninh v ng ph
vi dch bnh. Do c im s node rt ln, phn b ri, s qun l cht ch cc node rt kh khn,
cc node phi c kh nng t phn b cu trc, dng giao thc nh tuyn ng a d liu v
trung tm theo cc ng i tt nht.

2.3.1 ng dng qun s, an ninh v thin nhin:

Trong phn ng vi dch bnh, thm ha thin nhin lng ln cc cm bin c th t trn
khng, mng li cc cm bin s cho bit v tr ngi sng st, vng nguy him, gip cho ngi
gim st c cc thng tin chnh xc m bo hiu qu v an ton cho cc hot ng tm kim.
S dng mng WSNs hn ch s c mt trc tip ca con ngi trong mi trng nguy him . ng
dng an ninh bao gm pht hin xm nhp v truy bt ti phm.

22
Mng cm bin qun s pht hin v c c thng tin v s di chuyn ca i phng, cht
n v cc thng tin khc
Pht hin v phn loi cc cht ha cht, sinh ha, sng v tuyn, phng x ht nhn, cht
n
Gim st s thay i kh hu, rng, bin.
Gim st xe c trn ng
Gim st an ninh trong cc khu vc dn c, thng mi
Theo di bin gii kt hp vi v tinh

Hnh 2.4: ng dng WSNs trong an ninh quc gia v lut php

Hnh 2.5


23
Hnh 2.5 a ra cc v d v ng dng cm bin trong qun s .Cc cm bin trang b trn cc
phng tin k thut phc v cho vic gim st cc hot ng chin trng.

2.3.2 ng dng trong gim st xe c v thng tin lin quan:

Mc tiu ca cc h thng ny l thu thp thng tin thng qua cc mng cm bin, x l v
lu tr d liu ti trung tm, s dng d liu cho cc ng dng cn thit.
H thng c lp t dc theo cc ng chnh, mng cm bin s tp hp d liu v tc lu
thng, mt xe, s lng xe trn ng. D liu sau c truyn n trung tm d liu x l.
Mng theo di lin tc, cung cp thng tin cp nht thng xuyn theo thi gian thc. Cc thng tin
thu c dng gim st lu lng , iu phi giao thng hoc cho cc mc ch khc.

Hnh 2.6: H thng cm bin trn cc ng cao tc.

2.4 Cc v d v ng dng dng 2 WSN (C2WSN) :

Cc ng dng dng ny dng m hnh im-im (hay m hnh sao), vi cc lin kt n v
tuyn nh tuyn tnh. C2WSN ng dng trong iu khin t ng cc ta nh, cng nghip, y t,
iu khin ni c tr Cc ng dng gm iu khin nh sng, nhit , an ninh, mi trng, cm
bin trong y khoa, iu khin t xa trong gia nh hay cng nghip, Nhiu ng dng c xy
dng theo chun IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee). ZigBee cung cp t tng tc v p ng c cc c
im ca lin lc v tuyn (RF).

24
ZigBee c th c xy dng trong nhiu mng khng dy vi gi thnh thp, tiu th t cng
sut ngun vi s lng ln cc node. Vn quan tm l chun ny cha nhiu giao thc , tc d
liu v cc tn s thch hp p dng rng ri. Gia ZigBee v Bluetooth v cn bn c nhiu im
khc nhau v dng cho cc mc ch ng dng khc nhau. ZigBee c thit k cho mi trng chu
k nhim v thp, nh tuyn tnh hoc ng, nhiu node cng hot ng. Trong khi Bluetooth c
thit k cho ng dng i hi cht lng cao (QoS), chu k nhim v thay i, tc d liu va
phi, s node gii hn.
Mi cm bin c mt b dao ng ng thc b x l chnh sau mt khong thi gian nht nh
sang ch lm vic.

Hnh 2.7: Thi gian hot ng pin trong Bluetooth(BT) v ZigBee

So snh thi gian hot ng pin trong 2 chun Bluetooth v ZigBee. Hnh 2.7 cho thy thi gian hot
ng pin ca chun ZigBee cao hn so vi Bluetooth.


25
2.4.1 iu khin cc thit b trong nh:

ng dng WSN cung cp iu khin, bo qun, tin nghi v an ninh.

Hnh 2.8: Cc ng dng iu khin

Cc node cm bin c lp trn cc thit b , v tr cn thit, sau kt ni thnh mng truyn d
liu v node trung tm. Mt kh nng c th pht trin l cc cm bin theo di y t c gn trc
tip ln c th ngi bnh o c thng xuyn cc thng s v huyt p, nhp tim,

2.4.2 Cc ta nh t ng:

ng dng cung cp kh nng iu khin, qun l, to s tin li trong kim sot, an ninhQun
l nhiu h thng cng lc, h thng chiu sng, nhit , an ninh, gim st nhn vin, qun l hiu
qu tiu th nng lng trong ta nh, gn cc chip ln hng ha,gim c thi gian kim trac
th d dng c thc hin bng C2WSNs v cng ngh ZigBee.

c im ni bt l dng cc cng ngh microsensor tiu th rt t cng sut, thu pht v tuyn , k
thut lin lc v cm bin khng dy a chc nng.
Cc cm bin kt hp nhit , nh sng, m thanh, v tr
Giao din mng v tuyn
Nng lng hot ng lu di
Phn mm iu khin cho cc ng dng


26

Hnh 2.9: iu khin nh sng trong phng.

2.4.3 Qun l qu trnh t ng trong cng nghip:

Hnh 2.10: Cc ng dng trong cng nghip.

Cc ng dng trong sn xut cng nghip gm iu khin, qun l, hiu sut v an ton. Cc cm
bin t trong mi trng lm vic gim st qu trnh sn xut, cht lng sn phm, kim sot mi
trng lm vic, qun l nhn vin,d liu c a v trung tm ngi qun l c th a ra

27
cc quyt nh kp thi. Trn hnh 2.10, cc node cm bin kt ni thnh mng li gi d liu n
node trong tm ,s dng giao thc nh tuyn tnh.

2.4.4 Cc ng dng trong y hc:

Mt s bnh vin v trung tm y t ang ng dng cng ngh WSNs vo tin chn on, chm
sc sc khe, i ph vi cc dch bnh v phc hi chc nng cho ngi bnh. WSNs cho php theo
di tnh trng ca cc bnh nhn kinh nin ngay ti nh, lm cho vic phn tch v iu tr thun tin
hn, rt ngn thi gian iu tr ti bnh vin. WSNs cn cho php thu thp thng tin y t qua thi
gian di thnh cc c s d liu quan trng, cc bin php can thip hiu qu.

Hnh 2.11: Cc ng dng trong y khoa.

2.5 Kt lun:

T cc kh nng ng dng rng ln ca WSNs c th rt ra kt lun:
Bt c u con ngi mun theo di, quan st, phn ng vi nhng s kin hay hin tng trong
mi trng c bit no h c th dng mng WSNs.


28

Chng 3

K THUT CM BIN KHNG DY

3.1 Khi qut v NODE cm bin:

Mng WSNs gm nhiu cm bin phn b phn tn bao ph mt vng a l. Cc node (sensor
nodes hay cn gi l WNs) c kh nng lin lc v tuyn vi cc node ln cn v cc chc nng c
bn nh x l tn hiu, qun l giao thc mng v bt tay vi cc node ln cn truyn d liu t
ngun n trung tm. Chc nng c bn ca cc node trong mng WSns ph thuc vo ng dng ca
n, mt s chc nng chnh:
Xc nh c gi tr cc thng s ti ni lp t. Nh c th tr v nhit , p sut, cng
nh sng ti ni kho st.
Pht hin s tn ti ca cc s kin cn quan tm v c lng cc thng s ca s kin .
Nh mng WSN dng trong gim st giao thng, cm bin phi nhn bit c s di chuyn
ca xe c, o c tc v hng di chuyn ca cc phng tin ang lu thng
Phn bit cc i tng. V d phng tin lu thng m cm bin nhn bit c l g xe
con, xe ti, hay xe but,
Theo du cc i tng. V d trong mng WSN qun s, mng cm bin phi cp nht c
v tr cc phng tin ca i phng khi chng di chuyn trung vng bao ph ca mng.

Cc h thng c th p ng thi gian thc hay gn nh th, ty theo yu cu v mc ch ca
thng tin cn thu thp.
Cm bin gm nhiu nhm chc nng c, ha, nhit, in, t, sinh hc, quang, cht lng, sng
siu m, cm bin khi Cm bin c th c a ra bn ngoi mi trng nguy hi; mi trng
c nhit cao, mc dao ng, nhiu ln, mi trng ha cht c hi; c th lp t trong h thng
robo t ng hay trong h thng nh xng sn xut. Cng ngh cm bin v iu khin bao gm
trng in v t; cm bin sng radio; cm bin quang, hng ngoi; radars, lasers; cm bin v tr
hay nh v; cm bin hng mc ch phc v cho an ninh sinh ha.
Cc thng s vt l
Cc thng s ha hc , sinh hc
Cc s kin

Cc cm bin kch thc nh, gi thnh thp, n nh, nhy cao v ng tin cy l yu t quan
trng to nn cc mng WSNs hot ng hiu qu v kinh t.

29

Hnh 3.1: S pht trin cng ngh ch to cm bin.

Cng ngh cm bin pht trin giai on gn y nh trn hnh 3.1. Node kt hp cm bin v x
l giai on 1999 c kch thc ln hn mt ng xu, cc IC tch hp cm bin. Cc nm tip theo,
kch thc node gim i rt nhiu. Vi s pht trin ca cc cng ngh nano, MEMS kch thc gim
i ng k, km theo gim nng lng tiu th, tng thi gian s dng, kh nng x l, n nh
cao hnNhng nm u 2000, th tch trung bnh node c 16.387 mm
3
, n 2007 l 1-mm
3
.
(ngun SpeckNet research)

3.2 Phn cng v phn mm :

Lin quan n thit k node trong mng WSNs, cc chc nng cn phi c: chc nng c bn ca
node; chc nng x l tn hiu, gm x l s tn hiu, nn, pht hin v sa li, iu khin v tha
hnh; phn nhm v tnh ton trong mng; thng tin; t kt hp; nh tuyn; v qun l kt ni. c
cc chc nng ny, phn cng ca node phi c cm bin v b phn thc thi, b x l, ngun, v cc
phn phc v cho chc nng khc. Hnh 3.2 ch ra cc phn cu to nn node cm bin thng thng
gm phn cng v phn mm.
R rng, cu trc bn trong v phc tp ph thuc vo cc ng dng.

Phn cng: 4 nhm chnh
Ngun cung cp: m bo nng lng cho node hot ng trong vi gi, vi thng hay vi
nm
Lu tr v tnh ton: phc v cho cc chc nng x l, iu ch s, nh tuyn
Cm bin: bin i cc thng s mi trng thnh thng tin
Lin lc: trao i d liu gia cc node vi nhau v vi trung tm
Phn mm: 5 nhm chnh
H iu hnh (OS) microcode (cn gi l middleware): lin kt phn mm v chc nng b
x l. Cc nghin cu hng n thit k m ngun m cho OS dnh ring cho mng WSNs
Sensor Drivers: y l nhng module qun l chc nng c bn ca phn t cm bin.
B x l thng tin: qun l chc nng thng tin, gm nh tuyn, chuyn cc gi, duy tr giao
thc, m ha, sa li,
B phn x l d liu: x l tn hiu lu tr, thng cc node x l trong mng


30

Hnh 3.2: Cc thnh phn cng v mm ca node (WNs).

3.3 Phn loi cm bin :

Bi v s a dng ca cm bin, cn thit phi c s phn loi. nh gi theo kch thc, cng sut,
kh nng x l, ch hot ng, giao thc nh tuyn

Kch
thc
Kh nng
di ng
Cng
sut-
ngun
Kh nng lu
tr, tnh ton
Ch
Giao thc cc
lp thp
Giao
thc
cc lp
cao
Rt ln
(10
3

mm
3
)
Di ng T np
li
B x l, lu tr
mc cao
a chc
nng,cm
bin thng
s vt l
a ng/li;
10
1
- 10
2
m;
IEEE MAC
nh
tuyn
ng
Ln
(10
2

mm
3
)
Di ng T np
li
B x l, lu tr
trung bnh

a chc
nng,cm
bin thng
s ha-sinh
a ng/li;
10
2
-10
4
m;
IEEE MAC
nh
tuyn
ng

31
Trung
bnh
(10
1

mm
3
)
Di ng Pin ,10
1

gi
B x l mc
thp,lu tr mc
cao
a chc
nng,cm
bin thng
s vt l-
ha-sinh
a ng/li;
>10
4
m;
IEEE MAC
nh
tuyn
ng
Nh
(10
0

mm
3
)
t di ng Pin ,10
2

gi
B x l mc
cao,lu tr trung
bnh
a chc
nng, cm
bin thng
s vt l
a ng/li;
10
1
-10
2
m;
IEEE MAC
nh
tuyn
ng
Rt nh
(10
-1

mm
3
)
t di ng Pin ,10
3

gi
B x l ,lu tr
trung bnh
a chc
nng, cm
bin thng
s ha-sinh
a ng/li;
10
2
-10
4
m;
IEEE MAC
nh
tuyn
tnh
Cc nh
(10
-2

mm
3
)
t di ng Pin ,10
4

gi
B x l mc
thp,lu tr trung
bnh
a chc
nng, cm
bin thng
s vt l-
ha-sinh
a ng/li;
>10
4
m;
IEEE MAC

C micro
(10
-3

mm
3
)
Khng di
ng
Pin ,10
5

gi
B x l mc
cao,lu tr mc
thp
Mt chc
nng, cm
bin thng
s vt l
Mt ng;
10
1
-10
2
m;
IEEE MAC

C nano
(<10
-4

mm
3
)
Khng di
ng

Khng di
ng

B x l trung
bnh,lu tr mc
thp

B x l mc
thp,lu tr mc
thp
Mt chc
nng, cm
bin thng
s ha-sinh

Mt chc
nng, cm
bin thng
s vt l-
ha-sinh
Mt ng;
>10
4
m;
IEEE MAC

Mt ng;
10
1
-10
2
m;
IEEE MAC

Bng 3.1: Phn loi cc node theo c im

3.4 Mi trng hot ng ca sensor node (WNs):

Node cm bin b rng buc bi mt s yu t:
Ngun cung cp: cc node b gii hn bi nng lng cung cp, vic s dng hiu qu ngun
nng lng l cha kha cho thit k cc h thng mng WSNs
Lin lc: Mng v tuyn thng b gii hn v bng thng, nhiu knh truyn. Cc yu t ny
nh hng n tin cy, cht lng dch v v bo mt ca h thng.
Tnh ton: Cc node c cng sut tnh ton v b nh gii hn. iu ny nh hng n vic
la chn gii thut x l d liu hot ng ti node.

32
S khng chc chn cc thng s: d liu cn thu thp c th km theo theo nhiu t mi
trng. S h hng cc node c th lm sai d liu. S sp t cc node gy sai lch hot
ng node.

3.5 Xu hng pht trin ca Node cm bin :

mng WSNs c th c trin khai rng ri vi qui m ln, kch thc, gi thnh v cng sut
tiu th ca node phi gim ng k v s thng minh ca node phi tng ln. Cn c h thng cm
bin kt hp cc k thut tin tin nh cng ngh nano, mng phn b, thng tin v tuyn bng
rng
S thu nh kch thc, gi thnh l vn quan trng hng u. S tch hp cm bin, vi x l,
ngun nng lng v giao tip mng thng tin trn mt chip s lm vic trao i d liu gia cm
bin v mi trng bn ngoi tr nn d dng hn.
Vic tiu chun ha cng rt quan trng. To ra cc tiu chun chung s gip mng WSNs ng
dng rng ri hn trong thc t, c kh nng giao tip vi cc mng khc, giao din Internet, cung
cp cc dch v a dng hn. Cc nghin cu ang hng n cc k thut ch to cm bin mi, h
thng mng cm bin phn b, tch hp cm bin trong cc h thng thng mi, h tr hiu qu cho
cc qu trnh ra quyt nh.


33

Chng 4

K THUT TRUYN DN KHNG DY

Mng WSNs c th s dng mt s cng ngh truyn dn khng dy c thit k sn (wireless
COTS) nh l Bluetooth/Personal Area Networks (PANs), ZigBee, wireless LANs
(WLAN)/hotspots, broadband wireless access (BWA)/Wimax, v 3G.

4.1 Qu trnh truyn sng :

Truyn sng radio dng trong mng WSN thng di dng trc tip hay khng gian t do. Sng
pht ra t ngun, i theo tt c cc hng theo ng thng, nng lng thay i t l nghch vi
khong cch [1/(distance)
2
]; suy hao trong mi trng khng phi l khng gian t do (nh cp ng
trc, vt liu xy dng, ta nh, vt cn).

Hnh 4.1: M hnh truyn sng

C th chia lm 3 thng s nh hng n qu trnh truyn sng :
Phn x (Reflection): sng c bc sng ln so snh c vi vt th,b mt nhn. S
phn x xy ra t b mt tri t, ta nh hay tng,
Nhiu x (Diffraction) : ng truyn radio t my pht n my thu b cn tr bi b mt vt
th c nhiu nh, gc nhn.

34
S phn b ri (Scattering) : cc vt th c kch thc nh hn bc sng nm trn ng
truyn sng .Cc b mt nhm, g gh, nh c th gy ra hin tng ny.

Nhng hin tng ny gy ra mo dng v gim cng sut tn hiu. S dao ng nng lng tn
hiu gy ra do tn hiu thu c l s kt hp sng phn x t cc hng khc nhau v cc thnh
phn nhiu x, phn b ri vi tn hiu hng trc tip. Gi l nhiu a ng (multipath).iu ny
nh hng n c my thu di ng ln c nh, my thu t trong nh hay ngoi tri. S suy hao do
c tnh sng in t suy hao theo khong cch gi l large-scale ; s suy gim do s di chuyn my
thu, phn x, tn sc hay phn b ri gi l small-scale.
c tnh knh truyn thay i theo khng gian v thi gian. Tt c cc hin tng ni trn nh
hng kh ln n cng sut my thu nhn c, d l thit b c nh, tn hiu thu c vn c th
b suy gim, bi v s di chuyn ca cc vt th xung quanh.

Dng vt liu Tn s Suy hao truyn dn(dB)
G 800 MHz
5-6 GHz
4-7
9-18
Gch 4-6 GHz 14
B tng 2.4 GHz
5 GHz
5
5-10
vi, thch cao 2.4 GHz
5 GHz
3
5
Sn bng g 5 GHz 9
Sn bng b tng 900 MHz 13
Bng 4.1: dn ra mt s suy hao ng truyn do vt liu lm nh theo tn s

Hnh 4.2 : Minh ha qu trnh truyn sng.

My thu nhn c nhiu tn hiu cng lc-tn hiu gc v phn x, tn sc(nh trn hnh 4.2),
do c th khng phn bit c tn hiu cn thu. Tuy nhin, di anten my pht hoc my thu khi
v tr hin ti mt vi inches c th ci thin ng k cht lng tn hiu. Vn a ng trong cao
tn c th bt nh hng bng cch nng cao cht lng ca cc thit k sau:
Thit k h thng v tuyn
Thit k h thng anten

35
Dng dng tn hiu iu ch thch hp
Mi trng, cc ta nh cng nh hng ln n qu trnh truyn sng

Ngoi ra,cn c cc can nhiu ln nhau gia cc k thut khc nhau. V d chun IEEE 802.15.1
Blutooth c th can nhiu vi chun IEEE 802.11b/g.

4.2 iu ch tn hiu:

ng dng baseband (di nn) l cc ng dng m tn hiu m ha c pht i trc tip qua knh
truyn m khng thay i v sng mang. Non-baseband dng cc k thut iu ch iu ch,
baseband th khng. H thng baseband thng b gii hn v kh nng truyn thng tin khong
cch n v dm.
Dng iu ch thng c dng l iu ch bin (AM), iu ch tn s (FM), iu ch pha
(PM). Mt s dng iu ch s tng ng l ASK (amplitude shift keying), FSK (frequency shift
keying), PSK (phase shift keying) v s kt hp PSK-ASK to thnh QAM (quadrature amplitude
modulation).
i vi knh truyn s, dung lng knh truyn ti a C ca h thng n sng mang c bng
thng ph W, nh ngha bi cng thc Shannon:

C=Wlog
2
(1+S/N)
Trong : S l cng sut tn hiu thu c
N l cng sut nhiu( knh truyn gi s c tc ng nhiu cng Gaussian)

Hnh 4.3 : S nh gi hiu qu ca cc k thut iu ch s

Hnh 4.3 so snh hiu qu t c khi s dng cc k thut iu ch khc nhau. T s tn hiu trn
nhiu ng vi mt tc bit nht nh. i vi tc thp, k thut BDPSK cho t s SNR tt hn,

36
vi tc bit ln th M-ary QAM hay M-ary PSK cho SNR tt hn. Ngoi ra, k thut tri ph c th
cho hiu qu SNR cao hn cc k thut bng hp khc nhng li i hi bng thng knh truyn rng
hn. Mt s loi nh k thut tri ph chui trc tip DSSS (direct sequence spread spectrum) hoc
tri ph nhy tn s FHSS (frequency hopping spread spectrum).
So vi DSSS, FHSS cn phn cng t phc tp hn. K thut ng b cng n gin hn. Dng
FHSS c th ci thin hin tng a ng trong mng WSNs, tuy nhin yu cu v cng sut thp
v bng thng dn n vn k thut cho vic thit k mnh WSNs.
Nh vy, ty theo ng dng, phc tp, tc bit m ta chn k thut iu ch ph hp t
c cht lng mong mun.

4.3 Cc cng ngh khng dy:

C nhiu giao thc khng dy,c s dng kh rng ri l IEEE 802.15.1(Bluetooth), IEEE
802.11a/b/g/n wireless LANs, IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee), Man-scope IEEE 802.16 (WiMax) v k
thut nhn dng bng sng v tuyn (RFID).
Mi tiu chun c cc u im v hn ch ring.Hnh 4.4 m t mt vi giao thc truyn dn khng
dy.

Hnh 4.4: th so snh cc giao thc truyn dn khng dy ph bin.


37

IEEE Standard
c tnh 802.11 802.15/Bluetooth 802.15.4/ZigBee
Khong cch ~100m ~10 100m ~10m
Tc d liu ~2 54Mbps ~1 3Mbps ~0.25Mbps
Cng sut tiu th Trung bnh Thp Cc thp
Thi gian sng ca pin Pht - vi gi Gi - vi ngy Ngy vi nm
Kch thc Ln Nh hn Nh nht
T s chi ph/ phc tp >6 1 0.2
Bng 4.2: So snh cc giao thc.

RFID l mt dng ca cm bin khng dy,khng yu cu cng sut cho cc th qut. Th RFID l
cm bin, n s p ng li khi cng sut t u c hng n n. Cc th RFID hin ti ch c th
lu gi c 96 bits d liu, nhng cc th mi hn c th cung cp ln n 128 hay 256 bits.

4.3.1 Bluetooth:

Bluetooth l chun dng cho kt ni RF tm ngn cho cc thit b di ng c nhn. Chun ny bt
u nh l mt chun khng chnh thc dng trong cng nghip. Gn y, d n IEEE 802.15.1 pht
trin PAN khng dy da trn Bluetooth v1.1. IEEE 802.15.1 c a ra nm 2002. Bluetooth dng
trong cc thit b thng tin c nhn nh in thoi, my in, headset, bn phm my tnh v chut. K
thut ny c mt s c tnh hn ch do kh nng ng dng cho mng WSNs b gii hn.
c im Bluetooth l cng sut tiu th thp, gi thnh thp, cung cp cho ng dng khng dy
gia cc thit b di ng v lm n gin kt ni gia cc thit b. H thng dng sng radio pht
ng hng, c th xuyn qua tng v cc vt cn phi kim loi khc. Sng radio dng trong
Bluetooth hot ng tn s 2.4GHz ISM, ph bin trn ton th gii.
Bluetooth dng k thut tri ph, song cng hon ton. Khi kt ni im im, cho php cng lc
kt ni vi 7 thit b ng thi.
ng ch , cng ngh Bluetooth mi ra i v2.0+EDR c khc c tnh tt hn:
Tc truyn nhanh gp 3 ln cc cng ngh Bluetooth trc
Cng sut tiu th gim xung do gim chu k hot ng
S n gin trong cc ng dng a ng bi v bng thng tng ln
Chm tng thch vi cc versions mi hn
Ci thin t l li bit.

Thit b Bluetooth ng vai tr nh master c th lin lc n 7 thit b vai tr slave (nhm nhiu
hn 8 thit b gi l piconets). Bluetooth cn c th kt ni 2 hay nhiu piconets to thnh scatternet.

4.3.2 WLAN:

y l mng LAN khng dy vi cc c im:
Mng WLAN tc cao hn cung cp cho s lng ln ngi dng vi mt cao. Chun
IEEE 802.11g v 802.11n cn thit cho ng dng bng thng rng v mt cao.
Cung cp QoS (cht lng dch v) cao qua giao tip khng dy.Chun IEEE 802.11e l k
thut cung cp QoS cn thit.
Bo mt thng tin l nhu cu ln. Chun IEEE 802.11i p ng tt yu cu ny.

38

Hnh 4.5: M hnh mng WLAN kt hp vi mng LAN truyn thng.

Phn chia tn s hot ng trong m hnh mng WLAN nh trn hnh 4.5. Cc thit b di ng
kt ni mng WLAN, thng qua cc thit b giao tip c th kt ni vi mng LAN c dy thng qua
Ethernet Switch.
WLAN c nhiu chun theo IEEE, mi chun p ng c cc yu cu khc nhau, mi chun
c phn chia mt vng tn s nht nh.


39

Hnh 4.6: Bng tn IEEE 802.11b/g

Trn hnh 4.5, nu phn chia theo dng khng chng ln trong ton dy ta c 3-4 knh tn s.Dng
th 2 l chia c chng ln. Hnh 4.6 cho thy s phn chia cc dy tn s chun WLAN IEEE
802.11b/g. Cc ph ny t lch so le nhau 5MHz, dy gm 14 khong tn s.

Bng 4.3 so snh 2 chun thng dng.

802.11b/802.11g 802.11a
Bng thng 83.5MHz 300MHz
Tn s hot ng 2.4-2.4835GHz 5.15-5.35GHZ
5.725-5.825GHz
S knh khng chng ln 3 4
Tc d liu 1,2,5.5,11,54 Mbps 6,9,12,18,24,36,48,54 Mbps
iu ch DSSS OFDM
Bng 4.3: So snh c tnh 2 chun IEEE 802.11b/g v IEEE 802.11a

40

Hnh 4.7: nh gi c tnh IEEE 802.11a v 802.11b theo khong cch (cc ng dng trong nh).

4.3.3 ZigBee:

ZigBee l mt cng ngh c xy dng da trn tiu chun ca IEEE, p ng cho s pht
trin rng khp ca mng WSNs gi thnh thp, cng sut tiu th thp dng cho cc ng dng iu
khin t xa, iu khin thit b trong nh, ng dng trong cc ta nh t ng trong cng ngip v
thng mi. Cc chun mng khng dy c gii thiu cc phn trc dng cho cc ng dng tc
d liu cao tiu th cng sut ln, phc tp v gia thnh cao. Tuy nhin, c nhiu ng dng mng
khng dy trong gim st v iu khin trong cng nghip v thng mi i hi thi gian s dng
pin di hn, tc d liu thp v phc tp t hn cc chun khng dy khc. p ng cho s
pht trin theo hng thng mi, cn c mt chun tha cc yu cu v tin cy, an ninh, cng
sut thp v gi thnh thp.
Cc ng dng khng dy nh th c pht trin bi IEEE. Tiu chun IEEE 802.15.4 cung
cp chun tc d liu thp vi thi gian s dng pin nhiu thng n nhiu nm v t phc tp.
Ci tn ZigBee c xut pht t cch m cc con ong mt truyn nhng thng tin quan trng vi
cc thnh vin khc trong t ong. l kiu lin lc Zig-Zag ca loi ong honeyBee. V nguyn
l ZigBee c hnh thnh t vic ghp hai ch ci u vi nhau. Vic cng ngh ny ra i chnh l
s gii quyt cho vn cc thit b tch ri c th lm vic cng nhau gii quyt mt vn no
.
Tiu chun hng n hot ng mt bng tn quc t. Chun ny qui nh v lp vt l (PHY)
v iu khin truy nhp (MAC). Cc chc nng c nh ngha bi ZigBee Alliance c dng
cc lp cao hn.
Hnh 4.8 biu din cu trc cc lp giao thc ca ZigBee.

T chc ZigBee Alliance a ra cc thng s ZigBee u tin vo nm 2004, to tin cho s
pht trin v ng dng rng ri ca mng WSNs. ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 c ch i tr thnh cng
ngh dn u cho s ng dng thng mi t ta nh t ng cho n cng nghip v ng dng ti
nh.

41

Hnh 4.8: M hnh giao thc ZigBee.

u im ca ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4 vi Bluetooth/IEEE802.15.1

Zigbee cng tng t nh Bluetooth nhng n gin hn, Zigbee c tc truyn d liu thp
hn, tit kim nng lng hn. Mt nt mng trong mng Zigbee c kh nng hot ng t 6 thng
n 2 nm ch vi ngun l hai acqui AA.
Phm vi hot ng ca Zigbee l 10-75m trong khi ca Bluetooth ch l 10m (trong trng hp
khng c khuch i).
Zigbee xp sau Bluetooth v tc truyn d liu. Tc truyn ca Zigbee l 250kbps ti
2.4GHz, 40kbps ti 915MHz v 20kbps ti 868MHz trong khi tc ny ca Bluetooth l 1Mbps.
Zigbee s dng cu hnh ch-t c bn ph hp vi mng hnh sao tnh trong cc thit b giao
tip vi nhau thng qua cc gi tin nh. Loi mng ny cho php ti a ti 254 nt mng. Giao thc
Bluetooth phc tp hn bi loi giao thc ny hng ti truyn file, hnh nh, thoi trong cc mng
ad hoc (ad hoc l mt loi mng c trng cho vic t chc t do, tnh cht ca n l b hn ch v
khng gian v thi gian). Cc thit b Bluetooth c th h tr mng scatternet l tp hp ca nhiu
mng piconet khng ng b. N ch cho php ti a l 8 nt slave trong mt mng ch-t c bn.
Nt mng s dng Zigbee vn hnh tn t nng lng, n c th gi v nhn cc gi tin trong
khong 15msec trong khi thit b Bluetooth ch c th lm vic ny trong 3sec.

4.4 Kt lun:

tng kh nng ng dng rng ri ca WSNs trong phm vi ln, cc d n tn dng cc chun
thng tin v tuyn c xy dng trc (COTS) hn l pht trin nhng k thut mi hon
ton. Mng WSNs c th dng mt s cng ngh c pht trin thnh cc chun sn c, nh l
Bluetooth, ZigBee, WLAN.


42

Chng 5

GIAO THC IU KHIN TRUY CP
TRONG MNG WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

Mng WSNs c xy dng vi s lng ln cm bim , phn b trn mt vng a l. Cc thit
b cm bin (node) ny b hn ch v ngun cung cp v do b gii hn kh nng x l v thng
tin.
Vic khai thc s dng hiu qu cc li ch tim nng ca mng WSNs i hi kh nng t t
chc v kt hp mc cao ca cc node cm bin. Do , thit k giao thc mng v lin lc hiu
qu cho WSNs tr thnh iu quan trng mang li thnh cng trong hot ng ca mng. Xy
dng phn cng cho mng khng dy lin kt a ng truyn d liu i hi phi to s lin lc
gia cc node ln cn. Khng ging thng tin trong mng c dy dn, mng khng dy da trn
truyn sng in t qua mi trng khng kh, tun theo cc c tnh truyn sng. Vic i x vi
cc node trong mng phi ngang nhau. t c cc mc tiu ny, vic s dng giao thc iu
khin truy nhp mi trng MAC (Medium Access Control) l cn thit.
Mt s giao thc MAC c ngh cho mng WNSs, la chn giao thc do c tnh ca
mng quyt nh.

5.1 M hnh giao thc cho WSNs:

c im knh truyn ch cho php mt node truyn thng ip ti mt thi im xc nh. Vic
chia s truy cp knh truyn cn phi xy dng giao thc MAC cho cc node trong mng. T m
hnh tham kho OSI (Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model_OSIRM), giao thc MAC
c xy dng lp thp ca lp lin kt d liu (Data Link Layer_DDL) . Lp cao ca DDL c
xem nh lp iu khin ligic (LLC). S tn ti ca lp LLC cho php nhiu la chn cho lp MAC,
ph thuc vo cu trc v giao thc ca mng, c tnh knh truyn, v cht lng cung cp cho ng
dng.
Lp vt l (PHY) gm cc c tnh v mi trng truyn v cu hnh mng. N nh ngha giao
thc v chc nng cc thit b vt l, giao din v mt in t c vic thu nhn bit. Chc nng
ch yu lp PHY bao gm cc qui c v in, m ha v khi phc tn hiu, ng b pht v thu,
qui c v chui bit
Lp MAC nm ngay trn lp vt l. Cung cp cc chc nng sau:
Kt hp d liu vo frame gi i bng cch thm vo trng header gm thng tin v a
ch v trng kim sot li.
Tch frame thu c ly ra a ch v thng tin kim tra li khi phc li thng ip.
iu chnh truy cp i vi knh truyn chia s theo cch ph hp vi i hi v c im
ca ng dng.


43

Hnh 5.1: M hnh tham kho OSI v cu trc lp lin kt d liu

Lp LLC ca DDL cung cp giao din trc tip cho lp cao hn. Mc ch chnh l ngn cch
lp cao vi cc lp thp hn pha di, do to ra kh nng hot ng gia cc dng khc nhau ca
mng.

5.2 Giao thc MAC:

Mt kh khn ch yu nh hng n vic thit k giao thc MAC chia s a truy cp l s
phn b theo khng gian ca cc node trong mng. cc node c th truy cp ti mi thi im, cn
phi dng mt lng thng tin no . Vic ny phi dng n mt phn dung lng knh truyn.
Vn a truy cp tng s phc tp ca cc giao thc iu khin truy cp, phn overhead (phn
u khung cn thm vo) i hi thay i truy cp gia cc node c nhu cu s dng knh truyn.
Hn na, s phn b theo khng gian khng cho php cc node trong mng bit c trng thi hin
ti ca cc node khc.
Hai nhn t chnh, s thng minh ca vic ra quyt nh thc hin bi giao thc a truy cp v
phn overhead , nh hng n tp hp ca cc giao thc a truy cp phn b. Cc nhn t ny lin
quan mt thit vi nhau. Th ci thin cht lng quyt nh c th gim overhead cn dng. Gim
overhead th cng gn nh gim cht lng quyt nh. Do , cn c s tng nhng gia hai yu
t ny.
Vic xc nh thng tin gc v phn thm vo dng bi giao thc a truy cp l rt kh khn.
Hiu c mt cch chnh xc thng tin l g, c th a n gi tr chnh xc ca n. Thng tin c
th c quyt nh trc (predetermined), tnh ng trn ton mng (dynamic gobal), hay tnh b
phn ti node (local). Thng tin c quyt nh trc c dng tt c cc node lin lc trong
mng. Thng tin ng c thu thp bi cc node trong sut qu trnh hot ng giao thc. Thng tin
ni ti cc node l thng tin ring ti node . Thng tin quyt nh trc v ng c th to ra s
hiu qu, to s hp tc hot ng hon ho gia cc node. Tuy nhin, vic s dng cc dng ny
thng phi tr gi cho s hao ph dung lng knh truyn. Trong khi s dng thng tin ni ti node

44
c kh nng gim overhead i hi kt hp cc node ang tranh chp, nhng dn n s hn ch
cht lng ca giao thc.
Nh vy, cn s tng nhng gia tnh hiu qu ca giao thc MAC v overhead yu cu l
vn cn bn ca hu ht cc k thut chia s truy cp.

5.2.1 Cc thng s :
C rt nhiu thng s cn quan tm khi thit k giao thc MAC. Mt s vn quan trng
nh tr, kh nng lu thng, tnh chc chn, kh nng m rng, tnh n nh v s cng bng
trong i s vi cc node c quan tm nht trong giao thc MAC.

tr (Delay):
Thi gian tr l lng thi gian cn thit gi d liu c x l bi lp MAC trc khi n
c pht thnh cng. Tr khng ch ph thuc vo lu lng ti trong mng m cn do la chn
thit k giao thc MAC. i vi cc ng dng khc khe v thi gian, giao thc MAC cn phi
cung cp lng bin tr m bo cho cc ng dng c c QoS (cht lng dch v) p ng
yu cu.
C 2 dng m bo thi gian tr l xc sut (probanilistic) v tt nh (deterministic).Thi gian tr
theo xc sut c m t bi mt gi tr k vng, lch v khong tin cy. Thi gian tr tt nh
a ra mt s trng thi c th on trc c gia thng ip n v thng ip truyn i. Do
, tt nh m bo m bin trn cho thi gian truy cp. S tt nh l yu cu quan trng trong
cc h thng thi gian thc, s chnh xc ca ng dng lin quan mt thit thi gian hot
ng ring cc lp di.

Lu lng (Throughput):
Lu lng c nh ngha l tc thng ip c lu thng trong h thng. N thng c
o bng thng ip trn giy hay bit trn giy. Trong mi trng khng dy, lu lng l phn
dung lng knh truyn c dng cho truy d liu. Lu lng tng ln khi ti trong h thng
tng ln. Vn quan trng ca giao thc MAC l phi lm ti a lu lng knh truyn trong
khi tr tin l nh nht.

chc chn (Robustness):
chc chn l s kt hp ca s tin cy, linh ng v cc yu cu ph thuc kh, phn nh mc
ca giao thc trong vic i ph vi li v thng tin sai. t c s chc chn trong mng
thi gian thc nh WSNs l rt kh khn, v n ph thuc vo tnh cht ca cc yu t gy h
hng cho ng truyn v cc node.

Kh nng m rng (Scalability):
M rng l kh nng ca h thng p ng c cc c im m khng quan tm n kch thc
mng hay s node cng tranh chp. Trong mng WSNs, s node l rt ln, hng ngn thm ch
hng triu node. Kh nng m rng tr thnh mt nhn t quan trng. y l thch thc, c bit
trong mi trng thay i theo thi gian nh mng khng dy. Vic nhm cc node cm bin vo
cc cluster cho php thit k cc giao thc a truy cp vi kh nng m rng cao.

Tnh n nh (Stability):
Tnh nh l kh nng h thng thng tin iu khin c s dao ng ca ti qua mt khong
thi gian di hot ng. Mt giao thc MAC n nh phi c th iu khin ti tc thi, khng
t ti mc ti a dung lng knh truyn. Thng thng, kh nng m rng ca giao thc MAC

45
xt theo kha cnh tr hay lu thng trong mng. Cn tnh n nh l v mt tr, nu thi gian ch
c gii hn bin. V mt lu thng trong mng, giao thc MAC n nh nu lu thng khng b
tt nghn khi ti tng ln.

S cng bng (Fairness):
Mt giao thc MAC c xem l cng bng nu n phn chia dung lng knh truyn u cho tt
c cc node tranh chp m khng gim qu mc lu lng mng. t c s cng bng gia cc
node tranh chp l c s ngang bng v QoS v trnh nhng tnh hung mt vi node c nhiu
hn cc node cn li.
C nhiu trng hp, mng phi thch ng cc ngun lu lng a dng vi cc kiu khc nhau
v i hi v QoS cng khc nhau. thch ng vi cc nhu cu ti nguyn khng ng nht, cc
node c chia trng s khc nhau phn nh vic phn chia ti nguyn trong mng. S cng
bng c tnh da trn phn chia trng s. Mt giao thc MAC c xem l cng bng mt cch
t l nu n khng tng ti nguyn cho node no , trong khi li gim t l phc v cho node
khc di mc t l phn chia ca n.

Hiu sut s dng nng lng:
Mt node cm bin c trang b mt hay nhiu cm bin, cc vi x l nhng vi kh nng
hn ch, v giao tip trn dy tn radio (nh c gii thiu chng 3). Nhng node cm
bin ny c cp ngun pin dung lng nh. Khng ging nh cc mng khng dy khc, mng
WSNs thng c trin khai nhng mi trng khng nh hng, gy kh khn cho vic
thay i ngun pin. Nhng hn ch ny tc ng trc tip n thi gian sng ca node. Nh vy
vic tit kim nng lng tr thnh mt phn quan trng trong WSNs ko di thi gian hot
ng ca mng.
Mt kh nng c th c l gim tiu th nng lng ti node bng cch dng cc mch in
cng sut thp. S tch hp cc chip trong thit k node cm bin l bc cn thit tng hiu
qu s dng nng lng. Tuy nhin, hiu qu s gim nu kh nng x l v thng tin ca cc
node hot ng khng hiu qu. t c iu ny i hi thit k cc giao thc lin lc c
kh nng qun l nng lng.
Hiu qu s dng nng lng l mt vn quan trng nht trong thit k giao thc MAC
cho WSNs. C nhiu yu t nh hng n hiu qu nng lng ca lp MAC:
S ng (Collision): xy ra khi c 2 hay nhiu node cng pht ti mt thi im. Pht
li gi b h s lm tng nng lng tiu th.
Trng thi lng nghe (idle listening)
Overhearing: khi node nhn c cc gi dnh ring cho cc node khc.
Overhead iu khin gi
Chuyn i (frequent switching): thay i cc trng thi hot ng khc nhau c th gy
hao ph nng lng. Hn ch s ln chuyn i gia ch hot ng-ng ca node c th
tit kim nng lng hiu qu.
Giao thc lp lin kt d liu s dng nng lng hiu qu khi loi b hay t nht l lm gim
hao ph nng lng t cc ngun nn trn. Hn na hiu qu c th nng ln bng cch dng cc
s qun l nng lng thng minh tp trung khng ch ti cc node m cn cc ngun tiu
th nng lng khc.


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5.2.2 Cc giao thc chung:
La chn phng thc MAC ch yu da trn c im ca mng WSNs. Nhiu gii thut c
nu ln gii quyt vn chia s truy cp. Cc gii thut hng n s cn bng gia cht
lng cao nht ca vic ra quyt nh v overhead c c cc quyt nh ny.

Giao thc phn chia c nh (Fixed-Assignment Protocols):
Mi node c chia mt lng c nh xc nh trc ti nguyn knh truyn.
Dng ti nguyn ny mt cch ring bit m khng b tranh chp vi cc node khc. Cc giao
thc thng dng l a truy cp chia theo tn s (FDMA), a truy cp chia theo thi gian
(TDMA), v a truy cp chia theo m (CDMA).
o FDMA (Frequency-Division Multiple Access): giao thc c dng trong h thng v
tuyn chia s ph tn s. Bng thng c chia lm nhiu khong nh. a truy cp
thc hin bng cch phn chia cho cc node cc tn s sng mang khc nhau . Bng thng
dnh cho mi node b gii hn m bo khng c can nhiu, chng ln gia cc node.
o TDMA (Time-Division Multiple Access): K thut truyn dn s cho php lng node
thng tin cng truy cp mt knh tn s m khng b can nhiu. Bng cch chia tn s
thnh nhiu khe thi gian (time slots) v phn cho mi node mt khe xc nh. Vic thu-
pht to thnh vng trn khp kn. Ti mi thi im ch c mt node s dng knh
truyn.
o CDMA (Code-Division Multiple Access):l mt dng iu ch da trn k thut tri ph
cho php nhiu node cng s dng knh truyn ng thi. H thng pht ra mt tn hiu
kt hp vi tn hiu gn ging nh nhiu ti ra tn hiu bng thng rng hn so vi
bng thng tn hiu gc. Vic dng tn hiu ging vi nhiu lm cho tn hiu kh pht
hin, kh gii iu ch tn hiu gc.

Giao thc phn chia theo nhu cu (Demand Assignment Protocols):
Mc tiu chnh ca cc giao thc phn chia theo nhu cu l ci thin vic s dng knh truyn
bng cch chia dung lng knh cho cc node theo cch ti u hay gn nh ti u. Khng ging
cc giao thc phn chia c nh, dung lng knh truyn c chia c quyn cho mt node no
m khng cn xc nh trc nhu cu thng tin hin ti ca node. Giao thc phn chia theo
nhu cu b qua cc node trng thi ngh v ch xem xt cc node sn sng pht. Knh truyn
c chia thnh nhng lng thi gian ring bit theo tng node.
o Hi vng (Polling):Trong m hnh ny, mt thit b iu khin trung tm gi l
master, cc thit b khc gi l slave. Giao tip master slave lp vng tun t qua cc
node. n node no , nu n c d liu pht, node thng bo cho master bit.
p li, thit b iu khin (master) s cho php slave s dng knh truyn pht d
liu. Nu n lt node no , nhng n khng c d liu pht, khng p li yu
cu ca master. Master s b qua v chuyn n node k tip. Li ch chnh ca giao
thc ny l tt c cc node u nhn c s truy cp nh nhau i vi knh truyn.
Nhc im ca polling l overhead(phn thm vo) gy ra bi lng ln thng ip
pht ra t master phc v cho cc yu cu. Hn na, hiu qu ca polling ph thuc
vo tin cy ca master.
o t khe thi gian (Reservation): tng c bn ca giao thc da trn s t ch l
to ra mt vo khe thi gian mang thng ip xin cp khe thi gian pht d liu.
Thng ip thng nh hn gi d liu, gi l minislots. Khi mt trm c d liu

47
pht, n yu cu mt khe thi gian pht d liu i vi master bng cch pht ra
thng ip trong khe thi gian minislots ny. Khi master nhn c yu cu ny, n
tnh ton ng truyn v thng bo cho slave. Nu mi trm c minislots dnh ring
cho n, ng c th trnh c. ng cc gi ch xy ra khi cc node trm cng
tranh chp minislots, ch dng mt phn nh bng thng h thng. Do , phn ln
bng thng c chia cho cc gi d liu, c dng hiu qu.

Giao thc phn chia ngu nhin (Random Assignment Protocols):
Trong giao thc phn chia c nh, mi node thng tin c chia mt bng tn trong FDMA
hay khe thi gian trong TDMA. S phn chia ny l tnh, khng quan tm n node c hay khng
c d liu pht. Do khng hiu qu nu c nhiu thit b trong mng. Khi khng c d liu
truyn, node trng thi ngh, bng thng c chia b lng ph. Gii thut phn chia ngu
nhin c gng loi b s phn chia trc bng thng cho cc node lin lc.
Giao thc phn chia ngu nhin khng thc hin bt c iu khin no xc nh node no
c th truy cp k tip. Hn na, giao thc ny khng chia trc thi gian cho cc node pht
d liu. Tt c cc node trong mng phi tranh chp truy cp ng truyn. S ng xy ra
khi c nhiu hn mt node pht ng thi. i ph vi ng , giao thc phi bao gm cc
k thut pht hin ng v lp k hoch cho vic pht li cc gi d liu b ng .
Giao thc truy xut ngu nhin ban u c pht trin cho v tuyn ng di v thng tin
v tin. ALOHA l giao thc u tin thuc dng ny, cn gi l pure ALOHA.Giao thc ALOHA
cho php cc node truyn bt k khi no chng c d liu pht i. T ALOHA pht trin thnh
nhiu giao thc khc nh CSMA, CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA

o ALOHA:
ALOHA l mt giao thc phn chia ngu nhin n gin c pht trin nhm iu chnh
truy cp vic chia s ng truyn gia cc user ang tranh chp. Giao thc c pht trin
cho mng gi qung b mt t (ground-based packet broadcasting networks) v c dng
kt ni cc user trong mnh my tnh ln. Truy cp knh trong pure ALOHA l bt ng b
hon ton v c lp vi hot ng hin ti ca ng truyn. Mt node c cho php pht
d liu ngay khi n sn sng. Sau khi pht d liu, node lng nghe trong mt khong thi gian
c qui nh trc. Nu node nhn c mt thng ip xc nhn (ACK) t ni nhn trc
khi ht khong thi gian ch, qu trnh truyn coi nh thnh cng. ACK c pht i bi
thit b nhn sau khi n xc nh d liu nhn l ng. Nu khng nhn c gi ACK xc
nhn ng th node cho rng d liu b mt do li trn ng truyn hay do ng , node
s truyn li. Sau mt s ln nh vy, d liu vn sai th node khng pht li na.
ALOHA l giao thc n gin, khng i hi iu khin trung tm, do cho php thm
vo hay bt i cc node mt cch d dng. Khi lu lng ti thp, node truy cp trong khong
thi gian ngn. Tuy nhin, nhc im ln ca giao thc l cht lng gim nhiu khi s
ng tng ln nhanh do ti tng. ci thin cht lng ca pure ALOHA, ALOHA phn
khe (Slotted ALOHA) ra i. Tt c node thng tin c ng b v tt c cc gi c chiu
di bng nhau. Knh thng tin c chia thnh cc khe thi gian u nhau v bng vi thi
gian ca gi d liu. Khc vi pure ALOHA, vic truyn din ra theo mt khong thi gian
xc nh trc nhng khng ng b gia cc gi. Nh vy, thi gian cc gi l khc nhau,
nu ng c xy ra ti u mt khe thi gian, gi ng ko di vi thi gian lu hn.

48
Trong ALOHA phn khe thi gian, knh truyn c gii hn truy cp lm gim chiu di
khong ng do mi khe thi gian v cc gi c di bng nhau, kt qu l lm tng hiu
qu ca knh thng tin.
Mc d c s ci thin v c tnh, ALOHA vn c nhiu hn ch khi lu lng ti tng
cao. Dn n s pht trin cc lp giao thc truy cp mi trng mi, trc khi truyn, node
c d liu cn pht phi lng nghe xc nh knh truyn c bn hay khng.

o CSMA (a truy cp cm nhn sng mang):
CSMA hot ng c trong dng unslotted CSMA (thi gian lin tc) v slotted CSMA
(thi gian ri rc). Lp giao thc CSMA chia ra lm 2 loi : CSMA khng kin tr
(nonpersistent) v CSMA kin tr (persistent) ph thuc vo gii thut c dng ch trng
thi knh truyn chuyn t bn sang rnh.
Trong nonpersistent CSMA, khi mt node c d liu v sn sng pht, n s nghe trng
thi knh truyn (tc l cm nhn sng mang) xc nh xem liu c node no khc ang s
dng knh truyn hay khng. Nu knh truyn rnh, node s pht gi d liu ca n ngay lp
tc v ch gi xc nhn ng ACK v t thi gian timeout cho gi ny. My thu c th tranh
chp vi cc node khc c pht gi ACK. V vy xp x thi gian tranh chp trung bnh
ty thuc vo lu lng ti v s trm tranh chp. Nu sau thi gian timeout m cha nhn
c gi ACK, node xem nh gi d liu b mt do tranh chp hay do nhiu. Trm ny s
pht li gi ln na. Nu knh truyn bn, node s ch sau mt khong thi gian nh trc,
sau mi cm nhn knh truyn tr li xem rnh cha. Ph thuc vo trng thi knh
truyn, nu knh truyn rnh node s pht gi ca n, nu knh truyn bn node ch mt
khong thi gian sau kim tra li. Qu trnh c lp i lp li cho n khi gi d liu c
pht thnh cng.
Giao thc nonpersistent CSMA lm gim thiu can nhiu gia cc gi. Nhc im chnh
ca giao thc ny l knh truyn c th rnh trong sut thi gian ch sau mi kim tra li
trng thi knh truyn ca node (gi l thi gian cht). iu ny gy lng ph knh truyn mt
cch khng cn thit. T pht trin thm cc lp giao thc p-persistent CSMA.
Trong lp giao thc ny s dng hiu qu hn thi gian rnh ca knh truyn. Vi 1-
persistent khng cho php knh truyn rnh nu node c d liu cn pht, tc l nu node cm
nhn c knh truyn ang bn th n tip tc lng nghe, khi knh truyn va chuyn sang
rnh th ngay lp tc node pht gi ca mnh. Khng ging nh nonpersistent CSMA, node
ch mt thi gian ri mi lng nghe knh truyn tr li. Nh vy, 1-persistent s dng rt
hiu qu knh truyn, vic truyn s c thc hin lp tc ngay khi knh truyn va rnh.
y l c im khc bit chnh gia 2 loi non-persistent v persistent.
Giao thc p-persistent l m hnh trung gian gia non-persistent v 1-persistent. p- l xc
sut m node pht gi ngay khi knh truyn rnh. Vi nonpersistent (p=0), tc l node gn
nh khng pht gi ngay khi knh truyn rnh. 1-persistent (p=1), node pht ngay tc th khi
knh truyn rnh v n lun lng nghe trng thi knh truyn. Vi xc sut (1-p), trm ch sau
mt khong thi gian no trc khi th pht gi ln na.
Gi tr p nh gi tnh n nh ca giao thc.Khi lu lng ti ln, nu p ln, nhiu node
c nhu cu pht d liu, v c gng s dng knh truyn dn n ng tng ln. Khi tranh
chp gia cc trm tng ln th lu lng i qua mng cng gim. trnh tnh hung ny,
gi tr ca p phi nh. Khi s ng gim. Trong iu kin lu lng thp, gi tr p nh
c th lm cho cc trm tranh chp chuyn sang trng thi ch ng thi mt cch khng cn

49
thit trc khi c gng pht tr li. Do vy, s cn nhc k lu lng cn truyn lun cn
thit chn c mt gi tr p hiu qu.

o CSMA/CD:
Trong mng c thi gian tr do truyn sng nh hn thi gian truyn gi, giao thc
CSMA v cc bin i ca n c thi gian tr nh hn v lu lng ln hn so vi giao thc
ALOHA. Cc c im ci tin ny c c do cm bin sng mang lm gim s xung t,
v quan trng hn l gim thi gian khong ng . Nhc im ca CSMA l cc trm
tranh chp khi pht hin ra ng vn tip tc pht cho n khi ht gi ang pht. Vi gi
d liu di, lng bng thng b lng ph l rt ln. Hn na, cc node c th phi ch qua
mt khong thi gian tr khng cn thit pht ht gi trc khi pht li gi mt ln na.
gii quyt nhng nhc im ca CSMA v xa hn l gim khong thi gian ng ,
mng dng giao thc m rng CSMA/CD, cc node thng tin c kh nng lng nghe trong
khi truyn. Nu mt node c d liu pht, u tin n lng nghe xc nh c node no
khc ang truyn hay khng, nu khng node s pht gi ca mnh v tip tc gim st tn
hiu trn ng truyn trong khi vic truyn ang din ra. Nh vy, node c th gim st tn
hiu trn ng truyn v pht hin ng ngay khi n xy ra. Nu c mt tn hiu can
nhiu c pht hin, node ngng ngay lp tc vic truyn ca n. Khi ng xy ra, mi
trm ang tranh chp trong vng ng s ch sau mt khong thi gian ngu nhin trc
khi pht li gi.
Khi ng dng CSMA/CD cho mng WSNs. Nhc im chnh ca CSMA/CD l cn
cung cp cho cc node cm bin kh nng pht hin xung t. Node cm bin c kh nng lu
tr, x l, v ngun nng lng rt hn ch. Nhng hn ch ny gy ra rt nhiu kh khn
trong vic thit k lp MAC. Cung cp kh nng pht hin xung t cho WSNs l khng th
nu khng thm phn cng vo cho cc node.
Trn thc t, my thu pht v tuyn thng hot ng bn song cng. pht hin xung t,
node cm bin phi c kh nng nghe trong khi ni (listening while talking). Tuy
nhin, s phc tp v gi thnh cc node phi thp v kh nng m rng vi s lng ln cc
node l mt c im quan trng ca WSNs phi lun c. Nh vy, thit k lp vt l phi ti
u m bo gi thnh thp.
Mt iu quan trng na hn ch vic s dng gii thut CSMA/CD iu tit truy cp
trong mi trng khng dy l s kh khn ca vic pht hin ng trong mi trng ny.
Trong mng c dy dn, suy hao thp lm cho t s tn hiu trn nhiu ti my pht v my
thu gn bng nhau. Trong mi trng mng khng dy, c tnh thay i theo thi gian ca
knh truyn v tuyn, cng sut tn hiu gim nhanh theo khong cch gy ra nhiu kh khn
cho ni pht trong vic nhn ra c hay khng ng ti ni thu. Nhc im ny hn ch
kh nng ng dng cc giao thc da trn k thut pht hin xung t trong mng WSNs.

o CSMA/CA:
Phng php dng cm bin sng mang tng hiu qu chia s truy cp mi trng. Mc d
c th ng dng trong mi trng khng dy, nhng vn gp phi 2 vn , gi l vn
node n v node hin (hidden- and exposed-node problems). Hai vn ny gin tip pht
sinh t c tnh thay i theo thi gian ca knh v tuyn, gy ra bi cc hin tng vt l
nh nhiu, fading, suy hao v Can nhiu kt hp vi s gim nhanh cng sut thu theo
khong cch, gii hn khong cch truyn ti a.


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Node n (hidden node): c nh ngha l node nm trong vng ca node ch
n nhng nm ngoi vng node pht.Minh ha nh hnh 5.2.

Hnh 5.2: Hin tng hidden-node trong mng WSNs

- Node B nm trong vng ph sng ca node A v C
- Gi s node A v C khng c vng ph ln nhau. Mi lin lc gia 2 node ny
khng thc hin c.
- Gi s node A cn gi gi d liu cho node B theo ng cc nguyn tc ca
CSMA: A cm nhn knh truyn, nu knh rnh node A bt u pht cho B.
- Gi s node A cha hon thnh vic pht gi cho B th node C mun pht d liu
cho B. Node C dng CSMA, cm nhn knh truyn. V A v C ngoi tm ca
nhau, C khng nghe c tn hiu t A. Do , C nhn thy knh truyn rnh v
pht gi ca mnh cho B.
- Kt qu l B nhn ng thi 2 gi, ng xy ra ti my thu.C 2 gi u h.

Node hin (exposed-node): nh ngha l node nm trong vng ca node pht
nhng nm ngoi vng node ch n. Minh ha nh hnh 5.3.

Hnh 5.3: Hin tng exposed-node trong mng WSNs

- Node B nm trong vng bao ph ca node A v C. Node D nm

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trong vng bao ph ca node B. Node A v C ngoi tm ca nhau.
- Gi s node B mun pht d liu cho A .Theo giao thc CSMA, node B lng nghe
trng thi knh truyn, xc nh knh truyn rnh, B bt u gi gi d liu cho A.
- Gi s rng node C cng cn gi gi d liu cho D. Node C theo ng nguyn tc
ca giao thc CSMA, n lng nghe trng thi knh truyn.
- Bi v qu trnh truyn gia B v A vn tip tc, node C xc nh knh truyn
ang bn v hon li vic pht gi cho D. Tuy nhin s tr ny l khng cn thit,
bi v qu trnh truyn gia C v D thnh cng nu nh node D nm ngoi vng
bao ph ca node B.

Trn y l nhng v d v hin tng node n v node hin gp phi trong giao thc
CSMA.Nhiu cch gii quyt c nu ln nhm loi b hay lm gim nh hng ca
node n v node hin.

Cch th nht dng m bo bn: dng 2 knh ring bit, mt knh d liu v mt knh
iu khin. Knh d liu c dng pht d liu. Knh iu khin c dng my thu
bo hiu cc node trong mng ang trong qu trnh nhn d liu.Ngay lp tc sau khi node bt
u nhn gi d liu, node pht ra tn hiu trn knh iu khin, cho bit node ang bn. Node
tip tc pht m bo bn trong sut qu trnh nhn d liu cho n khi gi c nhn y .
Trc khi pht mt gi, node pht phi kim tra xem c m bo bn t node nhn hay khng.
Node ch pht d liu khi knh truyn rnh.
Busy-tone gii quyt c c 2 vn node n v hin do s dng cng lc 2 knh lin
lc. Tuy nhin, nhc im chnh ca phng php ny node cn hot ng song cng, va
pht va nhn ng thi. iu ny i hi tng phc tp ca node cm bin trong mng
WSNs, do lm tng gi thnh v cng sut tiu th.

Cch gii quyt th 2 l da trn vic trnh ng CSMA/CA.
S dng cc th tc bt tay ready-to-send (RTS), clear-to-send (CTS).
Bi v node khng th pht hin c ng ang xy ra hay khng, n c gng trnh xung
t bng cch ch mt khong thi gian cho n khi knh trng. Khi mt node nh pht mt
gi d liu, u tin n cm nhn sng mang xc nh xem c node no ang truyn hay
khng. Nu khng, node gi gi RTS bo l mun gi d liu n cho node cn gi gi d
liu. Nu knh truyn rnh, node nhn s gi tr li bng gi CTS cho bit node ny sn
sng nhn.
Sau khi nhn c gi CTS, node pht s gi ngay gi d liu cho node kia. Nu sau
khong thi gian nh trc, node pht khng nhn c gi xc nhn CTS th coi nh node
nhn cha sn sng nhn d liu, n s ch mt khong thi gian trc khi bt u li th tc
RTS/CTS.

Trn hnh 5.4 minh ha giao thc CSMA/CA.

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Hnh 5.4: Trnh xung t dng th tc bt tay RTS/CTS.

- Node B mun pht gi cho C. Sau khi xc nh knh truyn l rnh, B pht gi
RTS. Node C nhn c gi RTS t B, p li bng gi CTS sn sng nhn d
liu. Trong gi RTS v CTS c a ch ch v a ch ngun cn thng tin.
- Khi B pht gi RTS cho C th ng thi A cng nhn c gi RTS ny. A t
timer cho n khi hon thnh truyn d liu gia B v C , khng pht bt k gi
no.
- Khi C tr li gi CTS cho B th D cng nhn c gi ny. D cng t timer cho
n khi hon thnh vic truyn d liu.

Trong nhiu mi trng, th tc RTS/CTS l gim xung t v tng hiu qu s
dng bng thng. Tuy nhin, th tc ny khng hon ton gii quyt c vn
hidden-node. Hnh 5.5 minh ha hn ch ny.

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Hnh 5.5: Hn ch trong chng ng ca giao thc bt tay RTS/CTS.

- Node A nhn thy knh rnh v gi gi RTS cho B. p li, B tr li bng gi
CTS.
- Node C cng nhn c gi CTS ny do C nm trong vng bao ph ca B.
- Node D mun truyn d liu cho C, v vy n gi cho C gi RTS. Lc ny C ang
nhn gi CTS t B. Do c 2 gi u b h.
- Trong lc , node A nhn c gi CTS ng t B, bt u qu trnh gi gi d
liu cho B.
- Node D sau thi gian timeout, pht li gi RTS cho C.
- Node C khng bao gi nhn c gi RTS t B nn coi nh knh truyn rnh. C
tr li bng gi CTS cho D. Node B trong vng bao ph ca C nn B cng nhn
c gi ny.
- ng thi, node B cng ang nhn gi d liu t node A, ng xy ra. C 2 gi
u b sai.

Hnh 5.6 minh ha mt v d khc v li khi dng th tc RTS/CTS.

54

Hnh 5.6

Mc d vn cn mt s sai st trong gii quyt vn hidden-node,
giao thc CSMA/CA dng th tc bt tay RTS/CTS c s dng kh rng ri trong
mng khng dy trnh ng cc gi v lm tng lu lng mng.

5.3 Cc giao thc MAC cho mng WSNs:

Nhu cu duy tr nng lng l vn quan trng nht trong thit k giao thc MAC cho mng
WSNs. Nhiu nhn t gy ra lng ph nng lng, nh overhead qu di, lng nghe trong trng thi
ngh, ng cc gi, v nghe ln (overhearing). iu tit truy cp i hi trao i thng tin iu
khin v ng b gia cc node tranh chp. S trao i lng ln thng tin ny cng lm tng cng
sut tiu th. Chu k lng nghe di lm tng tiu th nng lng v gim lu lng qua mng. Vic
pht li cc gi b ng tiu tn lng ln nng lng ca node. S ng xy ra nhiu lm
gim cht lng ca giao thc MAC. Tng t, vic nghe gi m a ch n khng phi l ca node
(gi l nghe ln) cng lm tiu tn nng lng khng cn thit.
i tng chnh ca giao thc MAC l gim nng lng hao ph do ng , lng nghe, nghe ln,
v overhead qu di. Cc giao thc ny c phn ra lm 2 nhm: giao thc mp MAC da trn c
s c k hoch (schedule-based)v da trn tranh chp (contention-based).
Schedule-based l lp giao thc MAC truy cp knh truyn da trn lch trnh sp xp sn. Knh
truyn c gii hn cho mt node ti mt thi im bng cch phn trc ti nguyn h thng cho
ring node .
Contention-based trnh phn trc ti nguyn cho node. Thay vo , knh truyn radio c chia
s cho tt c cc node v theo nhu cu. Nhng nhiu node cng c nhu cu s dng knh truyn, kt
qu l ng xy ra.

55
Chc nng chnh ca giao thc lp MAC da trn tranh chp l ti thiu hoc trnh hon ton
ng .
Vic gii quyt ng thng t c bng cch dng gii thut phn tn, ngu nhin sp
xp li truy cp knh truyn i vi cc node ang tranh chp. tng cn bn gim i overhead
l buc cc node phi vo trng thi ng khi n khng hot ng. Tuy nhin, trng thi ng ca cc
node m khng c s phi hp c th lm vic thng tin gia cc node ln cn tr nn kh khn.
Phn tip theo s phn tch v schedule-based protocols v contention-based protocols thng qua
giao thc S-MAC v IEEE MAC-layer protocol.

5.3.1 Schedule-Based Protocols:

Giao thc to ra s sp t trc iu tit truy cp ti nguyn trnh xung t gia cc node.
Thng thng, ti nguyn gm thi gian, bng tn, hay m CDMA. Mc tiu chnh ca giao thc
loi ny l hiu qu s dng nng lng cao ko di thi gian sng ca mng. Mt s thuc tnh
khc l kh nng m rng v thch ng thay i lu lng ti v cu hnh mng. Hu ht cc giao
thc thuc nhm schedule-based u dng m hnh tng t TDMA (a truy cp phn chia theo
thi gian), trong knh truyn c chia ra thnh cc khe thi gian nh trn hnh 5.7.
Mt dy N cc khe nm k nhau, N l thng s h thng. Khung ny lp li tun hon theo thi
gian. Trong mi khung, mi mt node c phn mt s khe thi gian. Cc khe ny chnh l lch
trnh cc node hot ng. Lch trnh ny c th c nh, xy dng theo nhu cu hay c hai.
Da trn s phn chia trc cho mi node, cm bin lun phin thay i gia hai ch : tch cc
hoc ngh. Trong ch tch cc, node dng cc khe phn cho n pht v nhn cc khung d
liu. Ngoi cc khe thi gian c phn trc, node chuyn v trng thi ngh, tt cc b thu pht
bo ton nng lng.

Hnh 5.7: Giao thc MAC da trn TDMA ng dng trong WSNs.

Self-Organizing Media Access Control for Sensornets (SMACS):
SMACS l mt giao thc iu khin truy cp c th t chc cu hnh mng ngu nhin
m khng cn phi to s ng b chung ton h thng. Giao thc SMACS dng phng php
hn hp TDMA/FH nh l s thng tin c sp xp trc bt ng b ( nonsynchronous
scheduled communication) khng cn thng tin kt ni chung hay s ng b v thi gian. Mi
node trong mng to ra cc khung ging nh trong TDMA, gi l superframe lin lc vi cc
node xung quanh. Chiu di ca superframes l c nh. Khung ny c chia thnh nhiu frame
nh hn. Nhng kch thc frame nh th khng c nh v c th thay i theo thi gian khc
nhau trong cng mt node v gia cc node.

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SMACS i hi mi node phi thc thi mt phng thc pht hin cc node ln cn. Mi
node to mt ng lin lc vi mt node mi pht hin c bng cch gn mt khe thi gian
cho lin kt ny. Node ch ni chuyn vi node mi ny qua mt khe thi gian duy nht. Cn
phi m bo khng c can nhiu xy ra gia cc lin kt gn nhau. lm c iu , node
dng phng php phn chia knh ngu nhin, chn mt knh t nhiu knh tn s (FDMA) hay
code tri ph (CDMA) cho mi lin kt. S dng cu trc superframe, mi node xy dng cc
khe thi gian sn c thng tin vi cc node ln cn, cc node phi iu chnh tn s ca n
n knh tn s hay m code CDMA ph hp lin lc vi nhau.

Bluetooth:
Bluetooth l k thut mi pht trin vi giao thc iu khin truy cp ch yu da trn
TDMA. Bluetooth c thit k nhm thay th cho ng truyn qua cp hoc tia hng ngoi,
dng kt ni cc thit b khc nhau nh in thoi di ng t bo, PDAs, camera s, my tnh,
v cc thit b ngoi vi khong cch ngn. Bluetooth hot ng dy tn 2.45 GHz ISM. Lp
vt l da trn gii thut tn s nhy ngu nhin vi bc nhy 1.6KHz v gii thut phn chia
tn s nhy. Mt chui 79 bc nhy nh ngha mt khong 1 MHz. Mi chui nhy to mt
knh truyn Bluetooh, tc bit n 1Mbps.
Mt nhm thit b chia s knh truyn c gi l 1 piconet. Mi piconet c 1 master iu
khin truy cp knh truyn, 7 thit b to mt nhm. Mi knh chia thnh cc khe 625 ms. Mi
piconet c chia mt mu tn s nhy duy nht xc nh bi a ch thit b master (48 bits) v
clock. Cc slave trong piconet hot ng theo nhm tn s c phn trc cho piconet .Cc
piconet khac nhau chui nhy, do m bo s hot ng ng thi ca chng. Cc piconet c
th kt ni vi nhau thng qua cc node cu ni (bridge node), gi l scatternet to thnh m
hnh mng ln hn. Trong piconet mi thit b c mt a ch duy nht gm 3 bit. Truy cp knh
truyn c iu tit bng giao thc song cng phn chia thi gian (slotted time-division
duplex), master dng gii thut hi vng phn chia khe thi gian cho cc node slave. Master
ln lt giao tip vi cc slave trao i cc gi tin. Slave ch c th giao tip vi master khi
c phn khe thi gian cho n. Mt gi c th chim 1,2,3 hay 5 khe thi gian v c pht
theo cc khe lin tip nhau.
gim nng lng tiu th, Bluetooth phn bit 4 ch hot ng khc nhau: active, sniff,
hold, v park. ch active, slave lng nghe thng ip t master. Nu gi nhn c khng
cha a ch ch n l ca mnh, slave s ng cho n ht thi gian ca gi . Nu ng l gi
ca mnh, slave s x l payload trong khe thi gian c phn trc. Ch sniff hng n
gim chu k nhim v trng thi lng nghe ca slave (lng nghe c xem l ch tch cc).
ch ny master pht cho slave ch trong mt khong thi gian nh trc. Slave ch lng nghe
thng ip t master trong sut khong thi gian ny. Ch hold, slave i vo trng thi ng
trong mt khong thi gian nh trc, gi l thi gian ngh. Khi ht khong thi gian ny, slave
tr li ch tch cc. Trong ch park, slave trng thi ng trong khong thi gian khng
xc nh trc. Master phi nh thc slave v a n tr v ch tch cc.
Bluetooth phn bit bn dng thng tin gia cc node trong v ngoi piconet: intra piconet
unicast, intra piconet broadcast, inter piconet unicast v inter piconet broadcast.
Intra piconet unicast thng tin gia slave-slave trong mt piconet. Slave ngun vit a ch
MAC ca n vo gi d liu, ng thi t trng forward ln 1,v a ch ch n. Master
nhn c v kim tra trng forward. Nu trng forward c gi tr l 1, master thay trng
a ch MAC ca n vo gi d liu v chuyn n slave theo nh a ch ch c.

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Intra piconet broadcast thng tin gia cc slave vi tt c cc slave khc trong mt piconet.
Slave ngun vit a ch MAC ca n v t trng forward ln 1, a ch ch n l 000.
master nhn ra trng forward c a ln 1, master thay a ch MAC bng a ch MAC ca
mnh v gi gi n tt c cc node cn li trong piconet.
Inter piconet unicast thng tin gia 2 piconet vi nhau. Thit b ngun gi gi d liu vi a
ch MAC ca n v t trng forward ln 1, trng broadcast ln 1 v a ch piconet ch n.
Thit b ngun t trng vector nh tuyn (routing vector field_RVF) ca gi cha ng dn
logic n thit b ch trong piconet ch. RVF gm a ch master ngun (LocId), a ch MAC
piconet tng ng (MAC-Addr). Khi nhn c gi , master chuyn n node tip theo da vo
thng tin nh tuyn cho n khi n slave ch.
Inter piconet broadcast thng tin gia piconet v tt c cc node trong scatternet. Thit b
ngun to mt gi gm a ch MAC, t trng forward v broadcast ln 1, a ch ch l 000.
Sau gi c gi n master. Master nhn ra trng broadcast l 1, n gi gi n tt c cc
slave trong piconet ca mnh, bao gm cc node i qua. Khi node trung gian nhn c gi
n chuyn cho tt c cc master kt ni vi n, tr master gi n.

Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH): Phn nhm phn
bc tng thch, nng lng thp
LEACH xy dng cu trc v sp xp cc node thnh cc cluster. Trong mi cluster, chn ra
mt cluster head. LEACH dng TDMA thng tin gia cc node v cluster head. Cluster head
chuyn thng ip nhn c t cc node n cho trm trung tm (base station). Base station l
mt thit b cp cao hn, qun l tt c cc cluster head trong khu vc mng.
Cluster head lp sn lch trnh theo TDMA v pht lch ny cho tn c cc node trong cluster
ca n. Lch lp trc ny s ngn ng gia cc gi d liu. Hn na, vic sp xp trc c
th c cc node dng xc nh khe thi gian trong sut khong thi gian ch tch cc.
iu ny cho php cc node (tr head cluster) tt cc b phn thu pht v tuyn ca n khi cha
c gn khe thi gian. LEACH gi s rng cc node bt u thit lp trng thi pha cluster v
ng b v thi gian. Mt k thut c th c dng thc hin ng b l trm trung tm gi
i xung ng b n tt c cc node.
gim can nhiu gia cc cluster vi nhau, LEACH dng gin phn chia m da vo
my pht. Lin lc gia 1 node v head cluster dng k thut tri ph chui trc tip (direcr-
sequence spread spectrum), trong mi cluster c phn mt m tri ph duy nht, c
dng tt c cc node trong cluster truyn d liu cho head cluster. M tri ph c phn
chia cho head cluster theo nguyn tt first-in, first-served, bt u t head cluster th nht, sau
n cc head cluster tip theo. Cc node phi hiu chnh cng sut pht gim can nhiu
n cc cluster k cn.
Khi nhn c gi d liu t node trong cluster, head cluster tp hp d liu trc khi gi ti
trm trung tm. Lin lc gia 1 head cluster v base station thc hin bng m tri ph c nh
v CSMA. Trc khi pht d liu cho base station, head cluster phi cm nhn knh truyn
chc chn rng khng c head cluster khc ang dng knh truyn. Nu knh truyn ang bn,
head cluster ngng truyn d liu cho n khi knh truyn rnh.

V tng qut, giao thc da trn lp lch trc khng xy ra ng , hn ch c lng ph
nng lng gy ra o tranh chp. Hn na, cc node cm bin ch cn iu chnh phn v tuyn
trong sut khe thi gian node thu hay pht d liu. Trong cc khe thi gian khc, chng tt cc

58
chc nng thu pht v tuyn, do trnh overhearing (nghe ln hay thu gi khng cn thit).
Node hot ng vi chu k nhim v ngn hn, ko di thi gian sng ca node.
Tuy nhin giao thc MAC lp lch trc c nhiu bt li, gii hn s dng trong mng
WSNs. S dng TDMA i hi s sp xp cc node thnh cluster. Cu trc phn cp ny
thng hn ch ch cho php node lin lc vi head cluster ca n. Lin lc peer-to-peer khng
th thc hin trc tip, nu node khng lng nghe trong sut khe thi gian. Giao thc ny ph
thuc vo s ng b tt v thi gian. Tuy nhin, ng b cc node cm bin phn b rt kh
thc hin v gi thnh cao, c bit i vi mng cm bin khng dy b hn ch v nng lng.
Bn cnh , giao thc MAC lp lch trc i hi cc k thut khc nh FDMA hay CDMA
thng tin qua li gia cc cluster v can nhiu.
TDMA thng b hn ch v kh nng m rng v kh thch ng vi node di ng v thay
i cu hnh mng. Bi v cc node vo hay ra khi mt cluster, chiu di khung cng nh phn
b khe thi gian phi hiu chnh li. S thay i thng xuyn lm tng gi thnh hay lm chm
hot ng chung ca h thng.

5.3.2 Random Access-Based Protocols:

Giao thc lp MAC truy cp ngu nhin c bit n nh l cc giao thc da trn s tranh
chp, khng i hi s phi hp gia cc node ang truy cp knh truyn. Cc node ng ngng
mt khong thi gian trc khi th truy cp tr li knh truyn. Tuy nhin, cc giao thc ny khng
thch hp vi mi trng mng WSNs. S m rng cc giao thc ny vi kh nng trnh ng v
request-to-send (RTS), clear-to-send (CTS) ci thin tin cy. Tuy nhin,hiu qu s dng nng
lng ca cc giao thc loi ny vn thp do ng , lng nghe trng thi ngh, overhearing,
overhead qu di. Nhiu c gng trong thit k giao thc MAC truy xut ngu nhin tp trung gim
tiu hao nng lng ko di thi gian sng cho mng.
Giao thc a truy cp vi bo hiu (PAMAS) trnh overhearing bng cch dng knh bo hiu
ring bit. Giao thc kt hp dng m bo bn (busy tone) vi cc gi RTS v CTS cho php cc
node khng hot ng tt cc b thu pht v tuyn. Tuy nhin, giao thc khng cung cp cc k thut
gim hao ph nng lng gy ra bi lng nghe ch ngh.
Giao thc qun l nng lng v cu hnh ri rc (STEM) c hiu sut nng lng cao hn. Giao
thc ny dng 2 knh: mt knh cho d liu v mt knh cho wake-up (nh thc). Mt node s tt
knh truyn v tuyn ca n nu nh khng c nhu cu lin lc vi cc node khc. Khi node c d
liu pht, n bt u pht knh nh thc. Knh bo hiu wake-up hot ng nh m tn hiu
nh s. Vic truyn tn hiu ny phi lu tt c cc node ln cn u c nh s. Khi mt
node c nh thc, n chuyn sang ch hot ng. Node nhn cc gi v x l sau tr li
ch ng. Giao thc STEM c th c dng lin kt vi cc giao thc lp MAC da trn lp
trnh sn. Tuy nhin, giao thc ny ch hiu qu trong mi trng mng m cc s kin xy ra khng
thng xuyn. Nu cc s kin din ra thng xuyn, nng lng tiu ph cho cc tn hiu nh thc
s tng ng k.
Mt dng ca giao thc da trn s tranh chp xut pht t chun IEEE 802.11 ngn overhearing
dng cc gi RTS v CTS. im chung ca cc giao thc ny l dng gi RTS v CTS trao i gia
hai node tranh chp bt mt node phi chuyn sang ch ngh. Nhng gii thut ny cn da vo
lch ng b gia cc node gn nhau trnh lng nghe trng thi ri. Chng khc nhau cch to
chu k nhim v ngn v cch t c hiu sut cao, c bit khi chiu di cc gi d liu gn bng
chiu di cc gi RTS v CTS. Cc giao thc cn khc nhau v k thut gim thi gian tr gi.
Chng cn khc nhau v mc v s cng bng gia cc node trong mng.

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Timeout-MAC (T-MAC) l mt giao thc da trn tranh chp, c thit k cho cc ng dng tc
b thng tin thp v nhy thp vi tr gi. trnh xung t v to s tin cy, cc node T-MAC
dng cc gi RTS. CTS v ACK thng tin vi mi node khc. Hn na, giao thc dng chu k
nhim v thch nghi gim nng lng tiu th v thch ng vi s thay i lu lng ti. tng
c bn ca giao thc T-MAC l gim thi gian lng nghe bng cch pht tng chm thng ip chiu
di c th thay i. Cc node c php ng gia cc chm thng ip. Hn na, giao thc t ng
xc nh chiu di ti u cho thi gian tch cc, da vo ti hin thi. V thng ip gia cc ln tch
cc phi c a vo b m, dung lng b m xc nh gii hn trn cho thi gian frame ln
nht.
Trong giao thc T-MAC, cc node lun phin gia ch ng v ch tch cc. Mi node tch
cc theo chu k lin lc vi cc node ln cn n. Mt node lng nghe v c th pht d liu nu n
trong ch tch cc. Ch tch cc kt thc khi khng c s kin tch cc no xy ra sau mt
khong thi gian xc nh. Cc s kin tch cc gm lng nghe trong khong thi gian nh trc,
thu nhn d liu qua knh v tuyn, cm nhn cc hot ng nh ng trn knh truyn, kt thc
truyn d liu gia cc node hay ACK, thng qua lng nghe cc gi RTS, CTS. Kt thc khong tch
cc, node chuyn sang ch ng.

5.4 Nghin cu trng hp SENSOR-MAC:

Giao thc sensor-MAC (S-MAC) c thit k gim hao ph nng lng do ng , lng
nghe, overhead iu khin, v overhearing. Mc tiu l tng hiu sut nng lng trong khi vn t
c s n nh v kh nng m rng.

5.4.1 Tng qut:

Thit k giao thc p ng cho s lng ln node, kh nng lu tr lin lc v x l hn ch.
Cc node sp xp thnh m hnh mng ad hoc (c gii thiu chng u), t cu hnh, t
qun l. D liu pht ra bi cc cm bin c x l di dng lu tr v gi i. Mng chuyn
i lun phin gia khong thi gian ri khng c s kin g xy ra, v khong tch cc khi c
lung d liu qua knh truyn. Hn na , cc ng dng c th phi chu tng thi gian tr do s
m rng thi gian sng ca mng. ng dng thng thuc cc dng gim st, the di mi trng
t nhin v bo v cc cng trnh trng yu.
S-MAC to chu k nhim v thp trn cc node qua mng a ng, tit kim nng lng
ng k. Trong sut khong thi gian khng c s kin g xy ra, node S-MAC theo chu k s
lun phin gia ch lng nghe v ng. Mi node ng v thc dy sau nhng khong thi gian
t trc, trong khi tt ch thu pht radio. Khi ht thi gian ny, node chuyn sang ch tch
cc. gim overhead iu khin m vn m bo c tr gi thp, giao thc dng ch
ng c phi hp gia cc node ln cn. Vic ng theo chu k gip tit kim nng lng thiu th.
Tm quan trng ca tr gi ph thuc nhiu vo i hi cu ng dng. S-MAC tp trung vo cc
ng dng chu tr c vi giy. Tuy nhin, khi node theo lch trnh b hn ch, tr c th rt
ng k. S-MAC dng k thut lng nghe thch ng (adaptive listening).
Do c im ca cc ng dng, ti mi thi im nht nh mt node cm bin c th c
lng ln thng tin cn trao i vi cc node xung quanh n. p ng cc yu cu ny trong
khi phi gim overhead, S-MAC hi sinh s cng bng truy cp knh truyn, mt node c php
gi mt thng ip di di dng chm. K thut ny ci thin iu khin overhead v trnh
overhearing.

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5.4.2 Lng nghe v ngh theo chu k (Listen and Sleep):

Mt trong cc tiu ch khi thit kt S-MAC l gim nng lng tiu th do lng nghe, phng
php thng dng l xy dng chu k lm vic ngn cho cc node. Theo chu k, cc node chuyn
sang trng thi ng, tt cc b thu pht v tuyn. Node chuyn sang tch cc khi c lu lng qua
mng. Hnh 5.8 m t chu k lm vic ca node vi thi gian lng nghe v thi gian ng to
thnh khung (frame). Da trn s ny, mi node t timer cho wake-up v vo ch ng
trong khong thi gian nht nh. Khi ht timer, node thc dy v lng nghe xc nh xem c
nhu cu thng tin vi cc node khc hay khng.
Mc d chiu di khong lng nghe c th c chn ty mi node cm bin, nhng n
gin gi tr nn tng t tt c cc node.

Hnh 5.8: Khung thi gian hot ng ca node.

Vic lp khong thi gian lng nghe v ng ca cc node ln cn phi c phi hp gim
overhead iu khin. Khc vi cc giao thc khc, s phi hp c c thng qua node master
nh l cluster head iu hnh qu trnh hot ng trong cluster. S-MAC node to ra cc cluster
o, lin lc trc tip vi cc node xung quanh trao i v ng b lch trnh listen & sleep.

5.4.3 S phi hp v la chn lch lm vic:

Cc node ln cn phi hp lch trnh lng nghe v ng tt c cc node cng lng nghe v
cng ng cng thi im. phi hp lch lm vic ca mnh, mi node chn thi gian biu v
trao i vi cc node xung quanh trong sut qu trnh ng b. Mi node xy dng bng thi
gian, bao gm lch lm vic ca tt c cc node ln cn m n bit.
chn c lch trnh, u tin node lng nghe knh truyn trong khong thi gian c nh,
t nht cng bng thi gian ng b. Khi ht thi gian ny, nu node khng nghe thy bng thi
gian t bt k node no, node s chn lch lm vic ca n lp ra. Node thng bo lch ny n tt
c node xung quanh bng cch pht qung b gi SYNC. Nhng trc , node cm nhn sng
mang gim nguy c ng cc gi SYNC. Nu trong sut thi gian ng b node nhn c
lch lm vic t node no trc khi chn v thng bo lch ca mnh, node s t lch ging
nh lch n nhn c. Node ch n khong thi gian ng b k tip thng bo lch cho cc
node xung quanh.


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Hnh 5.9 : S ng b v la chn lch trnh ca node bin

Mt node c th nhn mt bng thi gian khc sau khi n chn v thng bo lch ca chnh n.
iu ny s xy ra nu gi SYNC b sai do ng hay can nhiu knh truyn. Nu node khng
c node xung quanh, node s b lch ca mnh v thch ng vi lch th node khc. Mt khc, nu
node c nhm node ln cn ng b lch vi n nhng vn nhn c lch mi t node khc
cha ng b th node s thch ng vi c hai lch. Khi node cn c nh thc ph hp vi
c hai lch lm vic trn. Li ch ca phng php to lch lm vic a sng mang l cc node
bin ch cn pht mt gi ng b SYNC. Nhng bt li ca phng php ny l cc node bin
tiu th nhiu nng lng hn, bi v chng ch ng t hn.
Cc node ln cn c th khng pht hin c cc node khc, v tr hay mt gi SYNC. gii
quyt nhc im ny, S-MAC node yu cu thc thi vic pht hin node thng xuyn, theo chu
k mt node lng nghe trong khong thi gian ng b. Cc node khng c bt k node ln cn
no phi thc hin pht hin node xung quanh thng xuyn hn.

5.4.4 ng b khung thi gian:

Cc node gn nhau cn ng b lch lm vic theo chu k ngn lch nhp. Cp nht lch
trnh c thc hin bng cch gi gi SYNC. mt node nhn c gi SYNC v cc gi d
liu, khong thi gian lng nghe c chia lm 2 khong nh. Hnh 5.10 minh ha 3 trng hp.
Trong trng hp th nht, node ch gi mt gi SYNC, trng hp th hai node ch gi gi d
liu , trng hp th ba node gi c gi SYNC v gi d liu.

Trong khong thi gian cc node ng truy cp knh truyn, nhng khong ph ny c
iu chnh s dng ca s ng nhiu khe. Khong ph u tin truyn gi SYNC, khong
ph th hai truyn gi d liu. Trong c 2 khong ny, trm ng s ngu nhin chn mt khe
thi gian, cm bin sng mang v bt u gi gi nu n pht hin knh truyn ri. Dng phng
php bt tay RTS/CTS m bo c duy nht mt truy cp c thc hin ti thi im . Th
tc ny m bo thit b nhn c gi ng b v d liu.


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Hnh 5.10: ng b gia my thu v my pht.

5.4.5 Lng nghe thch ng:

M hnh listen & sleep theo chu k c th lm tng tr do cc node phi lu tr v chuyn
thng ip gia cc node mng. Nu cc node theo lch trnh lp ra mt cch khc khe, cc gi
d liu c th b tr ti mi ng. ch ra nhc im ny v ci thin c tnh tr, giao thc
dng k thut gi l lng nghe thch ng (adaptive listening).
Mt node ang trong ch lng nghe, s trao i gi RTS hay CTS gia cc node ln cn v
cc node khc; gi s node ang lng nghe c th l bc k tip trn ng nh tuyn ca gi
RTS/CTS (node ny c th c chn), node s ko di thi gian lng nghe trnh nguy c gy
c tr gi d liu nu n c chn. Node ny xc nh thi gian cn thit hon thnh qu
trnh truyn gi t trng thi gian trong gi RTS/CTS m n bt c. Ngay khi nhn c d
liu, node trc pht ra gi RTS bt u th tc bt tay RTS/CTS vi node ang lng nghe.
Nu node lng nghe khng nhn c gi RTS trong qu trnh lng nghe thch ng, n tr li
trng thi ng.
K thut ny gim s tr gi bng cch ko di thi gian lng nghe ca node nu nh node c
kh nng c chn lm node k tip trn ng i ca gi t ngun n ch.

5.4.6 iu khin truy cp v trao i d liu:

iu tit truy cp knh truyn cho nhiu node cm bin ang tranh chp, S-MAC dng th
tc da trn CSMA/CA, gm cm bin sng mang vt l v cm bin sng mang o kt hp dng
nghi thc bt tay RTS/CTS gim vn node n-node hin ( nu ra phn giao thc chung
mc 5.2.2). Cm bin sng mang o dng vector phn phi mng NAV (Network Allocation
Vector), l mt bin c gi tr l thi gian cn li cho n khi kt thc truyn gi d liu hin ti.
u tin, gi tr NAV c t bng gi tr trong trng thi gian ca gi c pht. Sau gi
tr ny gim dn v n zero. Cm bin sng mang vt l lng nghe knh truyn pht hin qu
trnh truyn d. Cm bin sng mang ngu nhin trong ca s tranh chp trnh xung t. Mt
node c php pht d liu nu c cm bin sng mang o v vt l u cho thy knh truyn
rnh.

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thc thi cm bin sng mang o hiu qu, cc node cn phi lng nghe tt c cc qu trnh
truyn d liu t cc node xung quanh, k c gi d liu khng gi cho n. Vic nghe ln v
nhn cc gi khng phi gi cho mnh dn n tiu hao nng lng ng k. trnh tnh trng
ny, S-MAC cho php cc node chuyn sang ch ng sau khi chng nghe thy cc gi RTS
hay CTS gia hai node khc. Trong gi RTS/CTS c cha thi gian qui nh ti a cho truyn gi
d liu cn truyn ngay sau ty theo di gi d liu. Node khi to bin NAV bng gi tr
trong trng thi gian ca cc gi RTS/CTS v sang ch ng cho n khi gi tr NAV gim
n 0. V thi gian gi d liu thng di hn gi RTS/CTS nn th tc trnh nghe ln c th tit
kim ng k nng lng tiu tn cho hot ng ny.

Hnh 5.11: M hnh trnh ng trong S-MAC

Mt node mun pht mt gi d liu trc tin phi cm nhn knh truyn. Nu knh truyn
bn, node sang trnh thi ng v thc dy khi knh truyn tr nn rnh. Nu knh truyn rnh,
node pht i gi RTS v ch nhn gi CTS t my thu. Khi nhn c gi CTS, node gi gi d
liu ca n. Qu trnh truyn gi hon tt khi node nhn c gi xc nhn ng ACK t pha
thu. Sau node sang trng thi ng cho n khi c nhu cu trao i cc gi d liu k tip.

5.4.7 Chuyn thng ip:

S-MAC a kha khi nim v chuyn thng ip (message passing), thng ip l d liu c
ngha m node phi x l. Thng ip c chia thnh nhiu phn nh. Nhng phn ny c
pht i thnh tng chm n. Cc mu thng ip c pht ch dng mt gi RTS v CTS trao
i gia node pht v node thu. Khi hon tt g RTS/CTS, node dnh thi gian cn thit
hon thnh qu trnh truyn thng ip km cc gi xc nhn ACK da vo thi gian trong
trng thi gian ca gi RTS hay CTS.


64

Hnh 5.12: Qu trnh truyn thng ip trong S-MAC

Sau khi pht xong mt mu, thit b pht ch nhn gi xc nhn ng ACK t thit b nhn.
Nu n nhn c gi ACK, node pht tip tc cc mu tip theo. Tuy nhin, nu khng nhn
c ACK node tng thi gian yu cu hon thnh qu trnh truyn thng ip truyn li
mu v ch nhn ACK tng ng. Cc node khc da vo thng tin trong gi RTS hay CTS
nh thi gian cm bin sng mang o v chuyn sang ch ng cho n khi ht thi gian
truyn thng ip. S-MAC c kh nng tit kim ng k nng lng hao ph. Thch hp cho cc
ng dng m s cng bng khng phi l tiu ch thit k quan trng v tng tr gi c th
chp nhn c.

5.5 Chun IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPANs:

Tiu chun IEEE 802.15.4 b sung vo h tiu chun mng khng dy IEEE 802. IEEE 802.15.4
cung cp cc chc nng dung ha gia tc cao v cu trc mng p ng yu cu cng sut tiu
th v gi thnh thp.
Tiu chun IEEE 802.15.4 c thng qua bi t chc ZigBee Alliance cho k thut mng khng
dy c nhn. Alliance l mt t chc gm hng trm thnh vin t khp ni trn th gii, lm vic
cng nhau to nn cc thit b mng khng dy c tin cy cao v gi thnh thp phc v cho
cc ng dng gim st v iu khin, da trn mt tiu chun m ton cu.
Hnh 5.13(a) m t mi quan h chun IEEE 802.15.4 v ZigBee Alliance trong cc lp kin trc
mng khng dy ZigBee. Nhng lp ny to nn cc im ni bc ca ZigBee nh gi thnh thp,
tiu th cng sut thp, tin cy trong truyn d liu, v d dng lp t. Dng cc thng s ca IEEE
802.15.4, ZigBee tp trung vo thit k lin quan n lp mng, bo mt v lp ng dng; cung cp
cc thng s cho kh nng tng thch.Hnh 5.13(b) ch ra m hnh tham kho ZigBee vi cc chc
nng c bn ca mi lp.

65

Hnh 5.13: (a) M hnh tham kho IEEE 802.15.4 v ZigBee; (b) M hnh tham kho ngn xp ZigBee.

Lp vt l (PHY) trong m hnh tham kho phn bit cc thnh phn giao din mng, cc
thng s, v hot ng ca chng. Hn na lp vt l cn cung cp hot ng cho lp MAC
nh pht hin nng lng thit b nhn (RED), nh gi cht lng lin kt (LQI), v c
nh knh truyn trng (CCA). Lp PHY cn phn bit dy rng cc c im hot ng cng
sut thp gm chu k nhim v thp, qun l cng sut v overhead truyn thp

66
Lp MAC iu khin mng lin kt v khng lin kt, iu tit truy cp mi trng. Thng
qua 2 ch hot ng: beaconing v nonbeaconing (c mc bo hiu v khng c mc bo
hiu). Ch beaconing c dng mi trng m vic iu khin v truyn d liu c
thc thi bi mt thit b lun lun ch tch cc. Ch nonbeaconing dng giao thc
CSMA khng phn khe thi gian (unslotted), khng kin tr (monpersistent).
Lp mng cung cp cc chc nng i hi s nh hnh mng v pht hin thit b, lin kt
hay phn chia, qun l cu hnh, qun l lp MAC, nh tuyn, v an ninh. Ba cu hnh mng
: star (hnh sao), mesh (mc li) v cluster tree (hnh cy).
Lp bo mt gm cc dch v bo mt c bn theo m hnh bo mt IEEE 802.15.4, m bo
s an ton d liu v h tng mng. Loi u tin l m hnh bo mt IEEE 802.15.4 iu
khin truy cp. Loi th hai l bo v s nguyn vn ca thng ip trnh lm sai lch d liu
t tc ng ch th bn ngoi. Loi th ba m bo d liu mang y cc thng tin b mt,
ngn cn s truy cp tri php.
Lp ng dng gm lp ph (APS), i tng thit b ZigBee (ZDO) va i tng ng dng
nh ngha bi cc nh sn xut .

Qua m hnh tham kho ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4, chng ta c ci nhn s lc v chc nng,
nhim v c bn ca cc lp.

5.5.1 Lp vt l (PHY):

Theo IEEE 802.15.4, ng truyn khng dy c th hot ng 3 khong tn s khng chnh
thc sau: 858 MHz, 902-928 MHz, v 2.4 GHz. Da trn cc di tn , tiu chun IEEE
802.15.4 nh ngha 3 dng lp vt l:
Tri ph chui trc tip dng BPSK hot ng ti di tn 868 MHz, tc d liu
20kbps.
Tri ph chui trc tip dng BPSK hot ng ti di tn 915 MHz, tc d liu
40kbps.
Tri ph chui trc tip dng O-QPSK hot ng ti di tn 2.4 GHz, tc d liu
140kbps.


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Hnh 5.14: Bng tn hot ng lp PHY IEEE 802.15.4

Tn s trung tm
(MHz)
S lng knh (N) Knh Tn s knh trung tm
(MHz)
868 1 0 868.3
915 10 1-10 906+2(k-1)
2450 16 11-26 2405+5(k-11)
Bng 5.1: Knh truyn v tn s

Bng tn hot ng ca lp PHY nh trn hnh 5.14. M tri ph ti di tn 868- v 915-MHz
thng dng l chui 15-chip, dng iu ch BPSK vi gin iu ch m ha vi sai. Tc d
liu ti 868 MHz l 20kbps trong khi ti 915 MHz l 40kbps. Tc chip tng ng l
300kilochips/sec ti 868 MHz v 600kilochips/sec ti 915 MHz.
iu ch d liu lp PHY ti di tn 2.4 GHz l iu ch trc giao 16-ary (M=16). 16 k t l
chui trc giao ca code chui gi nhin 32-chip. Tc d liu l 250kbps (4bits/symbol, 62.5
kilosymbols/sec). Dng iu ch O-QPSK na dng xung, tng ng vi minimum shift
keying (MSK). Do tc chip l 2.0 megachips/sec.

PHY
(MHz)
Bng tn
(MHz)
Tc chip
(kchips/s)
iu ch Tc
bit
(kb/s)
Tc
k t
(ksymbol/s)
K t
868 868-868.6 300 BPSK 20 20 Nh phn
915 902-928 600 BPSK 40 40 Nh phn
2450 2400-2486.5 2000 O-QPSK 250 62.5 H 16
Bng 5.2: Bng tn v tc d liu.

Cu trc khung d liu ca lp vt l IEEE 802.15.4 c miu t hnh 5.15. Trng u
tin ca khung gm 32 bit preamble dng cho ng b k t. Trng tip theo c chiu di 1 byte
bt u ca phn cch gi. Trng 8 bit k tip xc nh chiu di n v d liu lp PHY
(PSDU). Trng PSDU c th mang ti a 127 byte d liu.

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Hnh 5.15: Cu trc khung lp vt l theo chun IEEE 802.15.4

5.5.2 Lp MAC:

Cc thng s lp MAC theo chun IEEE 802.15.4 c thit k p ng cho s lng ln cc
ng dng gim st v iu khin trong nh v trong cng nghip. Cc ng dng ny yu cu tc
d liu thp v tr va phi. Cc thng s MAC-layer IEEE 802.15.4 c nhiu im p
ng cho yu cu v kh nng phn b mng mt cch mm do v cng sut thp. Mt s c
im nh sau:
Cung cp thit b mng v cu hnh mng a dng.
Cu trc siu khung thay i c ph hp cho iu khin chu k nhim v cc thit b
mng.
Truyn d liu trc tip hoc gin tip.
Giao thc iu khin truy cp mi trng da trn lp lch v ng .
Ch hot ng c mc bo hiu v khng c mc bo hiu (Beaconed and
nonbeaconed modes).
Qun l hiu qu nng lng ko di thi gian dng ca pin.
D dng trin khai mng c ln.

Cc dng thit b v cu hnh mng
Tiu chun IEEE 802.15.4 phn bit cc thit b da trn kh nng v phc tp v phn
cng thit b. Chun ny nh ngha 2 dng thit b vt l : thit b chc nng y (full-
function device_FFD) v thit b chc nng hn ch (reduced-function device_RFD). Mt FFD
c trang b ngun cung cp v dung lng b nh cho tt c chc nng x l trong mng.
FFD c th thng tin vi mi thit b khc trong cng mng vi n v cn c kh nng giao tip
vi thit b thuc mng khc. Mt RFD l thit b n gin mang cc chc nng hn ch hn so
vi FFD. RFD ch bao gm giao din vt l p ng tiu chun lp MAC IEEE 802.15.4 vi kh
nng x l hn ch, mc cng sut tiu th thp v t phc tp hn FFD. Mt FFD c th lm
vic vi nhiu RFD hay nhiu FFD, trong khi mt RFD ch c th lm vic vi mt FFD.
Bng 5.3 minh ha chi tit cc chc nng ca 2 dng thit b ny.


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Dng thit b logic
Dng thit b vt l B iu phi mng B nh tuyn Thit b u cui
FFD C C C
RFD Khng Khng C
Bng 5.3: Cc dng thit b trong mng ZigBee

C ba nhm thit b logic (theo chc nng):

1. B iu phi mng (Coordinator):
Mt thit b FFD chu trch nhim xy dng v iu hnh mng ng vai tr b iu phi
mng. B iu phi c chc nng chn ra cc thng s cho vic cu hnh mng v lu tr cc
thng tin v hot ng ca mng.

2. B nh tuyn (Router):
Mt thit b FFD c chc nng nh tuyn cho d liu, hot ng nh mt thit b trung gian
lin kt cc thnh phn khc ca mng v truyn thng ip gia cc thit b cch xa nhau.
Mt router c th thng tin vi mt router khc hay thit b u cui.

3. Thit b u cui:
Mt thit b RFD ch c chc nng thng tin vi node cp trn ca n (parent node) nh b
iu phi mng hay b nh tuyn. Mt thit b u cui khng c kh nng chuyn tip thng
ip n cc cc thit b u cui khc.

Da trn cc dng thit b logic, IEEE a ra mt s cu trc lin kt mng cho cng ngh
ZigBee. Cc node trong mt mng ZigBee c th lin kt vi nhau theo cu trc mng hnh sao
(star), cu trc mng hnh li (mesh), hay cu trc mng b cm hnh cy (cluster tree). Hnh
5.16 minh ha ba loi cu hnh mng ZigBee.

o Cu trc hnh sao:
Dng mt b iu phi mng ( l mt thit b FFD). Ch c mt thit b FFD ng vai
tr b iu phi, tt c cc thit b FFD cn li v RFD u c th kt ni vi b iu
phi mng. B coordinator s khi to va xy dng cc thit b u cui trong mng.
Mi mng hnh sao u phi c ch s nhn dng (ID) ring ca mnh, n cho php mng
ny c th hot ng c lp, c th ln n 65,536 thit b.

o Cu trc hnh mt li:
Cu trc mt li cho php to ng i t mi thit b ngun n mi thit b ch.
Cu trc mng ny cng c duy nht mt b iu phi mng. Cc b thu radio ca b
iu phi v cc b nh tuyn phi lun lun ch hot ng.

o Cu trc hnh cy:
Cu trc ny l mt dng c bit ca cu trc mt li, trong a s thit b l
FFDv mt RFD c th kt ni vo mng hnh cy nh mt nt ri rc im cui ca
nhnh cy. Bt k mt FFD no cng c th hot ng nh l mt coordinator v cung
cp tn hiu ng b cho cc thit b v cc coordinator khc v th m cu trc mng
kiu ny c qui m ph sng v kh nng m rng cao.Trong loi cu hnh ny mc d

70
c th c nhiu coordinator nhng ch c duy nht mt b iu phi mng PAN (PAN
coordinator).

Hnh 5.16: Cu trc lin kt mng.

B iu phi mng PAN coordinator ny to ra nhm u tin cch t bu ra ngi
lnh o cho mng ca mnh, v gn cho ngi lnh o mt ch s nhn dng c
nhn c bit gi l l CID-0 bng cch t thnh lp CLH (cluster head) bng CID-0
(cluster identifier), n chn mt PAN identifier ri v pht khung tin qung b nhn dng
ti cc thit b ln cn. Thit b no nhn c khung tin ny c th yu cu kt ni vo
mng vi CLH. Nu b iu phi mng PAN (PAN coordinator) ng cho thit b
kt ni th n s ghi tn thit b vo danh sch. C th thit b mi kt ni ny li tr
thnh CLH ca nhnh cy mi v bt u pht qung b nh k cc thit b khc c
th kt ni vo mng.

Cu trc siu khung
Tiu chun IEEE 802.15.4 nh ngha mt cu trc siu khung theo nhu cu. nh dng ca siu
khung do PAN coordinator qui nh. Hnh 5.17(a), siu khung bt u bng beacon (mc bo
hiu) v c chia thnh 16 khe nh nhau. Khe thi gian u tin ca siu khung dng pht
beacon. Mc ch chnh ca beacon l ng b cc thit b tham gia vo mng, xc nhn
PAN, m t cu trc siu khung. Cc khe cn li c dng bi cc thit b tranh chp thng
tin trong thi gian tranh chp truy cp (Contention Access Period_CAP). Cc thit b dng giao
thc CSMA/CA phn khe thi gian tranh chp truy cp vi cc thit b khc. Vic thng tin
gia cc thit b phi hon tt trc khi kt thc CAP ca siu khung hin ti v bt u pht
mc Beacon ca siu khung k tip.
p ng yu cu v tr v bng thng ca ng dng.PAN coordinator a ra nhm khe
tch cc cho cc ng dng. Cc khe ny c gi l khe thi gian m bo (Guaranteed Time

71
Slots_GTSs). S GTS khng vt qu 7. Tuy nhin mt khe GTS c th ko di hn mt khe
thi gian trong siu khung trong vng tranh chp t do (Contention Free Period_CFP). Nh trn
hnh 5.17(b) CFP lun xut hin ngay sau CAP v trc khi kt thc siu khung. Cc khe CAP
dnh cho tranh chp truy cp gia cc thit b mng v cc thit b mi mun tham gia vo
mng. Tt c vic thng tin dng tranh chp truy cp hay tranh chp t do phi hon tt trc
khi kt thc khong thi gian tng ng CAP v CFP trong siu khung.
Cc thit b mng cn phn chia GTS, s gi yu cu trong khong thi gian CAP c mt
s khe thi gian mong mun. Cc khe c yu cu c th l dng cho mc ch thu hoc pht.
Cc khe thu c dng cc thit b ly d liu v t b coordinator, cn khe pht dng gi
d liu ln cho coordinator. Cc thit b khng c d liu trao i vi PAN coordinator c th
chuyn sang ch ng tit kim nng lng.
gim cng sut tiu th, b coordinator c th chia siu khung thnh khong thi gian tch
cc v thi gian ngh nh trn hnh 5.17(c). Khong thi gian tch cc gm 16 khe thi gian
cha Beacon, CAP v CFP. Khong thi gian ngh tt c cc thit b gm c PAN coordinator c
th i vo ch ng v t thi gian timer wake-up bt u siu khung mi.
Ty theo yu cu ng dng, chiu di khong tch cc v khong ngh, chiu di khe thi
gian v s GTSs c chn ph hp hot ng ca mng.


72

Hnh 5.17: (a)Cu trc siu khung; (b)Khung m bo QoS; (c)Siu khung tit kim nng lng.

Cc dng khung
Tiu chun IEEE 802.15.4 qui nh khung MAC gm 3 thnh phn : MAC header, MAC
payload, v MAC footer.Minh ha khung nh trn hnh 5.18. MAC header gm trng iu
khin frame v trng a ch. Trng iu khin mang thng tin v dng frame v cc thng
tin khc cn thit cho iu khin mng. a ch chia ra m s xc nhn PAN, a ch node
ngun, node ch. MAC payload cha d liu cn trao i gia cc thit b. MAC footer cha
trng kim tra frame dng pht hin li frame.

73


74

Hnh 5.18: (a) nh dng khung tng qut; (b) Khung Beacon;
(c) Khung d liu v xc nhn ACK; (d) Khung lnh MAC.

75
IEEE 802.15.4 nh ngha 4 dng khung c bn : khung beacon, khung d liu, khung xc nhn
ACK v khung lnh MAC.

Khung beacon : c b iu phi mng pht theo chu k xc nhn mng v cu trc
mng, nh thc cc thit b t trng thi ng v ng b hot ng mng. Khung
beacon rt quan trng trong cu hnh mng mt li v cy hnh cy. Chng gia cho tt
c cc node mng ng b m khng cn cc node cc node phi hot ng ch tch
cc trong thi gian di. (Hnh 5.18(b))

Khung d liu: c th di ti 104 octets (1octet = 1byte). Mi khung d liu mang mt
chui s xc nhn khung. Chui s m bo tt c cc khung c m v nhn hp l.
Trng FCS dng pht hin li khung. (Hnh 5.18(c))

Khung xc nhn ng ACK: thit b thu gi khung ACK tng ng cho pha pht
thng bo khung d liu nhn c l hp l v khng c li.

Khung lnh MAC: c dng thng bo v thng tin. Phc v mc ch qun l
mng tp trung iu khin v cu hnh thit b t xa. Nhm lnh bao gm phi hp
thit b, yu cu d liu, thng bo PAN ID, yu cu beacon, GTS, t chc li
coordinator. (Hnh 5.18(d))

Khi nhn c mt frame, node phi x l frame nhn c. cung cp thi gian cho
lp MAC x l frame, IEEE 802.15.4 yu cu cn c mt khong thi gian trng gia 2 frame
(interframe spacing_IFS). Khong thi gian IFS ph thuc vo qui c c gi xc nhn ng
hay khng.
Nu cn c gi xc nhn ng, IFS ngay sau gi ACK. Chiu di khung ti a gi l
aMaxSIFSFrameSize, khong thi gian trng cn thit gi l long IFS (LIFS). Khong LIFS ti
thiu l aMaxLIFSPeriod, thng di khong 40 k t . Nu khung cha t n chiu di
ngng aMaxSIFSFramesSize th thi gian trng cn thit gi l short IFS (SIFS). Khong SIFS
ti thiu l aMinSIFSPeriod, thng di khong 12 k t.

Hnh 5.19: Khong trng lin khung.

Vi qui c truyn khng c xc nhn, khong IFS theo ngay sau gi d liu. Ph thuc vo
kch thc gi m dng LIFS hay SIFS. Theo qui c aTurnaroundTime

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t
ack
(aTurnaroundTime + aUnitBackoffPeriod). aTurnaroundTime thng di khong 12 k
t, aUnitBackoffPeriod khong 20 k t.

Cc ch hot ng

Chun IEEE 802.15.4 nh ngha 3 dng d liu: periodic data (d liu theo chu k), intermittent
data (d liu gin on), v repetitive low-latency data (d liu lp li c tr thp). Periodic
data trong cc ng dng cm bin khng dy, cc cm bin thay i ln lt gia hai ch tch
cc hoc ngh. Intermittent data c to ra bi mt kch thch bn ngoi. Repetitive low-latency
data dng trong cc ng dng quan trng nh h thng gim st an ninh. Dng ny i hi s
phn chia khe thi gian m bo truy cp knh truyn vi tr cho php. thch ng vi 3
dng d liu ny, IEEE 802.15.4 phn ra hai ch hot ng : beaconed (c mc bo hiu) v
beaconless (khng c mc bo hiu).

A. Ch hot ng c beacon (Beacon Mode Operation):

Ch beacon cho php m rng mng trong cc cu hnh mesh hay cluster tree ng b
hot ng v phi hp b iu phi vi cc thit b khc. iu tit truy cp knh truyn, b
iu phi dng cu trc siu khung nh cp mc trc. Siu khung c chia thnh
16 khe nh nhau. Khe u tin dnh pht beacon. Thit b mng c th tranh chp truy cp
trong khong CAP dng k thut CSMA/CA chia khe thi gian. i vi cc ng dng i hi
tr thp c th phi yu cu PAN coordinator cp khe GTS trong khong tranh chp t do
(CFP). S phn chia GTSs c thc hin trc khi bt u CAP, cc hot ng da trn
GTS din ra trong cc khe thi c phn v hon tt trc khi kt thc CFP.

A.1 S phn chia GTS (GTS Allocation):

c cp GTS, thit b phi gi yu cu cho b iu phi mng. Yu cu xc nh r
dng, thu, pht v s khe k tip mong mun. Mt khe pht c dng khi thit b cn gi
d liu n b iu phi. Ngc li mt khe nhn dng khi thit b nhn d liu t
coordinator. Ngay khi nhn c yu cu xin cp GTS, coordinator gi ngay khung xc
nhn nhng cha c thng tin g v vic c cp GTS hay khng. Khi nhn c khung
ny, thit b khi to timer vi gi tr gi l GTSDescPersistenceTime v gim st vic
qu trnh pht cc beacon xy ra tip sau . C 3 trng hp c th xy ra:

Trng hp 1:
B iu phi p ng yu cu cp GTS cho thit b trong khong thi gian timer
GTSDescPersistenceTime v a phn m t GTS vo beacon k tip. M t GTS gm
a ch ca thit b yu cu, s GTS c cp v v tr trong CFP. Cc khe ny phn cho
thit b v c dng cho n khi thit b t b i hay b coordinator thu hi.
Thit b c th yu cu cp li cc khe GTS bng cch gi khung iu khin.
Coordinator c th thu hi li GTS cp nu n thy cc khe ny khng c dng ng
nh yu cu.


77
Trng hp 2:
Khi khng c khe p ng yu cu ca thit b, b coordinator pht ra bng m t
GTS vi gi tr khng hp l, nhng ch r s lng khe c th cp. Ph thuc vo dng
d liu c trao i, thit b c th thng lng li yu cu ca n.

Trng hp 3:
Khi khong thi gian GTSDescPersistenceTime ht v b iu phi khng a bng m
t GTS thch hp vo beacon ca siu khung k tip. Khi thit b hiu l yu cu khng
c chp nhn.

Nu yu cu phn GTS c xc nhn, thit b dng cc khe ny lin lc. Trng hp l
khe pht, thit b thc dy trc khi bt u GTS c phn v dng khe pht d liu cho
coordinator. Trng hp l khe thu, thit b thc dy khi bt u khe GTS v nhn d liu t
coordinator. S truyn nhn d liu ch thc hin thnh cng khi thit b c khe thi gian trao
i hon tt d liu, gi xc nhn ng tng ng v khong thi gian trng lin khung. Nu s khe
thi gian c phn khng m bo yu cu trn th thit b phi gi d liu trong khong CAP ca
thi gian tch cc.

A.2 Truy cp knh truyn da trn tranh chp
(Contention-Based):

Thut ton truy nhp knh CSMA/CA c s dng trc khi pht d liu hoc trc khi
pht khung tin MAC trong phn CAP. Thut ton ny khng c s dng pht khung tin
thng bo Beacon, khung tin ACK, hoc l khung tin d liu trong phn CFP. Nu khung tin
bo hiu beacon c s dng th thut ton CSMA/CA phn khe thi gian c dng, ngc
li nu khng dng khung tin bo hiu beacon th thut ton CSMA/CA khng phn khe thi
gian c dng.
Giao thc truy cp CAP khng dng cc khe siu khung cho cc th tc back-off (thoi
lui) ca n, thay vo dng khong thi gian backoff ring lm nhanh hn qu trnh x
l tranh chp. Mt thit b mun pht gi d liu trong khong CAP ca siu khung n phi
thc hin th tc nh gi knh truyn trnh nh .
u tin thit b thc hin ng b vi beacon ca b iu phi mng. Sau thit b to
ra ba bin : NB, BE v CW. Bin NB (number of back-offs) m s ln m thut ton ny b
yu cu rt li trong khi ang c gng truyn. Gi tr ban u l 0 trc khi truyn. Bin BE
(back-off exponent) l mt thng s ring ca giao thc, gi tr u l macBinBE cho bit mt
thit b phi ch bao lu c th truy nhp vo mt knh. Bin CW (congestion window) l
di ca s tranh chp, cho bit khong thi gian lm sch knh truyn trc khi pht,
gi tr ban u thng l 2 trc khi nh gi knh truyn v quay tr li 2 khi knh truy cp
b bn. Gii thut Slotted CSMA/CA c thc hin nh trn hnh 5.20.
Trc khi pht mt gi mi, bin ca khong thi gian backoff ca mi thit b trong
mng phi c sp thng hng vi bin ca khe siu khung ca thit b iu phi mng.
Theo trnh t gii thut, u tin thit b gn gi tr u cho cc bin NB, CW,BE (bc 1).
Mi ln thit b mun truyn d liu n phi xc nh bin thi gian backoff k tip (bc 2).
Tip theo vit ra mt s integer i (ngu nhin) no , gi tr ny nm trong khong [0,2
BE
-1],

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ch trong i khong thi gian backoff ny (bc 3). Gi tr ny gip thit b c th tr li nh
gi trng thi knh

Hnh 5.20: Gii thut Slotted CSMA.

truyn sau thi gian ngu nhin khng nh trc. Khi ht khong th gian ny cc thit b thc
hin nh gi knh truyn (Clear channel assessment_CCA) ti bin ca khong backoff (bc
4). Nu knh truyn ri, thit b ang tranh chp gim bin CW i 1 (bc 5). Nu gi tr CW
vn ln hn khng, thit b thc hin bc 4 mt ln na. Nu knh truyn trng, thit b gim
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)

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gi tr bin CW, khi CW=0 cho bit knh truyn ri v qu trnh truyn gi bt u (bc 6).
Vic gn gi tr u cho CW l 2 kim tra trng thi knh truyn, nu 2 ln u ri th kt qu
chc chn hn.
Nu ln nh gi CCA th 2 cho thy knh truyn bn, thit b tng bin NB thm 1, CW tr
li gi tr u l 2. Tnh ton li BE mi vi BE = min(BE+1,aMaxBE) (bc 7). Nu NB cha
vt gi tr ngng MaxCSMABackoff th thc hin tr li bc 3. Nu NB vt qu gi tr
ngng MaxCSMABackoff th thit b b i frame v khng th truy nhp knh truyn ng
thi kt thc qu trnh nh gi knh truyn (bc 8). Thit b mun pht gi d liu phi ch
n ln sau v thc hin li gii thut slotted CSMA t u.
Thit b tranh chp cn phi xc nh knh truyn trng sau 2 ln (thng qua bin CW)
m bo hon tt vic nh gi knh truyn. Nhng nu v l do no , vic nh gi ny b sai
s dn n ng gia cc gi khi nhiu thit b cng s dng knh truyn.

B. Ch hot ng khng c beacon (Beaconless Mode Operation):

Trong thut ton CSMA/CA khng phn khe thi gian th khong thi gian backoff ca mt
thit b trong mng khng cn ng b vi khong thi gian backoff ca thit b khc. Trong ch
khng c beacon, b iu phi mng khng gi khung beacon cho cc thit b khc. Hn na,
ch ny khng cung cp cc khe thi gian m bo cho cc ng dng yu cu tr thp.
Thay vo cc thit b phi tranh chp truy cp knh truyn dng giao thc CSMA/CA khng
phn khe thi gian. Gii thut unslotted CSMA thc hin nh trn hnh 5.21.

Khi mt thit b mun pht d liu, u tin thit b to cc bin NB, BE v gn cc gi tr
u cho bin (bc 1). Sau ch trong mt khong thi gian ngu nhin (bc 2) trc khi
nh gi trng thi knh truyn (CCA) (bc 3). Nu knh truyn bn, thit b tng bin NB
thm 1 (bc 4) v kim tra NB t n ngng hay cha (bc 5). Nu gi tr NB vt qu
ngng, thit b ngng qu trnh truy nhp knh truyn v tr li thc hin giao thc Unslotted
CSMA/CA mt khong thi gian khc nu c nhu cu pht gi. Nu gi tr NB di mc
ngng, thit b tr li bc 2 cho n khi xc nh knh truyn rnh v truy nhp thnh cng
hoc knh truyn bn v gi tr NB vt ngng kt thc giao thc.


80

Hnh 5.21: Gii thut Unslotted CSMA.

Trong ch hot ng ny khng dng k thut ng b nh khung bo hiu beacon, thit
b khng phi xc nh bin thi gian backoff k tip nh trong ch slotted CSMA/CA. Thit
b s pht ngay gi d liu khi pht hin knh truyn rnh.

5.6 Kt lun:

Thit k giao thc lp MAC hiu qu rt quan trng i vi mng WSNs em li thnh cng
trong hot ng cho mng. Mt thit k hiu qu giao thc MAC-layer cho WSN phi m bo hiu
qu s dng nng lng ko di thi gian sng ca mng. Giao thc MAC-layer cn phi c kh
nng m rng ph hp vi kch thc mng, mt node v cu hnh mng. S cng bng gia cc
node, gim tr, lu lng cao v bng thng cng l thuc tnh quan trng trong thit k giao thc
lp MAC.

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

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Chng 6

CC GIAO THC NH TUYN

6.1 S phn phi v tp hp d liu:

Mng WSNs c kh nng ng dng rng ri trong gim st v iu khin nh hnh 6.1. Cc d
liu c thng tin gia cc trm trung tm v cc node phn b l mt kha cnh quan trng v c
bn ca WSN.

Hnh 6.1: Cc ng dng mng WSN.

Cch n gin thc hin lin lc l trao i trc tip t t cc node n base station. Tuy
nhin, lin kt da trn truyn mt chng (single-hop) gp vn suy gim nng lng nhanh chng
ca cc node nu cc node cch xa trm trung tm, do lm gii hn thi gian sng ca mng.
y l vn quan trng i vi cc mng cm bin khng dy c xy dng phn b trn phm vi
rng hay cc node di ng v c th di chuyn ra xa trm trung tm.

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gii quyt nhc im ny, d liu trao i gia cc cm bin v base station c truyn a
chng (multihop). Cc lin kt a chng c th ko di khong cch v a ra mt ng i linh hot
hn. Phng php ny tit kim hiu qu nng lng v gim ng k can nhiu gia cc node ang
tranh chp truy cp knh truyn, c bit trong nhng mng WSNs c mt cao. M hnh truyn d
liu c minh ha trn hnh 6.2. Gi yu cu c pht i, cc node p li bng gi tr li hoc
p ng cc s kin xy ra , d liu thu thp t cc node cm bin phi i qua nhiu chng n
trm trung tm.
Trong truyn multihop, cc node trung gian phi tham gia vo vic chuyn cc gi d liu gia
ngun v ch. Xc nh cc node trung gian cn phi i qua l nhim v ca gii thut nh tuyn.
nh tuyn trong mng c ln gp nhiu kh khn, thit k phi m bo s chnh xc, tnh n nh
v kh nng ti u. Cng vi cc c tnh ca mng WSN nh tit kim nng lng v bng thng
hn ch to ra nhiu thch thc cho gii thut nh tuyn tha mn yu cu lu lng v ko di
thi gian sng ca mng.

Hnh 6.2: Truyn d liu a chng.

6.2 Thit k v thch thc trong k thut nh tuyn WSN:

Mng WSNs c nhiu im chung vi mng c dy v mng ad hoc. Tuy nhin WSNs c mt s c
im ring, do i hi phi c thit k giao thc nh tuyn ring cho mng WSNs.

6.2.1 Kch thc mng v c tnh thay i theo thi gian:

Node cm bin hot ng vi kh nng tnh ton, lu tr v thng tin hn ch do gii hn ngun
nng lng cung cp ( cp chng 4). Mt cm bin c th rt t cng c th rt dy c.
Trong mng WSNs, node trng thi ng v kh nng thch ng cao do yu cu t phn b v tit
kim nng lng. Cc node phi iu chnh hot ng p ng vi s tht thng v khng th
on trc ca kt ni khng dy gy ra bi mc nhiu cao v can nhiu tn s v tuyn lm gim
cht lng ng dng.

83
6.2.2 Ti nguyn hn ch:

Cc node cm bin c thit k vi phc tp t nht v gi thnh thp p ng cho cc
mng c ln. Nng lng l vn quan tm nhiu nht trong mng WSNs, phi to ra hot ng
lu di trong iu kin ngun pin hn ch. Truyn a ng qua mng khng dy chnh l ngun
gy tiu tn cng sut nhiu nht. Vn qun l ngun nng lng tr thnh mt thch thc vi
mng WSN trong nhiu ng dng quan trng.
Cc kiu d liu trao i gia cc node ph thuc vo c im ring ca tng ng dng c th.
C nhng ng dng yu cu thu thp d liu theo chu k hay khi c s xut hin ca mt s kin
no . Trng hp khc d liu li c tp hp, lu tr, x l bi mt mt node sau c
chuyn tip cho cc node khc. i vi mng qui m ln, s lng ln node cm bin phn b trn
khu vc rng, cc kiu d liu phc tp cn c cc giao thc nh tuyn ti u m bo cht
lng thng tin v thi gian s dng ca mng. Do thit k gii thut nh tuyn hiu qu l yu
cu quan trng m bo kh nng m rng qui m v tnh n nh ca mng WSNs cng nh s
pht trin mnh m cc ng dng trong tng lai.

6.3 Giao thc nh tuyn trong WSNs:

nh tuyn trong WSN gp kh khn ln l to s cn bng gia nhy v tnh hiu qu. S cn
bng gia c tnh gii hn kh nng x l v thng tin ca cc node cm bin vi phn overhead cn
thit. Trong WSN, overhead (c th coi l chi ph cho qun l) c tnh da trn bng thng s
dng, cng sut tiu th v yu cu x l node di ng. V nu overhead qu ln gy lng ph nng
lng, bng thng, thi gian x l, tng tr gi ti node nhng cht lng d liu tt hn. Ngc
li, overhead nh th thi gian x l, bng thng, tr thp tuy nhin cht lng c th gim. Thch
thc ca giao thc nh tuyn chnh l tm ra gii thut cn bng nhng yu cu ny.
Mng WSN c mt s c trng c bn ca mng ad hoc. Do c th xem xt cc giao thc
nh tuyn ca mng ad hoc khi p dng vo mng WSN. Gii thut nh tuyn cho mng ad hoc
c chia theo 3 dng : proactive, reactive v hybrid.
Proactive (khi to trc) : cn gi l table driven, da trn s phn pht theo chu k thng
tin nh tuyn t c cc bng nh tuyn nht qun v chnh xc n tt c cc node
ca mng. Cu trc mng c th l phng hay phn cp. Dng phng php ny cho cu trc
phng c kh nng tm ra c ng i ti u nht.
Reactive (phn ng): xy dng tuyn n mt ch n no theo nhu cu. Gii thut ny
thng khng xy dng thng tin chung i qua tt c cc node ca mng. Do chng da
trn nh tuyn ng tm ra ng i gia ngun v ch. Gii thut nh tuyn reactive
thay i theo cch m chng iu khin qu trnh flooding gim thng tin overhead v
cch cc tuyn c tnh ton v xy dng li khi lin kt khng thc hin c.
Hybrid (hn hp): da trn cu trc mng to tnh n nh v kh nng m rng cho cc
mng c kch thc ln. Trong nhng gii thut dng ny mng c phn chia thnh cc
cluster. Do s lng ln v tnh di ng, mng c c tnh ng khi cc node vo hay tch ra
khi cc cluster. Gii thut nh tuyn hybrid c th c dng theo m hnh nh tuyn
proactive c dng cho bn trong cc cluster v nh tuyn reactive dng lin kt gia cc
cluster.


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Overhead giao thc nh tuyn thng tng nhanh khi tng kch thc v c tnh ng ca
mng. Overhead ln c th chim mt phn ln ti nguyn mng. Hn na, cc giao thc nh tuyn
truyn thng trong nhng mng ln yu cu s lin kt thc gia cc node. Vic dng nhng k thut
ny lm tng overhead cho nh tuyn v thi gian hi t. Thc t mc d cc k thut nh tuyn
truyn thng thch hp hot ng trong mi trng mng m kh nng tnh ton v thng tin ca cc
node mng kh tt, nhng hiu qu ca cc k thut ny b hn ch vi mng WSNs. Do , cc k
thut nh tuyn mi cho mng cm bin phi c c s cn bng gia tnh ti u v hiu qu hot
ng.

6.3.1 Cc k thut nh tuyn:

Thit k cc giao thc nh tuyn ca mng WSN phi xem xt n cng sut v ti nguyn hn
ch ca cc node mng, c tnh thay i theo thi gian ca knh truyn v tuyn v kh nng tr hay
mt gi. Nhiu giao thc nh tuyn c a ra.
Dng th nht l giao thc dnh cho kin trc mng phng trong tt c cc node xem nh cng
cp. Kin trc phng c nhiu li ch nh ti thiu overhead xy dng h tng mng v c kh
nng tim ra nhiu ng lin lc gia cc node vi sai s cho php.
Dng th hai dng trong mng c cu trc tit kim nng lng, n nh v kh nng m rng.
Trong dng ny cc node mng c sp xp vo cc cluster, trong mt node c nng lng ln
nht vai tr cluster head. Cluster head c trch nhim phi hp cc hot ng gia cc node trong
cluster v chuyn thng tin gia cc cluster. Vic phn hoch gim nng lng tiu th v ko di
thi gian sng ca mng.
Dng th ba dng phng php data-centric phn b yu cu trong mng. Phng php da
trn thuc tnh, mt node ngun truy vn n mt thuc tnh ca hin tng no hn l mt
node cm bin ring bit. Vic phn tn yu cu thc hin bng cch phn nhim v cho cc node
cm bin v nh r mt thuc tnh ring bit cho cc node. Cc kiu thng tin c th dng nh
broadcasting, attribute-based multicasting, geo-casting v anycasting.
Dng th t dng v tr ch ra mt node cm bin. nh tuyn da trn v tr rt hu ch cho cc
ng dng m v tr ca node trong mt vng a l c th c hi bi node ngun. Yu cu nh th
c th nh r vng no m cc hin tng quan tm c th xy ra hay ln cn vi im c bit
no trong vng hot ng ca mng.

6.3.2 Flooding v cc bin th:

Flooding l mt k thut chung thng dng trong pht tn thng tin v tm ng trong mng c
dy v khng dy ad hoc. Chin thut nh tuyn n gin v khng i hi cu hnh mng tn km
v thut ton tm ng phc tp. Flooding dng phng php reactive (phn ng li), khi mi node
nhn c mt gi iu khin hay d liu n s gi n tt c cc node xung quanh n. Sau khi
truyn, mt gi i theo tt c cc ng c th c. Nu khng b mt kt ni, gi s n ch. Hn
na, khi cu hnh mng thay i, vic truyn gi s theo nhng tuyn mi. Hnh 6.3 minh ha qui
c flooding trong mng. Flooding dng n gin nht c th lm cc gi b sao chp li mt cch
khng gii hn khi i qua cc node mng.


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Hnh 6.3: Flooding cc gi d liu trong mng thng tin.

ngn chn mt gi c i vng khng xc nh trong mng, mt trng gi l hop count c
thm vo gi. u tin, hop count c t gi tr xp x ng knh mng. Khi gi i qua mng, hop
count b gim i 1 sau mi bc (mt bc c tnh l mt ln truyn t node ny sang node kia).
Khi hop count v 0, gi s b b i. Mt cch tng t c dng l thm vo trng time-to-live,
trng ny ghi li thi gian m gi c php tn ti trong mng. Khi ht thi gian ny, gi khng
c truyn i na. Flooding c th c ci tin bng cch xc nhn gi d liu duy nht, mi node
mng s b i cc gi nhn ri.
Mc d s n gin trong qui lut hot ng v ph hp vi cu hnh mng c chi ph thp nhng
flooding gp nhiu bt li khi p dng cho mng WSNs. Nhc im u tin ca flooding l gp
phi vn traffic implosion (bng n hay khp kn cc gi d liu ti 1 node). Nh trn hnh 6.4,
hin tng khng mong mun gy ra do bn sao ca cng mt gi cng gi n cng mt node.


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Hnh 6.4: Bng n lu lng do flooding.

Nhc im th hai l vn chng ln (overlap). Hnh 6.5 overlapping xy ra khi hai node cng
gi gi n cng mt node. Nhc im th ba v l nhc im nguy him nht ca flooding l
resource blindness (s m qung ti nguyn). Qui lut n gin cu flooding khng xem xt n hn
ch v ngun nng lng ca cc node. Nng lng ca node c th suy gim nhanh chng, gim
ng k thi gian sng ca mng.

Hnh 6.5: Vn chng ln do flooding.

gii quyt cc nhc im nu trn, mt hng mi gi l gossiping. Tng t flooding,
gossiping dng qui lut n gin v khng i hi cu hnh mng t tin hay thut ton nh tuyn
phc tp. Khc vi flooding, gi d liu c pht qung b n tt c cc node, gossiping ch yu
cu mi node gi gi va nhn c n mt node c la chn ngu nhin. Khi nhn c gi,
node ln cn li chuyn tip gi n mt node la chn ngu nhin khc. Qu trnh c tip tc n
khi gi n c ch n hay hop count b gii hn. Gossiping trnh c vn bng n lu lng
mng bng cch gii hn s gi m mi node gi n cc node ln cn n. Tuy nhin tr gi ti
ch n c th rt ln, c bit trong mng c kch thc ln do bn cht, ch c mt lin kt c
to thnh ti mt thi im.


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6.3.3 Giao thc nh tuyn thng tin qua s tha thun:

Giao thc thng tin qua s tha thun gia cc node (SPIN) l h cc giao thc da trn tha
thun pht thng tin trong mng WSN. i tng chnh ca cc giao thc ny l tnh hiu qu ca
vic pht thng tin t mt node no n tt c cc node khc trong mng. Cc giao thc n gin
nht l flooding v gossiping . Flooding i hi mi node gi mt bn sao gi d liu n tt c cc
node ln cn vi n cho n khi thng tin n c ch. Gossiping dng tnh ngu nhin gim s
bn sao v yu cu ch c mt node nhn c mt gi d liu v sau chuyn tip mt cch ngu
nhin n mt node c chn trc.
S n gin ca flooding v gossiping do qui lut hot ng n gin v khng i hi cu hnh phc
tp. Tuy nhin, c im cc giao thc ny l s tr gi lm gim cht lng mng v lu lng ti,
gy ra bi s bng n cc gi v chng ln cc gi trong cng vng phn b. Cc giao thc n gin
nh flooding v gossiping khng tnh n ngun nng lng hin ti lm gim mt cch ng kthi
gian sng ca mng.
i tng chnh ca nhm giao thc SPIN l gii quyt hn ch ca cc giao thc truyn thng.
Nguyn l c bn ca h giao thc ny l tha thun d liu v s thch nghi ti nguyn mng. Tha
thun d liu (data negotiation) yu cu cc node phi hc ni dung ca d liu trc khi pht d
liu gia cc node mng. SPIN dng cc gi nh l m t trc khi pht gi d liu thc. Cc node
thu khi nhn c gi qung co nu mun nhn gi d liu thc phi gi mt gi yu cu cho node
ngun. Do gi d liu thc ch c gi cho cc gi quan tm, hn ch kh nng b bng n gi
nh trong flooding v gim ng k lu lng d tha trong mng. Ngoi ra vic dng kha m t d
liu (meta data descriptors) loi tr kh nng chng ln v cc node ch yu cu d liu cn quan tm.
S thch ng ti nguyn mng (Resource adaptation) cho php cc node dng giao thc SPIN iu
chnh hot ng theo trng thi hin nng lng hin ti. Mi node trong mng c th theo di s tiu
th nng lng trc khi pht hay x l d liu. Khi mc nng ln xung thp, node s gim hay
ngng hon ton cc hot ng nh chuyn tip gi cho cc node khc. Vic ny s c cc node
cn nng lng nhiu hn thc hin. SPIN gip ko di thi gian sng ca node.

SPIN thc hin vic tha thun v truyn d liu thng qua 3 dng thng ip. u tin l gi
ADV, c dng qung co cho gi d liu mi m node mun pht. Node c d liu s pht cc
gi ADV cha m t d liu thc n cc node xung quanh. Dng th 2 l gi REQ, c dng
yu cu node ngun pht gi d liu qung cc trc . Mt node mng nhn c gi ADV v
th hin mong mun nhn gi d liu thc bng cch pht i thng ip REQ. Dng th 3 l DATA,
cha d liu thc. Gi DATA thng ln hn cc gi ADV v REQ. Vic hn ch cc gi d tha
lm gim ng k nng lng tiu th ti cc node.


88

Hnh 6.6: Hot ng c bn ca giao thc SPIN.

Hot ng c bn ca giao thc SPIN c minh ha trn hnh 6.6. Node ngun l A, pht gi
ADV qung co gi d liu m n mun pht. Node B nhn c gi ADV ny. Node B th hin
mong mun nhn gi d liu c qung co theo nh m t trong goi ADV. V th B gi gi REQ
cho A. Sau A gi gi d liu thc cho B. Node B sau khi nhn d liu li pht gi ADV cho cc
node C,D,E,F,G. Ch c 3 node C,E,G quan tm n gi ny. Cc node ny pht thng ip REQ cho
node B. Ngay sau B gi d liu cho C,E,G. Qu trnh din ra cho n khi gi d liu n c
ch mong mun.

Hnh 6.7: Th tc bt tay trong giao thc SPIN-PP.

Dng n gin nht ca h giao thc SPIN l SPIN-PP, c thit k cho mng lin lc im-
im (point-to-point). Th tc bt tay ba bc nh trn hnh 6.7. Bc 1, node A c d liu cn pht
v th A pht gi ADV qung co cho gi d liu thc ca mnh. Bc 2, node B quan tm n gi
d liu thc lin gi gi REQ yu cu d liu. Bc 3, node A p ng yu cu v gi gi d
liu thc cho B. Giao thc ny tha thun gia cc node trnh nguy c b bng n cc gi v vn
chng ln trong giao thc flooding v gossiping. Theo m phng hiu qu gp 3.5 ln so vi
flooding. Giao thc cn t tc d liu cao gn ti u so vi l thuyt.

89
Mt loi khc l SPIN-EC, kt hp k thut quan st ngun nng lng da trn mc ngng.
Mt node ch tham gia vo hot ng giao thc nu node c th hon thnh tt c cc hot ng m
khng lm gim nng lng di mc cho php. Khi node nhn c mt gi qung co, n khng
gi thng ip REQ nu n xc nh ngun nng lng khng gi gi REQ v nhn gi
DATA. Kt qu m phng cho thy giao thc SPIN-EC tng 60% d liu trn mt n v nng lng
so vi flooding.
C SPIN-PP v SPIN-EC u c thit k cho lin lc im-im. Mt loi th 3, SPIN-BC
c thit k cho mng qung b. Trong cc loi mng ny, tt c cc node dng chung mt knh
truyn. Khi mt node gi mt gi d liu qua knh qung b, gi s c nhn bi tt c cc node
khc trong phm vi ca node. Giao thc SPIN-BC khng yu cu cc node sau khi nhn thng ip
ADV phi p li ngay lp tc gi REQ. Thay vo node ch mt khong thi gian, trong khi n
gim st knh truyn. Nu node nghe thy thng ip REQ c pht ra t mt node khc (ngha l
node kia mong mun nhn c gi d liu t node ngun), node s hy gi yu cu ca n, do
loi b kh nng cc gi REQ d tha trong mng. Khi nhn c gi REQ t mt node no trong
mng, node ngun s gi thng ip DATA ch mt ln, mc d c th n nhn nhiu gi yu cu
ging nhau t cc node mng.
Hot ng c bn ca giao thc SPIN-BC c miu t trn hnh 6.8. Trong m hnh ny, node
c d liu l node A, gi mt gi ADV gii thiu d liu ca n cho cc node ln cn. Tt c cc
node nghe thy thng ip ny, nhng node C pht trc gi REQ yu cu gi d liu t node A.
V y l gi pht qung b nn cc node B v D nghe c gi ny v ngng vic pht gi REQ ca
n. Node E v F khng quan tm v b qua cc gi ny. Khi nghe c gi REQ t node C, node A
pht gi d liu cho C. Tt c cc node u nhn c gi ny. Trong mi trng qung b, SPIN-
BC gim hao ph nng lng bng cch hn ch cc gi d tha trong mng.

Hnh 6.8: Giao thc SPIN-BC.

Giao thc cui cng thuc h SPIN l giao thc SPIN-RL, pht trin t SPIN-BC ci thin tin
cy v li thng ip do suy hao knh truyn. Cc gi ADV v REQ c pht qung b lp li theo
chu k. Nu mt node gi yu cu nhn gi d liu nhng sau khong thi gian nh trc n vn
cha nhn c th node s yu cu li ln na. Hn na, tin cy ci thin cn do vic pht li gi
m t d liu metadata theo chu k. Cc node SPIN-RL hn ch s ln pht li thng ip DATA.
Sau khi gi thng ip DATA, node ch ht mt khong thi gian trc khi p ng cho nhng yu
cu khc cho d liu tng t.
H giao thc SPIN ch ra cc nhc im chnh ca flooding v gossiping. SPIN c hiu sut s
dng nng lng v tc phn pht d liu cao hn flooding v gossiping. Tuy nhin, s tha thun

90
cc b c th khng bao bc ht ton b mng tt c cc node c nhu cu u nhn c gi
qung b v sau l gi d liu mong mun. Tnh hung c th xy ra nu cc node trung gian
khng quan tm n gi d liu v b qua thng ip ADV tng ng sau khi nhn c gi ny.
iu ny hn ch vic s dng SPIN trong cc ng dng c bit nh gim st pht hin xm nhp v
bo v cc cng trnh trng yu.

6.3.4 Phn nhm phn bc tng thch, nng lng thp
(LEACH):

LEACH l mt thut ton nh tuyn c thit k thu thp v phn phi d liu n cc b gp
d liu, thng l cc trm gc (base station). i tng chnh ca LEACH l:
Ko di thi gian sng ca mng
Gim nng lng tiu th ti cc node mng
Dng s tp hp d liu gim s thng ip cn truyn i

LEACH xy dng cu trc mng thnh cc cluster. Mi cluster c qun l bi cc nt chnh gi l
cluster head. LEACH la chn ngu nhin mt s node cm bin tr thnh cc node chnh v quay
vng vai tr ny phn b u ti nng lng gia cc node cm bin trong mng. LEACH, cc
node chnh nn cc d liu n t cc nt khc trong nhm ca chng v gi cc gi d liu thu thp
ny ti trm gc nhm mc ch gim s lng thng tin truyn pht v trm gc. Vic thu thp s
liu c thc hin tp trung v theo chu k. Do vy giao thc ny thc s thch ng khi c nhu cu
trao i theo di thng xuyn ca mng cm bin.Thc t, ngi s dng c th khng cn tt c s
liu ngay lp tc, cho nn vic truyn pht s liu theo chu k l khng cn thit v c th lm suy
gim ngun nng lng gii hn ca cc node cm bin. Sau mt khong thi gian cho trc, vic
quay vng ngu nhin thay i vai tr ca node chnh c tin hnh sao cho c s tiu tn nng
lng u gia cc node cm bin trong mng.

Hnh 6.9: Phn chia cluster.

91

Hot ng ca LEACH c phn tch thnh hai pha, pha thit lp v pha n nh trng thi.
trong pha thit lp, cc nhm c t chc v cc node chnh c la chn. Cn giai on n nh
trng thi, vic truyn s liu thc s v cc trm gc c tin hnh. Khong thi gian tn ti ca
pha n nh trng thi thng di hn so vi thi gian thit lp ban u gim ti thiu tng chi ph.

Hnh 6.10: 2 trng thi pha LEACH.

Trong pha thit lp, bt u qu trnh chn la cc node chnh (cluster head). Mt s lng nh
cc node c xc nh trc, P, t quyt nh chng tr thnh cc node chnh, mt node (n) chn
ly mt s ngu nhin, v, trong phm vi 0 v 1 v so snh vi gi tr ngng T(n). Nu s ngu nhin
ny nh hn gi tr ngng T(n), th node s tr thnh node chnh vng hin ti. Gi tr ngng
c tnh ton da trn mt biu thc ton hc c s kt hp phn trm mong mun hay xc sut tr
thnh nt chnh P, vng hin ti r, v tp hp cc node cha c la chn lm node chnh 1/P
vng trc tp G. T(n) c xc nh theo cng thc:

0
( )
1 ( mod(1/ ))
if n G
T n
P
n G
P r P

Tt c cc node chnh c la chn pht qung b mt bn tin thng bo ti tt c cc node cn li
trong mng rng chng l cc node chnh mi. Cc node khc, khng phi l node chnh sau khi nhn
c bn tin thng bo ny s quyt nh thuc v mt nhm no m chng mun. Quyt nh ny
da trn cng tn hiu ca bn tin thng bo. Cc nt khng phi l node chnh s thng bo cho
cc node chnh thch ng rng chng s l thnh vin ca nhm. Sau khi thu nhn c tt c cc bn
tin t cc node mun gia nhp nhm v da trn s lng cc node thnh vin ca nhm, node chnh
s to ra mt nh thi TDMA, v cp cho mi node mt khe thi gian khi n truyn pht. nh thi
(Schedule) c qung b ti tt c cc node ca nhm. LEACH dng k thut a truy cp theo

92
m_CDMA gim xung t gia cc node trong v ngoi cluster. M c chn la cn thn
gim can nhiu gia cc cluster.
Trong giai on n nh trng thi, cc nt cm bin bt u cm bin v truyn pht s liu v
cc nt chnh. Cc nt chnh, sau khi thu tt c cc s liu, tp hp chng li trc khi gi n trm
gc. Sau mt khon thi gian nht nh no c xc nh trc, mng s quay tr li trng thi
thit lp v bt u mt vng la chn cc nt chnh mi.
LEACH cung cp mt m hnh tt m cc thut ton ni b v tp hp d liu c th c thc
hin trong cc nt chnh c la chn mt cch ngu nhin. iu ny lm gim qu ti thng tin v
cung cp mt tp hp tin cy cc s liu cho ngi s dng cui cng. LEACH gp phn gim ng
k nng lng tiu th v ko di hn thi gian hot ng ca mng cm bin so vi trng hp
mng gm cc nhm c nh.

Tuy nhin, LEACH c mt s nhc im:
LEACH cha xc nh c th c s lng ti u cc nt chnh ca mng khi m cc mng
khc nhau c cu hnh, mt v s lng nt khc nhau.
Cha c gi v khi no th vic ti to li cc nt chnh cn c thc hin.
Cc nt chnh xa trm gc s tiu th nhiu nng lng hn v nhanh chng dng hot ng
hn cc nt khc.
Tt c cc node c th kt ni vi trm gc qua mt chng c th khng kh thi v kh nng
v nng lng cung cp cho cc node thay i theo thi gian.
Khong thi gian ca pha n nh trng thi nh hng ln n nng lng tiu th. Khong
n nh trng thi ngn lm tng overhead (chi ph cho iu khin giao thc), trong khi
khong n nh trng thi ko di lm st gim nng lng nhanh chng.

Nhiu giao thc c a ra ci tin LEACH. Giao thc XLEACH (extented LEACH)
xem xt n mc nng lng node trong qu trnh la chn node chnh. Theo , mc ngng T(n)
la chn node chnh c nh ngha:

, ,
,
,max ,max
1
( ) 1
1 ( mod(1/ ))
n current n current
n s
n n
E E
P
T n r div
P r P E P E
(
| |
| |
= +
( |
|
|
\
(
\

Trong ,
, n current
E l nng lng hin ti,
,max n
E l nng lng lc u node c c.
, n s
r l s vng lin tip m node khng c lm node chnh. Khi gi tr
, n s
r t n 1/P, ngng T(n)
tr li gi tr n c trc khi xt n nng lng cn li trong biu thc tnh T(n).
, n s
r tr v 0 khi
mt node tr thnh node chnh.

LEACH lm gim nng lng tiu th. Cc node khng phi gi d liu trc tip n trm gc.
Yu cu nng lng trong LEACH phn b u cho tt c cc node bi v chng ng vai tr nh
nhau trong vic la chn node chnh. LEACH thc s l mt thut ton phn b, khng yu cu
thng tin iu khin t trm gc. Qun l cc nhm cc b khng cn cc thng tin chung ca ton
mng. Cc kt qu m phng cho thy, LEACH vt tri hn so vi cc giao thc nh tuyn truyn

93
thng nh nh tuyn a chng v truyn trc tip, nh tuyn nng lng ti thiu, v gii thut nh
tuyn phn nhm tnh.

6.3.5 Tp trung hiu qu cng sut trong h thng thng tin cm
bin:

Tp trung hiu qu cng sut trong h thng thng tin cm bin (Power-efficient gathering in sensor
information systems_PEGASIS) v cc cu trc m rng l h giao thc nh tuyn v tp hp thng
tin cho mng WSN. PEGASIS thc hin 2 nhim v: ko di thi gian sng cho mng, ng b nng
lng ti tt c cc node mng v gim tr cc gi d liu.
PEGASIS ng dng trong m hnh mng gm cc node phn b ng nht trn mt khu vc v
mi node bit c thng tin chung v cc node khc trong mng. Hn na cc node cn c kh nng
iu chnh cng sut v cc b thu pht dng k thut CDMA. Mc tiu giao thc nh tuyn l gim
nng lng tiu th v truyn d liu thu thp c t cc node n trm gc vi tr thp. Khc
vi nhng giao thc khc da trn cu trc mng hnh cy hay phn chia cluster, PEGASIS dng cu
trc chui.
Theo cu trc ny, cc node lin lc vi nhng node gn n nht. Chui bt u t node xa trm
gc nht v cc node mi c thm vo cho n node cui cng ca chui. xc nh cc node
gn nht, node da trn mnh tn hiu o khong cch n tt c cc node gn n v node s
hiu chnh cng sut pht ch lin lc vi cc node gn nht nghe thy c.
Mt node trong chui c chn lm node chnh trong mt vng.Node chnh c nhim v thu
thp d liu v pht n trm gc. S lun phin vai tr node chnh trong mi chui m bo s cn
bng cng sut tiu th gia cc node. Tuy nhin, node chnh qu xa trm gc phi tiu tn cng
sut ln hn pht d liu n trm gc.
Dng n gin nht l cc node 2 pha node chnh ln lt truyn d liu n khi n node
chnh. Node chnh tp hp d liu v pht cho trm gc. Tuy nhin, m hnh ny c th gy ra tr
ln cho cc gi d liu.

gim tr gi mt giao thc khc c nu ra dng m hnh tp hp d liu song song theo
chui. c cht lng cao hn cc node c cp cc b thu pht dng CDMA trnh can nhiu
gia cc node ln cn. Hnh 6.11 minh ha gii thut tp hp d liu song song.


94

Hnh 6.11: Cu trc mng hnh chui.

Gi s tt c cc node u bit c cc thng tin chung v c lin kt thnh chui. N l s node
tham gia vo chui. Xt node 3 v tr s 3 l node chnh trong vng ang xt, mc u tin cc
node c nh s chn s pht d liu tp hp c cho node bn phi ca mnh. Mc k tip, cc
node ang gi cc d liu tp hp c nh s li v cc node nh s chn s pht d liu cho
node ngay bn phi ca n. mc cui cng, node 7 c nh s 1 l node cha d liu ln cn
cui cng ca node chnh node 3. Node 7 s gi ton b d liu tp hp trc cho node chnh. Sau
node chnh s pht ton b d liu ca chui cho trm gc. Thut ton chui song song tit kim
ng k nng lng tiu th ti cc node v tr gi.
Cc kt qu m phng cho thy cu trc m rng ca PEGASIS cng nh giao thc LEACH ci
thin ng k cc nhc im ca cc giao thc nh tuyn truyn thng.

6.3.6 Truyn tin trc tip:

Truyn tin trc tip (Directed diffusion) l mt giao thc nh tuyn d liu trung tm cho mng
WSNs. Chc nng chnh ca giao thc l tit kim nng lng cho mng bng cch to s tng tc
gia cc node qua trao i thng ip trong phm vi ln cn. Thnh phn chnh ca giao thc ny
gm cc thng ip interests, data messages, gradients v reinforcements (s nng cao). Thng ip
interests c xem nh li hi hay li yu cu m node cn d liu no gi n cc node khc.
Node no c th p ng c cho yu cu s tr li bng d liu tng ng. Trm gc pht
qung b theo chu k gi interests n cc node mng xung quanh n xc nh xem c node no
c th pht d liu m n ang cn hay khng. Mi node cm bin c mt interest cache xem nh b
nh bao gm trng ti mestamp cha timestamp ca gi interest ph hp trc , trng multiple
gradient cha tc v hng d liu nhn c, v trng duration ch ra thi gian sng ca thng
ip interest. Hnh 66 miu t qu trnh truyn interest trong mt mng WSN.


95

Hnh 6.12: Truyn thng ip interest.

S truyn thng ip interest qua mng kt hp xy dng cc gradient (c th xem nh hng v
tc truyn) ti cc node mng hnh thnh lin kt gia trm gc v cc node c d liu. Mt node
nhn c thng ip, kim tra thng ip c trng vi d liu c tronh interest cache ca mnh
khng. Nu c, node s tnh tc cao nht trong s cc ng gradient lin kt vi cc node ln
cn. Sau node gi m t s kin cho mi node c lin kt. Nu khng c interest no trng, node
b qua thng ip .


96

Hnh 6.13: Pha ci t gradient.

Hnh 6.13 cho thy qu trnh ci t gradient (tc v hng cc lin kt c th). Trong sut pha
ci t gradient trm gc to ra nhiu tuyn. Trm gc c th tng cht lng ng truyn bng cch
tng tc d liu cho mt hay nhiu trong s cc ng va to. ng c cht lng tt nht s
c gi li trong khi b i cc ng cn li.


97

Hnh 6.14: Phn phi d liu theo tuyn ng c chn nng cao cht lng.

Sau khi xy dng xong tuyn lin lc t trm gc n node c d liu, qu trnh truyn d liu bt
u.
Nu ng truyn b hng do tc ng ca knh truyn hay do node khng nng lng hot
ng th vn c th pht hin c da vo tc d liu b gim hay mt d liu. Lc ny mt
ng c tc d liu thp hn s c dng thay th cho ng b hng. K thut truyn tin trc
tip c hiu sut s dng nng lng cao, n nh vi mi trng mng c c tnh ng.

6.3.7 nh tuyn theo v tr:

Mc tiu ca giao thc nh tuyn theo v tr l dng thng tin v v tr tm ra tuyn lin lc hiu
qu t ngun n ch. nh tuyn theo v tr thch hp cho mng cm bin, s tp hp d liu loi
bt cc thng ip d tha lm gim nng lng tiu th. Trong cc giao thc truyn thng, tng
tc gia 2 thit b lun quan tm n ni dung ca d liu hn l s ng nht gia cc node trong
mng. Mc tiu l tm ra ng lin kt 2 thit b, khng thch hp iu khin nhng truy vn a
chiu theo v tr. Trong giao thc mi ny, mt thit b pht i yu cu v mt hin tng xy ra
trong mt khu vc no . Thng tin cc b c a n ch km theo v tr ca thit b nh l a
ch ca n.
Giao thc nh tuyn theo v tr cn mt lng rt t overhead chi ph cho tnh ton v thng tin. Mc
khc, ch yu cu thng tin v ng truyn cu hnh single-hop (mt bc) nh v tr ca node ln
cn tt nht c quyt nh chnh xc. Do vy, giao thc ny ph hp vi nhng mng c ngun
nng lng hn ch v kh nng m rng cao.


98
Chin lc nh tuyn:

nh tuyn theo v tr ca cc node trong mng dng thng tin v v tr tm ra ng i tt
nht t ngun n ch, khng yu cu phi pht flooding cc gi request. Mt gi d liu c
gi n mt nhm node phn b trong mt vng c nh trc, k thut ny c gi l
geocasting. Vng gii hn ny c th do node ngun quyt nh hay do cc node trung gian
loi tr kh nng cc gi b chuyn lng vng trong mng. Cc node trung gian c hiu bit tt
hn v ch n s gii hn vng chuyn tip tm c hng i trc tip n ch. tng
ny ging vi c tnh d liu-trung tm ca mng cm bin, quan tm n d liu hn l cc
node cm bin cung cp d liu.
Mt loi khc ca giao thc nh tuyn v tr gi l position-based routing, ch yu cu mt node
bit thng tin v cc node ln cn trc tip ca n. Giao thc ny gim ng k overhead v
nng lng tiu th do qu trnh truyn ch trong mt chng. Tuy nhin, hiu qu cn ph thuc
vo mt mng, v tr chnh xc ca node, v quan trng hn l qui c chuyn gi n ch.

Cc k thut forwarding (chuyn tip gi)

Phn quan trng ca nh tuyn theo v tr l qui c chuyn cc gi n ch cui cng.
Trong giao thc position-based routing mi node quyt nh bc k tip da vo v tr ca n,
v tr ca cc node ln cn v node ch. Do cht lng ca giao thc ph thuc vo s hiu
bit ca node v cu hnh ton mng. S hiu bit v cu trc ni ti c th to ra cc ng
khng ti u. Hnh 6.15 minh ha cho 2 trng hp ny, gi d liu chuyn tip qua cc node
ch bit thng tin ni ti v trng hp cc node bit c thng tin ton mng li. Tuy nhin,
hiu bit cu hnh ton h thng khng thch hp trong mng WSN v nng lng hot ng b
gii hn. gii quyt vn ny nhiu gii thut c ngh.

Hnh 6.15:Quyt nh chuyn tip mang tnh cc b v ton h thng.


99
Xem xt m hnh nh trn hnh 6.16, node hin ti ang c d liu cn chuyn i l MH. Qu
trnh chn la node trung gian tip theo trn nguyn tc node nm gn ch n hn MH (tc
nm gia MH v ch) s c chn.
Chin thut most-forward-within-R (MFR) s chn node nm xa nht trong s cc node nm
trong vng bao ph R. Theo , bc k tip c chn bi MH chuyn tip d liu s l
node MFR.
Mt chin thut khc, nearest-forward-progress, la chn node gn nht. Node NFP c
chn nhn d liu t node MH do y l node gn nht tnh t MH.
M hnh compassing routing chn node c gc nh nht to bi ng thng ni MH-ch v
ng thng ni MH node c chn. Theo , node CMP c chn.
M hnh low-energy forward chn node ti thiu nng lng c yu cu. Node LEF c
chn chuyn tip gi t MH n ch.

Hnh 6.16: Cc chin lc chuyn tip gi.

Mc d tnh n gin, nh tuyn theo v tr ca node c th khng tm c tuyn hay nh tuyn
khng hiu qu. Hnh 6.17 minh ha trng hp ny. Node S
1
cn chuyn gi d liu cho D. Theo
, node S
1
phi chn node ln cn gn nht n ch l bc k tip. Tuy nhin S
2
v S
3
u nm
cch xa node ch hn node S
1
.

100

Hnh 6.17: Gii thut nh tuyn khng hiu qu.

Trong mi trng mng WSN, cc cm bin thng c nhng vo cc vng kh hoc khng
th tip cn c, s c lp c th xy ra. ph v th c lp, m hnh gi l right-hand rule c
a ra. Mt gi xut pht t node N
i
mun truyn gi n node N
j
, xung quanh c nhiu node ln cn
th tuyn c chn k tip l tuyn u tin theo qui tc ngc chiu kim ng h tnh t ng
thng ni N
i
N
j
.
Tuy nhin gin ny gp phi trng hp khi tuyn ct ngang ng thng ni ngun v ch.
Mt gii thut gi l face traversal nhm trnh cc ng ct ngang. Nu tuyn c chn k tip
theo qui tc right-hand giao vi ng thng ni N
i
N
j
th tuyn c chn s l tuyn k tip theo
chiu ngc chiu kim ng h.
Minh ha cho qu trnh ci thin cht lng nh tuyn khi p dng qui tc right-hand v face
traversal. Gi s node S
1
cn chuyn d liu n ch l node S
8
. Tuyn u tin (1) t S
1
n S
2
. K
tip theo qui tc right-hand chn tuyn (2) n S
3
. Tuy nhin, tuyn ny giao vi ng thng ni
ngun v ch. Nu vn gi nguyn th s lm gim hiu qu ca vic nh tuyn. V th tuyn ny
cn c thay th bng tuyn (4) l tuyn k tip sau tuyn (2) theo chiu ngc chiu kim ng h.
Qu trnh nh tuyn tip tc cho n khi tm c ng n ch.


101

Hnh 6.18: Ci thin cht lng giao thc nh tuyn.

nh tuyn theo v tr ph hp cho mng WSN v yu cu t thng tin cho iu khin v tng tc
cc b gia cc node. Tuy nhin, cc lin kt bt i xng v cc ng giao nhau lm tng phc
tp ca giao thc.

6.4 Kt lun:

c tnh ca WSN v tnh cht mi trng l cho vic nh tuyn tr nn rt kh khn. Nhiu
giao thc nh tuyn c a ra nh cc gii php kh thi cho vn nh tuyn. V s pht trin
cc ng dng ca WSN, s ci tin v mt phn cng v cng ngh ch to pin s m ng cho s
pht trin cc giao thc nh tuyn hiu qu hn.


102

Chng 7

CC GIAO THC IU KHIN GIAO VN

7.1 Cc giao thc iu khin giao vn truyn thng:

Cu trc my tnh v mng thng tin thng gm nhiu lp: lp vt l, lin kt d liu, mng,
giao vn v cc lp cao hn nh lp phin, trnh din v ng dng. Mi lp thp hot ng nh
ngi cung cp dch v cho cc lp cao hn. Tng tc gia cc lp ln cn thng qua im truy cp
dch v (SAP).
Nhng lp giao vn v cc lp trn ch c ti u cui hay host, v thc thi chc nng giao thc end-
to-end.
Lp giao vn cung cp s chuyn vn on end-to-end, thng ip c phn thnh cc chui ti
ngun v c khi phc li ti ch. Mt s giao thc lp giao vn c dng ph bin nh TCP
(transport control protocol), UDP (user datagram protocol), SPX (sequenced packet exchange
protocol),TCP v UDP c dng trong mng Internet.

7.1.1 TCP (RFC 793):

TCP l mt giao thc giao vn nh hng kt ni cho Internet. Mt vi ng dng nh FTP v
HTTP da trn lp TCP. TCP dng dch v mng cung cp bi lp IP. TCP bao gm 3 phase:

7.1.1.1 To kt ni: kt ni logic cho TCP c xy dng trong phase ny. Kt ni
to thnh t s kt hp gia TCP sender v receiver qua cp thng s (IP address, TCP
port identifier). C th c nhiu kt ni gia cc im cui ti cng mt thi im, nhng
kt ni ny c cng a ch IP nhng chng c xc nhn TCP port khc nhau. TCP dng
th tc bt tay ba bc hnh thnh mt kt ni. Trong qu trnh bt tay, TCP sender v
receiver s tha hip cc thng s nh initial sequence number, window size v mt vi
thng s khc v thng bo qu trnh truyn d liu c th bt u.

7.1.1.2 Truyn d liu: TCP cung cp s tin cy v truyn c th bc ca thng tin
gia bn gi v bn nhn. TCP dng ACK khi phc cc on b mt. Th bc truyn
c xc nh qua s chui trong header on. Hn na, TCP cn cung cp giao thc iu
khin lung v tc nghn thng qua vic hiu chnh tc truyn bi bn pht.

7.1.1.3 Ngt kt ni: Sau khi hon tt vic truyn d liu, kt ni s b xa v gii
phng ti nguyn lin quan.


103
7.1.2 UDP (RFC 768):

UDP l mt giao thc chuyn vn khng kt ni. N chuyn cc gi d liu m khng c s
chui. Nu thng tin b mt trong qu trnh truyn gia pha pht v pha thu, giao thc ny khng c
k thut khi phc li n. Giao thc UDP khng m bo truyn phn bc. UDP khng c kh
nng iu khin lung v tc nghn.

7.1.3 Mobile IP:
Mobile IP l k thut qun l tnh di ng chung trong lp mng cung cp tnh di ng cho tt
c mng IP. Thit k ban u ca TCP/IP khng a th hin tnh di ng. a ch IP dng cho c
xc nhn u cui v v tr thit b trong mng cng nh a ch dng cho qu trnh nh tuyn.
Mobile IP a ra hai i tng mi l home agent (HA), foreign agent (FA) v mt a ch IP mi.
a ch IP mi a n tnh di ng v xut pht t FA khi thit b u cui vo mt mng mi. Cc
gi t thit b ngun c gi trc tip n c gi n thit b u cui tng ng. Do , c mt
giao thc nh tuyn bt i xng gia cc thit b gi l triangular routing, a n mt tuyn di
hn t thit b ngun n ch. Trong qu trnh di ng, khi handoff do tnh di chuyn c th lm
mt gi. TCP sender buc phi gim tc d liu, dn n gim lu lng mc d lp vt l c th
cp bng thng.

7.1.4 Tnh kh thi khi p dng TCP v UDP cho mng WSN:

Mc d giao thc TCP v UDP l cc giao thc chuyn vn kh ph bin v c ng dng rng
ri trong Internet nhng khng phi l la chn tt cho mng WSN.
TCP l giao thc nh hng kt ni. Tuy nhin, trong WSN s d liu cn cho ng dng
thng l rt nh. Giao thc bt tay ba bc i hi mt lng overhead ln hn rt nhiu so
vi d liu thc s cn truyn.
Trong TCP, segment loss c th kch khi iu khin lung v tc nghn. iu ny lm gim
tc truyn mt cch khng cn thit, dn n lu lng thp.
TCP dng th tc xc nhn ACK v truyn li khi cn thit. iu ny lm gim lu lng v
thi gian truyn lu hn.
TCP hot ng khng cng bng i vi cc mi trng khc nhau. Cc node cm bin gn
trm gc c th c nhiu c hi hn pht v do tiu hao nng lng nhanh hn. iu
ny lm t lin kt gia cc node xa v trm gc.

i vi cc giao thc khng kt ni nh UDP cng khng thch hp cho mng WSN.
Bi v thiu k thut iu khin lung v tc nghn trong UDP, mt gi c th xy ra do tc
nghn. UPD cng khng c hiu qu trong s dng nng lng.
UDP khng cha k thut ACK, do cc gi b mt khng th c khi phc bi cc lp
thp hay lp cao hn, k c lp ng dng.

7.2 Thit k giao thc lp giao vn:

Mng WSN c thit k vi cc tiu ch bo ton nng lng, iu khin tc nghn, tin cy
trong phn phi d liu, an ninh v qun l. Cc vn ny thng lin quan n mt hay nhiu lp
giao thc v c th c nghin cu ring theo mi lp hay lin kt nhiu lp. V d, iu khin tc
nghn c th ch gm lp giao vn, nhng tit kim nng lng lin quan n lp vt l, lin kt d

104
liu, mng v cc lp cao hn. Tng qut thit k giao thc iu khin giao vn gm hai chc nng
chnh: iu khin tc nghn v khi phc d liu b mt. iu khin tc nghn, mt giao thc cn
pht hin s bt u ca tc nghn v xc nh khi no v u tc nghn xy ra. Tc nghn c th
c pht hin bng cch gim st trng thi bn ca b m node hay ti lin kt.
Trong WSN, mt giao thc phi xem xt cn thn cch pht hin tc nghn v gii quyt n,
bi v cc cm bin c ti nguyn hn ch. Nhng giao thc ny phi xem xt tnh n gin v kh
nng m rng tit kim nng lng v phng php ko di thi gian sng ca node. Giao thc
c th dng k thut end-to-end nh trong TCP hay hop-by-hop nh trong ch truyn bt ng b
(ATM) hay mng frame relay. End-to-end rt n gin v n nh nhng chng c th to ra lu
lng tng thm trong mng. Hop-by-hop thng pht hin tc nghn nhanh nhng thm mt lng
nh overhead vo mng. Bi v hn ch nng lng ti cc node, cn c s tng nhng gia cc k
thut end-to-end v hop-by-hop khi thit k thut ton iu khin tc nghn cho mng WSN.
Mt gi trong mng cm bin khng dy thng do cht lng knh truyn v tuyn, hng cm
bin v tc nghn. WSN phi m bo s tin cy cho gi hay mc ng dng qua khi phc gi b mt
ly li thng tin ng.

Thit k giao thc giao vn cho WSN xem xt cc vn sau:
Thc thi iu khin tc nghn v phn pht d liu tin cy. Bi v hu ht d liu t node
n trm gc nn tc nghn c th xy ra quanh trm gc. Mc d giao thc MAC c th
khi phc gi b mt nhng n khng c cch no iu khin gi mt khi trn b m.
WSN cn mt k thut cho khi phc gi b mt nh ACK v ACK c chn la dng
trong TCP. Trong cc mng truyn thng, vic truyn ng mi gi c m bo. Cc
ng dng WSN ch cn nhn ng gi t mt nhm cm bin trong vng m khng
phi t mi node trong vng. Vic dng k thut hop-by-hop hiu qu hn iu khin
tc nghn v khi phc gi b mt bi v n gim mt gi v do tit kim nng lng
tiu th. K thut hop-by-hop cn c th yu cu b m t hn ti cc node trung gian.
Cc giao thc giao vn lm n gin qu trnh xy dng kt ni, ci thin lu lng v
tr thp.
Giao thc giao vn trong WSN phi trnh mt gi nhiu n mc c th v mt gi tng
ng vi lng ph nng lng.
Giao thc giao vn phi m bo s cng bng gia cc node.
Nu c, giao thc giao vn c th to ra s phi hp gia cc lp giao thc.


105
7.3 Cc giao thc iu khin giao vn ang tn ti:

Nhiu giao thc lp giao vn c thit k cho mng WSN nh bng sau. Tt c c nhm
thnh mt trong bn nhm: iu khin tc nghn hng ln, iu khin tc nghn hng xung, m
bo tin cy hng ln, v m bo tin cy hng xung.
Mt vi v d trong bng nh CODA (Congestion Detection and Avoidance), ESRT (Event-to-Sink
Reliable Transport), RMST (Reliable Multisegment Transport), PSFQ (Pump Slowly, Fetch
Quickly), GARUDA.

Thuc tnh CODA ESRT RMST PSFQ GARUDA
Hng Upstream Upstream Upstream Downstream Downstream
Tc nghn
Cung cp
Pht hin tc nghn

C
B m v
iu khin
knh truyn

Th ng
B m

Khng
-

Khng
-

Khng
-

tin cy
Cung cp
Gi hay ng dng
Pht hin mt gi
End-to-end(E2E) hay
hop-by-hop(HbH)
ACK hay NACK

Khng
-
-
-

-

C
ng dng
Khng
E2E

ACK

C
Gi
C
HbH

NACK

C
Gi
C
HbH

NACK

C
Gi
C
HbH

NACK
Tit kim nng lng Tt Kh - - -
Bng 7.1: Mt s giao thc giao vn trong mng WSN.

7.4 c im ca cc giao thc iu khin giao vn:
7.4.1 S tc nghn:

Hai cch tip cn tng qut iu khin tc nghn l end-to-end v hop-by-hop. Trong end-to-
end nh giao thc TCP truyn thng, node ngun c trch nhim pht hin tc nghn. iu chnh
tc ch xy ra ti node ngun. Trong hop-by-hop, cc node trung gian pht hin tc nghn v
thng bo cho node gc. iu khin hop-by-hop c th loi tc nghn nhanh hn k thut end-to-
end v c th gim mt gi v tiu th nng lng ti cc node.

Mt kiu n gin c cung cp gip hiu tc ng ca iu khin tc nghn i vi hiu qu
nng lng.
h>1 bc truyn gia ngun v node ch, mi bc tr mt thi gian d. Dung lng knh
truyn l C.
Tc nghn xy ra ging nhau trong mng. Tn sut xut hin tc nghn l f, ph thuc vo
cu hnh mng, c tnh ti v kch thc b m.
Khi tng tc truyn ca ngun t n C(1+a), nghn s c pht hin.
e l nng lng trung bnh cn thit gi hay nhn mt gi trn mi lin kt.


106
Trong k thut end-to-end, thi gian trung bnh cn thng bo cho ngun v s bt u
nghn l 1.5hd. Trong sut khong thi gian ny (gia thi gian nghn xy ra v ngun nhn c
thng bo), tt c cc node c th gi ti C(1+a)(1.5hd) gi, ngoi tr lin kt b nghn ti c th
khng t n C(1.5hd). Do , s gi b mt do nghn c xp x l n
e
=aC(1.5hd).
Trong hop-by-hop, thi gian yu cu kch khi iu khin nghn tng ng vi mt bc tr
d. Do , mt gi trc nghn c iu khin xp x n
b
=aCd.
t N
s
(T) l s gi c pht thnh cng qua lin kt b nghn, v N
d
(T) l s gi b b i do nghn
trong sut khong thi gian T. Trung bnh, mi gi b b i c i qua 0.5H bc. nh ngha hiu
sut s dng nng lng ca k thut iu khin nghn l:

Trong E
c
l t l nng lng trung bnh yu cu gi mt gi thnh cng. Khi khng c nghn
E
c
l 1.
Do , iu khin nghn cho end-to-end:

Vi iu khin hop-by-hop:

T 2 biu thc trn hiu qu s dng nng lng ca k thut end-to-end ph thuc vo chiu di
tuyn (H), trong khi k thut hop-by-hop khng ph thuc chiu di tuyn v do c t s hiu
sut cao hn.

7.4.2 Khi phc gi b mt:

Hai phng php khi phc gi b mt : cache v noncache. Khi phc noncache l mt k
thut end-to-end ARQ (yu cu lp t ng) tng t TCP truyn thng. Cache-based dng k thut
hop-by-hop v da trn lu tr ti cc node trung gian, vi vic truyn li gia cc node ln cn.
Tuy nhin, trong trng hp noncache vic truyn li c th xy ra sau h bc, v cn nhiu nng
lng hn.
Trong khi phc da trn cache-based, mi gi c lu ti mi node trung gian m gi i
qua cho ti khi node gn n nhn c gi thnh cng, hay khi timeout xy ra.
Hnh 7.1 so snh c tnh ca k thut khi phc gi b mt hop-by-hop v end-to-end trong lp
giao vn. So snh theo s ln pht cn thit gi 10 gi qua mng trong 10 bc.


107

Hnh 7.1: Hop-by-hop v end-to-end: s ln truyn yu cu gi 10 gi trong 10 bc,

Khi t l thnh cng di 0.95, s ln truyn li trong k thut end-to-end tng gp i dn n
hiu qu nng lng thp hn.

7.5 Kt lun:

Khi thit k cc giao thc iu khin chuyn vn cho mng cm bin khng dy phi xem xt cc
vn :
Tnh hiu qu ca giao thc v hiu qu ca k thut iu khin nghn. K thut hiu qu
trnh c mt gi nhiu n mc c th trong khi vn cung cp lu lng cao.
tin cy trong lp giao vn.
S cng bng gia cc node trong cc khong cch khc nhau t node ch.
Dng nhiu dng kt hp cc giao thc ci thin cht lng.


108

Chng 8

PHN MM CHO MNG CM BIN KHNG DY

8.1 Nguyn l thit k phn mm cho WSN:

Theo kin trc mng, cc giao thc mng v lp ng dng cn c chc nng thch ng tha
mn cc yu cu c bit ca mng cm bin khng dy v tnh a dng ng dng ca n. Chc nng
thch nghi cung cp cht lng dch v cho cc ng dng trong iu kin ti nguyn hn ch ca
mng WSN v ko di thi gian sng ca mng. Phn mm (Middleware) l mt cch p ng yu
cu thch nghi .
Mng WSN b gii hn v ngun ti nguyn nng lng, bng thng, kh nng tnh ton v thng
tin... Cu hnh WSN a dng do tnh di ng ca cc node, suy gim nng lng, chuyn i gia
trng thi ng v tch cc, tm ph sng radio v kh nng nh tuyn. Mt mng WSN cng cn
cung cp nhiu ng dng tc thi. Do , mng WSN l mt mng khng dy/di ng v ti nguyn
hn ch vi cc ng dng rng ln. Vn trong mi trng mng ny l lm sao thit k phn
mm c kh nng thch nghi gia ng dng v cc giao thc mng.
Phn mm thng di lp ng dng v pha trn h iu hnh v giao thc mng.
Cc chc nng phn mm c bn cho WSN:
H thng cung cp ng dng a dng. xy dng cc ng dng mt cch d dng,
middleware cn cung cp h thng dch v c tiu chun ha.
Mt mi trng phi hp v cung cp a ng dng.
Cc k thut t s thch ng v s dng hiu qu ti nguyn h thng, cc k thut ny
cung cp thut ton ng qun l ti nguyn mng hn ch ca WSN.
Tng nhng gia tn hiu qu v QoS, middleware c th c dng hiu chnh v ti
u ti nguyn mng.

thc thi cc nhim v, middleware cn bit cc c im ca c cc ng dng v cc giao thc
mng. Phm mm cn phn tch v nm c cc c im quan trng ca ng dng cng nh cc
giao thc mng. Nhim v cn li l to nh x hiu qu gia cc ng dng v giao thc mng da
trn trng thi mng hin ti v QoS yu cu ca ng dng. Vic nh x ny c th c thc thi nh
cc dch v phn mm c th c gi ra bi cc ng dng. Cc dch v phm mm cung cp cc
ng dng v QoS hin ti ca n, cng nh trng thi mng hin ti v iu khin qun l ti nguyn
mng.


109
8.2 Kin trc phn mm:

Kin trc mng tng qut nh trn hnh 8.1. Middleware tp hp thng tin t ng dng v giao
thc mng v quyt nh cch cung cp cc ng dng v cng lc hiu chnh cc thng s mng.
Thnh thong middleware giao tip vi h iu hnh mt cch trc tip v b qua giao thc mng. S
khc nhau ch yu gia WSN v phn mm middleware truyn thng l phn mm cho WSN cn t
ng iu chnh cc thng s giao thc mng cp thp v cu hnh cc node cm bin cho mc ch
ci thin cht lng v bo ton nng lng. V d phn mm c th bao gm cc chc nng: qun l
ti nguyn, qun l v pht hin s kin v giao tip lp trnh ng dng (API). Phn t chc nng
qun l ngun gim st trng thi mng v nhn cc yu cu ng dng. Sau n to ra lnh hiu
chnh ti nguyn mng.

Hnh 8.1: Kin trc middleware tng qut cho mng WSN.

8.2.1 Cc chc nng lin quan n d liu:

Bi v WSN l mng d liu trung tm, phn mm s cha cc chc nng qun l d liu nh
phn phi d liu, nn d liu v lu tr d liu.

Phn phi d liu:

Trong mng WSN, node cm bin to ra d liu. D liu cn c pht n mt vi node c
bit hay trm gc phn tch, qun l v iu khin. Do , giao thc phn phi d liu cn phi

110
cung cp vic truyn d liu hiu qu t node cm bin n trm gc. Cc giao thc phn phi d
liu c mi lin quan n cc giao thc nh tuyn. Cc giao thc nh tuyn tng qut c thit k
tm mt ng gia ngun v ch. Mc khc, cc giao thc phn phi d liu phi m bo vic
truyn thnh cng t node n trm gc.

Nn d liu:

Cc thnh phn gip cho vic thng tin tiu th hu ht nng lng trong WSN, vic tnh ton
ch dng mt lng nh. Do , cc k thut nn d liu cn c quan tm nhm tng nng lng
cho tnh ton, gim s gi truyn i. Mt s c im lm WSN cn c cc k thut nn d liu:
Thng thng d liu thu thp t cc node xung quanh c ly tng quan, nht
l khi mt node dy c c xy dng trong mng.
Do cu hnh mng trong WSN thng c dng hnh cy, s tng quan c th tr
nn hiu qu trn tuyn t cc node cm bin n trm gc.
S xut hin cu mt s kin c th ng nht vi qu trnh lin tc theo thi gian
gi l qu trnh ngu nhin, vic ly mu cc qu trnh ngu nhin gip lc ra
thng tin t qu trnh.
Cc ng dng c th thu thp d liu hay hp nht d liu.
Sc chu ng ca cc ng dng vi nhng li trong d liu c th l gim tn
sut c v tng trnh d liu.

Lu tr d liu:

Cc node cm bin chn lc d liu lin quang n mt s kin no . D liu cn c lu
tr thng dng cho cc mc ch trong tng lai. C hai dng d liu trong WSN: d liu th c
thu thp bi cc node cm bin, v d liu c qua x l t d liu th. Mt s loi lu tr d
liu nh lu tr ngoi (external storage), lu tr ni (local storage), lu tr coi d liu l trung tm
(dat-centric storage), lu tr d liu da vo ngun gc v lu tr a phn tch (multiresolution
storage).

8.2.2 Kin trc:

Nhiu kin trc phn mm cho WSN c nu kn. Cu hnh mng ng, c s d liu v
truy vn, ng nht d liu, pht hin s kin v gim st. Cc cch cu hnh v hiu chnh mng m
khng nh hng n yu cu ng dng, vi mc ch tit kim nng lng hay ti a thi gian
sng ca mng.

8.3 Mt s phn mm ang s dng:

i tng ca phn mm MiLAN (Middleware Linking Application and Networks) xc nh la
chn ti u ko di thi gian sng ca mng, v cu hnh mng ng. AMF (Adaptive
Middleware Framework) c gng tng nhng gia ti nguyn mng v cht lng ng dng
trong qu trnh tp hp thng tin. tng chnh ca AMF l gim tn sut thng tin ti cc node cm
bin bng cch lm gim tn s ly mu m khng nh hng n chnh xc ca kt qu. IrisNet
(Internet-Scale Resource-Intensive Sensor Networks Services) nghin cu mt mng cm bin rng
c th tch hp vi mt dy rng d liu cm bin, trong khi DDS (Device Database System) kim tra

111
thit b mng. Tt c nhng kin trc ny c gng ci thin cht lng yu cu nhng khng ko
di thi gian sng ca mng, yu cu quan trng trong mng WSN.
DSWare (Data Service Middleware) l mt phn mm pht hin s kin ng tin cy v tit kim
nng lng. S kin c th c pht hin qua cc s kin ph vi mt mc chc chn ph thuc
vo ng dng. DSWare dng c im ca cc s kin ci thin tin cy ca cc hin v hiu
qu nng lng.
Dfuse l mt phn mm ng nht d liu. N cung cp thut ton ng nht d liu phn b API
cho phn chia vai tr s dng nng lng. Da trn bn chc nng, Dfuse chn m im ng nht
mt cch t ng lm ti thiu chi ph v to ra hiu qu s dng nng lng.


112

Chng 9

QUN L MNG CHO MNG CM BIN KHNG DY

9.1 Yu cu qun l mng:

Mng thng tin my tnh gm ba thnh phn : cc thit b vt l, gm lin kt c dy hay khng
dy, cc node mng (hub, bridge, switch, router) v cc thit b u cui v server; giao thc ; v
thng tin c mang gm c ng dng. Cc giao thc c dng chuyn thng tin mt cch hiu
qu, chnh xc, an ton, tin cy v c ngha. Chng gm cc phn mm trn cc thit b vt l. S
cng tc ca cc thit b vt l v cc dng giao thc mng cung cp cc ng dng. Tuy nhin, cc
thit b vt l v cc giao thc khng to nn hot ng hiu qu cho mng thng tin; cc k
thut v cng c qun l mng (NM) cng c yu cu gip cc dch v mng v phi hp vi cc
i tng trong mng.
Tng qut qun l mng gm mt chui chc nng gim st trng thi mng, pht hin cc h
hng mng v s khc thng, qun l, iu khin v cu hnh cc thnh phn mng, duy tr hot
ng thng thng v ci thin hiu qu lm vic v cht lng cc ng dng. thc thi cc nhim
v ny, NM cn chn la thng tin thi gian thc ti cc tit b mng, phn tch thng tin, v iu
khin ng dng da trn thng tin. Thng tin thng c sp xp nh mt c s thng tin qun l
(MIB) trn mi thit b mng. Thng thng, c mt trung gian trn mi thit b thu thp thng tin
v tng trnh cho trung tm qun l mng. Do , qun l mng c th c xem nh mt ng
dng.

9.2 Cc kiu qun l mng truyn thng:

Giao thc qun l mng n gin (SNMP) c dng kh rng ri. N gm ba phn : mt h
thng qun l mng (NMS), cc thit b c qun l v cc phn trung gian (agent). NMS l mt
chui ng dng gim st hay iu khin thit b c qun l. N c th yu cu thng tin qun l
(hay thuc tnh) t trung gian v cho kt dng hnh hay bng. SNMP agent chy trn mi thit b
c qun l. Thit b c qun l la chn v lu tr thng tin qun l trong MIB v cung cp truy
cp qua SNMP n MIB.
Mt li ch ca SNMP l s n gin ca n v s trin khai rng ri. Tuy nhin, n tiu th ng
k bng thng bi v n thng dng ch mt phn nh thng tin qun l ti mt thi im. Bt li
khc ca SNMP l n ch qun l cc phn t mng, khng cung cp qun l mc mng.
Lc cc hot ng vin thng (TOM) nu ln trong TeleManagement Forum (Din n qun
l t xa) da trn qu trnh qun l mng v dch v. tng ca TOM l gii thiu qu trnh gm
hot ng v s t ng ha. C 3 lp dc cho qun l dch v: qun l mng v h thng, thit lp
dch v v hot ng v qu trnh chm sc khch hng. Theo chiu ngang, qun l dch v c chia

113
thnh thc hin dch v, s m bo dch v v a danh sch cc dch v. TOM ch cung cp khung
cho qun l dch v.
C SNMP v TOM u khng c thit k cho mng cm bin khng dy. Tuy nhin, chng c
th dng s n gin ca SNMP v khung c phn lp ca TOM thit k kin trc qun l
mng c hiu qu cho mng cm bin khng dy.

9.3 Vn thit k qun l mng:

Mng WSN l mt dng c bit ca mng khng dy c cu trc theo m hnh mng ad hoc v
c ti nguyn gii hn. Qun l mng cho WSN c yu cu dng hiu qu ti nguyn gii hn ca
chng.
Nhiu vn phi c ch ra mt cch cn thn trc khi thit k cng c qun l mng cho
WSN. Chc nng qun l i hi cho WSN phi c nhn ra trc tin. SNMP cung cp 5 chc
nng qun l: qun l h hng, qun l cu hnh, qun l cng vic tnh ton, qun l cht lng v
qun l an ninh; v TOM, cc chc nng c phn lp trong phn t mng, qun l mng v qun l
dch v. Trong mi lp, cc chc nng qun l khc nhau c th hin. Do , WSN cn cu trc
qun l c phn lp vi cc chc nng qun l khc nhau cho mi lp. WSN cng cn cc thut
ton qun l kha hiu qu cho an ninh. WSN cn cn cc chc nng qun l mi qun l d liu
vi dng v mc ch d liu thu thp trong mng WSN kh khc so vi cc mng truyn thng.
Vn kin trc qun l cho mng WSN phi c xem xt cn thn. Qun l mng gm 3 phn
chnh: ngi qun l, trung gian v MIB. Ngi qun l c dng qun l v iu khin mng
gc v cng vic nh mt giao din vi cc h thng khc. Trung gian c t trong cc thnh phn
c qun l. MIB l mt cy c cu trc hng i tng thng tin cho ngi qun l v trung
gian v s sp xp thng tin qun l. Thnh thong mt h thng qun l mng gm nhiu ngi qun
l phn b, mi th qun l mt phn mng. Phng php truy cp thng tin qun l v thay th nh
qun l hay trung gian thng xc nh kin trc qun l. Phng php da trn trung gian c th tit
kim bng thng bi v n c th tng trnh ch thng tin qun l cui cng. Mc d WSN c im
tp hp d liu tp trung (trm gc), chng ging vi mng phn b hn. Kin trc qun l ghp da
trn trung gian c th thch hp hn cho WSN.
Trong WSN, thng tin qun l c th c dng ci thin cht lng h thng.
Cc chc nng qun l mng nn xem xt tt c cc im c bit ca WSN nh:
Gii php qun l phi tit kin nng lng, dng lng nh bng thng v tuyn.
Gii php qun l c kh nng m rng.
Gii php qun l phi n gin v thc t v WSN l h thng phn b c ti nguyn hn
ch.
MIB cho WSN nn cha thng tin tng qut cho cc node cm bin, c im ca WSN v
cc ng dng ca WSN.
Gii php qun l cho WSN phi cung cp giao din tng qut cho cc ng dng.
Gii php qun l phi c th xy dng nh phn mm.

9.4 Cc vn khc:

C nhiu vn khc lin quan n qun l mng cm bin, trong quan trng nht l t tn
(naming), s nh v (localization), s bo qun v dung sai li. Naming l m hnh c dng
phn bit mt node cm bin. Mt m hnh t tn hiu qu c th c overhead cho tnh ton t hn
v giao thc nh tuyn hiu qu hn. M hnh nh v xc nh v tr ca node v thng tin quan

114
trng i vi cc ng dng cm bin. Vn bo dng c th lin quan cc hnh ng nh thay th
pin, duy tr kh nng kt ni v cu hnh cc node cm bin. Hot ng bo dng c dng xy
dng hot ng bnh thng ca mng. Nhiu nhn t c th gy ra h hng cho cc hot ng mng,
gm li phn cng v phn mm. Do , cc m hnh khc nhau phi c thc thi cung cp dung
sai li. M hnh khi phc phn cng c th c dng vt qua vn phn cng. Cc k thut
phn mm c th c dng cung cp s pht hin h hng v dung sai h hng cho phn cng.
Mt k thut dung sai hng c a ra cho mng cm bin khng dy dng tp hp cm bin nhiu
ch . Dng s ng nht cm bin a mode v gii thut phn chi ngun ph hp, dung sai hng c
th c cung cp gi tr ca phc hi phn cng. Trong mng WSN, giao thc v gii thut mng
nn c kh nng cung cp dng sai hng.

Chc nng qun l to ra thch thc ch yu cho thit k WSN NM. iu ny gm mt kin trc
qun l thc t v hiu qu, mt MIB hiu qu v mt phng php dng qun l mng tng
hiu sut hot ng. i tng cui cng ca qun l l ko di thi gian sng ca mng WSN v
m bo cht lng cc ng dng ca chng.


115

Chng 10

H IU HNH CHO MNG CM BIN KHNG DY

10.1 Thit k h iu hnh:

Mng WSN c th c dng gim st, iu khin mi trng vt l trong iu kin m vic
iu hnh gp kh khn hay khng kh thi. Vi s tch hp cm nhn thng tin, tnh ton v lin lc
khng dy, nhng thit b ny c th cm nhn hin tng vt l, tin x l thng tin v chia s thng
tin x l vi cc node ln cn. Thng tin thng l dng n hng t node cm bin v trm gc.
Ti mt thi im, mt mng WSN khng ch l h c s d liu m cn l mt mng hn ch v ti
nguyn vi hu ht cc chc nng mng, v vy chng thng c dng gim st s kin v thu
thp d liu. Do , mi trng l hng s kin v d liu trung tm. Mng WSN l mt dng c
bit ca h thng mng phn b tng t cc h thng c s d liu, thi gian thc h thng nhng.
Cc s khc nhau trong cc loi ng dng ca mng WSN v chc nng cc cm bin, tn s vi x
l, kch thc b nh v bng thng thu pht. Mc d cc node cm bin c nhiu im khc nhau,
cc phn cng c bn ca chng th ging nhau: mt cm bin vt l, mt vi x l hay vi iu khin,
mt b nh, mt b thu pht v tuyn v mt pin. Do , phn cng ca cc cm bin phi c sp
xp sao cho h thng hot ng chnh xc v hiu qu . Mi node cm bin cn mt h iu hnh
(OS) c th iu khin phn cng, cung cp s tc ng n phn mm ng dng v lp y l
trng gia ng dng v phn cng pha di.

H iu hnh truyn thng hot ng gia phn mm ng dng v phn cng v thng c
thit k cho trm lm vic v my tnh c nhn vi lng ln ti nguyn.
Cc h iu hnh truyn thng l cc phn mm h thng, gm cc chng trnh qun l ti nguyn,
iu khin cc thit b ngoi vi v cung cp s tc ng phn mm n cc phn mm ng dng. Cc
chc nng h iu hnh truyn thng l qun l vic x l, b nh, CPU, file h thng v cc thit b.
Cc h iu hnh truyn thng khng ph hp cho mng WSN v WSN c ti nguyn hn ch v ng
dng rng, cu hnh a dng.

WSN cn mt dng h iu hnh mi, xem xt n cc c im ring ca mng. C nhiu v
xem xt khi thit k h iu hnh cho mng cm bin khng dy.
H iu hnh cn qun l v ln k hoch cho vic x l.
Vn qun l b nh.
Kiu ch nhn (kernel).
Giao tip chng trnh ng dng (API).
Cp nht m v lp trnh li.
Node khng c b lu tr ngoi, do h iu hnh cho WSN khng th c file h thng.


116
H iu hnh cho cm bin nn cung cp cc chc nng sau:
Kch thc nn v nh v node cm bin c dung lng b nh rt nh.
Cung cp theo thi gian thc v cc ng dng l thi gian thc.
K thut qun l ti nguyn hiu qu phn thi gian cho vi x l v hn ch b nh.
Phn phi m tin cy v hiu qu v cc chc nng thc thi bi cc node cm bin c th phi
thay i sau khi thit lp h thng.
Qun l cng sut gip ko di thi gian sng v ci thin cht lng h thng.
Cung cp giao din lp trnh chung cho cc phn mm ca cm bin hay phn mm ng dng.
iu ny cho php truy cp v iu khin phn cng trc tip ti u thc thi h thng.

10.2 Mt s h iu hnh cho mng WSN:
10.2.1 TinyOS:

Thit k TinyOS cho php phn mm ng dng truy cp phn mm trc tip khi c yu cu.
TinyOS ch ra hai vn : cch bo m cc dng d liu ng thi trong s cc thit b phn, v
cch cung cp cc thnh phn c lp t vi overhead nh dnh cho x l v lu tr. Cc vn
ny quan trng v TinyOS c yu cu qun l phn cng v ti nguyn mt cch hiu qu.
TinyOS dng mt kiu da trn s kin cung cp mc cao cc ng dng ng thi vi lng b
nh rt nh. So snh vi cch tip cn da trn vng stack, yu cu khong stack phi c dnh
ring cho mi ng cnh thc thi v bi v tc chuyn i ng cnh thc thi chm hn phng
php da trn s kin, TinyOS c lu lng cao hn. N c th to ra cc tc v lin kt vi mt s
kin mt cch nhanh chng, m khng gy nghn hay s lp vng. Khi CPU ngh, vic x l vo
trng thi ng bo ton nng lng.
TinyOS gm mt b lp lch nh (scheduler) v mt dy b phn cu thnh. B lp lch lp k
hoch hot ng cho cc thnh phn ca n. Mi thnh phn gm 4 phn: b iu khin lnh, b
iu khin s kin, mt khung kch thc c nh c nn v mt nhm cc tc v. Cc lnh v tc
v c thc thi trong ng cnh ca khung v hot ng theo trng thi ca n. Mi thnh phn s
khai bo cc lnh v cc s kin cho php tnh module v tng tc d dng vi cc thnh phn
khc.
H iu hnh WSN ny nh ngha ba dng thnh phn: m t phn cng, phn cng tng hp v
cc thnh phn phn mm mc cao. Thnh phn m t phn cng l cc thnh phn mc thp nht.
Chng nh x phn cng vt l nh cc thit b I/O, b thu pht v tuyn, v cc cm bin. Mi
thnh phn c nh x trng thi lm vic ca phn cng v thng trn cc thnh phn m t
phn cng.
Mt s nh gi TinyOS ch ra rng n c mt s li ch sau:
TinyOS i hi rt t m v lng d liu nh.
Cc s kin c truyn mt cch nhanh chng v tc thc thi tc v v chuyn i trong
ng cnh tng ng din ra rt cao.
TinyOS c tnh module hiu qu.

10.2.2 Mate:

Mate c thit k lm vic pha trn TinyOS nh mt thnh phn ca n. N l mt b dch
byte-code nhm to cho TinyOS c th dng c vi nhng ngi lp trnh khng thnh tho v cho

117
php lp trnh nhanh chng v hiu qu cho mng. Trong Mate mt m chng trnh c lm theo
cc bao gi (capsules). Mi gi c 24 chng trnh, chiu di mi chng trnh l 1 byte. Cc gi
cha dng thng tin, lm cho s nh x cc m c d dng. Mate capsules c th t thit t chng
vo mng. Mate thc thi giao thc nh tuyn ad hoc dng khng c pht mc bo hiu (beaconless)
cng nh c kh nng ci t cc giao thc nh tuyn mi. Cc gi c phn loi thnh 4 nhm:
thng ip gi, thng ip nhn, nh thi v chng trnh con. Mt s kin c th kch cho Mate
hot ng. Mate c th ch c dng nh nn my o cho s pht trin cc ng dng, m cn l
cng c qun l v iu khin mng cm bin.

10.2.3 MagnetOS:

MagnetOS l h iu hnh thch nghi phn b c thit k c bit cho ng dng bo ton nng
lng. Cc h iu hnh khc khng cung cp k thut thch ng mng rng hay cch thc cho cc
ng dng xy dng ti nguyn node hiu qu. Mc ch ca MagnetOS l thch ng vi ti
nguyn cc lp di, hiu qu bo qun nng lng, cung cp s rt ra tng qut cho cc ng dng,
v kh nng m rng cho cc mng ln.

10.2.4 MANTIS:

MANTIS l h iu hnh nhng a lung vi phn cng single-board cho php thit lp cc ng
dng nhnh chng v d dng. Mc ch cha kha l s d dng cho ngi lp trnh, MANTIS
dng cu trc a lung phn lp c in v ngn ng lp trnh tiu chun. Cn trc c phn lp
cha a lung, lp lch u tin vi vic phn h thi gian, s ng b I/O theo s ngn chn qua li,
vng stack giao thc mng, v cc driver thit b. Li (kernel) MANTIS phn bit cc chc nng
ca n trong t hn 500 bytes RAM. MANTIS dng C thit lp li v API.
Mt s h iu hnh khc c dng cho mng WSN nh OSPM, EYES OS, SenOS, EMERALDS,
PicOS,

Vn chnh trong vic thit k h iu hnh cho WSN l kch thc (yu cu b nh), hiu
qu s dng nng lng v lp k hoch cho cc tc v, cp nht v phn phi m hiu qu, v cc
giao din lp trnh ng dng chung.


118

Chng 11

QUN L S VN HNH V LU LNG THNG TIN

11.1 Vn thit k WSN:
11.1.1 Giao thc MAC:

Cc giao thc MAC nh hng n tn hiu qu v tin cy trong qu trnh truyn d liu theo
m hnh hop-by-hop. Cc giao thc MAC ang tn ti nh tiu chun IEEE 802 c th khng hon
ton thch hp cho mng WSN v hiu sut s dng nng lng. Cc giao thc MAC tng qut c
th gy tn hao nng lng do cc nguyn nhn:
Knh truyn v tuyn c chia s trong m hnh mng phn b, vic ng gi khng th
trnh c. Cc gi ng yu cu truyn li dn n lng ph nng lng.
Cc giao thc MAC phn b yu cu thng ip iu khin cho truyn d liu (cc gi RTS,
CTS). Thng ip iu khin cng tiu th nng lng.
Overhearing v idle listening c th gy lng ph nng lng.

Cc giao thc MAC cho mng cm bin khng dy th hin hiu qu s dng nng lng qua
thit k hiu qu v thc t. Cc thng s thng c dng nh gi cht lng ca cc giao thc
MAC gm xc sut xung t, overhead cho iu khin, tr v lu lng.

Hnh 11.1: Mng WSN.


119

11.1.2 Giao thc nh tuyn:
Cc giao thc nh tuyn truyn thng da trn a ch cho mng Internet khng p ng c
yu cu ca mng WSN. nh tuyn da trn d liu ph hp hn cho WSN v n c th c thit
lp d dng v do tp hp d liu, n tit kim nng lng hn. Cc kiu lu lng v c im h
thng c th c dng thit k cc giao thc nh tuyn hiu qu. tit kim nng lng, hu
ht cc giao thc nh tuyn cho mng WSN dng cc k thut ring lm ti thiu nng lng
tiu th.

11.1.3 Giao thc chuyn vn:

Cc nhn t nh k thut iu khin nghn v tin cy nn c xem xt cn thn trong thit
k cc giao thc giao vn. Mc d mt giao thc MAC c th khi phc gi b mt t cc bit li,
nhng n khng c cch iu khin mt gi do trn b m. Cc giao thc chuyn vn nn c k
thut khi phc li, m bo tin cy, cc k thut nh ACK v selective ACK c dng trong
TCP rt c ch. tin cy trong WSN c ngha khc so vi cc mng truyn thng trong vic
truyn ng mi gi phi c m bo. K thut hop-by-hop c th lm gim yu cu b m ti
cc node trung gian. Cc giao thc chuyn vn cho WSN nn trnh mt gi v mt gi s gy lng
ph nng lng. Hn na, giao thc chuyn vn phi m bo s cng bng cc node c th t
c lu lng ngang bng.

11.2 M hnh ha s vn hnh ca WSN:
11.2.1 Metric:

Mng cm bin khng dy khc vi cc mng thng tin truyn thng do nhiu thng s khc
cn c nh gi:
Thi gian sng ca h thng: c th nh ngha theo nhiu cch: thi gian mt vi node mt
ht nng lng ca n, hay khong thi gian cho n khi QoS ca ng dng khng th m
bo, khong thi gian cho n khi mng b tch ri.
Hiu sut s dng nng lng: s gi c th c truyn thnh cng dng mt n v nng
lng. ng gi ti lp MAC, overhead cho nh tuyn, mt gi, v truyn li cc gi
gim hiu sut s dng nng lng.
tin cy: trong WSN, tin cy c dng nh mt thng s nh gi s tin cy s
kin c cm nhn c th c bo co ng v trm gc. tin cy c th c nh
ngha l t s ca gi nhn thnh cng so vi tng s gi c pht.
bao ph: bao ph ton b bi mt mng cm bin ngha l khong khng gian c
gim st bi cc node cm bin. Nu mt node cm bin tr nn khng hot ng v suy
gim nng lng, mt vng khng gian c th khng c gim st na. bao ph c
nh ngha l t s khng gian c gim st trn khng gian gc.
Kh nng lin kt: Trong mng WSN, mng c th tr nn tch ri bi v mt vi node
khng hot ng. Kh nng lin kt c dng nh gi mng c kt ni nh th no
hay c bao nhiu node b cch li.
QoS: mt vi ng dng trong WSN c c tnh thi gian thc. Cc ng dng ny c th c
yu cu QoS nh tr, t l mt v bng thng.


120

11.2.2 Cc m hnh c bn:

Traffic Model:
Cc ng dng v c tnh lu lng tng ng trong mng WSN khc vi cc mng truyn
thng. Do m hnh lu lng v phn pht d liu cng khc. C bn m hnh lu lng
c dng cho WSN l : event-based delivery, continuous delivery, query-based delivery v
hybrid delivery. M hnh lu lng tc ng n thit k giao thc v s thc thi.

Event-Based Delivery:
Cc node cm bin gim st s xut hin ca cc s kin mt cch th ng v lin tc.
Khi mt s kin xy ra, node bt u tng trnh s kin n cho trm gc. Khi d liu v s
kin c phn pht v trm gc, giao thc nh tuyn tm mt ng n trm gc. Phng
php nh tuyn ny c gi l nh tuyn theo nhu cu. Nu mt s kin xy ra thng
xuyn, ti mt node hay mt nhm node, chc nng nh tuyn c thc hin thng xuyn,
dn n tiu th nng lng nhiu hn. Mt cch thay th l t tuyn dng thng xuyn cho
cc lin kt ny. Do , hiu qu nh tuyn i vi m hnh phn phi ny ph thuc nhiu
vo tn s sut hin ca s kin. Mt giao thc nh tuyn thch ng c th c yu cu
ci t mt tuyn ng nu cc s kin xy ra thng xuyn, ngc li tuyn c lp theo
nhu cu.

Continuous Delivery:
D liu thu thp bi cc node cn c tng trn thng xuyn, lin tc hay theo chu k.

Query-Based Delivery:
Trm gc c th quan tm n mt lng thng tin no c thu thp trc cc
node cm bin no . Trm gc s pht ra thng ip truy vn n cc node c gi tr
thng tin . Thng ip truy vn cng c th mang mt lnh t trm gc n cc cm bin v
cc thng tin, tn s tng trnh v cc thng s khc. Trong m hnh phn phi ny, trm gc
pht qung b thng ip truy vn, mt tuyn c xy dng t ng khi truy vn n node
cm bin v node bo co tng ng vi yu cu trong thng ip truy vn.

Hybrid Delivery:
Trong mt s mng WSN, dng cm bin v d liu chng cm nhn c c th rt ln.
V d, d liu c th c bo co lin tc bi cc node v trm gc cn thng tin truy vn t
nhng node khc.

Energy Model:
Chc nng thng tin v tuyn ca cc node l chc nng tiu th nng lng nhiu nht
trong node. Hot ng cm bin thc s tiu th nng lng t nht. C hai phng php
gim tiu th nng lng cho vic thng tin trn cm bin. u tin l thit k gii thut
thng tin sao cho duy tr nng lng ti cc node nh tt cc b thu pht sau mt khong thi
gian. Phng php th hai l gim mc thng tin qua vic x l trong mng nh chc nng
tp hp d liu v nn d liu.


121

Model for Sensing:
Thng thng, mt lng nh nng lng tiu th cho vic cm bin. t dy cm bin
l r
s
. Gi s rng cng sut tiu th thc thi cm bin qua mt vng bn knh r
s
tng ng
vi r
s
2
hay r
s
4
.

Hnh 11.2: Tiu th nng lng trong mi hot ng ca node cm bin.

Model for Communication:
Nng lng cho vic pht l-bit d liu qua khong cch d l E
tx
(l,d) v nng lng cho
vic thu l-bit d liu qua khong cch d l:

Trong E
c
l nng lng c bn c yu cu chy cc mng pht v thu. D
cr
l
khong cch giao nhau, e
1
hay e
2
l nng lng n v yu cu cho b khuch i pht khi
d < d
cr
(hay d > d
cr
). Do , nng lng tng cng cho vic pht l-bit d liu t node ngun i
n node ch j trong khong cch d l:

Khong cch ti u gia cc node chuyn tip (d
m
) c tnh l:

122

Khi hop count (H) ti u c th c tnh l H=d/d
m
.

Model for Computation:
Mt node cm bin thng c mt vi x l hay CPU thc thi vic tnh ton. CPU tiu th
nng lng thp trn mi chu k xung clock, hiu sut s dng nng lng i din cho nng
lng tiu th cho mi lnh.

Node Model:
duy tr nng lng, phng php chung l cho cc node ng khi chng khng cn pht
hay thu. Mt v d cho m hnh ny, cc node cm bin c hai trng thi: active (A) v sleep (S).
Chiu di khong active v sleep c phn b mt cch hnh hc ngu nhin vi gi tr trung
bnh p v khe thi gian q. Pha active c chia thnh trng thi R v N. Trong trng thi R, cc
node cm bin c th pht hay thu d liu v/hay pht d liu theo qu trnh Poission vi t l
trung bnh g. Trong trng thi N, cc node ch c th pht d liu nu c cc gi tn ng trong
b m.

Hnh 11.3: M hnh node cm bin DTMC.

M hnh chui Markov hai trng thi thi gian ri rc (DTMC) cho cc node bc k tip
(next-hop), trong cc node bc k tip i din cho cc node ln cn c lin quan n
node hin ti. Hai trng thi nh ngha cho next-hop node l wait (W) v forwarding (F).
Trng thi W ngha l tt c cc node bc k tip ch trng thi S hay N v khng th nhn
d liu t node hin to. F i din c t nht mt next-hop node trong trng thi R v n c
th nhn d liu t node hin ti. Xc sut chuyn i t W sang F v ngc li gi s l f v
w.
Da trn m t, m hnh chui Markov cho m hnh node cm bin nh trn hnh 11.3,
trong ch s di thay cho s gi trong b m. Dng m hnh ny, s phn b tnh ca
trng thi node (p) c th c tnh theo xc sut truyn thnh cng d liu (b) v xc sut m

123
d liu c nhn trong mt khe thi gian (a). Mt s thng s khc c th c tnh da trn
p, v d nh s d liu trung bnh c pht trong mt khe thi gian, lu lng cm bin hay
s d liu trung bnh c chuyn tip bi node trong mt khe thi gian, v dung lng trung
bnh ca b m b chim trong node cm bin.

11.2.3 Cc m hnh mng:
MAC Model:
Truy cp knh truyn c iu khin v phn chia bi giao thc MAC. Trong mi trng
mng phn b, ng gi c th xy ra ttrong knh truyn v phi c iu khin bng giao
thc MAC. Mt thng s quan trng yu cu i vi giao thc MAC l xc sut d liu c
pht thnh cng trong mt khe thi gian.

Routing Model:
Da trn m hnh nng lng c gii thiu phn trn, nng lng tiu th cho mt tuyn
chung [ ] ( ) P E P c th c tnh nh sau:

, ( )
( ) ( , )
p
i n i i i
i P
E P E l d
=

Trong ( )
p
n i l bc tip theo ca node i trn tuyn P.
, ( )
( , )
p
i n i i i
E l d l nng lng t node i
n node ( )
p
n i . Gi s rng kch thc d liu l
i
l bit v khong cch gia chng l
i
d , nng
lng tng cng tiu th c th c vit theo biu thc nng lng cho m hnh thng tin
nu trn:

System Model:

Phn tch s thc thi tng qut ca mng cm bin theo m hnh vng kn c xy dng
xem xt m hnh node cm bin, giao thc MAC v chnh sch nh tuyn cng mt thi im.
M hnh ny gm ba phn ph nh trn hnh 11.4. M hnh node cm bin c a ra cc mc
trc. M hnh can nhiu cng c cp. M hnh mng c dng th hin giao thc nh
tuyn v xc nh tc truyn trung bnh gia cc node, l mt ng vo m hnh can nhiu. Khi
truyn d liu n bc k tip, mt node cm bin chn node ln cn m c tiu th nng lng
thp nht. Gii php ca m hnh h thng trong hnh 11.4 c thc hin qua m hnh fixed-
point approximation (xp x du chm tnh) v thng s hot ng h thng nh nng lng tiu
th trung bnh v tr trung bnh.


124

Hnh 11.4: M hnh vng kn cho h thng.

11.3 Tnh ton thi gian sng ca h thng:

Tt c cc node cm bin (N) trong mng sp xp thnh cu hnh hai tng. Cc node
lp thp hn gi l leaf node. Cc node lp cao gi l leader node. Ti lp cao, c N
1

leader node to mt cu hnh k-tree vi h+1 mc (hay h bc) t trm gc, trong mi
leader node mc i kt ni k child node ti mc i+1 n parent node ca n ti lp i-1
(nh trn hnh 11.5). Mi leader node lp cao hn pht lung d liu ng vai tr lp
d liu t leaf node ca n. Mi leader node c c leaf node. Leaf node lp thp hn
(N
2
) pht lung d liu v chuyn trc tip n leader node qua mt bc. Nu mt
leader node nm ti mc i, gi s rng leaf node ca n cng nng mc i.


125

Hnh 11.5: Cu hnh hai tng ca mt mng WSN.

Tt c cc node cm bin c phn b tng ng v rng trn mt khng gian
gim st cc s kin. Mi node gi s rng c kch thc b m ln mt gi do
trn b m c th b qua. Mi node pht bo co v s kin c lp v ng nht theo
qu trnh phn phi Poisson. Tn s tng trnh l f, v tng s thng tin c chuyn
tip trong mi bo co l B bit. t O (bit) i din cho s overhead trong mi gi, v L
l chiu di gi. Do , s gi trong mi tng trnh l / ( )
p
n B L O = . Tc truyn
d liu tng ng ti mi node i l [ ] / ( )
i p
r n f B L O f = = .
Mi node lp cao hn (leader node) nhn d liu t cc leader node khc (k), leaf node
(c), cng nh pht d liu. Leader node tp hp hay nn d liu vo t chnh n hay cc
leaf node. Tc d liu t node i (r
i
) c nn n
'
0
i i
r r . Hiu sut thu thp c
nh ngha l
'
( ) /
i i i
a r r r = .
Mt k thut iu khin lung v nghn gia trm gc v cc node cm bin m bo
nghn steady-state s khng xy ra, do tng tc d liu tp hp (r
c
) ca tt c cc
node cm bin phi nh hn tc chuyn ti a (R) ca leader node ti mc 1: r
c
>R.
iu khin lung v nghn c th a n hai dng: per-node fairness v max-min
fairness. Per-node fairness chc chn rng tt c cc node c tc truyn d liu nh
nhau, tuy nhin max-min fairness cung cp s cng bng t l theo cc node gn trm gc
hn c th c cp tc d liu cao hn.
Mi node cm bin c nng lng ti a l E. nh ngha thi gian sng ca h thng l
khong thi gian t lc bt u cho n khi leader node ti mc 1 dng ht nng lng
ca n.
Tt c cc node l tnh v khng c iu khin thch nghi cng sut c dng.


126
11.3.1 Phn tch:
Tng s node:
Da trn cu hnh hai tng, tng s node l :
1
1
1 2 1
1
(1 ) (1 )
h
i
i
N N N c N c k
+
=
= + = + = +

S ln truyn li trung bnh:
t b
e
v p
e
l xc sut li bit v xc sut li gi. P
e
c xc nh nh sau, gi s chiu di
gi d liu l L bit v b qua cac k thut m ha sa li:
1 (1 )
L
e e
p b =
Gi li c th phi truyn li ti lp MAC. Vic truyn li ci thin tin cy h thng,
nhng tng tr. Gi s rng s ln truyn li ti a l K. S ln truyn li trung bnh c th
c tnh nh sau:
1
1
(1 )
K
i K
r e e e
i
n ip p Kp
=
= +

Nu khng c gii hng s ln truyn li ti a, khi nu K = , n
r
tr thnh:
1
(1 )
1
i e
r e e
i
e
p
n ip p
p
=
= =

Chi ph trung bnh cho chuyn gi trong qua mt bc:
Trong mi bc, d liu tiu th mt phn nng lng: my pht (e
i
), ng lp MAC v
idle v overhearing (e
m
), v tnh ton (e
c
). e
i
ph thuc vo khong cch vt l d v kch thc
gi L, e
m
c xc nh bi s node ln cn (c+1) trong vng mt bc truyn v cng lu
lng, e
c
c th l mt hng s. Do , tng nng lng tiu th do vic chuyn mt gi trong
mt bc truyn l khong:
t m c
e e e e = + +
Tc d liu:
Vi per-node fairness, mi node cm bin c tc d liu nh nhau, r
i
=n
p
f, do r
c
c
cho bi cng thc:
(1 ) (1 )
c p
r r a N n f a N = =
Vi max-min fairness, cc node cm bin ti cng mc j c tc d liu nh nhau r
j
, v tc
d liu cho cc node ti cc mc khc t l vi s mc ca chng:
1
1 1
1
(1 1)
j
p j j
j
p j j
n f f
j r
j h
j r n f f
+
+ +
+
= = +
Trong
j
f l tn sut tng trnh ca node cm bin ti mc j. Do , tc tp hp r
c
c th
c cho nh sau:


127

Thi gian sng
Gi s rng tt c cc node cm bin tr nn tch cc ti thi im t
0
=0 v gi s
ti thi im t
1
nng lng ca node cao nht ti mc 1 b suy gim trc tin.
Thi gian sng ca h thng T
l
c th xp x T
l
=t
1
-t
0
. nh hng do tnh di ng
ca node v/hay iu khin cng sut c th b qua. Lng T
l
c th c dng
nh ng bao di cho thi gian sng ca h thng.
Vi per-node fairness:

Vi max-min fairness:

C th thy rng, vic ko di thi gian sng ca h thng ph thuc vo nhiu yu t, gm m
hnh nng lng, tn sut tng trnh f , hiu sut thu thp a , chiu di gi L , v xc sut li
gi
e
p . Khi thit k v thi cng mt mng cm bin khng dy, c th chn gi tr ph hp
m rng thi gian sng ca h thng.

11.3.2 Tho lun:
Chiu di gi:
Nu chiu di gi L tng , s gi dng cho mi tng trnh (n
p
) s gim, kt qu l ko di
thi gian sng ca h thng (
l
T ). Tuy nhin, vic tng L c th dn n xc sut li gi cao hn
v do s ln truyn li cao hn (n
r
), lm tng
l
T . Ph thuc vo xc sut li bit v overhead
cho gi, chiu di gi L c th c ti u c thi gian sng ti u cho h thng.
T biu thc
l
T mc 11.4.1, ch s nng lng
i
E c nh ngha l:
)
(1 )(
i
r t m c
L O
E
n e e e
=
+ + +

V d, cho e
c
=100nJ, e
m
=200nJ, v e
t
=100nJ khi
i
E tr thnh:
( )(1 )
100 300
L
e
i
L O b
E
L

=
+


128

Hnh 11.6: So snh ch s nng lng v chiu di gi: (a) packet overhead (O) l 2 byte; (b) O l 10 byte.


129
Gi tr
i
E l hm theo chiu di gi. C mt gi tr ti u ca chiu di gi (L) m
i
E l
ln nht. Gi tr ti u ca L tng theo t l bit li (BER) v/hay tng overhead gi (O).

Tn sut tng trnh:
Tn sut tng trnh nh hn th thi gian sng ca h thng s di hn v nng lng tiu th
t hn. Nhng cng mt thi im, f nh hn s khng thi gian tng quan cc s kin, v
hiu qu tp hp c th gim. Do thi gian sng h thng ngn hn. Nu s xut hin cc s
kin c cho l tn hiu bng thng hn ch, l thuyt Nyquist c th c p dng xc nh
tn s tng trnh ti thiu f . Nu cc ng dng c th chu ng mt s khng chnh xc, tn
sut tng trnh c th gim.

Hiu sut tp hp d liu:
Tng hiu sut tp hp a c th ko di thi gian sng ca h thng. S tng quan khng
gian v thi gian chng minh rng lung d liu lin tc t nhiu node ln cn so snh vi mt
node n cha thng tin d tha. iu ny c th p dng cho s tp hp d liu. Cc c im
ca cc ng dng c th dng gim s d liu c tng trnh. S node (c) trong mt
khong cch mt bc s nh hng hiu sut tp hp d liu.
V d, nu c gim qua vic chn nhiu leader node hn, s tng quan khng gian s gim v
hiu sut tp hp d liu s ci thin. Tuy nhin, iu ny gim s bc chuyn v tr gi
end-to-end. Do nng lng tiu th cho mi gi s gim. Hn na, gi tr c nh hn c th
gim s tiu th nng lng (e
m
) ti lp MAC bng cch gim xc sut ng .


130
Ti liu tham kho

[1] Kazem Sohraby, Daniel Minoli, Taieb Znati (2007). Wireless Sensor Network
Technology,Protocol,and Application. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
[2] Anna Hc (2003).Wireless Sensor Network Designs.John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
[3] Taub Schilling (1986). Principles of Communication Systems, 2
nd
Edition. McGraw-Hill
International Editions.
[4] Trn Vn S (2005). Truyn s liu v mng thng tin s. Nh xut bn i Hc Quc Gia
TP.H Ch Minh
[5] V nh Thnh (2006). Nguyn l thng tin tng t - s. Nh xut bn i Hc Quc Gia
TP.H Ch Minh
[6] L Nht Thng, Nguyn Qu S. Cc k thut phn nhm trong cc mng cm bin v tuyn.
[7] Ng Quang Anh (2005). Nghin cu chun kt ni khng dy ZIGBEE/IEEE 802.15.4 . Lun
Vn Tt Nghip, Trng i Hc Cng Ngh, i Hc Quc Gia H Ni.

Mt s trang web
[8] www.vntelecom.org
[9] www.zigbee.org
[10] www.wikipedia.org

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