(YRC) - Cac Quy Dinh Cua Phap Luat Viet Nam Ve Giao Ket Hop Dong Dien Tu Co Yeu To Nuoc Ngoai

MC LC MC LC .................................................................................................................. i MC LC BNG BIU........................................................................................ iii DANH MC VIT TT.........................................................................................iv LI M U ...................................................................................................... - 1 CHNG 1: HP NG IN T V HP NG IN T C YU T NC NGOI ......................................................................................................... 3 I. Hp ng in t ................................................................................................. 3 1.1.
Khi nim v hp ng in t ................................................................... 3 1.2. c im ca hp ng in t.................................................................... 3 1.3. Nhng khc bit v Giao kt hp ng in t v Giao kt hp ng truyn thng......................................................................................................... 7 II. Hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi ........................................................... 12 2.1. Khi nim v hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi ............................... 12 2.2. c im ca hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi ............................... 17 2.3. Ch k v bng chng v hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi nc ngoi .................................................................................................................. 26 III.Tm hiu cc quy nh php lut ca Hoa K v hp ng in t c yu t 3.1 Hoa K cha c o lut ring v Hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi............ 26 3.2. Lut giao dch in t tha nhn gi tr php l ca hp ng in t nh hp ng truyn thng ............................................................................... 27 3.3. UETA a ra quy nh v trnh t giao kt hp ng in t ................... 28 CHNG 2: THC TRNG CC QUY NH CA PHP LUT VIT NAM V GIAO KT HP NG IN T C YU T NC NGOI ................... -29I. Nhn xt chung .................................................................................................. 30 1.1. Nhng thun li v kt qu ........................................................................ 30 1.2. Nhng bt cp v nguyn nhn .................................................................. 32 II. Thc trng cc quy nh ca php lut Vit Nam v hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi VN............................................................................................... 35 2.1. Nhng quy dnh lin quan n khi nim hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi .................................................................................................................. 35 2.2. Thc trng nhng quy nh v th tc giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi ......................................................................................................... 37
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2.3. Nhng quy nh v ni dung ca hp ng in t ................................... 47 CHNG 3: PHNG HNG V GII PHP HON THIN CC QUY NH CA PHP LUT VIT NAM V GIAO KT HP NG IN T C YU T NC NGOI ................................................................................ 50 I. D bo xu hng pht trin giao kt hp ng thng mi in t c yu t nc ngoi Vit Nam ......................................................................................... 50 1.1. C s d bo .......................................................................................... 50 1.2. S liu d bo ........................................................................................ 58 II. Phng hng hon thin php lut Vit Nam v giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi .................................................................................................. 72 2.1. Phng hng chung ................................................................................. 72 III. Cc gii php hon thin cc quy nh ca php lut Vit Nam v giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi ................................................................ 77 3.1. Nhm gii php sa i cc quy nh ca php lut VN v giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi ................................................................... 77 3.2. Nhm gii php mi ban hnh vn bn dn lut hng dn thc hin giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi ............................................... 81 3.3. Nhm gii php khc.................................................................................. 84 LI KT
TI LIU THAM KHO
PH LC 1 PH LC 2
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MC LC BNG BIU BIU Biu 1 Biu 2 Biu 3 Doanh thu t TMT, giai on t 1997 n 2008 T l doanh nghip c website qua cc nm 2004 2008 Quy m doanh nghip tham gia sn giao dch thng mi in t BNG Bng 1 Thng k s tng trng lng ngi s dng Internet t nm 2000 n nm 2008 mt s chu lc v th gii. Bng 2 Bng 3 Bng 4 Danh sch mt s hng hng khng Vit Nam cho php tra cu thng tin v t ch trc tuyn Chng trnh bn v my bay in t ca mt s hng hng khng Vit Nam Tnh nng thng mi in t ca cc trang web Vit Nam HNH Hnh 1 Hnh 2 T l doanh nghip c website nm 2008 Mc tham gia v k c hp ng t sn giao dch Thng mi in tca doanh nghip nm 2008 HP Hp 1 Chng trnh bn v my bay in t ca Vit Nam Airline DANH MC VIT TT
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Giao dch thng mi in t gia doanh nghip B2B vi doanh nghip (Business to Business) Giao dch thng mi in t gia doanh nghip B2C vi c nhn (Business to Consumer) CNTT Cng ngh thng tin U ban Lin Hp quc v Lut Thng mi UNCITRAL quc t (United Nations Conference on International Trade Law) Din n Lin Hp quc v Thng mi v Pht UNCTAD trin (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) LTM BLDSVN TMDT GD T WTO Lut thng mi B lut dn s Vit Nam Thng mi in t Giao dch in t T chc Thng mi th gii (World Trade Organization)
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LI M U
1. Tnh cp thit ca ti Trong bi cnh thng mi in t ton cu ang pht trin mnh m, giao kt hp ng truyn thng ang dn c thay th bi mt phng thc mi - giao kt hp ng in t. Giao kt hp ng in t gip cc doanh nghip gim c chi ph giao dch, tit kim c thi gian giao dch, d dng tip xc c vi cc khch hng v th trng trong nc v nc ngoimt cch nhanh chng v hiu quVn khong cch a l vn l tr ngi ln trong giao kt hp ng truyn thng th vi giao kt in t b xa b hon ton. c bit trong giai on hi nhp v m ca hin nay, giao kt hp ng in t khng ch gip cc doanh nghip Vit Nam c th vn ra th trng th gii m cn to iu kin cho cc doanh nghip va v nh cng c th thc hin c nhng hp ng c yu t nc ngoi. Giao kt hp ng in t vi khch hang trong nc i hi cc doanh nghip phi am hiu v php lut, v nghip v, v k thut cng ngh khc xa vi giao kt hp ng truyn thng. Giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi cn kh khn hn nhiu. Trong cc kh khn lin quan n giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi, c kh khn v c s php l. Nhng quy nh ca php lut v giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi c khc g vi cc quy nh v giao kt hp ng truyn thng? Php lut Vit Nam quy nh v vn ny nh th no? C nhng bt cp no v gii php no loi b nhng bt cp ? Nhng cu hi ny khin chng ti - nhng sinh vin ngnh Qun tr kinh doanh, chuyn ngnh Lut Kinh doanh quc t - quan tm v quyt nh tm hiu. y cng chnh l l do nhm nghin cu chn vn : Cc quy nh ca php lut Vit Nam v giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi. Nhng bt cp v gii php hon thin lm ti cho cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc ca mnh.
2. Mc tiu nghin cu Trn c s tm hiu v nhng quy nh ca php lut Vit Nam v giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi v nu bt nhng bt cp nhng quy nh ny tr nn ph hp hn, y hn trong vic hng dn cc ch th Vit Nam giao kt hp ng in t vi i tc nc ngoi. 3. i tng v phm vi nghin cu i tng nghin cu ca ti l cc quy nh ca php lut v hp ng in t, hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi v giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi. Phm nghin cu ca ti gii hn vic phn tch nhng quy nh ca php lut Vit Nam v giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi, khng phn tch vic thc hin hay gii quyt tranh chp pht sinh t hp ng in t. Phm vi nghin cu ca ti cng gii hn ch cc hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi trong lnh vc thng mi. 4. Phng php nghin cu ti c thc hin da trn vic p dng cc phng php nghin cu tng hp nh: phng php phn tch, phng php tng hp, phng php so snh, phng php dn chiu ti cc lut v cam kt quc t nh cam kt gia nhp WTO ca Vit Namnhm t c yu cu t ra i vi bi nghin cu. 5. B cc ca ti Bi nghin cu ngoi phn m u, kt lun, ti liu tham kho c kt cu gm 3 chng: Chng 1: Hp ng in t v hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi Chng 2: Thc trng cc quy nh ca php lut Vit Nam v giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi Chng 3: Phng hng v gii php hon thin cc quy nh ca php lut Vit Nam v giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi
CHNG I: HP NG IN T V HP NG IN T C YU T NC NGOI
I. HP NG IN T 1.1. Khi nim v hp ng in t Lut Giao dch in t ca Vit Nam nm 2005 quy nh: Hp ng in t l hp ng c thit lp di dng thng ip d liu theo Quy nh ca Lut ny1. Cng theo quy nh ca Lut Giao dch in t nm 2005, thng ip d liu c hiu l thng tin c to ra, c gi i, c nhn v lu tr bng phng tin in t.2 Theo , phng tin in t l phng tin hot ng da trn cng ngh in, in t, k thut s, t tnh, truyn dn khng dy, quang hc, in t hoc cng ngh tng t.3 T nhng im nu trn, trong th t, khi nim v hp ng in t nh c trong Lut ca cc nc. V d, Theo iu 11(1) Lut mu v Thng mi in t ca UNCITRAL nm 1996. Hp ng in t c hiu l hp ng c hnh thnh thng qua vic s dng cc phng tin truyn d liu in t. 1.2. c im ca hp ng in t L mt hp ng, hp ng in t c nhiu im ging hp ng truyn thng. l: -Hp ng in t cng l s tho thun thng nht ch gia cc bn. V iu ny, iu 308 B lut Dn s Vit Nam nm 2005 khng nh: s tho thun gia cc bn v vic xc lp, thay i, chm dt quyn v ngha v i vi nhau. D l hp ng truyn thng hay hp ng in t, d l hp ng c giao kt bng li ni, bng hnh vi, bng vn bn hay bng cc phng tin in t th iu quan trng l hp ng ch hnh thnh nu cc bn giao kt t c s
1 2 3
iu 33 Lut giao dch in t nm 2005 iu 4 khon 12 Lut Giao dch in t nm 2005 iu 4 khon 10 Lut giao dch in t nm 2005
tho thun r rng, c th v quyn v ngha v i vi nhau. Trong s thng nht ch gia cc bn ng s l iu quan trng nht lm nn hp ng, cho d l hp ng truyn thng hay hp ng in t. -Hp ng in t khi giao kt v thc hin, chng u phi da trn nhng c s php l nht nh v phi tun th nhng quy nh lin quan n hnh thc ca hp ng, ch th ca hp ng, iu kin hiu lc ca hp ng, quy trnh giao kt hp ng, ch trch nhim do vi phm hp ng v gii quyt tranh chp pht sinh, nu c. -Khi giao kt hp ng in t, cc bn giao kt hp ng in t phi tun th nguyn tc giao kt hp ng. C hai nguyn tc giao kt hp ng l nguyn tc t do giao kt hp ng nhng khng c tri php lut, o c x hi v nguyn tc t nguyn, bnh ng, thn ch, hp tc, trung thc v ngay thng. Hai nguyn tc ny c quy nh ti iu 389 B lut Dn s Vit Nam nm 2005 (c hiu lc t ngy 01/01/2006). Hai nguyn tc ny c p dng cho tt c cc loi hp ng, k c vi hp ng in t. -Vic th hin hp ng in t phi tun theo 3 nguyn c lin quan n vic thc hin hp ng. Nguyn tc th nht l nguyn tc thc hin ng hp ng: ng i tng, s lng, cht lng, chng loi, thi hn, phng thc v cc tho thun khc; Nguyn tc th hai l nguyn tc thc hin hp ng mt cch trung thc theo tih thn hp tc v cc bn cng c li, bo m tin cy ln nhau; V nguyn tc th ba l nguyn tc khng c xm phm n li ch ca Nh nc, li ch cng cng, quyn v li ch hp php ca ngi khc (iu 412, B lut Dn s Vit Nam nm 2005).4 Ngoi nhng c im nu trn, hp ng in t cn c mt s im ring m cc hp ng truyn thng khng c. l: V ch th Trong hp ng in t, ngoi ch th l cc ch th tham gia giao kt nh i vi hp ng truyn thng (ngi bn, ngi mua, v.v) xut hin cc bn th ba c lin quan cht ch n hp ng in t. l cc nh cung cp cc dch
Mc 7 chng XVII t 388 n 427 v chng XVIII t 428 n 589 B Lut Dn s Nm 2005
v mng v cc c quan chng thc ch k in t. Nhng bn th ba ny c nhim v truyn i, lu tr cc thng tin gia cc bn giao kt hp ng in t. Vi c th giao kt di dng cc phng tin in t, vic giao kt hp ng in t s gp ri ro nu khng c cc nh cung cp dch v mng v cc c quan chng thc ch k in t. Cc nh cung cp dch v mng c trch nhim duy tr h thng mng (mng ni b ca doanh nghip cng nh mng quc gia) lun trong tnh trng hot ng tt vi vi c ch 24/24 gi. H thng mng trc trc lp tc s nh hng ti vic giao kt hp ng in t phm vi tng n v, tng doanh nghipcng nh phm vi quc gia. Cn c quan chng thc ch k in t s ng vai tr quan trng trong vic xy dng v to ra c mt c ch cung cp bng chng sao cho cc hp ng in t khng th b gi mo v khng th b ph nhn khi tranh chp pht sinh. Chnh v vy, i vi hp ng in t, chng no h thng mng c trc trc, chng no cc c quan chng thc ch k in t cha c thnh lp, thm ch c thnh lp nhng cha hot ng th chng , vic giao kt hp ng in t cng nh vic thc hin hp ng in t cng kh c th thnh cng. Ri ro s l rt ln nu cha c ngi th ba ny tham gia vo qu trnh giao kt hp ng in t. Nhng ngi th ba ny khng tham gia trc tip vo qu trnh m phn, giao kt hay thc hin hp ng in t. H tham gia mt cch gin tip vi t cch l cc c quan h tr nhm m bo tnh hiu qu v gi tr php l cho vic giao kt v thc hin hp ng in t. a v php l ca h, vi t cch l cc ch th tham gia gin tip vo mt khu ca qu trnh giao kt hay thc hin hp ng in t cn phi c quy nh trong lut. y l im lm nn s khc bit ca giao kt hp ng in t. V ni dung V ni dung, hp ng in t c mt s im khc bit vi hp ng truyn thng. Nhng im khc bit l: -a ch php l: ngoi a ch php l thng thng (a ch bu in) hp ng in t cn c a ch e-mail, a ch website, a ch xc nh ni, ngy gi gi faxNhng a ch in t ny c ngha rt ln xc nh tnh hin hu, s
tn ti tht s ca cc bn giao kt hp ng vi t cch l ch th ca vic giao kt hp ng in t. -Cc quy nh v truy cp, ci chnh thng tin in t (v d nh vic thu hi hay hu mt ngh giao kt hp ng trn mng internet) -Cc quy nh v ch k in t hay mt cch thc khc ( nh mt khu, m s) xc nh c cc thng tin c gi tr v cc ch th giao kt hp ng. -Vic thanh ton trong cc hp ng in t cng thng c thc hin thng qua cc phng tin in t. V vy, trong hp ng in t thng c nhng quy nh chi tit v phng thc thanh ton in t, v d nh vic thanh ton bng th tn dng, vic bo mt cc thng tin lin quan n th tn dng cho khch hng V quy trnh, th tc giao kt y l im khc bit ln nht gia hp ng in t v hp ng truyn thng. Mt hp ng truyn thng, c bit l hp ng thng mi truyn thng, s c giao kt bng vic cc bn trc tip gp nhau hay trao i vi nhau bng cc phng tin giy t, vt cht v k bng ch k tay. Cn mt hp ng in t s c giao kt bng phng tin in t v hp ng s c k bng ch k in t. i khi, vic giao kt hp ng in t c thc hin ch bng mt thao tc n chut vo mt lnh t mua. Vy l hnh thnh hp ng. Hai phng thc giao kt hon ton khc nhau s lm pht sinh nhng im khc bit ln lin quan n quy trnh giao kt: vic xc nh thi gian v a im giao kt hp ng in t s tr nn kh khn hn vi hp ng truyn thng v thi im gi v nhn mt thng ip d liu (chnh l mt cho hng hay mt chp nhn cho hng) tr nn kh xc nh trong mi trng in t. Vic to lp mt ch k in t hay vic p mt con du s khng th thc hin nh i vi hp ng truyn thng V lut iu chnh -V lut iu chnh, ngoi cc quy nh chung v hp ng trong B lut Dn s s c p dng cho c hp ng truyn thng v hp ng in t, do tnh cht c th ca hp ng in t v do nhng vn k thut cng ngh c bit (hay
chnh l cc ri ro v mt cng ngh) ny sinh trong qu trnh giao kt v thc hin cc hp ng in t m loi hp ng ny thng cn phi c c bit iu chnh bi mt h thng quy phm php lut c th, dnh ring cho hp ng in t. l nhng quy nh v hp n in t. iu gii thch ti sao pht trin hot ng thng mi ni chung v tng cng giao kt hp ng in t ni ring, phm vi quc gia hay quc t, cc quc gia v cc t chc quc t u xy dng mt khung php l dnh ring cho hot ng thng mi in t trong c nhng quy nh v vic giao kt hp ng in tV v vy, ngy nay, nhiu nc, bn cnh cc o lut v hp ng truyn thng, ngi ta phi ban hnh Lut giao dch in t, Lut v Giao kt hp ng in t, Lut v Thng mi in t, Lut v ch k in t v.v 1.3. Nhng khc bit v Giao kt hp ng in t v Giao kt hp ng truyn thng 1.3.1. Khi nim v giao kt hp ng in t Giao kt hp ng l thut ng c B lut Dn s Vit Nam nm 2005 s dng ch vic k kt hp ng5. V vy, giao kt hp ng in t l qu trnh m phn, thung tho, to lp v k kt hp ng thng qua vic trao i cc d liu in t. Lut giao dch in t nm 2005 ca Vit Nam nh ngha: Giao kt hp ng in t l vic s dng thng ip d liu tin hnh mt phn hoc ton b giao dch trong qu trnh giao kt hp ng6 1.3.2.. Th tc giao kt hp ng in t V bn cht, vic nhn v gi mt cho hng hay chp nhn mt cho hng c th hin di hnh thc mt thng ip d liu c tnh cht khc vi vic gi v nhn mt hnh thc vt cht thng thng. Vn c t ra khi giao kt hp ng in t l: Khi no cho hng bt u c hiu lc, khi no chp nhn cho hng uc coi l c gi i hay c nhn bi ngi cho hng? V cho hng v chp nhn cho hng l nhng
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Mc 7, chng XVII, phn th ba B lut Dn s nm 2005 iu 36 khon 1, Lut Giao dch in t nm 2005
thng tin c to ra, c gi i, c nhn v c lu tr bng phng tin in t cho nn qu trnh ny thng khng cn c s can thip trc tip ca con ngi. iu ny dn n mt kh khn trong vic xc nh thi gian v a im giao kt hp ng. Thi gian giao kt hp ng l yu t quan trng xc nh thi im hiu lc ca hp ng khi khng c mt tho thun no khc ca cc bn. Cn a im giao kt hp ng l mt trong nhng cn c xc nh lut iu chnh cc giao dch trong hp ng quc t. Cu hi u tin c t ra l, khi no hp ng in t c coi l giao kt. D p dng thuyt tip thu hay thuyt tng pht7 th cng cn phi xc nh thi im mt thng ip d liu (v d, mt chp nhn cho hng) c gi bi ngi khi to (ngi c cho hng) hay c nhn bi ngi nhn (ngi cho hng). Thi im gi thng ip s i s l thi im thng ip s c chuyn ra ngoi h thng thng tin ca ngi gi, hay l thi im thng ip c nhp vo h thng thng tin ngoi ngoi tm kim sot ca ngi gi ( c th l h thng ca mt bn trung gian hay chnh l h thng ca ngi nhn). Cn thi gian nhn c thng ip s l thi im thng tin nhp vo h thng thng tin ca ngi nhn, khi n n my ch ca ngi cho hng, khi n c ti v my tnh ca ngi ny, hay khi ngi cho hng c n? Cc thi im ny c th khc nhau ph thuc vo thi im ngi cho hng ni mng (connect). Lin quan n vic xc nh thi im gi v nhn thng ip d liu, c mt s quan im nh sau: 1. Khi quy nh v thi im gi thng ip d liu, khon 1 iu 15 ca Lut mu v Thng mi in t nm 1998 ca INCITRAL8 cp n h thng thng tin (information systerm)trn mng nh l mi trng thng ip c gi i. iu ny gin tip th hin quan im xem mi trng mng l mi trng thng ip d liu c gi i
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T huyt tng pht cho rng mt thng ip c hiu lc t khi thng ip c gi i (thuyt ny tn ti ch yu Anh, M v cc quc gia theo h thng Common Law). Cn thuyt tip thu cho rng mt thng ip ch c hiu lc khi n n tay ngi nhn (cc quc gia theo h thng Civil Law, trong c Vit Nam, u chp nhn thuyt ny)
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Khon 1 iu 15 Lut mu v Thng mi in t nm 1998 ca UNCITRAL: "Unless otherwise agreed between the originator and the addressee, the dispatch of a data message occurs when it enters an information system outside the control of the originator or of the person who sent the data message on behalf of the originator". Trch t trang 8 Tp 2 ti "Mt s vn php l v giao dch in t" nm 2003 ca i hc Lut TP.HCM. http://svnckh.com.vn
2. Khi quy nh v thi im gi v nhn thng ip d liu, khon 1.a iu 15 Lut GDT thng nht nm 1999 ca Hoa K9 cp n h thng x l thng tin (information processing system) trn mng nh l phng tin gi v nhn thng ip d liu. iu cho php suy ra rng: Trong suy ngh ca h, thng ip d liu c gi hoc nhn qua mng thng tin nn mi cn n h thng x l thng tin gi v nhn. Ni cch khc, quan im gn lin GDT vi mi trng mng th hin kh r nt. 3. Khi quy nh v thi im gi v nhn electronic communication, iu 10 v 11 Lut GDT nm 2000 ca New Zealand10 cp n h thng thng tin(informaiton system) trn mng nh l phng tin gi v nhn. Thm vo , h khng dng t data message (thng ip d liu), m li dng t communication (trao i) th hin quan im nhn mnh n c tnh truyn thng truyn gi thng tin qua mng Internet v cc mng thng tin khc Kh khn tng t cng s pht sinh khi xc nh a im giao kt hp ng. Ngi cho hng v ngi c cho hng c th thc hin vic trao i d liu giao kt hp ng in t mi ni, khng nht thit phi ti tr s, hay ti ni c tr ca mnh. Cc bn trong giao dch thng mi in t tip xc vi nhau trong mt mi trng o, mt mi trng s ha nn mi ni mi lc u c th truy cp vo mng gi v nhn thng ip d liu. Vy a im gi v nhn thng ip d liu (nhm xc nh a im giao kt hp ng) c phi l a im cc bn c mt, mt cch thc t, khi gi/nhn hay hay khng? Mt a im nh vy s c xc nh v chng minh nh th no? iu ny dng nh kh c th thc hin c do tnh phi bin gii v tnh o ca mi trng in t. V khi
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Khon 1.a iu 15 o lut Giao dch in t thng nht nm 1999 ca Hoa K: "Unless of otherwise agreed between the sender and the recipient, an electronic record is sent when it: (a) is addressed properly or otherwise directed properly to an information processing system that the recipient has designated or uses for the purpose of receiving electronic records or information of the type sent and from which the recipient is able to retrieve the electronic record". Trch t trang 29 Tp 2 ti "Mt s vn d php l v giao dch in t" nm 2003 ca i hc Lut TP.HCM. 10 iu 10 v 11 Lut Giao dch in t nm 2000 ca New Zealand: "10. Time of dispatch (1) An electronic communication is taken to be dispatched at the time the electronic communication first enters an information system outside the control of the originator 11. Time of receipt An electronic communications is taken to be received, (a) in the case of an addressee who has designated an information system for the purpose of receiving electronic communications, at the time the electronic communication enters that information system; or (b)in any other case, at the time the electronic communication comes to the attention of the addressee." Trch t trang 164, 165 Tp 2 ti "Mt s vn d php l v giao dch in t" nm 2003 ca i hc Lut TP.HCM. http://svnckh.com.vn
xc nh c mt a im nh vy th s xy ra trng hp a im ny li khng c mi lin h vi cc ch th tham gia, vi ni pht sinh ngha v hay vi ni thc hin ngha v. Trong bi cnh , vn t ra s l cn xc nh a im gi v nhn thng ip d liu nh th no v theo nguyn tc no? 1.3.3. Ch k in t trong hp ng in t Ch k trong hp ng nhm khng nh s ng ca cc bn i vi cc tho thun trong hp ng, ghi nhn tnh xc thc ca thng tin cha trong vn bn. i vi hp ng in t, nu hiu ch k theo phng php truyn thng th khng th c hp ng. V vy hp ng in t cn phi ck bi mt ch k khc- ch k in t v ch r s chp thun ca bn k kt v ni dung cc thng tin trong vn bn. Ch k in t c nh ngha l d liu tn ti di dng in t trong hoc i km vi vn bn in t v ch r s chp thun ca bn k kt v ni dung cc thng tin trong vn bn in t .11 Gia ch k in t v ch k truyn thng tn ti mt s khc bit kh ln v chc nng. Ch k truyn thng c chc nng rt quan trng, do c im ca vn bn giy mang li. Ch k l bng chng chng minh s hin din ca mt ch th ti thi gian v a im k vo vn bn. Cn ch k in t th khc. Ch th ca giao dch c th lp trnh sn mt chng trnh tr li, hay k kt cc giao dch nht nh. Khi , d khng c d khng c s hin din ca ch th th h thng vn hot ng bnh thng, vn k vo vn bn in t v rng buc ch th . Vi k thut nh vy, trong thng mi in t , ch k in t c th c nhiu loi khc nhau. V d, l ch k in t an ton do mt cng ty cung cp dch v chng thc ch k in t tin cy pht hnh hoc ch k in t do cc bn giao dch t to ra. V mt php l, nhng ch k in t nh vy phi c tha nhn nhm nhm to thun li cho giao kt hp ng in t. Khi s dng ch k in t, cn phi bo m cc yu cu v cng ngh v php l ca ch k in t, tc l m bo vic ch k in t c s dng l an ton v tht hin ch r rng ca cc bn v thng tin trong vn bn in t, hay
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iu 2 - Lut mu ca UNCITRAL nm 2001 v ch k in t

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ni cch khc cn c bin php no cc bn c th xc nh c ch k in t ca i tc. Trong lnh vc ny, cn c mt cch thc no mang tnh k thut hoc mt c quan trung gian nhm chng thc tnh xc thc v m bo tin cy ca ch k in t. Cch thc ny hoc c quan ny c hnh thnh nhm cung cp mt chng thc (certification) mang nhiu ngha c v mt php l ln v mt cng ngh. y l mt vn khng pht sinh khi giao kt hp ng truyn thng nhng li rt cn c quan tm nhm bo m cho vic giao kt hp ng in t c an ton. 1.3.4. Vn v bn gc v lu tr hp ng in t Cc hp ng c k kt theo phng thc truyn thng thng c kt thc bng ni dung nh sau: Hp ng ny c lm thnh 4 bn c gi tr ngang nhau, mi bn gi 2 bn. iu c ngha l, c 4 bn gc ca hp ng v mi bn gi hai bn. Bn gc l th hin tnh ton vn ca thng tin cha ng trong vn bn, m bo thng tin trong ti liu khng b thay i. chng minh hp ng, cc bn thng phi a ra bn gc ca hp ng . Bn gc ca cc hp ng truyn thng c vai tr rt quan trng khi c tranh chp pht sinh. Chng l bng chng c tnh quyt nh v s tn ti hp ng gia cc bn. i vi hp ng in t, v hp ng c th hin qua cc d liu in t, cc thng ip s, m cc thng ip s ny c th c sao, lu, pht tn trn mng, do m c th to ra nhiu bn gc. V vy, khi nim bn gc v vic lu tr hp ng in t tr nn kh khn hn so vi mt hp ng truyn thng. Hp ng in t thng thng s c lu tr di dng thng ip s m khng c th hin ra di mt hnh thc c th s m, cm nm c. Lm th no thng tin lu tr khng b sa i trong thi gian lu tr? c bit, khi mun tra cu mt bn gc trong mi trng in t cn phi sao thng ip t my lu tr v my tra cu ri mi hin th. Nu cc thng ip b sa i th s kh xc nh c u l bn gc. Mun gii quyt c cc vn lin quan n bn gc ca mt hp ng in t cng nh trong cc phng tin in t th trc tin cn phi s dng mt s bin php nht nh m bo thng ip s s khng b thay i, m bo c s nguyn vn v tnh chnh xc. y l cng
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vic phc tp, i hi c s phi kt hp cht ch c vn k thut cng ngh vi vn php l m cc bn giao kt hp ng in t khng th b qua nu mun c chng c hp l cho mt v tranh chp. 1.3.5. S tham gia ca cc c quan trung gian, cc c quan chng nhn Trong giao kt hp ng truyn thng khng nht thit lc no cng cn c s tham gia ca c quan trung gian. V d, trong hp ng mua bn hng ho phc v cho tiu dng thng ch cn ch k ca hai bn l . Trong nhng trng hp cn c c quan trung gian th cc c quan ny thng l c quan chng nhn, chng thc gi tr php l ca bn hp n, nh c quan cng an, u ban nhn dn phng, cng chng nh nc, v.v Trong thng mi in t cng nh trong giao kt hp ng in t, cc c quan trung gian li l cc c quan lm nhim v cung cp dch v mng (c th l cc mng ni b hay cc mng ton cu nh Internet). Cc c quan chng nhn l cc c quan c thnh lp nhm thc hin mt s dch v lin quan n vic giao kt hp ng in t nh xc thc hay chng nhn (authentication-certification) ch k in t, bo m cho cc hnh thc thanh ton in t II. HP NG IN T C YU T NC NGOI 2.1. Khi nim v hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi Hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi trc ht l hp ng c yu t nc ngoi. V vy, hiu th no l hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi, trc ht cn hiu v hp ng c yu t nc ngoi. 2.1.1. Khi nim hp ng c yu t nc ngoi. Hp ng c yu t nc ngoi l hp ng mang tnh cht quc t. Tnh quc t ca hp ng in t c th hin ch ch th ca hp ng l cc bn c quc tch khc nhau hoc c tr s Thng mi cc nc khc nhau; hng ho dch v l i tng ca hp ng c th c chuyn qua bin gii; ng tin thanh ton c th l ngoi t.
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2.1.2. V ni hm khi nim hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t Kho cu v hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t, c th thy t xa ti nay, c trong v ngoi nc, trong vn bn php l cng nh tc phm ca cc nh lut hc, kinh t hc xut hin qu nhiu tn gi v loi hp ng ny: hp ng mua bn trong t php quc t, hp ng mua bn ngoi thng, hp ng xut nhp khu hng ha, hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t, hp ng mua bn hng ha vi thng nhn nc ngoi, hp ng mua bn quc t, hp ng mua bn c tnh cht quc t... Khi m tn gi khc nhau, th cng l l thng cho mt thc t l vic nh v ni hm khi nim hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t v mt l lun hin vn cn tn ti nhiu quan im khc nhau. B qua s khc bit v tn gi, nhn mt cch tng th th nhn thc v ni hm khi nim hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t ca gii khoa hc php l ng trc mt cu hi ln: Hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t l hp ng mua bn trong t php quc t (ngha l bao gm c vic mua bn trong lnh vc dn s - dn s hiu theo tinh thn B lut dn s Vit Nam 1995 (BLDSVN 1995) v mua bn trong lnh vc thng mi) hay ch l mt phn ca hp ng mua bn trong t php quc t (ngha l ch l hp ng mua bn hng ha trong lnh vc thng mi nhng c yu t nc ngoi)? Nh vy, v mt l lun hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t phi m bo cn v hai yu t: th nht, l hp ng mua bn hng ha trong lnh vc thng mi; v th hai, hp ng ny phi c yu t nc ngoi. Yu t nc ngoi ca hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t c th ri vo mt trong ba trng hp ging nh i vi hp ng trong T php quc t ni chung l: ch th, s kin php l v i tng ca hp ng12. V mt php lut thc nh, do cch tip cn, nhu cu, mc ch khc nhau m php lut mi nc, mi iu c quc t hay tp qun quc t c cch gi tn v xc nh ni hm khi nim hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t mt cch ph hp. V l , vic phn tch, bnh lun v tn gi, ni hm ca khi nim hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t cc vn bn php lut thc nh cn phi trn quan
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xem thm Gio trnh T php quc t - i hc Lut H Ni, Nxb Cng an nhn dn, 2007.
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im ht sc mm do v gn vi bi cnh hnh thnh, mc ch, phm vi iu chnh ca vn bn y. Theo iu 1 Ph lc ca Cng c La Haye 1964 v lut thng nht v mua bn hng ha quc t (Convention relating to a Uniform Law on the International Sale of Goods) th hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t l hp ng mua bn hng ha c k kt gia cc bn c tr s thng mi ng trn lnh th cc quc gia khc nhau nu c thm mt trong cc iu kin sau: Th nht, hp ng lin quan n vt m trong thi gian k kt hp ng vt c chuyn ch hoc phi c chuyn ch t lnh th ca quc gia ny n lnh th ca quc gia khc; Th hai, hnh vi cho hng v hnh vi chp nhn cho hng c thc hin trn lnh th ca cc quc gia khc nhau; Th ba, vic giao hng c thc hin trn lnh th ca mt quc gia khc vi quc gia ni tin hnh hnh vi cho hng hoc hnh vi chp nhn cho hng. Cng c Vin 1980 ca Lin hp quc v hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t (United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods) khng a ra nh ngha no v hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t, nhng iu 1 quy nh: 1. Cng c ny p dng cho cc hp ng mua bn hng ha gia cc bn c tr s thng mi ti cc quc gia khc nhau: a. Khi cc quc gia ny l cc quc gia thnh vin ca Cng c hoc, b. Khi theo cc quy tc t php quc t th lut c p dng l lut ca nc thnh vin Cng c ny. 2. S kin cc bn c tr s thng mi ti cc quc gia khc nhau khng tnh n nu s kin ny khng xut pht t hp ng, t cc mi quan h hnh thnh hoc vo thi im k hp ng gia cc bn hoc l t vic trao i thng tin gia cc bn. 3. Quc tch ca cc bn, quy ch dn s hoc thng mi ca h, tnh cht dn s hay thng mi ca hp ng khng c xt ti khi xc nh phm vi p dng ca Cng c ny.
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Qua , c th hiu rng, theo Cng c th vic ch th ca hp ng l cc bn c tr s cc nc khc nhau c coi l du hiu xc nh yu t nc ngoi trong quan h hp ng. Tip tc lm r hn vn ny, iu 10 Cng c quy nh, nu mt bn c hn mt tr s thng mi tr ln th tr s thng mi ca h s l tr s no c mi lin h cht ch nht i vi hp ng v i vi vic thc hin hp ng , c tnh ti nhng tnh hung m cc bn u bit hoc u d on c vo bt k lc no trc hoc vo thi im hp ng. Trong trng hp cc bn khng c tr s thng mi th s ly ni c tr thng xuyn ca h lm cn c xc nh. B nguyn tc ca Unidroit (Vin thng nht v t php quc t) v hp ng thng mi quc t 2004 (Principles of International Commercial Contracts - vit tt l PICC) khng a ra quy nh trc tip v hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t, nhng phn bnh lun v li m u ca PICC (phn bnh lun cng l mt phn ca B nguyn tc hon chnh) ch r rng tnh cht quc t (yu t nc ngoi) ca mt hp ng c th c xc nh bi nhiu cch: Php lut quc gia v php lut quc t v ang a ra nhiu gii php xc nh tnh cht quc t ca hp ng nh da vo tr s hay ni thng tr ca cc bn ti cc quc gia khc nhau, p dng nhng tiu ch mang tnh cht tng qut nh hp ng c cc mi lin h mt thit vi hn mt quc gia, hp ng i hi c s la chn gia php lut ca cc quc gia khc nhau, hp ng c nh hng n cc li ch trong thng mi quc t. PICC khng nhn mnh bt c tiu ch no trong s cc tiu ch trn, tuy nhin quan nim v tnh quc t ca hp ng cn phi c gii thch theo ngha rng nht c th, ch khng coi l hp ng khng c tnh quc t nu n khng c bt k mt yu t quc t no - ngha l tt c cc yu t c bn ca hp ng ch lin quan n mt quc gia duy nht. i vi Vit Nam, hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t c bit n trong nhiu vn bn vi cc tn gi khc nhau nh hp ng mua bn ngoi thng (c ghi nhn trong Quy ch tm thi s 4794/TN-XNK ngy 31/07/1991 ca B Thng nghip - nay l B Cng Thng), hp ng mua bn hng ha vi thng nhn nc ngoi (ghi nhn trong Lut Thng mi Vit Nam nm 1997 - sau y
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gi l LTMVN 1997), hp ng xut, nhp khu hng ha, hp ng mua bn hng ha (Lut Thng mi Vit Nam nm 2005 - sau y gi l LTMVN 2005). Trc thi im ban hnh LTMVN 1997, khi nim hp ng mua bn ngoi thng c ghi nhn trong Quy ch tm thi s 4794/TN-XNK v hng dn vic k kt hp ng mua bn ngoi thng do B Thng nghip (nay l B Cng Thng) ban hnh ngy 31/07/1991: hp ng mua bn ngoi thng l hp ng mua bn c tnh cht quc t vi ba tnh cht sau: th nht, ch th ca hp ng l nhng php nhn c quc tch khc nhau; th hai, hng ha l i tng ca hp ng c dch chuyn t nc ny sang nc khc; th ba, ng tin thanh ton trong hp ng l ngoi t i vi mt bn hoc c hai bn k kt hp ng. n thi k ra i v vn hnh LTMVN 1997, th li xut hin tn gi hp ng mua bn hng ha vi thng nhn nc ngoi (quy nh ti iu 80 LTMVN 1997): hp ng mua bn hng ha vi thng nhn nc ngoi l hp ng mua bn hng ha c k kt gia mt bn l thng nhn Vit Nam vi mt bn l thng nhn nc ngoi. Nh vy, tiu ch xc nh yu t nc ngoi cho hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t (c gi vi ci tn hp ng mua bn hng ha vi thng nhn nc ngoi) ch l yu t quc tch ca cc bn ch th hp ng. Theo , c th thy LTMVN 1997 thu hp ni hm khi nim hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t. Vi cch hiu ny th mt lot cc hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t khc s khng thuc phm vi iu chnh LTMVN 1997 nh hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t gia cc thng nhn Vit Nam vi nhau nhng vic k kt c tin hnh nc ngoi, hp ng mua bn hng ha gia thng nhn nc ngoi vi nhau Vit Nam... iu ny khng ch t ra nhng vn kh phc p v l lun m cn c s kh khn i vi vic p dng php lut trong thc tin khi m BLDSVN 1995 cha c xc nh r l o lut m hay khng. Hin nay, hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t c quy nh trong LTMVN 2005 v Ngh nh 12/2006/N-CP ca Chnh ph ngy 23/01/2006 quy nh chi tit thi hnh Lut Thng mi v hot ng mua bn hng ho quc t v cc hot
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ng i l mua, bn, gia cng v qu cnh hng ha vi nc ngoi. Theo iu 27 khon 1 LTMVN 2005 th Mua bn hng ho quc t c thc hin di cc hnh thc xut khu, nhp khu, tm nhp, ti xut, tm xut, ti nhp v chuyn khu. Nh vy, chiu theo quy nh ny th tiu ch xc nh yu t nc ngoi ca hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t theo php lut Vit Nam hin hnh ch l vic hng ha l i tng ca hp ng c th c chuyn giao qua bin gii hoc qua khu vc hi quan c bit. 2.1.3. Khi nim v hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi T nhng phn tch trn, c th kt lun: Hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi l hp ng in t tho mn mt s cc iu kin sau: -C t nht mt trong cc bn tham gia l c quan, t chc, c nhn nc ngoi ; -Ngi Vit Nam nh c nc ngoi ; - C t nht mt trong cc bn tham gia c tr s nc ngoi ; -Hoc l cc quan h dn s gia cc bn tham gia l cng dn, t chc Vit Nam nhng cn c xc lp, thay i, chm dt quan h theo php lut nc ngoi, pht sinh ti nc ngoi hoc ti sn lin quan n quan h nc ngoi ch l nh ngha n gin nht v hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi, bn cnh cn xem xt v dn chiu vi bn cht khi nim ni hm ca hp ng in t v hp ng mua bn quc t c th nm c bn cht ni hm ca hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi. 2.2. c im ca hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi Do bn cht ca n l mt hp ng in t nn hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi mang y c im, tnh cht ca hp ng in t. Ngoi bn cht l mt hp ng in t th hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi cn mang m yu t nc ngoi. Chnh v vy m hp ng in t cng tun theo nhng im tng ng ging nh hp ng mua bn hng ho quc t.
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Tuy nhin, hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi c nhng im khc bit i vi hai loi hp ng ny. 2.2.1. V ch th giao kt S khc bit ln nht v ch th ca giao kt hp ng in t ni chung v hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi l phm vi iu chnh. Ch th ca hp ng in t rng hn ch th ca hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi. Nu khng k n s c mt ca cc bn th ba c lin quan cht ch n hp ng in t c nhim v chuyn i, lu tr cc thng tin gia cc bn tham gia giao dch thng mi in t, ng thi h cng c th ng vai tr trong giao dch thng mi in t th ch th tham gia giao kt hp ng in t ging nh ch th tham gia giao kt i vi thng mi truyn thng ni chung (tc l gm ngi bn, ngi mua,v.v... ni chung). Nhng i vi hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi th ch th tham gia c quy nh c th hn (ging vi giao kt hp ng n thun c yu t nc ngoi), l: c t nht mt trong cc bn tham gia l c quan, t chc, c nhn nc ngoi, ngi Vit Nam nh c nc ngoi hoc l cc quan h dn s gia cc bn tham gia l cng dn, t chc Vit Nam nhng cn c xc lp, thay i, chm dt quan h theo php lut nc ngo
Chnh ch th hp, c th hn s gip cho vic qun l cng nh iu chnh cc giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi cht ch hn, gip cc bn d dng p dng cc lut iu chnh trong qu trnh thc hin giao kt hp ng in t mang yu t nc ngoi. Cn c vo c im ca hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t thy c c im v ch th giao kt ca hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi C th ni khi tham gia mt giao dch (c bit l mt giao dch thng mi th nht thit phi ch n ch th v nng lc ca ch th . Ch th ca hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi bn cnh c ch th ging vi hp ng mua bn quc t th cn c ch th l bn th ba nh trnh by trn. l cc c quan chng thc, bn th ba ny c th c hoc khng tham gia vo qu trnh
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giao kt. Cn li ch th ca hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi cng ging nh hp ng mua bn quc t. V theo vic xc nh nng lc hnh vi v nng lc php l cng c th c xc nh tng t nh vi hp ng mua bn ngoi thng. i vi vic xc nh nng lc ch th ca hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t, d rng php lut cc nc quy nh khc nhau, nhng im chung nht l hp ng phi c k v thc hin bi ngi c thm quyn v c y nng lc theo php lut. Vic chn h thng php lut p dng nhm lm r nng lc php lut dn s v nng lc hnh vi dn s ca ch th hp ng thng da vo h thuc lut nhn thn ca ch th hp ng (lex personalis). Trong khi , i vi Vit Nam, vic gii quyt xung t php lut v nng lc ch th ca hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t khng c quy nh chuyn bit trong LTMVN 2005, do v nguyn tc s p dng cc h thuc nh i vi nng lc ch th ca hp ng trong T php quc t ni chung (tc l s dng cc iu 761, 762 v 765 BLDSVN 2005) vi h thuc lut ch o c s dng cho c nhn l lut quc tch, cho php nhn l lut ni thnh lp php nhn.13 Hip nh tng tr t php gia Vit Nam vi cc nc cng khng c quy nh ring v phng thc gii quyt xung t php lut cho nng lc ch th ca hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t, nh vy h thuc c dng cng s ging nh trong trng hp nng lc ch th ca hp ng trong T php quc t ni chung: nu ch th l c nhn th nng lc ch th c xc nh theo php lut ca nc k kt m ngi l cng dn; cn nu ch th l php nhn th nng lc ch th xc nh theo php lut nc k kt ni thnh lp php nhn (a s HTTTP xc nh theo cch ny) hoc ni php nhn c tr s (mt s HTTTP nh HTTTP Vit Nam - Ba Lan, HTTTP Vit Nam - Hungary). Cho d khng a ra h thuc lut trc tip iu chnh nng lc ch th trong hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t, nhng php lut Vit Nam cng c nhng quy nh trc tip v nng lc ch th ca hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t:
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Thng nhn14 Vit Nam khng c vn u t ca nc ngoi (Thng nhn khng c vn u t trc tip nc ngoi gm c: cc doanh nghip Nh nc, cc doanh nghip c thnh lp theo Lut Doanh nghip, Lut Hp tc x; cc h kinh doanh c th c thnh lp v ng k kinh doanh theo Ngh nh s 109/2004/N-CP ngy 02 thng 4 nm 2004 ca Chnh ph v ng k kinh doanh)15 c xut khu, nhp khu hng ha khng ph thuc vo ngnh ngh ng k kinh doanh, ch tr cc hng ha thuc Danh mc cm xut khu, tm ngng xut khu, hng ha thuc Danh mc cm nhp khu, tm ngng nhp khu. Chi nhnh thng nhn cng c xut khu, nhp khu hng ha theo y quyn ca thng nhn (iu 3 Ngh nh 12/2006/N-CP ca Chnh ph ngy 23/01/2006 quy nh chi tit thi hnh Lut Thng mi v hot ng mua bn hng ho quc t v cc hot ng i l mua, bn, gia cng v qu cnh hng ha vi nc ngoi). i vi thng nhn c vn u t nc ngoi, cng ty v chi nhnh cng ty nc ngoi ti Vit Nam th khi tin hnh k kt, thc hin hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t ngoi vic phi thc hin cc quy nh ti Ngh nh 12/2006/N-CP cn phi tun theo cc quy nh khc ca php lut c lin quan (v d Lut u t Vit Nam nm 2006) v cc cam kt ca Vit Nam trong cc iu c quc t m Vit Nam l thnh vin (v d cc Hip nh bo h v khuyn khch u t gia Vit Nam vi cc nc). Cn c php lut hin hnh v cc iu c quc t, B trng B Cng Thng s cng b l trnh v phm vi hot ng kinh doanh ca cc thng nhn ny. C th ni, ch th ca hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi, phng din ch th n thun - hai bn mua bn - cng ging nh i vi ch th hp ng ca hp ng mua bn hng ho quc t, ch th l c quan, t chc c nhn c quc tch nc ngoi, ngi Vit Nam nh c nc ngoi hoc t nht mt bn tham
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Theo iu 6 khon 1 Lut Thng mi Vit Nam nm 2005 th Thng nhn bao gm t chc kinh t c thnh lp hp php, c nhn hot ng thng mi mt cch c lp, thng xuyn v c ng k kinh doanh. 15 Theo tiu mc 1 ca Mc I Thng t 04/2006/TT-BTM ngy 06/04/2006 ca B Thng mi hng dn mt s ni dung quy nh ti Ngh nh 12/2006/N-CP ngy 23/01/2006 ca Chnh ph quy nh chi tit thi hnh Lut Thng mi v hot ng mua bn hng ha quc t v cc hot ng i l mua, bn, gia cng v qu cnh hng ha vi nc ngoi.
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gia c tr s t nc ngoi. y cng chnh l mt im quy nh ring , bt buc i vi hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi m hp ng in t khng c. S kt hp ca hai yu t n lm nn c im ca ch th hp ng c yu t nc ngoi. 2.2.2. V lut iu chnh Vi s xut hin ca thng mi in t, c tnh ranh gii vn l c tnh c hu ca ngoi thng truyn thng b xo b hon ton. Tuy nhin n cng tr thnh vn kh khn cho cc quc gia trong vic xy dng mt khung php l v Giao dch in t trong phm vi quc t. H thng php lut thng nht t c tho thun mang tnh a bin m khng gp cc ro cn v lnh th. Chnh v vy, cc t chc quc t, trong khun kh hot ng ca mnh, u xy dng nhng chng trnh chung, nh hng chung hay nhng quy tc chung nhm hng dn cho cc quc gia xy dng khung php l cho thng mi in t ca mnh sao cho phi t c s thng nht, hi ho trn phm vi khu vc hay quc t. EU th ban hnh mt lot cc ch th lin quan n thng mi in t, ch k in t cho cc quc gia thanh vin; ASEAN th c Hip nh khung v thng mi in t...Cc quc gia, tu vo iu kin, tnh hnh ca mnh m ban hnh cc vn bn php lut v thng mi in t, nhng v nguyn tc phi tun th nhng quy tc hay chng trnh chung c a ra. Tnh thng nht l yu cu quan trng nht ca c s php l cho thng mi in t ni chung v hp ng in t ni ring trn phm vi quc t. Gi s mt dng ch k in t c cng nhn theo php lut ca quc gia ny nhng li khng c cng nhn mt quc gia khc, th hp ng in t c giao kt gia cc ch th ca hai quc gia s kh c th m bo v tnh hiu lc cng nh an ton cho cc giao dch. Chnh trn t duy ny m hai Lut mu ca UNCITRAL c son tho nhm hng dn cc quc gia ban hnh cc vn bn lut thng nht v thng mi in t. Mc d ch l Lut mu nhng gi tr tham kho ca n l rt ln, c bit vi cc nc ang pht trin, trong c Vit Nam. Tuy nhin, iu quan trng l cc quc gia phi n lc hn na bin Lut ny thnh Lut khung, c gi tr php l phm vi cc nc thnh vin ca Lin hp
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quc, iu chnh vic giao kt hp ng in t trong lnh vc thng mi quc t. Ni cch khc, cc quc gia phi n lc hn na bin lut mu ca UNCITRAL thnh lut chi chung v thng mi in t v giao kt hp ng in t. 2.2.3. V ni dung Trn mt kha cnh c th, tham gia hp ng ca hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi v hp ng mua bn hng ho quc t u c yu t nc ngoi, theo h thng lut iu chnh i vi hai loi hp ng ny cng c i nt tng ng. V h thng lut c dng gii quyt xung t php lut v ni dung ca hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t, php lut cc nc trn th gii, cc iu c quc t, php lut Vit Nam v cc hip nh tng tr t php gia Vit Nam vi cc nc u s dng ging nh cho ni dung ca hp ng trong T php quc t ni chung16. Xt v php lut thc nh ca Vit Nam, LTMVN 2005 v cc vn bn hng dn thi hnh khng c quy nh chuyn bit no v ni dung ca hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t cng nh i vi hp ng in t hay hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi, v th vic xc nh vn ny s da trn quy nh chung v ni dung ca hp ng dn s trong BLDSVN 2005, theo th ni dung ca mt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi c th hm cha cc iu khon v: 1. i tng ca hp ng l ti sn phi giao, cng vic phi lm hoc khng c lm; 2. S lng, cht lng; 3. Gi, phng thc thanh ton; 4. Thi hn, a im, phng thc thc hin hp ng; 5. Quyn, ngha v ca cc bn; 6. Trch nhim do vi phm hp ng; 7. Pht vi phm hp ng; 8. Cc ni dung khc (iu 402 BLDSVN 2005). Cc ni dung ny ch mang tnh cht tu ch khng phi bt buc cho cc bn ch th, ngha l php lut Vit Nam khng n nh cc iu khon ch yu ca hp ng dn s ni chung v hp ng thng mi ni rin m cho cc bn tham gia quan h hp ng c quyn t do tho thun. Ni dung ca hp ng s
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c coi l hp php nu nh khng vi phm cc iu cm ca php lut v o c x hi (iu 4 v iu 122 BLDSVN 2005). i vi cc hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi, cc iu khon trong ni dung mang tnh cht in t cao v thng do ngi bn (hoc ngi cung ng dch v) lm sn v hin th trn trang web ca mnh. V vy, khi ni n ni dung ca hp ng in t ni chung hay hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi ni ring, khc vi hp ng truyn thng hp ng m khi m phn tin ti giao kt, cc bn thng ch ch n iu khon ch yu lm thnh ni dung ca hp ng, gi c, iu kin thanh ton, iu kin giao hng...- hp ng in t, cc bn giao kt hp ng bt buc v trc ht phi ch n cc quy nh c tnh k thut ca cng ngh tin hc. iu ny cn c bit ch i vi hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi v trnh cng ngh ca cc quc gia khc nhau l khc nhau. chnh l cch hin th ni dung ca hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi. Nu khng c thao tc tt, chnh xc quy trnh k thut ny th vic giao kt hp ng in t v mt ni dung cng khng th t c. V vy, kha cnh k thut cng ngh gn kt cht ch vi cc kha cnh php l ca quy trnh giao kt lin quan n ni dung ca hp ng in t. T c th khng nh, cc yu cu v mt k thut ca cch hin th ni dung ca hp ng in t cng chnh l c s php l m cc bn phi tun th khi giao kt hp ng in t, c bit l hp ng thng mi in t v hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi. 2.2.4. Hnh thc ca hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi Hnh thc ca hp ng in t ni chung v hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi khng ging nh hnh thc ca hp ng bng li ni, bng hnh vi hay bng vn bn. Loi hp ng ny c th l hp ng c tho v gi qua th in t hoc l hp ng nhn nt ng qua cc trang Web bn hng (c cha cc iu kin mua bn trc khi giao dch hon thnh) th hp ng c coi l giao kt v cc bn phi thc hin cc cam kt ca mnh.
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Mt trong nhng vn kh khn ca hp ng in t ni chung v ca hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi ni ring l cc tho thun nh vy thng c thc hin trong mi trng hon ton trc tuyn. Php lut Vit Nam quy nh hnh thc ca hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t phi c lp thnh vn bn hoc bng hnh thc khc c gi tr php l tng ng. Trong , ti khon 2, iu 27 ca LTM nm 2005 quy nh: Mua bn hng ho quc t phi c thc hin trn c s hp ng bng vn bn hoc bng hnh thc khc c gi tr php l tng ng. Cng trong khon 15, iu 3 ca Lut ny c quy nh thm: Cc hnh thc c gi tr tng ng vn bn bao gm in bo, telex, fax, thng ip d liu v cc hnh thc khc theo quy nh ca php lut. Bn cnh , Lut Giao dch in t nm 2005 khi cp n: Hp ng in t l hp ng c thit lp di dng thng ip d liu theo Quy nh ca Lut ny17. Cng theo quy nh ca Lut Giao dch in t nm 2005, thng ip d liu c hiu l thng tin c to ra, c gi i, c nhn v lu tr bng phng tin in t. V cc phng thc nh telex, faxcng chnh l cc phng thc s dng phng tin in t. Cng nh hp ng in t, hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi cng c thc hin thng qua cc thng ip d liu, thng qua cc phng tin in t. V vy, t cc im trn c th thy rng, cc hnh thc ca hp ng in t ni chung v hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi ni chung c mm ho, rt a dng v phong ph. Ga tr hnh thc ca hp ng in t ni chung hay hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi ni ring c php lut cng nhn tng ng vi gi tr php l ca hp ng mua bn hang ho quc t cng nh hp ng truyn thng thng thng. 2.3. Ch k v bng chng v hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi Mt trong nhng iu kin quan trng da vo c th xc nh c tnh hiu lc ca hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi l nhng quy nh v ch k in t trong hp ng .
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iu 33 Lut giao dch in t nm 2005

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Hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi c k bng ch k in t c yu t nc ngoi. Ging nh ch k in t, ch k in t c yu t nc ngoi cng c to lp di dng t, ch, s, k hiu, m thanh, hoc cc hnh thc khc bng phng tin in t gn lin, hoc kt hp mt cch logic vi thng ip d liu, c kh nng xc nhn ngi k thng ip d liu v xc nhn s chp thun ca ngi i vi ni dung thng ip d liu c k. Trong tho lun v d tho lut ln th 7 c nh ngha: iu 23: Ch k in t c yu t nc ngoi l ch k in t c mt trong cc yu t sau: a) Ch k in t c to ra hoc s dng nc ngoi; b) Tr s hoc ni c tr thng xuyn ca ngi k ch k in t nm ngoi lnh th Vit Nam. iu 24: 18 Chng th in t c yu t nc ngoi l Chng th in t c mt trong nhng yu t: a) Chng th in t c pht hnh nc ngoi b) Tr s ca t chc pht hnh chng th in t nm ngoi lnh th Vit Nam Ch k in t c yu t nc ngoi c Nh nc cng nhn c tin cy tng ng vi ch k in t19 V th, khi s dng ch k in t c yu t nc ngoi cng cn phi bo m cc yu cu v cng ngh v php l ca ch k in t c yu t nc ngoi, tc l m bo vic ch k in t c s dng l an ton v th hin ch r rng ca cc bn v thng tin (c nhn hoc doanh nghip nc ngoi) trong vn bn in t, hay ni cch khc cn c bin php no cc bn c th xc nh c ch k in t ca i tc nc ngoi. Trong lnh vc ny, cn c mt cch thc no mang tnh k thut hoc mt c quan trung gian nhm chng thc tnh xc thc v m bo tin cy ca ch k in t. Cch thc ny hoc c quan ny c hnh thnh nhm cung cp mt chng thc (certification) mang nhiu ngha c v mt php l ln v mt cng ngh. y l
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http://www.ddth.com iu 27, khon 1, Lut Giao dch in t nm 2005

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mt vn khng pht sinh khi giao kt hp ng truyn thng nhng li rt cn c quan tm nhm bo m cho vic giao kt hp ng in t c an ton. Ch in t nc ngoi cng ging nh ch k in t ni chung trn thc t tn ti nhiu dng. V d, Anh, con du ca mt cng ty c coi l ch k, hoc bn fax ca mt ch k cng c gi tr nh bn chnh. Nhiu phng php p cc du hiu trn giy c cng nhn nh l mt ch k, v d nh l mt bc th c in trn giy tiu ca cng ty cng c th c coi l c k. Nh vy, pht trin vic giao kt hp ng in t cng nh hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi, ngi ta mm ho cc quy nh v ch k in t v cng nhn nhiu hnh thc ca ch k ny. Ch cn tn ti mt s xc nhn (authentication) no l iu kin ch k in t c yu t nc ngoi tr thnh mt ch k in t c hiu lc. i vi cc th in t c yu t nc ngoi, ngi vit thng to ra mt d liu ch k (signature file) cui th v hnh thc ny cng c php lut nhiu nc, c bit l cc nc theo h thng Common Law (h thng anh-M)chp nhn c gi tr nh mt ch k. Tuy nhin, trn thc t, cch thc ny khng an ton v d b n cp (ch bng mt thao tc ct-dn n gin). V vy cc nc thng a ra nhng quy nh lin quan n ch k in t nhm chng li cc hnh vi n cp hay hnh vi mo danh ch k in t. Giao kt hp ng in t, c bit l giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi m khng quy nh c th trong lut, khng tm hiu cc quy nh hin hnh ca php lut ca cc bn tham gia v ch k in t s t cc doanh nghip vo nhng ri ro khn lng. III.TM HIU CC QUY NH PHP LUT CA HOA K V HP NG IN T C YU T NC NGOI 3.1 Hoa K cha c o lut ring v Hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi Hoa K l mt cng quc v cng ngh thng tin v l c s quc gia ny pht trin nhanh chng hot ng thng mi in t. Tuy nhin, bn cnh nn tng cng ngh k thut th c s php l hay lut iu chnh cng l mt yu t thit yu gp phn thc y vic ng dng thng mi in t ni chung v giao
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kt hp ng in t ni ring, mt vn php l quan trng trong hot ng thng mi in t. T trc nm 1999, nhng qui nh iu chnh hp ng in t ti Hoa K c nhng nm ri rc trong n l cc bang khc nhau. iu ny thc s gy cn tr cho vic giao kt hp ng in t gia cc doanh nghip ni chung khi khng c mt khung php l thng nht chung cho ton lin bang, c bit l trong iu kin thng mi in t ngy cng pht trin rng vi tnh phi bin gii c th ca n. Nhu cu pht trin ny buc cc nh lm lut phi xy dng nn mt khung php l chung iu chnh cc giao dch in t trong c lnh vc thng mi in t v vn giao kt hp ng in t. Hin ti Hoa K c 3 vn bn php lut qui nh lin quan n giao dch in t l: Lut thng nht v giao dch Thng tin trn my tnh (Uniform computer Information Transaction Act UCITA), Lut thng nht v Giao dch in t (Uniform Electronic Transaction Act UETA) v Lut ch k in t trong Thng mi Quc gia v Quc t (Electronic signature in Global and Commercial Act E-sign). Trong s ba lut ny th ch c Lut Giao dch in t l c cp nhiu n vn hp ng in t. Tuy nhin yu t nc ngoi trong giao kt hp ng in t khng c cp n. Nh vy l Hoa K, mt trong nhng nc i u v cng ngh thng tin cng nh c h thng php lut rt pht trin cng cha a ra mt o lut ring no iu chnh vn hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi khi cc qui nh ch nm phn tn trong mt s lut, b lut ca bang hay ton lin bang. 3.2. Lut giao dch in t tha nhn gi tr php l ca hp ng in t nh hp ng truyn thng Lut thng nht v giao dch in t - UETA c 46 bang ca Hoa K thng qua (theo Wikipedia) bc u a ra mt s c s php l hng dn vic giao kt hp ng in t. Mt qui nh quan trng trong l s tha nhn gi tr php l ca hp ng in t nh hp ng truyn thng.
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UETA qui nh rng mt bn ghi hay mt ch k s khng b ph nhn gi tr php l ch v n tn ti dng in t. Hn na, UETA cn khng nh r rng mt hp ng cng khng b mt hiu lc php l ch v hp ng hnh thnh c s dng bn ghi in t. (Mc 7 UETA) Tuy nhin mt im cn lu l UETA s khng c p dng i vi cc loi giao dch hoc hp ng m cc lut, b lut ra i trc iu chnh trnh nhng qui nh chng cho, mu thun. 3.3. UETA a ra quy nh v trnh t giao kt hp ng in t Theo UETA, mt thng ip in t c xem l gi khi n c chuyn trc tip, hoc truyn qua h thng thng tin, theo yu cu ca ngi nhn. Mt thng ip in t c xem l nhn khi n c chuyn vo h thng truyn thng tin c ch ra trc v ngi nhn c th ly ra c20 Trong lut cng din gii k mt thng ip c xem l gi khi no v nhn khi no. l nhng ranh gii quan trng xc nh thi im hnh thnh hp ng in t. Theo , c th hnh dung c th hn v mt giao kt hp ng in t nh sau: nu mt tha thun mua bn c lp bng email th hp ng s c hiu lc ngay khi ngi c cho hng gi a ch e-mail m ngi cho hng cho ngi cho hng theo a ch e-mail m ngi cho hng cung cp cho ngi c cho hng. Hp ng c coi l hnh thnh ngay khi ngi cho hng ly ra chp nhn cho hng (tc l m e-mail) mc d ngi cho hng cha h c thng ip chp nhn cho hng ny.21 Nu phn tch k nhng quy nh ny c th nhn thy rng quy trnh giao kt hp ng truyn thng c quy nh trong UCC (B lut Thng mi Thng nht Hoa K) vn c tn trng v UETA ch b sung v lm r hn khi quy trnh c p dng cho giao kt hp ng in t. Vi cch lm lut nh vy th r rng cc qui nh khng h b chng cho m b sung mt cch thng nht vi nhau, to iu kin thun li cho ngi p dng lut.
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Theo Cm nang php lut v Giao kt hp ng in t-GS.TS.NGND Nguyn Th M Theo Cm nang php lut v Giao kt hp ng in t - GS.TS.NGND Nguyn Th M
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CHNG 2: THC TRNG CC QUY NH CA PHP LUT VIT NAM V GIAO KT HP NG IN T C YU T NC NGOI
I. NHN XT CHUNG
1.1. Nhng thun li v kt qu C th ni vic Vit Nam c khung php lut v hp ng in t l mt thun li c bn trong vic tip tc xy dng cc quy nh v giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi. 1.1.1. ban hnh Lut Thng mi nm 2005 trong tha nhn gi tr php l ca hp ng in t. Hp ng in t c hiu l hp ng c thit lp di dng thng ip d liu, hay ni cch khc, l hp ng khng s dng cc hnh thc hp ng truyn thng nh hp ng bng li ni, bng hnh vi hay bng vn bn. Cu hi t ra l: Liu mt hp ng c k dng phng tin in t (nh l Telex, in bo, th in t) c c coi l hnh thc vn bn khng v gi tr php l ca n c c tha nhn khng? Cn c vo iu 24 Lut Thng mi nm 2005 quy nh v hnh thc ca hp ng, theo , hp ng c th c giao kt bng li ni, bng vn bn hay bng hnh vi c th.Tuy nhin lut ny i hi nhiu loi hp ng c th phi c giao kt bng hnh thc vn bn v d nh hp ng nhng quyn thng mi (iu 285 Lut Thng mi nm 2005). iu ng ch l iu 3 khon 15 Lut Thng mi nm 2005 khng nh r: Cc hnh thc c gi tr tng ng vn bn bao gm in bo, telex, fax, thng ip d liu v cc hnh thc khc theo quy nh ca php lut. Bng quy nh ny, Lut Thng mi nm 2005 cng nhn cc thng ip in t cng c gi tr php l nh mt hnh thc vn bn. V nh vy, tt c cc loi hp ng thuc phm vi iu chnh ca Lut Thng mi nm 2005, khi c k kt thng qua cc phng tin in t, u tho mn yu cu v hnh thc vn bn, m bo tnh hiu lc ca h ng. Quy nh ny to c s php l ban u rt quan trng cho vic s dng cc
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chng t in t trong giao dch in t ni chung v trong giao kt hp ng thng mi in t ni ring. 1.1.2. ban hnh Lut Giao dch in t nm 2005 o lut khung iu chnh vic giao kt hp ng in t Lut Giao dch in t u tin ca Vit Nam c Quc hi thng qua ngy29/11/2005, c hiu lc ngy 01/03/2006. S ra i ca Lut Giao dch in t nm 2005 nh du mt bc ngot quan trng trong qu trnh xy dng khung php l cho thng mi in t, cho giao dch in t, trong c hp ng in t. y l o lut u tin iu chnh trc tip vic s dng cc phng tin in t trong trao i, giao dch. Lut Giao dch in t nm 2005 c phm vi iu chnh kh bao qut, bao gm cc giao dch in t trong cc lnh vc hnh chnh, dn s v thng mi. Vic ban hnh lut giao dch in t nm 2005 l ph hp vi xu hng chung ca php lut quc t v php lut quc gia v thng mi in t v hp ng in t. Trn thc t, hu ht cc nc nh Hoa K, Singapore, Philippines u xy dng Lut iu chnh thng mi in t cho d c s khc nhau trong cch gi tn cc o lut ny tng nc. c bit, Lut Giao dch in t nm 2005 cng a ra mt s quy nh lin quan n giao kt hp ng in t nh: quy nh khi nim v hp ng in t (iu 33); khng nh gi tr php l ca hp ng in t (iu 34); nguyn tc giao kt hp ng in t (iu 36); khi nim giao kt hp ng in t (iu 37). Ngoi ra, Lut cn quy nh v ch k in t; nguyn tc s dng ch k in t; ngha v ca ngi k ch k in t v bn chp nhn ch k in t v.vTuy cha tht l y v c th nhng nhng quy nh ny l nhng c s php l u tin ca Vit Nam iu chnh giao kt hp ng in t- a ra s c ngha nh nhng quy nh c bn , nn tng iu chnh vic giao kt hp ng in t. Vi nhng quy tc php lut ny, c th thy r Lut Giao dch in t nm 2005 chnh l o lut khung iu chnh giao dch in t ni chung v giao kt hp ng in t ni ring.
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1.1.3. ban hnh cc vn bn di lut c ban hnh nhm hng dn thc hin hp ng in t. Ngy 9/6/2006 Chnh ph ban hnh Ngh nh 57/2006/N-CP v thng mi in t. y l Ngh nh hng dn kh chi tit nhiu vn php l v gioa kt hp ng thng mi in t. Ngh nh ny quy nh chi tit vic tha nhn gi tr php l cu thng ip d liu trong cc hot ng thng mi Vit Nam hoc nc ngoi (iu 3); tha nhn gi tr php l cc chng t in t trong giao kt hp ng thng mi; quy nh v qun l nh nc v thng mi in t, k c x l vi phm php lut v thng mi in t v.vVic ban hnh Ngh nh s 57/2006/N-CP l c s php l cc doanh nghip Vit nam tin hnh giao kt hp ng in t trong lnh vc thng mi. Cho n thi im thng 06/2009, c kh nhiu vn bn php lut ca Vit Nam cp n cc kha cnh php l lin quan n giao dch in t, n thng mi in t, n nhng vn nh thanh ton in t, hi quan in t, thu in t, k ton in t, vic m bo an ton, an ninh ch cc thng tin in t (xem ph lc 2). Nhng vn bn ny to c s bc u hnh thnh khung php l cho giao kt v thc hin hp ng in t Vit Nam. Nh vy, vic Lut Thng mi 2005 cng nhn gi tr php l ca hp ng in t cng vi s ra i Lut Giao dch in t 2005 v mt lot cc vn bn di lut nu trn to thnh khung php lut v giao kt hp ng in t trong c nhng quy nh v hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi. y l thun li rt c bn. 1.2. Nhng bt cp v nguyn nhn 1.2.1. Cha c vn bn php lut c th v giao kt hp ng thng mi in t c yu t nc ngoi Tng t nh vi cc hp ng truyn thng, cc vn bn php lut hin hnh ca cc nc v ca Vit Nam, khi quy nh v giao kt v thc hin hp ng, u c nhng quy nh dnh ring cho nhng hp ng c giao kt vi cc c nhn v php nhn nc ngoi. B lut Dn s nm 2005 dnh Phn th
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by ca B lut quy nh v nhng vn Dn s c yu t nc ngoi. Lut Thng mi Vit Nam nm 2005 cng c nhng quy nh v thng nhn nc ngoi hot ng ti Vit Nam (mc 3 chng 1); hoc v mua bn hng ho quc t (iu 27) v xut nhp khu hng ho ( iu 28, iu 29, iu 30, iu 31...). Trong khi , c 8 chng v 54 iu khon ca Lut giao dch in t nm 2005 li khng c mt iu khon no v giao dch in t, hoc hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi. Lut Giao dch in t nm 2005 quy nh ch mt iu duy nht v tha nhn ch k in t v chng th in t nc ngoi, l iu 27. iu 27 khon 1 quy nh: Nh nc cng nhn gi tr php l ca ca ch k in t v chng th in t nc ngoi nu ch k in t hoc chng th in t c tin cy tng ng vi tin cy ca ch k in t v chng th in t theo quy nh ca php lut. Vic xc nh mc tin cy ca ch k in t v chng th in t nc ngoi phi cn c vo cc tiu chun quc t c tha nhn, iu c quc t m nc Cng ho x hi ch ngha Vit Nam l thnh vin v cac yu t c lin quan. Vy th no l tin cy tng ng gia ch k in t nc ngoi vi ch k in t theo quy nh ca php lut? Nhng tiu chun quc t c tha nhn v vn ny l nhng tiu chun no? Nhng tiu chun no c iu c quc t m nc Cng ho x hi ch ngha Vit Nam l thnh vin cng nhn? Hng lot nhng cu hi ny n nay vn cha c cu tr li. Mt iu ng lu hn na l iu 27 khon 2 ni trn li khng nh rng: Chnh ph quy nh c th v vic tha nhn ch k in t v chng th in t nc ngoi. Nhng n tn thi im hin ti, Chnh ph vn cha c quy nh c th no v vn ny. V do , cc doanh nghip nc ngoi, cc doanh nghip Vit Nam no mun giao kt hp ng in t vi i tc nc ngoi ch c mt cch duy nht l ch i. R rng iu ny tht s s gy kh khn cho cc doanh nghip Vit Nam khi h giao kt v thc hin cc hp ng in t vi cc i tc cc nc khc. 1.2.2. Cha c vn bn di lut hng dn thi hnh giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi
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Vi thc tin lun vn ng bin i th mt Lut khi mi c ban hnh c th khng trnh khi c nhng thiu st. Chnh v th m vic ban hnh cc vn bn di php lut hng dn thi hnh c th nhng vn m Lut cn cha lm r hay cha iu chnh ht l mt cch lm lut hay. Nh m nhng thiu st trong cc B lut cng nh Lut chuyn ngnh c th c b sung. Nh phn tch trn th Lut giao dch in t 2005 tuy l o lut khung iu chnh giao dch in t ni chung v giao kt hp ng in t ni ring nhng li cha c quy nh c th no v giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi. hn 3 nm k t khi Lut ny ra i, nhiu vn bn di lut c ban hnh nhm thc thi Lut ny trong cuc sng v hng dn cc ch th php lut thc hin cc giao dch in t v giao kt hp ng in t song nhng thiu st trong cc quy nh v yu t nc ngoi trong hp ng in t vn cha c b sung. y l mt tr ngi ln cho cc doanh nghip, c nhn mun k kt hp ng in t vi i tc nc ngoi bi tm l e ngi ri ro. Trong bi cnh ton cu ha v hi nhp kinh t quc t ang din ra v cng si ng th nhu cu k kt cc hp ng bun bn quc t (c bit l hp ng in t - mt xu hng tt yu trong thi i cng ngh thng tin) vi i tc nc ngoi ang v s ngy cng ln. Nu cc vn bn php lut ca Vit Nam vn thiu cc quy nh c th v hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi th chc chn s l mt ro cn php l hn ch s pht trin hot ng kinh doanh quc t ca doanh nghip ni ring v hot ng giao thng quc t ca quc gia ni chung. 1.2.3. Cha c khung php l chung gia cc nc v giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi cng nh v ch k in t Mc d thng mi in t bng n t cui nhng nm 1990 song cho n hin nay cha c mt khung php l chung hay o lut ring thng nht no iu chnh vic giao kt hp ng in t ni chung v giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi ni ring. Nhng quy nh v giao kt hp ng in t ch l mt phn trong php lut v giao dch in t hoc php lut v thng mi in t ch thc t cha c mt o lut ring no iu chnh vn giao kt hp ng in t.
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Nm 1996, y ban ca Lin hp quc v Lut Thng mi Quc t (UNCITRAL) ban hnh mt o lut l Lut mu v Thng mi in t ca Uncitral v tip nm 2000 ban hnh lut mu v Ch k in t trong c nhng quy nh hng dn vic giao kt hp ng in t v ng nhin c ch k in t. Tuy nhin hai o lut ny c ban hnh mi gip c cc nc thnh vin ca Lin hp quc c th ly cn c xy dng lut iu chnh cc vn lin quan n thng mi in t, trong c giao kt hp ng in t ch cha phi l o lut c cng nhn v thng nht p dng trn th gii. Trong khi , tnh thng nht li l yu cu quan trng nht ca c s php l cho thng mi in t ni chung v hp ng in t ni ring trn phm vi quc t. Mt khi cha c mt khung php l chung cho vic giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi th tranh chp cn d xy ra v quyn li ca cc bn c th khng c m bo, t km hm thc t pht trin mnh m ca thng mi in t v giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi. Nu nh cc hip nh a bin ca WTO v Thng mi hng ha, dch v, u t, quyn s hu tr tu gp phn y mnh giao thng ton cu th mt o lut khung, hay khung php l chung v Thng mi in t trong c giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi cng s thc y s pht trin nhanh chng ca thng mi ton cu. II. THC TRNG CC QUY NH PHP LUT CA VIT NAM V HP NG IN T C YU T NC NGOI 2.1. Nhng quy dnh lin quan n khi nim hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi - c khi nim v hp ng in t - c s ban u hnh thnh hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi Vic ra i nh ngha v hp ng in t l mt bc tin ln ca cc giao dch thng mai in t, phn bit hon ton hp ng truyn thng vi hp ng in t. y l mt nh ngha mang tnh bc ngot v vic chuyn i phng thc giao kt hp ng. T hnh thc m phn trc tip sang hnh thc s dung cc phng tin in t, cc thng ip d liuc s tc ng ca cng ngh thng tin.
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Vi ngha l mt nhn t cu thnh nn hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi th khi nim v hp ng in t chnh l c s php l hnh thnh nn khi nim v hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi. Trc thi im ban hnh LTM 1997, khi nim hp ng mua bn ngoi thng c ghi nhn trong Quy ch tm thi s 4794/TN-XNK v hng dn vic k kt hp ng mua bn ngoi thng do B Thng nghip (nay l B Cng Thng) ban hnh ngy 31/07/1991: hp ng mua bn ngoi thng l hp ng mua bn c tnh cht quc t vi ba tnh cht sau: th nht, ch th ca hp ng l nhng php nhn c quc tch khc nhau; th hai, hng ha l i tng ca hp ng c dch chuyn t nc ny sang nc khc; th ba, ng tin thanh ton trong hp ng l ngoi t i vi mt bn hoc c hai bn k kt hp ng. n thi k LTM 1997 ra i th li xut hin tn gi hp ng mua bn hng ha vi thng nhn nc ngoi (quy nh ti iu 80 LTM 1997): hp ng mua bn hng ha vi thng nhn nc ngoi l hp ng mua bn hng ha c k kt gia mt bn l thng nhn Vit Nam vi mt bn l thng nhn nc ngoi. Nh vy, tiu ch xc nh yu t nc ngoi cho hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t (c gi vi ci tn hp ng mua bn hng ha vi thng nhn nc ngoi) ch l yu t quc tch ca cc bn ch th hp ng. Nh vy, tt c cc yu t lin quan n c yu t nc ngoi c tp trung cc kha cnh nh: ch th, i tng, quc tchLut ca cc quc gia khc nhau c khi nim v hp ng in t khc nhau, c cch hiu v yu t nc ngoi khc nhau. Trn cc cn c , nn hc tp v hiu ni hm ca yu t nc ngoi trong hp ng sao cho ph hp. - c khi nim ca mt s hp ng c yu t nc ngoi (hp ng dn s c yu t nc ngoi, hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t) Yu t th hai quan trng c nhc ti trong ni hm ca hp ng in t l yu t c yu t nc ngoi. Vic a ra cc khi nim v cc loi hp ng c yu t nc ngoi cho ta c mt ci nhn tng quan v c im c yu t nc ngoi ca hp ng.
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B Lut Dn s nm 2005 dnh ra Phn th by ca B lut quy nh v nhng vn dn s c yu t nc ngoi. Trong lut lm r mi quan h c yu t nc ngoi, l: quan h dn s c t nht mt trong cc bn tham gia l c quan, t chc, c nhn nc ngoi, ngi Vit Nam nh c nc ngoi hoc l cc quan h dn s gia cc bn tham gia l cng dn, t chc Vit Nam nhng cn c xc lp, thay i, chm dt quan h theo php lut nc ngoi, pht sinh ti nc ngoi hoc ti sn lin quan n quan h nc ngoi . - Cha c khi nim hay nh ngha c th, r rng no trong lut VN v hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi Php lut Vit Nam cng cha c quy nh hay nh ngha c th no v hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi. Cc doanh nghip Vit Nam cng ging nh cc doanh nghip nc ngoi khi thc hin cc giao kt hp ng c yu t nc ngoi, l tun th cc quy nh ca mt hp ng thng mi truyn thng ng thi tha mn cc yu cu ca mt hp ng in t. Theo T php quc t Vit Nam, trng hp cc bn khng tha thun chn php lut dn chiu trong hp ng th quyn v ngha v ca cc bn c xy nh theo php lut ca ni thc hin hp ng. 2.2. Thc trng nhng quy nh v th tc giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi 2.2.1. V ch th Nh phn tch trn, cc ch th tham gia trong hp ng in t gm c: bn bn, bn mua v bn trung gian. l cch gi tn cc ch th khi nhn t gc thng mi. Cn nu nhn t gc php lut hay kha cnh k thut th cc ch th tham gia trong hp ng in t bao gm: ngi khi to, ngi nhn v ngi trung gian. V ngi khi to, c Lut Giao dch in t 2005 v Ngh nh 57 c nhng quy nh ban u v ch th ny. iu 16 - Lut Giao dch in t 2005 cp n khi nim trn nh sau: Ngi khi to thng ip d liu l c quan, t chc, c nhn to hoc gi mt thng ip d liu trc khi thng ip d liu c lu gi nhng khng bao hm ngi trung gian chuyn thng ip d
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liu.. C th trong lnh vc thng mi in t trong giao kt hp ng in t l mt trong nhng vn chnh th khon 4 iu 3 - Ngh nh 57/2006/N-CP a ra khi nim nh sau: "Ngi khi to" l bn, hoc ngi i din ca bn , to ra hoc gi i chng t in t trc khi lu tr n. Ngi khi to khng bao gm bn hot ng vi t cch l ngi trung gian lin quan ti chng t in t. Hai khi nim ny v c bn l ging nhau, ch khc ch thng ip d liu trong lnh vc thng mi in t chnh l chng t in t. y l nhng quy nh kh r rng gip hiu v phn bit cc th trong hp ng in t c yu t ngc ngoi V ngi nhn, tng t nh nhng quy nh v ngi khi to, khi nim ny c nghin cu a ra trong c Lut Giao dch in t 2005 v Ngh nh 57/2006/N-CP. C th l: Ngi nhn thng ip d liu l ngi c ch nh nhn thng ip d liu t ngi khi to thng ip d liu nhng khng bao hm ngi trung gian chuyn thng ip d liu . (iu 18 Lut Giao dch in t 2005), 5. "Ngi nhn" l bn nhn c chng t in t theo ch ca ngi khi to. Ngi nhn khng bao gm bn hot ng vi t cch l ngi trung gian lin quan ti chng t in t. V t chc trung gian hay bn trung gian, iu 4 khon 9 Lut Giao dch in t 2005 quy nh: Ngi trung gian l c quan, t chc, c nhn i din cho c quan, t chc, c nhn khc thc hin vic gi, nhn hoc lu tr mt thng ip d liu hoc cung cp cc dch v khc lin quan n thng ip d liu . Nh vy, ngi trung gian y c th l t chc cung cp dch v mng hay t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k in t. Cng trong iu 4, cc khi nim v hai t chc trung gian ny cng c cp n. Nhng cch nh ngha v cc ch th nh trn kh r rng v nu ln c bn cht, c im c bn ca ch th thay v vic lit k nhng i tng no l ch th ca hp ng in t. Bc u a ra y cc khi nim v cc ch th tham gia hp ng in t l c s tip tc xy dng nhng quy nh iu chnh vic giao kt hp ng in t. Bi mun giao kt hp ng in t ni chung v giao kt hp ng in t ni ring th vn cn quan tm u tin chnh l nhng
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quy nh lin quan n ch th, mt trong nhng iu kin hiu lc ca hp ng. Mt ch th c kh nng giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi hay khng cn ph thuc vo nng lc php lut dn s v nng lc hnh vi dn s ca ch th . i vi hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi th vic xc nh ch th c nng lc k kt hay khng l mt vn bc thit v cng kh phc tp. Vic nhn nh v nhn thn, v nng lc php lut, nng lc hnh vi ca ch th trong mt mi trng o nh mi trng in t l rt kh v n nh hng n mc an ton ca vic giao kt hp ng. Chnh v th yu cu t ra l cn c nhng quy nh php l iu chnh vn ny. B lut Dn s 2005 dnh hn phn th 7 quy nh v quan h dn s c yu t nc ngoi trong c cc quy nh v nng lc php lut dn s v hnh vi dn s ca c nhn cng nh php nhn. iu 761 lut ny quy nh v nng lc php lut dn s ca c nhn l ngi nc ngoi nh sau: 1. Nng lc php lut dn s ca c nhn l ngi nc ngoi c xc nh theo php lut ca nc m ngi c quc tch. 2. Ngi nc ngoi c nng lc php lut dn s ti Vit Nam nh cng dn Vit Nam, tr trng hp php lut Cng ho x hi ch ngha Vit Nam c quy nh khc. iu 762 quy nh v nng lc hnh vi dn s ca c nhn l ngi nc ngoi nh sau: 1. Nng lc hnh vi dn s ca c nhn l ngi nc ngoi c xc nh theo php lut ca nc m ngi l cng dn, tr trng hp php lut Cng ho x hi ch ngha Vit Nam c quy nh khc. 2. Trong trng hp ngi nc ngoi xc lp, thc hin cc giao dch dn s ti Vit Nam th nng lc hnh vi dn s ca ngi nc ngoi c xc nh theo php lut Cng ho x hi ch ngha Vit Nam. iu 765 quy nh v nng lc php lut dn s ca php nhn nc ngoi: 1. Nng lc php lut dn s ca php nhn nc ngoi c xc nh theo php lut ca nc ni php nhn c thnh lp, tr trng hp quy nh ti khon 2 iu ny. 2. Trong trng hp php nhn nc ngoi xc lp, thc hin cc giao dch dn s ti Vit Nam th nng lc php lut dn s ca php nhn c xc nh theo php lut Cng ho x hi ch ngha Vit Nam.
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T nhng quy nh trn c th rt ra mt vi nhn xt sau: c th xc nh c nng lc php lut dn s cng nh nng lc hnh vi dn s ca c nhn hay php nhn nc ngoi th cc ch th c nh k kt hp ng in t cn c s tm hiu k lng v lut php quc t (theo ni i tc c quc tch hay thnh lp). y l mt tr ngi kh ln bi vic tm hiu lut php vn khng d cha k n nhng ro cn v ngn ng, v chuyn mn php l lin quan n vic c hiu, gii thch v p dng lut. Ngoi nhng quy nh lin quan n khi nim v ch th, lgd cn c thm cc quy nh v t chc chng thc ch k in t (iu 30) cng vi quyn v ngha v ca t chc chng thc ch k in t (iu 31), v trch nhim ca t chc cung cp dch v mng (iu 47). Nhng iu lut ny gp phn c th ha hn khi nim v ch th Ngi trung gian trong giao kt hp ng in t, to hnh lang php l cho s pht trin ca cc t chc cung cp dch v truyn, gi s liu v chng thc ch k in t. 2.2. Nhng quy nh v hnh thc ca hp ng in t iu 27 LTM 2005 khon 2 c quy nh: Mua bn hng ha quc t phi c thc hin trn c s hp ng bng vn bn hoc bng hnh thc khc c gi tr tng ng. Nh vy liu mt hp ng thng mi in t mang yu t quc t liu c gi tr php l? iu ng ch l iu 3 khon 15 LTM nm 2005 khng nh r: Cc hnh thc c gi tr tng ng vn bn bao gm in bo, telex, fax, thng ip d liu v cc hnh thc khc theo quy nh ca php lut. Bng quy nh ny, Lut Thng mi nm 2005 cng nhn cc thng ip in t cng c gi tr php l nh mt hnh thc vn bn. V nh vy, tt c cc loi hp ng thuc phm vi iu chnh ca Lut Thng mi nm 2005, khi c k kt thng qua cc phng tin in t, u tho mn yu cu v hnh thc vn bn, m bo tnh hiu lc ca hp ng. Quy nh ny to c s php l ban u rt quan trng cho vic s dng cc chng t in t trong giao dch in t ni chung v trong giao kt hp ng thng mi in t ni ring. iu 12 Lut Giao dch in t nm 2005 cng quy nh: Trong trng hp php lut yu cu thng tin phi c th hin bng vn bn th thng ip d liu c xem l p ng yu
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cu ny, nu thng tin cha trong thng ip d liu c th truy cp v s dng c tham chiu khi cn thit. Song mt thc t t ra l trong qu trnh giao kt v thc hin hp ng in t l cha c mt quy nh no v ci gi l truy cp v s dng c khi cn thit. Mnh hn, Lut Giao dch in t nm 2005 cn khng nh: Thng tin trong thng ip d liu khng b ph nhn gi tr php l ch v thng tin c th hin di dng thng ip d liu. (iu 11) v Gi tr php l ca hp ng in t khng th b ph nhn ch v hp ng c th hin di dng thng ip d liu. (iu 34). Nh vy l Lut Giao dch in t cn khng nh r v gi tr php l ca thng ip d liu cng nh hp ng in t trn mt phm vi kh bao qut bao qut, bao gm cc giao dch in t trong cc lnh vc hnh chnh, dn s ch khng ch thng mi. Nh vy l gi tr php l ca thng ip d liu hnh thc th hin ca hp ng in t c cng nhn. C th ho hnh thc ca hp ng in t, iu 10 ca Lut Giao dch in t nm 2005 quy nh: Thng ip d liu c th hin di hnh thc trao i d liu in t, chng t in t, th in t, in bo, in tn, fax v cc hnh thc tng t khc. Nh vy, khi hp ng in t c th hin di mt trong cc dng lit k trn th gi tr php l ca n s c cng nhn. Nhng quy nh nh va phn tch s l c s php l quan trng tha nhn gi tr php l cc hnh thc khc nhau ca hp ng in t nu nhng hnh thc ny c cha nhng thng tin c th truy cp v s dng c tham chiu khi cn thit. Nhng nhng quy nh va nu v phn tch trn mi l nhng quy nh chung cng nhn gi tr php l ca hp ng in t cn c th Php lut Vit Nam c nhng quy nh c th no v cc hnh thc c th ca hp ng in t nh nu trong iu 10 Lut Giao dch in t 2005 th cn phi tm hiu v phn tch k hn trong h thng vn bn php lut Vit Nam 2.2.1. Hnh thc trao i d liu Trao i d liu in t (electronic data interchange - EDI) c hiu l vic trao i trc tip cc d liu di dng "c cu trc" (structured form) t my tnh
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in t ny sang my tnh in t khc, gia cc cng ty hay t chc tho thun bun bn vi nhau theo cch ny mt cch t ng m khng cn c s can thip ca con ngi. Trao i d liu in t c vai tr quan trng i vi giao dch thng mi in t quy m ln gia doanh nghip vi doanh nghip. (ngun: ecommerce.gov.vn) Vi vic hnh thnh nhng h thng ng dng thng mi in t k thut cao nh mng gi tr gia tng (VAN), h thng qun l dy chuyn cung ng (SCM), mng ca cc nh cung cp dch v trung gian , c s tham gia ca nhiu doanh nghip s dng dch v p dng nhng tiu chun trao i d liu thng nht to thun li cho cc giao dch thng mi in t. S dng EDI, doanh nghip s gim c li sai st do con ngi gy nn, gim thi gian x l thng tin trong cc giao dch kinh doanh, tit kim thi gian v chi ph trao i d liu. Hin nay, s xut hin ca cc ngn ng lp trnh hin i nh XML lm cho EDI tr nn d thit k v d s dng hn, do EDI c ng dng rt ph bin trong nhiu ngnh trn th gii. Vic xy dng nhng quy nh php l v EDI l cn thit. Chnh v vy m trong K hoch tng th ng dng v pht trin cng ngh thng tin ngnh Thng mi n nm 2010 (Ban hnh km theo Quyt nh s 40/2006/Q-BTM ngy 29 thng 12 nm 2006 ca B trng B Thng mi nay l B Cng Thng) a ra k hoch xy dng v ban hnh cc chun EDI ca ngnh Thng mi nh sau: n nm 2010, hon thnh v c bn vic xy dng v ban hnh cc chun trao i d liu in t ca ngnh thng mi da trn cng ngh EDI/ebXML, bao gm chun trao i d liu in t trong ni b cc n v B Cng Thng, chun trao i d liu in t gia cc S Cng Thng vi B Cng Thng v gia cc S Cng Thng vi nhau. Nhng chun ny phi tun th mi qui nh lin quan ti cc chun trao i d liu in t thuc cc chng trnh xy dng chnh ph in t ca Chnh ph. Nh vy l hin ti Vit Nam cha c mt vn bn php lut no quy nh c th v chun trao i d liu in t. 2.2.2. Hnh thc thanh ton in t
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Thng mi in t ni ring v thc hin hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi khng th pht trin ton din v em li hiu qu cao nht nu khng c thanh ton in t. Do , hnh thc thanh ton m doanh nghip p dng l mt tiu ch quan trng trong iu tra. Theo kt qu thng k, 74,1% doanh nghip s dng hnh thc thanh ton l khch hng tr tin mt khi giao hng, 74,8% doanh nghip chp nhn thanh ton chuyn khon qua ngn hng v ch c 25% doanh nghip thanh ton bng chuyn tin qua bu in. (c nhng doanh nghip s dng ng thi nhiu hnh thc thanh ton)22 T nm 2007 n nay, hng lot nh cung cp dch v thanh ton in t ra i v pht trin. y chnh l nguyn nhn ca s st gim lin tip qua cc nm trong vic p dng hnh thc thanh ton bng chuyn tin qua bu in. Thay vo , hnh thc chuyn khon qua ngn hng ngy cng ph bin. Mc d vy, t l thanh ton bng tin mt vn cn cao v t l thanh ton trc tuyn vn cn thp. T l 3,5% doanh nghip p dng phng thc thanh ton trc tuyn l rt thp so vi mt bng chung ca th gii v yu cu thanh ton ca thng mi in t BIU 1: Cc phng thc thanh ton c doanh nghip s dng qua cc nm 2006 2008
22
Ngun: Bo co Thng mi in t 2008

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Ngun: Bo co Thng mi in t 2008/ trang 122 Trc ht, thanh ton in t c hiu l vic thanh ton tin thng qua bn tin in t thay cho vic dng tin mt. (ngun: Cm nang Php lut v giao kt hp ng in t, trang 66). Ngy nay, vi s pht trin ca thng mi in t, thanh ton in t m rng ngoi cch thanh ton bng th th ngi ta cn c th thc hin vic thanh ton di cc hnh thc khc nh: trao i d liu ti chnh, tin mt Internet, ti tin in t, giao dch ngn hng s ha Trong cc vn bn php lut hin thi mi ch c quy ch ca Ngn hng nh nc ban hnh theo quyt nh s 20/2007/Q-NHNN v vic pht hnh, thanh ton, s dng v cung cp dch v h tr hot ng th ngn hng. Quy ch ny c kh nhiu quy nh chi tit v quyn v ngha v ca cc bn lin quan trong hot ng thanh ton bng th ng thi cng a ra cc chun pht hnh, thanh ton v s dng th. Tuy cn mt s quy nh cha r rng c th (nh quy nh v iu kin pht hnh, thanh ton th) song y l nhng c s ban u cho cc t chc, c nhn hot ng lin quan n dch v th cng nh cho vic xy dng mt khung php l hon chnh hn v thanh ton in t. 2.2.3. Hnh thc th in t
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Mt hnh thc ph bin ca hp ng in t chnh l th in t. Cc doanh nghip, cc c quan nh nc s dng th in t gi cho nhau mt cch trc tuyn thng qua mng, gi l th in t. Khc vi EDI, thng tin trong th in t khng phi tun theo mt cu trc nh trc no. Tuy th in t l mt hnh thc ph bin ca hp ng in t song y vn l kha cnh php l cn b b ng trong cc quy nh php l ca Vit Nam v hp ng in t. R sot cc quy nh ca Php lut Vit Nam lin quan n giao dch in t ni chung th khng c mt vn bn no hng dn c th v vic giao kt hp ng in t bng th in t. 2.2.4. i vi hnh thc giao dch qua website in t (thng s dng trong m hnh B2C) Website in t (thng l website bn l) l hnh thc doanh nghip s dng website trng by hnh nh hng ho giao dch v bn hng ho cho ngi tiu dng. y chnh l s th hin ca phng thc giao dch gia doanh nghip vi ngi tiu dng. Mc d khng phi phng thc c tr gi giao dch ln nht trong thng mi in t, nhng khi ni n thng mi in t ngi ta hay ngh n website bn l vi cc m hnh ni ting nh amazon.com Website bn l c u th trong vic kinh doanh nhng mn hng c gi tr nh v va, nhng mt hng tiu dng thng gp trong i sng hng ngy. Bn cnh nhng hng ho hu hnh, hng ho c th s ho v dch v cng l i tng ca website bn l. Phn mm, tr chi, phim l nhng mt hng s ho c doanh s phn phi qua mng cao. Cc dch v gii tr, du lch, giao thng, t vn ... cng l nhng lnh vc tim nng cho cc website bn l. Trong s cc vn bn php lut lin quan n giao dch in t th ch c thng t s 9 nm 2008 ca B Cng (hng dn Ngh nh 57/2007/N-CP Ngh nh v Thng mi in t) l c nhng quy nh kh chi tit v vic cung cp thng tin v giao kt hp ng trn website in t. Thng t a ra nhng quy nh v nguyn tc chung v cung cp thng tin trn website cng nh nhng quy tc c th v tng loi thng tin nhm m bo quyn li cho c khch hng,
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thng nhn v ch s hu website. C th coi y l c s ban u kh tt cho vic giao kt hp ng bng website in t - thng biu hin di dng bn hng trc tuyn. 2.2.5. i vi chng t in t: iu 3 Ngh nh 57/2006/N-CP v Thng mi in t c nh ngha: "Chng t in t" l chng t dng thng ip d liu, cn "Chng t" l hp ng, ngh, thng bo, tuyn b, ha n hoc ti liu khc do cc bn a ra lin quan ti vic giao kt hay thc hin hp ng. Hin ti, h thng vn bn php lut ca Vit Nam c mt s vn bn quy nh kh chi tit v chng t in t lin quan n vic to lp, s dng cng nh hy b chng t in t ni chung v chng t in t vi hnh thc biu hin nh mt hp ng in t ni ring. l ngh nh 57/2006/N-CP v c th hn l cc ngh nh chuyn ngnh hng dn v giao dch in t trong hot ng ti chnh (ngh nh 27/2007/N-CP) v hp hn l trong hot ng ca ngn hng (ngh nh 35/2007/2009). Nh vy so vi cc hnh thc biu hin khc ca hp ng in t th chng t in t c mt c s php l kh tt. Nhn chung, cc quy nh php l ca Vit Nam v hnh thc ca hp ng in t vn cn kh s si (phn ln l ang giai on xy dng ban u thm ch l mi nm trong k hoch xy dng) v cn nm tn mn, ri rc nhiu vn bn php lut dn n nhng thiu st trong khung php l iu chnh vic giao kt hp ng in t cng nh nhng kh khn cho cc t chc, c nhn quan tm n vn ny.
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2.3. Nhng quy nh v ni dung ca hp ng in t Trong tt c cc vn bn php lut hin hnh khng c quy nh v ni dung ca hp ng in t. y l im khuyt ca php lut Vit Nam v s gy ra kh khn cho cc ch th trong vic giao kt giao kt hp ng in t. Cn c theo B lut Dn s Vit Nam, iu 402 th ni dung ca hp ng dn s c th hm cha cc iu khon v: 1.i tng ca hp ng l ti sn phi giao, cng vic phi lm hoc khng c lm; 2. S lng, cht lng; 3.Gi, phng thc thanh ton; 4. Thi hn, a im, phng thc thc hin hp ng; 5. Quyn, ngha v ca cc bn; 6.Trch nhim do vi phm hp ng.; 7. Pht vi phm hp ng; 8. Cc ni dung khc (iu 402 BLDSVN 2005). iu ny cho php suy on l khi giao kt hp ng in t cng nh hp ng in t c yu nc ngoi, cc ch th c th tha thun bt k ni dung no trong 8 ni dung c nu iu 402 ni trn. Ngoi ra, theo iu 122, khon 1, mc b ca B lut Dn s nm 2005, mt hp ng mun hp php th ni dung ca n khng c vi phm cc iu cm ca php lut, khng tri o c x hi. Khi k kt hp ng in t, cc ch th phi ch n iu ny. Trong hp ng truyn thng cng nh trong hp ng in t v hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi th ni dung ca hp ng in t u phi tha mn cc iu c quc t m Vit Nam l nc thnh vin k. Trong iu 9, Cng c vin 1980 c quy nh: 1.Cc bn b rng buc bi tp qun m h tha thun v bi cc thc tin thit lp trong mi quan h tng h; 2. Tr phi c tha thun khc th c th cc bn k hp ng ng p dng nhng tp qun h bit hoc cn bit v l nhng tp qun c tnh cht ph bin trong thng mi quc t v c cc bn p dng mt cch thng xuyn i vi hp ng cng chng loi trong lnh vc bun bn hu quan iu chnh hp ng c mnh hoc iu chnh k kt hp ng . Cng tng t nh vy, iu 5 LTM nm 2005 quy nh: 1.Trng hp iu c quc t m Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam l thnh vin c quy nh p dng php lut nc ngoi, tp qun thng mi quc t hoc c quy nh khc vi quy nh ca Lut ny th p dng quy nh ca iu c quc t ; 2. Cc bn trong giao dch thng mi in t c yu t nc ngoi c
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tha thun p dng lut nc ngoi, tp qun thng mi quc t, tp qun thng mi quc t khng tri vi nhng nguyn tc c bn ca php lut Vit Nam. Nh vy mt vn t ra l nu giao kt gia mt bn l ngi Vit Nam v mt bn l ngi nc ngoi th ni dung ca hp ng in t s tun theo php lut ca nc no. Trong trng hp , cc bn nn c s tha thun trong hp ng. Hnh thc quy nh c th trong hp ng nh th s trnh cho cc ch th tranh chp nu c xung t v li ch do vic quy nh lut p dng hp ng. Nu ni dung khng c xc nhn trong hp ng in t hay hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi th ni dung trong hp ng in t cng nh trong hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi c xem nh tun theo tp qun m cc bn thng p dng, hay nhng tp qun ph bin trong lnh vc giao kt hp ng in t. xc nh c chnh xc ni dung ca hp ng in t ni chung v hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi ni ring nht thit cc bn phi nm bt c k cng php lut v lnh vc ny Cng trong iu 13, iu 14, iu 15 ca Lut GDT 2005, tuy c quy nh v xc nhn ni dung ca hp ng in t nhng vn cha c quy nh c th v r rng no quy nh c th v ni dung ca hp ng in t c bit l hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi. Ni dung ca hp ng in t ch c quy nh mc rt chung chung: Thng ip d liu c gi tr nh bn gc khi p ng c cc iu kin sau y: 1.Ni dung ca thng ip d liu c bo m ton vn k t khi c khi to ln u tin di dng mt thng ip d liu hon chnh. Ni dung ca thng ip d liu c xem l ton vn khi ni dung cha b thay i, tr nhng thay i v hnh thc pht sinh trong qu trnh gi, lu tr hoc hin th thng ip d liu; 2.Ni dung ca thng ip d liu c th truy cp v s dng c di dng hon chnh khi cn thit. Ri iu 14, iu 15 cng ch cp n cch thc lu tr v c gi tr lm chng c ca hp ng in t m cha a ra c ni dung ca hp ng in t c nhng g? V nu c th n c iu chnh, ghi chp u v theo lut no?
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Trong ngh nh 57/2006/N-CP ch c mt quy nh duy nht v vic cung cp cc iu khon trong ni dung ca hp ng: Trong trng hp thng qua cc h thng thng tin, mt bn a ra ngh giao kt hp ng v bn kia c ngh c th tip cn c vi ngh th trong khong thi gian hp l bn a ra ngh phi cung cp cho bn c ngh chng t in t hoc cc chng t lin quan khc cha ni dung ca hp ng. Cc chng t ny phi tha mn iu kin lu tr v s dng c. C quy nh a ra v iu kin thi gian cung cp thng tin, nhng trong lut ch quy nh rt chung chung trong khong thi gian hp l, nhng khong thi gian hp l c hiu th no, c xc nh th no th khng c quy nh r. Khong thi gian hp l ny i vi mi bn giao kt l khc nhau nn i khi rt kh khn trong vic phn nh. C khi thi gian ny li din ra qu lu khin nh hng ti vic giao kt hp ng in t ni chung v hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi ni ring. Mt ln na, c th kt lun rng, ni dung ca bt c hp ng no cng rt quan trng trong vic thc hin giao kt hp ng . c bit khi m ni dung ca hp ng in t c nhng nt khc bit rt ring so vi hp ng truyn thng. Chnh v th cn c cc quy nh y v cht ch hn iu chnh ni dung ca hp ng in t cng nh hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi cho vic giao kt hp ng loi ny din ra thun li v sun s hn.
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CHNG 3: PHNG HNG V GII PHP HON THIN CC QUY NH CA PHP LUT VIT NAM V GIAO KT HP NG IN T C YU T NC NGOI
I. D BO XU HNG PHT TRIN GIAO KT HP NG TMT C YU T NC NGOI VIT NAM
1.1. C s d bo 1.1.1 Mi trng quc t ngy cng thun li - S pht trin mnh m ca thng mi in t l iu kin thun li thc y vic giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi. Sau gn 15 nm k t khi xut hin, thng mi in t cho thy tm quan trng ca n trong nn kinh t hin i. Cng vi s pht trin ca Internet, thng mi in t c nhng bc tin nhy vt, n pht trin nhanh chng trn phm vi ton th gii, i u l cc nc cng nghip pht trin nh M, Canada, c, v sau l cc nc ang pht trin. Ngy nay, ngi ta hiu khi nim thng mi in t thng thng l tt c cc phng php tin hnh kinh doanh v cc quy trnh qun tr thng qua cc knh in t m trong Internet hay t nht l cc k thut v giao thc c s dng trong Internet ng mt vai tr c bn v cng ngh thng tin c coi l iu kin tin quyt. Thng mi in t khng ch l bun bn hng ho v dch v theo cc hiu thng thng, m bao qut mt phm vi rng ln hn nhiu, do vic p dng thng mi in t s lm thay i hnh thi hot ng ca hu ht nn kinh t. Theo c tnh n nay, thng mi in t c ti trn 1.300 lnh vc ng dng, trong , bun bn hng ho v dch v ch l mt lnh vc ng dng. Ti Vit Nam, khi nim thng mi in t ang ngy cng tr nn kh quen thuc vi cc doanh nghip. C th ni cch y 5 nm, thng mi in t vn cn l mt khi nim kh mi m i vi cc doanh nghip Vit Nam. Th nhng n by gi, bc tranh thng mi in t Vit Nam hin ti c rt nhiu thay i theo chiu hng tch cc. Theo bo co v thng mi in t nm 2007, gn 40 % doanh nghip c doanh thu t thng mi in t, v mc doanh thu y
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chim 15% tng doanh thu. y l mt con s rt l ng khch l cho thy thng mi in t thc s em li nhng ci li ch c th cho cc doanh nghip bng nhng gi tr c th. Mt na s doanh nghip cho bit u t cho nhng ng dng thng mi in t trong n v mnh. Hn 60% doanh nghip tin rng doanh thu ca h nh thng mi in t s cn tng hn na trong thi gian ti chng t nim tin v s lc quan ca doanh nghip i vi vic ng dng thng mi in t y mnh hot ng kinh doanh. Nhm tng cng kh nng tip cn vi th trng, hn 40% doanh nghip lp website ring v khong 15% doanh nghip c cc hot ng e-marketing. Xt trn phm vi ton th gii, thng mi in t ng vai tr tng i ln trong tng doanh thu, mc d s liu a ra t cc ngun khc nhau c th cha hon ton ng nht, nhng c mt im chung khng ai c th ph nhn l thng mi in t c xu hng pht trin vi tc chng mt, t t 60-70% mi nm.Theo c tnh, hin nay, mi ngy trn th gii c khong 15 t lt ngi truy cp vo cc website. S pht trin ca thng mi in t c th thy r nhng mt sau y: -V doanh thu Theo PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, doanh thu t thng mi in t t nm 1997 n 2008 c cng b trn biu 1: BIU 2: Doanh thu t TMT, giai on t 1997 n 2008
Ngun: www.iab.net/
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T biu 2 trn c th thy doanh thu thng mi in t tng vt t nm 1997 (907 triu la) n nm 2008 (23.448 t la). V c bit, doanh thu tng mnh m nht t nm 2002 n 2008, tng t 6.010 t la n 23.448 t la. Cng theo bo co ca PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, tng doanh thu qu 4 nm 2008 tng 154 triu la so vi qu 4 nm 2007 (tng 2.6%), v tng 263 triu la so vi qu 3 nm 2008 (tng 4.5%). Tng doanh thu nm 2008 l 23.448 t la, tng 10.6% so vi nm 2007 (21.206 t la). iu cho thy thng mi in t ang ngy cng c s dng rng ri trn th gii vi s giao dch bng thng mi in t ngy cng tng. V y l c s d bo rng vic giao kt hp ng in t s gia tng Vit Nam trong thi gian ti. V cng ngh S pht trin ca thng mi in t ton cu da trn nn tng ca cng ngh Internet v cc cng ngh tnh ton, vin thng v s ho. Cng ngh Internet trn th gii ang pht trin mnh m c v phm vi bao ph ln phm vi ng dng v cht lng vn hnh. S my ch Internet v s nc ni mng Internet tng nhanh chng, s trang Web cng tng vi tc ng kinh ngc. Theo thng k ca Lin on Vin thng quc t (ITU), nm 2000 trn th gii mi ch c khong 361 triu ngi s dng Internet , nm 2002 l hn 600 triu ngi v n cui nm 2003 c ti gn 676 triu ngi (chim 11,8 % dn s ton cu) c kt ni Internet, tng 49,5 triu so vi thi im cui nm 2002. Khng ch dng li , s lng ngi s dng Internet l trn 715 triu ngi tnh n nm 2004 v gn mt t su trm triu ngi theo thng k nm 2008 (xem Bng 1)
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BNG 1: Thng k s tng trng lng ngi s dng Internet t nm 2000 n nm 2008 mt s chu lc v th gii. THNG K S NGI S DNG INTERNET TRN TH GII S ngi sd Vng Dn s ( 2008) Internet tnh n 31/12/2000 Chu Phi Chu Chu u Trung ng Bc M M La Tinh v Caribe c Ton th gii 0 34,384,384 6,710,029,07 92 581,249,892 9 7,620,480 360,985,4 8 Phn trm S ngi sd T l s tng trng (20002008) 54,171,500 5.6 % 1,100.0 % Internet tnh n dng 31/12/2008 (%)
975,330,899 3,780,819,79 2 803,903,540 00
4,514,400 114,304,0
657,170,816 17.4 % 474.9 %
105,096,0 93 3,284,800 108,096,8 00 18,068,91
393,373,398 48.9 % 274.3 %
196,767,614
45,861,346
23.3 % 1,296.2 %
337,572,949
251,290,489 74.4 % 132.5 %
173,619,140 29.9 % 860.9 %
20,783,419 1,596,270,10
60.4 % 172.7 % 23.8 % 342.2 %
Ngun:http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.ht m
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Theo bng 1 trn cho thy rng s lng ngi s dng internet trong nm 2008 tng vt so vi nm 2000 (tng 342.2%) vi mc tng t xp x 361 triu ngi ln n gn mt t su trm triu ngi (23.8% dn s th gii), v chc chn giai on t nay n nm 2010 v n nhng nm 2020, s ngi s dng Internet trn th gii s t ti con s 10 t. t ti mc 50 triu ngi dng in thoi phi mt 74 nm, cn Internet ch mt c 4 nm. iu ny s to iu kin thun li cho vic giao kt hp ng in t trn ton th gii v Vit Nam. V mt php l Khung php l cho giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi v ang tng bc hnh thnh thng qua vic ban hnh lut mu v TMT ca UNCITRAL. Tip hu ht cc vn bn ban hnh Lut giao dch in t, trong tha nhn gi tr php l ca hp ng in t. 1.1.2. Li ch ti u ca vic giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi Nh phn tch phn trn, nhiu s liu v kt qu thc t minh chng cho s pht trin tt yu ca thng mi in t trong tng lai. V th m cng l mt tt yu, vic giao kt hp ng in t cng s pht trin. Chnh s pht trin ca thng mi in t s thc y vic giao kt cc hp ng in t ni chung. c bit, trong bi cnh ton cu ha v hi nhp kinh t quc t, hot ng thng mi v kinh doanh quc t ang ngy cng pht trin nn vic giao kt hp ng c yu t nc ngoi s ngy cng ph bin. Vic k kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi v th cng s ngy cng ph bin bi nhu cu tt yu trn c s nhng li ch ti u m n em li. - Th nht, hp ng in t gip cc bn giao kt tit kim c thi gian m phn, giao kt hp ng Qu trnh giao kt hp ng bao gm nhiu bc, t tm hiu i tc, gii thiu sn phm dch v, gi n cho hng, gi chp nhn cho hng, m phn cc iu khon hp ng, k kt, sa i, lu trNu tt c nhng cng vic y u din ra bng giy trng mc en nh hp ng truyn thng th thi gian cc bn hon thnh vic k kt, thc hin hp ng l khng ngn.
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Cc cuc iu tra cho thy 80% thi gian k kt hp ng s c tit kim bng vic s dng hp ng in t. Vic s dng Internet s gip ngi tiu dng, gip cc bn giao kt, k c nu bn giao kt l doanh nghip, gim ng k thi gian giao dch. Thi gian giao dch qua Internet ch bng 7%thi gian giao dch qua Fax, bng khong 0.5 phn nghn thi gian giao dch qua bu in 1 (IDC, International datel corp, ngun: www.idc.com) c bit, i vi hp ng mua bn quc t, hp ng c yu t nc ngoi th thi gian trong mi khu ca qu trnh giao kt s cn b ko di hn bi yu t v a l. Tuy nhin vi hp ng in t th cc yu t a l, bin gii khng cn l mt tr ngi nh nhng tin b ca khoa hc k thut, cng ngh thng tin. S khc bit v mt thi gian din ra cc bc ca qu trnh giao kt hp ng thng mi, kinh doanh trong nc cng nh hp ng thng mi, kinh doanh c yu t nc ngoi khng cn ln. l mt thun li ln gp phn thc y vic k kt cc hp ng mua bn hng ha, dch v quc t ni ring v giao thng quc t ni chung - Th hai, bng vic giao kt hp ng in t, cc doanh nghip gim c chi ph giao dch, bn hng Trong mt khong thi gian ngn bn cnh chic my tnh ni mng, nhn vin ca mt doanh nghip c th tm hiu, tip cn vi nhiu khch hng, giao dch k kt vi nhiu i tc nhiu ni khc nhau. iu ny khng th xy ra i vi hp ng truyn thng. Nh vo cc phng tin in t ngy nay m c bit l thng qua mng Internet, nh kinh doanh (doanh nghip) cng vi vic gim thi gian giao kt hp ng cng s gim mt cch ng k chi ph thc hin iu . Trc ht l gim chi ph giao dch. Chi ph giao dch qua Internet ch bng 5% chi ph giao dch qua fax hay qua bu in chuyn pht nhanh, chi ph thanh ton in t qua Internet ch bng 10%-20% chi ph thanh ton theo li thng thng 23 iu ny cng c ngha c bit i vi hp ng c yu t nc ngoi bi so vi hp ng k kt trong nc th cc chi ph giao dch, thanh ton s cn ln hn nhiu ln.
23
IDC, International datel corp, ngun: www.idc.com

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Th hai l gim chi ph in n, lu tr giy t do tt c cc thng tin u c gi v nhn trc tip m khng cn c th hin bng bt k hnh thc giy t no. Ngi ta c tnh rng chi ph c th tit kim c khi chuyn t giao dch thng mi truyn thng sang giao dch thng mi in t c th dao ng trong khong t 2%-39% ty theo lnh vc, ngnh ngh.24 - Th ba, s dng hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi s y nhanh tin s ha i vi vic mau bn mt s sn phm, dch v i vi nhng sn phm v dch v s ha (digital products) nh cc chng trnh phn mm, cc website, nhc, phim truyn, sch in t, t vn trc tuync c im l c th giao hng qua mng. Thc cht ca vic mua bn, trao i cc sn phm ny l vic trao i dung liu hng ha hay bn cht l vic mua bn, trao i thng tin. Nu nh trc y dung liu c trao i di dng hin vt bng cch a vo a, in thnh sch bo, ghi bngri c ng gi bao b v phn phi n tay ngi s dng hoc i l phn phi th ngy nay dung liu c s ha v truyn gi qua mng, gi l giao gi s ha. Cc t bo, cc t liu thng tin v cng ty, cc catalog ln lt c a ln web v y nhanh tc lan truyn thng tin, tha mn nhu cu tm hiu thng tin ca khch hng cng nh i tc, t y nhanh tc k kt hp ng gia cc ch th. Tht vy, i vi vic giao dch mua bn cc sn phm c th ny, hp ng in t s l phng thc ph hp, tin li v nhanh chng nht. - Th t, s dng hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi gip cc doanh nghip nng cao nng lc cnh tranh trong iu kin hi nhp kinh t quc t. Nh phn tch trn, hp ng in t gip lm gim thi gian cng nh chi ph giao dch, k kt hp ng. T m doanh nghip nng cao c nng lc cnh tranh. Ngoi ra, nh vo s kt ni in t, doanh nghip c th lin lc mt cch hiu qu, nhanh cng vi cc nh cung cp, cc khng hng ca mnh thm ch nu h cc nc khc nhau vi mi gi khc nhau v ngn ng khc nhau. iu ny ng ngha vi vic tm kim i tc, khch hng hay th trng mi tr
24
Ngun:http://undp.org.vn/undp/docs/2005/eprimer/vn/Ecommerce.pdf
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nn d dng, nhanh chng, linh hot hn nhiu t to iu kin cho doanh nghip tm kim c nhng c hi kinh doanh, nhng hp ng ph hp nht. c bit trong bi cnh kinh t th gii pht trin khng ngng, s cnh tranh trn thng trng ngy cng tr nn khc lit th nhng li ch c c nh tit kim thi gian, gim chi ph giao dch hay tm kim i tc, nm bt c hi kinh doanh l nhng yu t v cng quan trng. Mt khc, khoa hc k thut v cng ngh thng tin ang ngy cng pht trin vi tc chng mt, mt khi doanh nghip khng tn dng c nhng li th do cng ngh tin tin em li th s loi thi s l iu tt yu. 1.1.3. Php lut ca Vit Nam v giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi ngy cng hon thin S pht trin ca thng mi in t ni chung v hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi ni ring thc y yu cu phi xy dng mt khung php l hon chnh hn ph hp vi thc tin. Nhn li qu trnh pht trin h thng nhng quy inh php lut ca Vit Nam trong c nhng quy nh v hay lin quan ti hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi th c th thy mt bc tin ln trong vic hon thin khung php lut v vn ny. K t khi Vit Nam chnh thc m ca nn kinh t v c bit l qu trnh chun b gia nhp vo t chc thng mi th gii WTO th s lng cng nh cht lng ca cc quy nh, vn bn php lut tng ln ng k. Nhng vn bn php lut trong nhiu lnh vc ln lt ra i v trong khng loi tr nhng quy nh v hp ng. u tin l phi k n l vic ban hnh Php lnh hp ng kinh t nm 1989, c th ni y l mt trong nhng vn bn php lut u tin ca Vit Nam iu chnh v hp ng kinh t. Tip , ng k l s ra i ca B lut Dn s nm 1995 v Lut Thng Mi nm 1997 c thm nhng quy nh v hp ng dn s v hp ng thng mi. Tuy nhin do cn nhng chng cho, mu thun trong mt s quy nh v hp ng nn Php lnh hp ng kinh t 1989 v Lut Thng mi 1997, B lut Dn s 1995 khng cn hiu lc m thay vo l Lut Thng mi 2005 cng vi B lut Dn s 2005. y l hai
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vn bn php lut c bn iu chnh hp ng ni chung v hp ng thng mi ni ring. Ngoi nhng quy nh chung v hp ng th nhng quy nh dnh ring cho nhng hp ng c giao kt vi c nhn v php nhn nc ngoi cng c cp n. B lut Dn s nm 2005 dnh phn th by ca B lut quy nh v nhng vn c yu t nc ngoi. Lut Thng mi Vit Nam nm 2005 cng c nhng quy nh v thng nhn nc ngoi hot ng ti Vit Nam (mc 3 Chng I); hoc v mua bn hng ha quc t (iu 27) v xut, nhp khu hng ha (iu 28, 29, 30, 31). c bit, s ra i ca Lut Giao dch in t 2005 v ngh nh 57/2007/N-CP v thng mi in t nh du mt bc ngot quan trng trong qu trnh xy dng khung php lut cho thng mi in t, giao dch in t, trong c hp ng in t. Phm vi iu chnh ca Lut li kh bao qut bao gm cc giao dch in t khng ch trong lnh vc hnh chnh, dn s m c lnh vc thng mi. Lut Giao dch in t 2005 tha nhn gi tr php l ca hp ng thng mi in t (iu 34) cng nh a ra nhng quy nh c bn hng dn giao kt hp ng in t (chng IV). Cng vi 13 iu khon quy nh v ch k in t v chng thc ch k in t Ngh nh 57 nm 2007 ca chnh ph cng c ban hnh nhm c th ha thm cc quy nh v chng t in t. Trong s 54 iu khon ca Lut Giao dch in t 2005 khng c iu khon no quy nh v giao dch in t hay hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi m ch c mt iu duy nht iu 27 tha nhn ch k in t v chng th in t nc ngoi. l mt kh khn cho cc doanh nghip Vit Nam khi h giao kt v thc hin hp ng in t vi cc i tc nc khc. Tuy cn nhiu thiu st trong khung php l chung v hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi xong vic ban hnh nhng vn bn, quy nh php lut c lin quan nh va phn tch trn cng l mt bc pht trin trong qu trnh xy dng cc quy tc php lut v hp ng ni chung v hp ng thng mi in t c yu t nc ngoi ni ring. y s l c s cc nh lm lut tip tc sa i, b sung thm cc quy tc php l mi ph hp vi thc t pht trin hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi. 1.2. S liu d bo
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1.2.1. Nhng s liu ban u -Thng mi in t c ng dng rng ri trong cc doanh nghip vi hiu qu ngy cng tng Kt qu iu tra vi 1600 doanh nghip trn c nc ca B Cng Thng trong nm 2008 cho thy, hu ht cc doanh nghip a trin khai ng dng thng mi in t nhng mc khc nhau. u t cho thng mi in t a c ch trng v mang li hiu qu r rng cho doanh nghip. Cc doanh nghip a quan tm ti vic trang b my tnh, n nay hu nh 100% doanh nghip u c my tnh. T l doanh nghip c t 1120 my tnh tng dn qua cc nm v n nm 2008 t trn 20%. T l doanh nghip a xy dng mng ni b nm 2008 t trn 88% so vi 84% ca nm 2007. n nay, c ti 99% s doanh nghip a kt ni Internet, trong kt ni bng thng rng chim 98%. T l doanh nghip c website nm 2008 t 45%, tng 7% so vi nm 2007. T l website c cp nht thng xuyn v c chc nng t hng trc tuyn u tng nhanh. Mt trong nhng im sng nht v ng dng thng mi in t ca doanh nghip l t l u t cho phn mm tng trng nhanh, chim 46% trong tng u t cho cng ngh thng tin ca doanh nghip nm 2008, tng gp 2 ln so vi nm 2007. Trong khi , u t cho phn cng gim t 55,5% nm 2007 xung cn 39% vo nm 2008. S dch chuyn c cu u t ny cho thy doanh nghip a bt u ch trng u t cho cc phn mm ng dng trin khai thng mi in t sau khi n nh h tng cng ngh thng tin. Doanh thu t thng mi in t a r rng v c xu hng tng u qua cc nm. 75% doanh nghip c t trng doanh thu t thng mi in t chim trn 5% tng doanh thu trong nm 2008. Nhiu doanh nghip a quan tm b tr cn b chuyn trch v thng mi in t. Cc con s thng k ny cho thy, n thi im cui nm 2008 nhiu doanh nghip Vit Nam nhn thc r v tm quan trng ca thng mi in t i vi hot ng sn xut kinh doanh v sn sng ng dng thng mi in t mc cao hn trong thi gian ti.
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-Nhiu doanh nghip Vit Nam xy dng c quy trnh giao kt hp ng in t ph hp lm nn tng thun li chi quy trnh giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi. Trong lnh vc vn ti hnh khch, vic ng dng thng mi in t ang tng bc c thc hin nhiu loi hnh khc nhau, c bit l vn ti ng st v hng khng. Trong vn ti ng st, thng 11 nm 2008 Cng ty ng st Si Gn xy dng k hoch thc hin vic t ch v bn v tu Tt Nguyn n K Su 2009 qua website www.vetau.com.vn. Mc d sau , chng trnh ny phi tm hon v l do k thut nhng ng thi ny cho thy ngnh ng st Vit Nam c nhng bc i u tin nhm ng dng thng mi in t vo hot ng kinh doanh ca mnh. Nu nh trong vn ti ng st vic ng dng thng mi in t vn ang nhng bc th nghim ban u th trong vn ti hng khng, ng dng ny c tin hnh t nhiu nm nay v nhiu mc khc nhau.Theo ng quy lut chung trn th gii, ng dng thng mi in t u tin m cc hng hng khng ti Vit Nam trin khai l dch v tra cu chuyn bay v t ch qua mng. Vi dch v ny, khch hng c th vo website ca cc hng hng khng tra cu lch bay, hng gh, gi v v mt s thng tin khc ca chuyn bay cng nh tin hnh t ch trc tuyn. Dch v mang li cho khch hng rt nhiu tin ch nh ch ng trong vic tm kim thng tin, tit kim thi gian v chi ph mua v, khng phi lin h vi nhiu ni khi t ch ti nhng chng bay ng khch, v.v BNG 2: Danh sch mt s hng hng khng Vit Nam cho php tra cu thng tin v t ch trc tuyn
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Ngun: Bo co Thng mi in t 2008/ trang 148 Trong nm 2008, mt ng dng thng mi in t c cc hng hng khng Vit Nam thc hin rt rng ri l vic bn v my bay in t. Theo quy nh ca Hip hi Vn ti Hng khng quc t (IATA), ti cui nm 2008, cc hng hng khng phi c bn thc hin xong chng trnh bn v my bay in t trn tt c cc tuyn bay ca mnh. V vy, trong nm 2008 cc hng hng khng Vit Nam ng lot tin hnh chuyn i t v giy sang v in t. BNG 3: Chng trnh bn v my bay in t ca mt s hng hng khng Vit Nam
Ngun: Vietnam Airlines v Jetstar Pacifc Airlines Jetstar Pacifc Airlines (trc y l Pacifc Airlines) l hng hng khng i tin phong trong vic trin khai bn v my bay in t ti Vit Nam. Cng ty bt u bn v in t trn mt s tuyn bay t thng 3 nm 2006 v chuyn sang p dng v in t trn ton h thng t ngy 13 thng 02 nm 2007. n nay, ton b
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hot ng t ch, mua v, in v v thanh ton ca Jetstar Pacifc u c tin hnh thng qua mng Internet. Hiu qu ca v my bay in t cng c khng nh sau hai nm trin khai. Tuy i sau mt bc so vi Jetstar Pacifc Airlines, nhng Vietnam Airlines Hng hng khng quc gia Vit Nam cng trin khai mt k hoch bn v in t kh quy m trong nm 2008 p ng thi hn do IATA t ra. n cui nm 2008, Vietnam Airlines c bn hon tt vic chuyn i v giy thnh v in t trn tt c cc chng bay m hng ang khai thc. Hin nay Vietnam Airlines ang hon thin v chun b a vo vn hnh chng trnh bn v my bay trc tuyn trong na u nm 2009. HP 1: Chng trnh bn v my bay in t ca Vietnam Airlines
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Thc t hai nm trin khai cho thy vic bn v my bay in t mang li li ch r rng cho cc hng hng khng. Tuy nhin, vn cn mt s vn cn quan tm gii quyt hon thin hn na m hnh bn v trc tuyn v nhn rng dch v ny Vit Nam. -Quy trnh Ngn hng ACB phc v ng k giao dch c m bo cho vic mua bn nh t qua mng Internet. Quy trnh ny c thc hin nh sau: c nhn, t chc khng cn n ngn hng v c quan ng k m vn c tip nhn h s, ngn hng nhn v gii quyt tng h s t ai qua website ca ngn hng. Quy trnh cng to iu kin thun li cho cc t chc v c nhn vay vn, rt ngn thi gian gii quyt h s ng k th chp v bo lnh v nh t t 10 ngy xung cn 4 ngy lm vic, do , tit kim c thi gian v chi ph i li cho vic giao dch. Quan trng hn, quy trnh ny uc thc hin t ng gia Ngn hng v S ti nguyn v Mi trng nn trnh uc s chng cho trong cng vic, gim thi gian v chi ph thc hin cng vic. -Nhiu doanh nghip Vit Nam, c bit l cc doanh nghip xut khu, xy dng c website qung b hg ho v dch v ca mnh. Bng chng l s lng trang web tng ln vi tc chng mt nh c c th ngay sau y. Tuy cha xy dng c mt quy trnh giao kt hp ng in t ni chung v c bit l hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi ni ring nhng cc doanh nghip ny cng mnh dn m phn v giao kt hp ng thng qua vic gi n cho hng v nhn chp nhn n cho hng bng e-mail. Tuy nhin ni v lu v di th mun thc hin cc giao kt ny an ton th vn cn phi trng ch vo s b sung v ra i ca cc vn bn hng dn ca Nh nc. 1.2.2. Nhiu trang web c xy dng v s dng Website l mt knh thng tin quan trng gip doanh nghip tip cn vi ngi tiu dng v vi cc doanh nghip khc. Mt khc, trong thi i CNTT bng n hin nay, vic thnh lp website tr thnh mt yu cu thit yu i vi doanh nghip nhm nng cao kh nng cnh tranh, khng nh tn tui v m ra
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cc c hi kinh doanh mi.Kt qu iu tra cng th hin xu hng trn. Nm 2008, 45,3% doanh nghip c website, 4,1% doanh nghip s xy dng website trong tng lai. Cn li 50,6% doanh nghip khng c v cng khng d nh xy dng website.
\ HNH 1: T l doanh nghip c website nm 2008
Ngun: Bo co Thng mi in t 2008/ trang 123 So vi cc nm trc, t l doanh nghip c website nm 2008 vn tip tc tng nhanh theo tng trong hai nm 2006 v 2007. Tuy nhin t l doanh nghip d nh xy dng website trong tng lai gn cng gim i ng k. Vi t l ch cn 4,1% doanh nghip c d nh xy dng website, trong mt vi nm ti t l doanh nghip c website c th s khng c nhiu thay i. C th thy vic xy dng website hin nay l tng i n gin nn trong cc nm gn y s lng doanh nghip c nhu cu tin hnh xy dng website, cn li l cc doanh
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nghip cha c nhu cu. Tuy cha th kt lun chc chn song c th d on trong ngn hn t l doanh nghip c website s t n n nh mc 45 ti 50%.
BIU 3: T l doanh nghip c website qua cc nm 2004 2008
Ngun: Bo co Thng mi in t 2008/ trang 124 Lnh vc kinh doanh nh hng kh ln n nhu cu xy dng website ca doanh nghip. Trong cc lnh vc kinh doanh, Du lch ng u vi 85% doanh nghip c website, tip theo l Dch v CNTT v thng mi in t (56,5%), Ngn hng ti chnh, t vn, lut, bt ng sn (50%). Hai lnh vc c s lng website tng ng k so vi cc nm trc l Du lch v Th cng m ngh
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V chc nng, 89,9% website c chc nng gii thiu v doanh nghip, 85,9% website qung b cho sn phm, 38% website cho php t hng v 3,5% website c chc nng thanh ton trc tuyn.(Mt s website c th c ng thi nhiu chc nng) V i tng m cc website hng ti, 84% hng ti i tng khch hng l doanh nghip, 70% hng ti i tng ngi tiu dng. T l qua cc nm cho thy c cu i tng m cc website hng ti tng i n nh. i tng khch hng l doanh nghip vn chim t l cao hn so vi i tng khch hng l ngi tiu dng. Tuy vy, c th thy t l i tng khch hng c nhn m cc doanh nghip hng ti Vit Nam kh cao, m ra trin vng pht trin mt th trng B2C v C2C rng ln. 1.2..3. Cc trang web nc ngoi v ang thu ht s ch ca khch hng Vit Nam v c nhiu hp ng c giao kt Hc sinh, sinh vin thng truy cp trang web www.amazon.com tm kim va mua sm sch bo, a CD... Tuy nhin, s hp ng giao kt v thc hin khng nhiu. Tnh hnh ny c gii thch bi hai nguyn nhn: mt l yu cu thanh ton bng th tn dng ca trang web vn cn kh xa x i vi sinh vin Vit Nam, hai l ph vn chuyn sch bo hay a CD v Vit Nam thng i gi thnh sn phm ln rt nhiu, cha k khu kim duyt phc tp ca c quan hi quan. Mt thc t khc cho thy, nhu cu i du hc nc ngoi ngy mt cao dn n s lng ngi mun thi ly cc bng cp ti thiu theo yu cu ca cc c s o to nc ngoi cng tng. V d nh nhu cu ly bng TOEFLE hay IELTS, GMAT,... Mun thi c th phi ng k v np l ph d thi. Hnh thc ph bin ( nu khng mun ni l duy nht i vi mt s loi bng) l ng k v thanh ton qua mng. iu ny va nhanh va tiy kim chi ph khng phi b ra cho nhng th tc hnh chnh khc khng cn thit. Hin nay, kh c th ly c s liu thng k chnh xc v s lng cc hp ng in t c giao kt gia khch hng Vit Nam v ngi bn hng ho, dch
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v trc tuyn nc ngoi. L do l v m hnh kinh doanh ny cng mi hnh thnh v c quan c thm quyn nh B Cng thng, S Thng mi...cha kp thi thng k nh l mt yu cu bt buc. Tuy nhin, c th khng nh chc chn rng c s khi sc nht nh theo chiu hng tch cc hn nhiu trong tng lai. 1.3. .Thc t giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi din ra Vit Nam ngy cng nhiu Trong tng s 1638 doanh nghip tham gia tr li phiu iu tra, 12% doanh nghip tham gia sn giao dch thng mi in t trong v ngoi nc, so vi t l 10,2% ca nm 2007 v 7,9% ca nm 2006.
HNH 2:: Mc tham gia v k c hp ng t sn giao dch Thng mi in tca doanh nghip nm 2008
Ngun: Bo co Thng mi in t 2008/trang 128 T l doanh nghip k c hp ng t sn thng mi in t cng tng ln so vi nm 2007. Nm 2008, trong s cc doanh nghip tham gia sn giao dch thng mi in t c 69,7% doanh nghip k c hp ng t sn giao dch thng mi in t, cao hn so vi t l 63% ca nm 2007. iu ny cho thy vic tham gia sn thng mi in t mang li hiu qu thc s i vi mt s doanh nghip
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BIU 4: Quy m doanh nghip tham gia sn giao dch thng mi in t
Ngun:Bo co Thng mi in t 2008/ trang 128 So snh v quy m doanh nghip tham gia sn giao dch thng mi in t, c th thy mi lin h t l nghch gia quy m v s lng doanh nghip tham gia sn. Cc doanh nghip c quy m cng nh th t l tham gia sn giao dch thng mi in t cng ln. iu ny chng t cc doanh nghip va v nh bit n li th ca sn giao dch thng mi in t trong vic xy dng hnh nh v tng cng kh nng cnh tranh. c bit l trong giai on hin nay c rt nhiu sn giao dch thng mi in t B2B vn thc hin hnh thc h tr khng thu ph i vi mt s doanh nghip tham gia. Nhng kh khn yu km v nguyn nhn - Kh khn v phng thc thanh ton Hn ch ln nht cho giao kt hp ng in t Vit Nam hin nay l cha xy dng c quy trnh cho phng thc thanh ton trn mng khng ch i vi cc giao dch quc t m c nhng giao dch trong nc. Cng c ph bin nht gim thiu chi ph khi mua hng trn mng l dng th trong khi nhu cu s dng th nh mt phng tin thanh ton Vit Nam vn cn qu t. Hin nay, cc ngn hng cng ch tm hn n vic u t cho cng ngh ng dng quy trnh thanh ton th trn mng. Tuy nhin th chi ph u t cho cng ngh ny khng
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thp cht no. Li nhun thu v cha thy m chi ph b ra l qu cao khin cho cc ngn hng cng phn vn la chn, ch i s hu thun t pha Nh nc. Khi thanh ton bng th trn mng th yu cu quan trng nht l bo mt thng tin ca th. iu ny i hi phi c gii php k thut ( kho m, gii m lin quan n vic tch thng tin gia mua hng v thanh ton). Mt s cng ty nh cng ty IBM a ra phn mm SET (security Electronic Transaction) p ng kh tt yu cu v chng hacker xm nhp. u t phn mm ny khong 50.000 k M25 v hin hai t chc th quc t ln nht l MasterCard v VisaCard bt buc cc ngn hng thnh vin pht hnh th phi p dng nu u t vo vic thanh ton th trn mng. Nu ngn hng p dng theo ng cc phn mm c quc t chng nhn nh trn th chi ph u t s rt ln, trong khi , cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam ch yu l cc ngn hng nh, v vy h cho rng vic u t nh vy trc mt th cha mang li hiu qu. Ngoi ra, vic pht trin s lng ngi dng th cn qu thp, ng thi cc n v c nhu cu bn hng trn mng bng th cng cha pht trin khin ngn hng cng ngi u t v nghi ng kh nng sinh li t hot ng u t ny. tho g kh khn ny, Ngn hng Chu (ACB) xy dng mt d n phi hp vi Cng ty tin hc Bu in(Netsoft) ng dng vic thanh ton th ni a trn mng theo hnh thc offline (thay v online). Khi khch hng vo mng mua hng, thng tin thanh ton c m ho (s th, ngy o hn, ch th) s c chuyn v h thng x l cc hot ng thanh ton qua mng vi ACB trn Netcenter ca Netsoft. H thng ny gii m v m ho theo mt cch khc ri chuyn v trung tm th ACB gii m v xc nhn chun chi.Tuy nhin, ch khi khch hng nhn c hng v ha n giao hng c ch k ca ch th c chuyn v Trung tm mi tin hnh thanh ton, tr vo ti khon ca khch hng. Hin nay, d n ny ang c trin khai vi vic thanh ton tin in, nc, cc vin thng cho ch th c nhu cu thanh ton trn mng. Sau bc th nghim, Trung tm th ACB cng Netsoft s trin khai n mt s siu th c nhu cu bn hng v thanh ton trn mng bng th.26
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Tham kho cm nang php lut v giao kt hp ng in t-GS.TS.NGND Nguyn Th M Ngun: http//www.sgtt.com.vn/cacsobaotruoc/366_21/p15_dientu.htm
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Mi y nht, vi s h tr ca t chc Xc tin thng mi Nht Bn (JETRO), mt ca hng th cng m ngh trn mng thnh lp doanh nghip Vit Nam th nghim bn hng qua mng n ngi tiu dng Nht Bn. Ngi tiu dng Nht Bn tr tin mt cho nh phn ph, ri thng qua ngn hng (cng ca Nht Bn) chuyn v cho ngn hng Ngoi thng Vit Nam, t y s tin c phn v cho tng doanh nghip Vit Nam bn hng. C th thy quy trnh ny kh phc tp v mt k thut cng ngh, v vy n phi c thc nghim rt ra kinh nghim ri mi c th p dng rng ri c. -. Quy trnh giao kt hp ng in t ni ring v giao kt hp ng in t ni ring cha c u t xy dng mt cch bi bn Nhiu trang web ca doanh nghip ch mang nng tnh hnh thc, mi ch dng li mc gii thiu cng tyu v sn phm, dch v. Nhng trang web ny cha thc s l mt cng c h tr thit thc cho hot ng kinh doanh v qung b thng hiu ca doanh nghip BNG 4: Tnh nng thng mi in t ca cc trang web Vit Nam
Ngun: Bo co Thng mi in t 2008/trang 125 C website gii thiu kh phong ph cc hnh nh v mu m, chng loi sn phm ca doanh nghip nhng li khng c thg tin v bo gi, v cht lng v.vhoc rt t c website c bo gi. S website cho thanh ton trc tuyn cn thp. Vi mt s cc trang web khc, doanh nghip ch t chc vic bn hng qua mng. Tuy nhin, cc doanh nghip lm uc iu ny cn cha nhiu. Cn li l cc thng tin t hng thng b li, thm ch c khi khch hng nhp thng tin gi, hoc nhp thng tin khng ng quy cchcng uc chp nhnNgoi ra,
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nhng tr ngi v ngn ng cng nh kh khn do cha quen tip xc vi khch hng trn mng cng khin cho cc doanh nghip khng th p ng ng yu cu cu n t hng (tr li thng tin, t chc ng gi, giao hng ng ngy gi) Nguyn nhn ca s yu km tr l cc doanh nghip cn cha ti lc, nhn lc v vt lc cho vic trin khai quy trnh thng mi in t v giao kt hp ng in t, c bit l hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi. Nhiu doanh nghip thnh lp trang web nhng cha ch trng lm vo mc tiu bn hng v thanh ton trn mng. V cng c nhiu doanh nghip cng e ngi v ri ro c th pht sinh do khung php l v giao kt hp ng ni chung v giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi ni ring cn cha hon chnh
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II. PHNG HNG HON THIN PHP LUT VIT NAM V GIAO KT HP NG IN T C YU T NC NGOI
2.1. Phng hng chung 2.1.1.Xy dng, ban hnh v sa i b sung php lut phi ph hp vi chnh sch ca ng v Nh nc CHXHCN Vit Nam ng v Nh nc ta ch trng pht trin nn kinh t th trng nh hng XHCN. Bi vy, vic xy dng, ban hnh v sa i b sung php lut cn phi ph hp vi c im ca nn kinh t VN ny. Qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin ca php lut VN v giao kt hp ng in t ni chung v hp ng giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi ni ring lun bt ngun t nhng i hi khch quan ca nn kinh t. Vic ra nhng gii php kinh t hon thin php lut v giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi cn da trn nhng c im ca nn KTTT VN, mc v phng din khc nhau, c im ca nn kinh t th trng VN c nhiu cng trnh khoa hc tip cn nghin cu. Trong cc cng trnh ny, nn KTTT VN uc xem xt nhiu mc v phng din nhm xc nh c s cho vic hoch nh chnh sch pht trin kinh t v xy dng php lut thuc cc lnh vc khc nhau. Vi nhim v nghin cu ca bi nghin cu ny, nhm ti ch trng tp trung phn tch nhng c im c bn ca nn KTTT VN trong giai on chuyn i, c nh hng trc tip n php lut kinh t ni chung v php lut v giao kt hp ng din t c yu t nc ngoi ni ring. Trn c s a ra nhng hon thin php lut VN v giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi. Nhn li thc tin nhng nm i mi, lin h vi nhng qu trnh c tnh tnh quy lut t bc chuyn t c ch kinh t k hoch hoch ho tp trung sang c ch KTTT, c th ni php lut v giao kt hp ng in t phi gn lin vi tnh hnh cc nc cng nh gn lin vi qu trnh cng ngh thng mi ang pht trin nh v bo ngy nay.
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2.1.2. Xy dng, ban hnh v sa i b sung php lut phi ph hp vi cam kt quc t ca Vit Nam Ngy nay, s pht trin kinh t ca cc nc ang pht trin ngy cng ph thuc vo s pht trin chung ca nn kinh t th gii. Hn mt thp k qua, tt c cc nc u c xu hng mun lin kt su hn vo nn kinh t th gii vi hy vng nm bt c nhng c hi tt pht trin kinh t. Qu trnh hi nhp KTQT lm bc l thc trng chnh sch thng mi ca cc nc ang pht trin l c mc bo h cao, thiu s nht qun gia chnh sch thng mi vi cc chnh sch kinh t v m v cn nhiu ro cn i vi t do thng mi. Chnh v vy, p ng nhu cu hi nhp, ci cch kinh t theo hng m ca l tt yu phi c thc hin, m theo , vic k kt cc iu c quc t v sa i chnh sch, php lut trong nc l mt nhim v quan trng. Trong bi cnh c s thay i v c cu ca thng mi quc t, vai tr ca trao i dch v trong thng mi quc t ang tng dn ln v tr thnh mt lnh vc khng th thiu trong cc cuc m phn v t do ho ca cc t chc thng mi quc t. Php lut thng mi, trong c php lut v giao kt hp ng in t, c bit l php lut v giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi, c s mnh ni lut ho cc cam kt quc t, gp phn y nhanh tin trnh hi nhp KTQT ca cc quc gia. Ngy 24/11/2000, Th tng Chnh ph k Hip nh khung ASEAN v Thng mi in t (E-ASEAN), theo Vit Nam cam kt pht trin thng mi in t v tham gia khng gian giao dch in t trong khi ASEAN. Hip nh gm by im trong c hai im ht sc quan trng l y mnh vic ng dng cng ngh thng tin trong cc c quan cng quyn (gi tt l xy dng Thng mi in tv Chnh ph in t). Nh vy, khi tham gia Hip nh khung E-ASEAN th Vit Nam s phi nhanh chng xy dng khung php l ph hp vi nhng quy nh khung trong Hip nh ny nhm thc hin nhng cam kt a ra trong Hip nh.
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Nhng yu cu ca thc tin giao dch thng mi trong nc cng nh yu cu t cc cam kt phm vi khu vc v quc t i hi Vit Nam phi xy dng h thng cc quy tc dnh ring cho thng mi in t v cho vic giao kt cc hp ng in t. Thng 1/2002, Chnh ph giao cho B thng mi ch tr xy dng Php lnh thng mi nhm hnh thnh c s php l u tin cho thng mi in t. Sau gn hai nm xy dng, ti cui nm 2003, B thng mi hon thnh D tho ln th 6 ca Php lnh v chun b trnh Chnh ph. Tuy nhin, D tho Php lnh thng mi in t khng c thng qua. Do tm quan trng ca giao dch in t i vi mi mt ca kinh t x hi nn Quc hi quyt nh xy dng Lut Giao dch in t thay th cho Php lnh Thng mi in t. Cn c vo Ngh quyt s 21 ca Quc hi kho XI v Chng trnh xy dng lut, php lnh ngy 12/03/2004, U ban Thng v Quc hi ra Ngh quyt s 480 v vic thnh lp Ban son tho d n Lut Giao dch in t vi n v ch tr l U ban Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng. Qua hai phin hp ton th, Ban son tho Lut Giao dch in t thng nht l trnh v cc ni dng lin quan n d n Lut. Lut c trnh quc hi thng qua ti k hp th 8 Quc hi kho XI v c thng qua vo ngy 29/11/2005. 2.1.3. Xy dng, ban hnh v sa i b sung php lut phi ph hp vi thc trng ca Vit Nam Thc trng hin nay cho thy, cc thng nhn thc hin giao kt hp ng thng mi in t c yu t nc ngoi Vit Nam tuy ngy cng tng v mt s lng nhng quy m vn ch mc trung bnh v nh. Do thi quen v n np kinh doanh theo li c nn nhiu thng nhn v doanh nghip Vit Nam vn bo th tin hnh theo li n chc mc bn, i theo li kinh doanh, giao kt hp ng theo kiu truyn thng. Chnh vic khng am hiu thu o v li ch ca vic giao kt hp ng in t ni chung v hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi ni ring m cc doanh nghip cng nh cc thng nhn ny v hnh chung lm tn km mt khon ph (c v thi gian v tin bc) khng ng c. Tuy nhin, ni i th cng nn ni li, vi trnh cng ngh cn cha cao, c s h tng cn thp km. Bn cnh , th vic thc hin giao kt hp ng in t
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ni chung cng nh giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi ni ring li lin quan cht ch dn vn my mc v cng ngh nh vic kim tra, bo mt cc thng tin, thng ip d liu s cng nh kim chng ch k in t...Cng ngh cng cao, cc th on la o cng cng cao, cng tinh vi cng khin cho cc doanh nghip cng phn vn khi s dng loi giao dch ny. Thy c li ch ca giao kt hp ng in t ni chung v hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi ni ring, Nh nc ta cng c cc chnh sch h tr v khuyn khch cc thng nhn cng nh cc doanh nghip s dng cch thc trn khi giao kt hp ng. Cc Lut v vn bn hng dn thi hnh cng dn ra i. Tuy nhin, Lut v cc vn bn hng dn thi hnh ny vn cn cha c th v cn nhiu ch cn m h cng l l do khin cc doanh nghip phi lo ngi. Bi vy, thu ht s ch quan tm ca cc thng nhn cng nh cc doanh nghip Vit Nam cng nh nc ngoi tham gia vo hot ng giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi th trc tin phi gy dng lng tin ca h v s an ton khi s dng dch v ny. Thng qua cng c quan trng nht l php lut, Nh nc thc hin nhim v bo v li ch chnh ng ca cc ch th v m bo s pht trin lnh mnh ca nn kinh t. thc hin c nhim v , qu trnh hon thin php lut v giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi phi quan tm ton din n nhiu vn lin quan. 2.1.4. Xy dng, ban hnh v sa i b sung php lut phi m bo tnh minh bch m bo tnh minh bch l yu cu ht sc quan trng i vi ton b h thnng php lut cng nh php lut v giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi. Tuy nhin, thc hin uc yu cu ny th yu t ch quan cvai tr quyt nh. V khi xy dng hon thin php lut v giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi, cc nh lm lut cn phi lu mt s vn sau: Mt l, m bo tnh cht nht qun ca h thng vn bn php lut v giao kt hp ng in t ni chung v hp ng in tc yu t nc ngoi ni ring; vn bn php lut khng c mu thun vi o lut m chng da vo; cc quyt nh cung mt vn bn khng c tri ngc, trit tiu nhau. php lut ngy
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cng nht qun, nht thit tng cng hiu qu lm vic ca Quc hi, bi v y l c quan c quyn lp php cao nht. Php lut phi to ra mt trnh t lp php ngy cng nghim ngt, ng thi vn hn ch n mc thp nht vic ban hnh cc vn bn php quy cu cc c quan hnh php hng dn thi hnh php lut. Hai l, m bo tnh c th d on c ca php lut v giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi ni chung v giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nuc ngoi. Khi ban hnh mt vn bn php lut no , Nh nc trnh phi gy ra nhng c sc, ngc nhin, bt ng cho i tng b p dng. Vic s dng, b sung php lut phi thng bo cng khai trc mt thi hn hp l ngi dn c thi gian chun b. iu ny cng c ngha trong vic xy dng php lut v giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi nhm mc ch to mi trng n nh trong kinh doanh. c th lng trc s thay i ca php lut, trong chng mc nht nh, nhng i tng x hi c lin quan n mt vn bn mi sp c ban hnh cn to iu kin h c kin v ni dung ca php lut. Bn cnh , cc c quan p dng php lut phi coi l cng bng l mt trong nhng nguyn tc c bn cho hot ng ca mnh. Ba l, vic xy dng, ban hnh, thc hin php lut phi c tin hnh cng khai, to iu kin cho mi lc lng trong x hi bo v v cn bng li ch ca mnh. Sau khi uc ban hnh, Lut ca Quc hi phi c cng b trn cng bo, vn bn hnh chnh ca cc c quan hnh php phi c cng b trn cc phng tin thng tin, d dng truy cp i vi ngi dn. Tm li, c th ca hot ng thng mi in t l c thc hin da trn vic p dng cc cng ngh s ho hin i trong vic truyn dn thng tin v giao dch. V vy, khi xy dng cc vn bn lm c s php l cho hot ng thng mi in t, cc quc gia u tnh n nhng im c th ca hot ng ny. Nhng yu cu v mt k thut lp php l: trnh nhng quy nh qu cht ch, ngc li, cn linh hot v trung lp v mt cng ngh v s bin i v pht trin khng ngng ca cng ngh hin i s khin cho Lut d b lc hu nu qu cng nhc. Cn r rng, minh bch nhng cn c kh nng tin liu trc.
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Khung php l v hp ng in t i hi cc nh lp php phi tp hp c tr tu, kin thc khng ch ca cc nh k thut cng ngh, cc lut gia m cn cn n tri thc ca cc nh kinh doanh thng mi. Kin thc php lut,cng ngh v thng mi l khng th tch ri khi xy dng v hon thin khung php l v giao kt hp ng in t. III. CC GII PHP HON THIN CC QUY NH CA PHP LUT VIT NAM V GIAO KT HP NG IN T C YU T NC NGOI 3.1. Nhm gii php sa i cc quy nh ca php lut VN v giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi Nh cc chng phn tch, khung php l cho thng mi in t Vit Nam v ang tng bc hnh thnh v hon thin vi vic b sung v ban hnh Lut Thng mi nm 2005, sa i ban hnh B lut Dn s nm 2005 v ban hnh Lut gioa dch in t u tin Vit Nam (nm 2005). Thng 6/2006, Ngh quyt u tin hng dn thc thi Lut Giao dch in t nm 2005 cng c ban hnh. l ngh nh s 57/2006/N-CP ngy 09/06/2006 v Thng mi in t. V ngy 29/06/2006, Quc hi cng thng qua Lut cng ngh thng tin (c hiu lc t ngy 01/01/2007). Tip n l ngh nh s 26/2007/N-CP ngy 15/02/2007 v ch k s v dch v chng thc ch k s. V cui cng gn y nht l s ra i ca thng t Thng t s 09/2008/TT-BTC ngy 21/07/2008 ca B cng thng hng dn v cung cp thng tin v giao kt hp ng trn website thng mi in t. iu ny cho thy khung php l v giao kt hp ng in t ni chung v hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi ni ring v ang tng bc c hnh thnh. Tuy nhin, khung php l v hp ng in t ni ring v giao kt hp ng in t ni ring, cho n nay, vn cn thiu, do vn cn phi tip tc b sung, hon thin. Trong phm vi ca ti, nhm nghin cu ch xin i su vo mt mng nh cn thiu st ca Lut Giao dch in t nm 2005. l, cc quy nh v giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi. V, gii php u tin l tip tc sa i Lut Giao dch in t nm 2005 v cc quy nh v giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi.
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-Cn b sung khi nim v Hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi Theo cch hiu nh trn th hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi c hiu nh sau: Hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi l hp ng in t tho mn mt s cc iu kin sau: -C t nht mt trong cc bn tham gia l c quan, t chc, c nhn nc ngoi, -Ngi Vit Nam nh c nc ngoi -Hoc l cc quan h dn s gia cc bn tham gia l cng dn, t chc Vit Nam nhng cn c xc lp, thay i, chm dt quan h theo php lut nc ngoi, pht sinh ti nc ngoi hoc ti sn lin quan n quan h nc ngoi
ch l nh ngha n gin nht v hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi, bn cnh cn xem xt v dn chiu vi bn cht khi nim ni hm ca hp ng in t v hp ng mua bn quc t c th nm c bn cht ni hm ca hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi. -Cn b sung cc quy nh c th hng dn vic giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi. Lm r vn ch k in t c yu t nc ngoi vo Lut Giao dch in t nm 2005 Vn v hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi ch c cp ht sc s si ti iu 27 ca Lut GDT nm 2005.iu 27 khon 1 ca Lut ny quy nh: Nh nc cng nhn gi tr php l ca ch k in t v chng th in t nc ngoi nu ch k in t hoc chng th in t c tin cy tng ng vi tin cy ca ch k in t v chng th in t theo quy nh ca php lut. Vic xc nh mc tin cy ca ch k in t v chng th in t nc ngoi phi cn c vo cc tiu chun quc t c tha nhn, iu c quc t m Cng ho x hi ch ngha Vit Nam l thnh vin v cc yu t c lin quan
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V ng ch hn na l iu 27 khon 2 ni trn li khng nh rng: Chnh ph quy nh c th v vic tha nhn ch k in t v chng th in t nc ngoi. Vy m k t khi Lut GDT nm 2005 c hiu lc n nay th Chnh ph vn cha c quy nh c th no v vn ny. Cc vn v lut vn cha c lm r hng dn cc thng nhn cng nh cc doanh nghip thc hin giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi. l cc vn nh: th no l c tin cy tng ng ch k in t v chng th in t nc ngoi theo quy nh ca php lut? V u l tiu chun m quc t tha nhn v vn ny? Nhng tiu chun no m nh nc Cng ho x hi ch ngha Vit Nam l thnh vin cng nhn? Mt lot cc vn cn c Chnh ph gii p hng dn cc thng nhn cng nh cc doanh nghip c th yn tm thc hin giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi. Chnh ph cn a ra cc cu tr li c th v xc ng chm dt tnh trng cc doanh nghip Vit Nam mun tham gia giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi ang phi nm di ch i. Trn thc tin, c th tham kho vn ch k in t ca Hoa K, ca Singapore v ca UNCITRAL. Ch k in t ca UNCITRAL quy nh r nguyn tc khng phn bit i x vi ch k in t nc ngoi: Vic cng nhn hay khng cng nhn mt ch k in t l da trn tin cy ca ch k ch khng phn bit ngun gc ca ch k hay ca c quan chng nhn ch k. V vn quy nh v ni dung ca hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi Vic quy nh v ni dung ca hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi cng khng c. Trong Lut GDT nm 2005 ch c quy nh v ni dung ca hp ng in t nhng cc quy nh ny ch ni ht sc chung chung. Ni dung ca hp ng in t c quy nh trong iu 13, iu 14, iu 15 ca Lut ny. Trong cc quy nh cn rt chung chung v vic tha nhn gi tr nh bn gc, c gi tr lm chng c v lu tr thng ip d liu. Cc quy nh vn cha a ra c ni dung c th ca mt hp ng in t ni chung v mt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi ni ring bao gm nhng g? V nu ni dung ny c iu chnh theo lut no th n nm u v c quy nh nh th no?
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Xt v php lut thc nh ca Vit Nam, Lut GDT nm 2005, LTMVN 2005 v cc vn bn hng dn thi hnh khng c quy nh chuyn bit no v ni dung ca hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t cng nh i vi hp ng in t hay hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi V vy, nhm nghin cu c khuyn ngh m bo ni dung ca hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi tun theo Lut Dn s nm 2005 bao gm: 1. i tng ca hp ng l ti sn phi giao, cng vic phi lm hoc khng c lm; 2. S lng, cht lng; 3. Gi, phng thc thanh ton; 4. Thi hn, a im, phng thc thc hin hp ng; 5. Quyn, ngha v ca cc bn; 6. Trch nhim do vi phm hp ng; 7. Pht vi phm hp ng; 8. Cc ni dung khc (iu 402 BLDSVN 2005). Bn cnh , nh khng nh trn, vi tnh cht c nh ca hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi khin cho cc iu khon trong ni dung ca n mang tnh cht in t rt cao. Theo , khi cp n ni dung ca hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi-khc vi hp ng truyn thng hp ng m khi m phn tin ti giao kt, cc bn thng ch ch n iu khon ch yu lm thnh ni dung ca hp ng, gi c, iu kin thanh ton, iu kin giao hng...- hp ng in t nc ngoi, cc bn giao kt hp ng bt buc v trc ht phi ch n cc quy nh c tnh k thut ca cng ngh tin hc ca cc bn, c bit l khi tnh trng cng ngh ca cc bn chnh lch nhau qu nhiu. Vic hin th ni dung ca hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi khng tt, khng chnh xc th vic giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi ny v mt ni dung cng khng th t c. Theo , trong quy nh v ni dung ca hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi cn c quy nh thng nht v r rng iu khon v cch hin th ni dung ca hp ng in t. y l c s php l ca quy trnh lin quan n hp ng v xa hn l vic thc hin c hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi. R rng, vic phi b sung thm nhng quy nh c th v hng dn vic giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi v giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi trong lnh vc thng mi ni ring l rt cn thit
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3.2. Nhm gii php mi ban hnh vn bn dn lut hng dn thc hin giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi Vic ban hnh Lut Giao dch in t nm 2005 l mt thnh tu ln, l mt bc ngot quan trng trong qu trnh xy dng o lut khung iu chnh vic giao kt hp ng in t Vit Nam, Lut dnh hn mt chng quy nh v giao kt hp ng in t. Tuy nhin, nhng quy nh v giao kt hp ng in t trong Lut cn cha c th, nhng l nn tng php l c bn ban u tip tc b sung, hon thin nhm c c mt khung php l ph hp vi nhng vn bn php l hng dn thi hnh Lut c th hn. Trong lnh vc giao kt hp ng thng mi in t, s ban hnh kp thi Ngh nh s 57/2006/N-CP ngy 09/06/2006 l c s php l quan trng gip cc doanh nghip Vit Nam c th yn tm hn khi tin hnh giao kt cc hp ng thng mi in t. V gn y nht l Thng t s 09/2008/TT-BTC ngy 21/07/2008 ca B cng thng hng dn v cung cp thng tin v giao kt hp ng trn website thng mi in t. Tuy nhin vn cha . Nh nc cn ban hnh cc vn bn di lut khc hng dn thi hnh gip cho Lut giao dch nm 2005 ni chung v php lut v giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi c th vn hnh c tt hn. Theo nhm nghin cu, cc vn bn php lut ny cn tp trung vo cc im thiu st sau: -Th nht, v Ch k in t v chng th in t nc ngoi ( c th ho iu 27 ca Lut GDT nm 2005). Ri chng 3 ca Lut Giao dch in t nm 2005 c 6 iu khon v ch k in t. Ngh nh 57/2006/N-CP ngy 09/06/2006 a ra mt s iu khon (iu 10) v gi tr php l ca ch k in t. Nhng quy nh 8 iu khon ni trn l c s php l hng dn to lp mt ch k in t c yu t nc ngoi.Tuy nhin th nhng iu khon ny ch l c s php l c tnh nguyn tc. Chnh s phc tp v mt cng ngh tin hc cng nh v th tc php l lin quan n chng thc ch k in t ni chung v ch k in t c yu t nc ngoi ni ring i hi vic b sung cc quy nh v ch k in t trong hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi ng thi phi i km vi cc vn bn hng dn thi
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hnh. iu ny s gip cho vic thc hin hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi hiu qu hn. -Th hai, ngh nh chuyn bit v chng thc ch k in t ni chung v ch k in t c yu t nc ngoi ni ring. Sau khi lut Giao dch in t nm 2005 ra i v c hiu lc t ngy 01/03/2006 th hng lot cc vn bn di lut cng ln lt ra i nhm hng dn thc hin v a lut Giao dch in t nm 2005 vo i sng. Trong s cc vn bn di lut , ng k nht l c nhiu vn bn v dch v chng thc ch k s, v d nh ngh nh s 26/2007/N-CP ngy 15/02/2007 v ch k s v dch v chng thc ch k s; Quyt nh s 04/2008/Q-NHNN ngy 21/02/2008 ca Ngn hng nh nc Vit Nam v cp pht, qun l, s dng ch k s ca Ngn hng nh nc; Quyt nh s 25/2006/Q-BTM ngy 25/7/2006 v quy ch s dng ch k s ca B thng miTuy nhin, vn bn di lut hng dn v dch v chng thc ch k in t th li cha c. Tuy nhin th s dng tt ch k s th trc tin cn phi s dng tt ch k in t. Do ch k s c an ton v bo mt cao, k thut cao nn thng c dng trong cc hp ng quan trng hoc c gi tr ln, c tnh bo mt cao. Cn vi cc doanh nghip thng thng, h ang mong ch nghi nh chuyn bit v chng thc ch k in t ni chung v ch k in t c yu t nc ngoi ni ring c phc v cho hot ng kinh doanh ca mnh. -Th ba, Ngh nh hng dn v vn x l li k thut trong giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi Khi thc hin giao kt hp ng in t trn mng, cc bn giao kt tip xc vi phng thc giao kt in t, trong qu trnh ny, h phi thc hin cc thao tc trn mng t chn hng, phng thc giao hngn phng thc thanh ton. Trong qu trnh ny khng th trnh khi nhng sai st v thao tc ngoi mun. Trong trng hp ny khng th rng buc h v cc li k thut khng ch . Tuy nhin, ngi bn c yu cu l phi nhun nhuyn trong s dng k thut
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mua bn trc tuyn. V th, ngi bn i khi vn khng th trnh khi s rng buc trong cc li ny. Cho n thi im hin ti th cc nc vn cha c mt quy nh thng nht no trong vic xy dng c s php l cho vn gii quyt li k thut trong cc iu khon lin quan n ni dung ca hp ng in t. Vn ny do tng nc quy nh. Trong Ngh nh 57/2006/N-CP c duy nht mt quy nh theo hng bo v cho bn mc li k thut vi iu kin bn pht sinh li phi bo ngay cho bn kia khi li k thut xy ra v bn lm phat sinh li cha c c bt c li ch vt cht no t vic sai st k thut ny. l khon 1 iu 15, quy nh: Trng hp mt c nhn mc phi li nhp thng tin trong mt chng t in t c s dng trao i vi h thng thng tin t ng ca bn khc, nhng h thng thng tin t ng ny khng h tr cho c nhn sa li li th c nhn hoc ngi i din ca mnh c quyn rt b phn chng t in t c li nu tun th 2 iu kin sau: a) Ngay khi bit li, c nhn hoc i din ca c nhn thng bo cho bn kia v nu r mnh mc phi li trong chng th in t ny. b) C nhn hoc i din ca c nhn vn cha s dng hoc c c bt k li ch vtcht no t hng ha hay dch v nhn c t bn kia Nh vy, li trong k thut l khng th trnh khi, trong khi th vic quy nh trong mt iu lut l cha cho cc bn c th yn tm tham gia vo giao kt hp ng in t. Bn cnh , iu lut duy nht c a ra trong Ngh nh 57 ny ch bo v quyn li cho ngi mua khi tham gia vo giao kt hp ng in t, c bit l hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi. Trong khi , ngi bn th khng trnh khi rng buc v thit hi khi sai st v li k thut xy ra. Vic ban hnh cc ngh nh hng dn thi hnh khi xy ra sai st v li k thut trong giao kt hp ng in t ni chung v hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi ni ring l mt vn bc xc gip cho qu trnh giao kt v thc hin hp
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ng in t v hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi c din ra thng sut v hiu qu, gii quyt c khu sai st k thut ngoi mun. 3.3. Nhm gii php khc Bn cnh vic hon thin khung php l v hp ng in t; tng cng cng tc o to i ng chuyn trch v thng mi in t v giao kt hp ng in t... vic giao kt hp ng in t ni chung v hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi ni ring thnh cng. Nh nc cn phi: -Tng cng u t c s h tng cng ngh thng tin mnh Vic giao kt hp ng in t ch c th thnh cng nu cc quc gia c mt c s hn tng cng ngh v k thut p ng c nhng i hi cn thit cho vic truyn ti d liu in t. l mt h thng m bo tc truyn dn thng tin n nh, m bo tnh thng sut ca vic truyn dn. Ni nh vy th tng vn l n gin. Trong thc t khng phi nh vy. Giao kt hp ng in t khng n thun ch l dng cc phng tin in t thc hin cc hot ng thng mi truyn thng m ngc li, giao kt hp ng in t i hi ton b hnh thi, phng thc hot ng ca mt quc gia s phi thay i. Thay i t tp qun bun bn, tp qun kinh doanh, h thng gio dc n c thi quen lm vic trong phm vi quc t. u t cho s h tng cng ngh thong tin mnh i hi Nh nc phi u t mnh cho: +H tng c s cng ngh; +H tng c s nhn lc; +H tng bo mt an ninh; +H tng ti chnh t ng; +H tng v quyn s hu tr tu; +H tng ngn chn nhng nh hng tiu cc ca Internet... +H tng in lc hon ho (khng bao gi cp in t xut). Ngoi ra, cc quc gia phi c cac bin php bo m an ton v an ninh thng tin, c cc chng trnh hu hiu chng cc ti phm tin hc...C nh vy
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mi khin cc doanh nghip yn tm tham gia vo mt hnh thc giao kt hp ng rt mi m ny, ng thi to ra tnh an ton, n nh ca cc hot ng ny. Gn b cht ch vi bo mt l an ton thng tin. An ton cng c quan tm c bit khi cc i tc mua bn tin hnh giao kt hp ng in t c tr s nm cc nc khc nhau ( giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi). Cc doanh nghip i hi thng tin ca h c truyn ti v lu tr an ton, chnh xc, thng tin h nhn c l xc thc v th hin thng ip t pha khch hng. Do vy, Nh nc phi xy dng c mt th ch php l xc thc ch k in t v ch k s ho. -C chnh sch khuyn khch tho ng pht trin h thng thanh ton in t ti cc Ngn hng thng mi Vic giao kt v thc hin hp ng in t ni chung v hp ng in t ni ring thng km theo mt s chng t v mt s yu cu khc v in t. V d nh, cng vi hp ng in t s l cc ho n in t, chng t vn ti in t, cc quy nh v ch k in t v bo mt v.v...Hp ng in t ni chung v hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi ni ring s c thanh ton thng qua h thng thanh ton in t. H thng thanh ton ca cc ngn hng cha tng thch vi thng mi in t cng l tr ngi cho vic giao kt v thc hin cc hp ng in t. Vic cc chng t in t b t chi (bi c quan hi quan hay bi cc c quan xt x) cng s lm nn lng cc doanh nghip giao kt hp ng in t v cc bn c lin quan. Cc quc gia s phi vo cuc gii quyt cc vn nhm m bo tnh kh thi cho vic giao kt v thc hin hp ng in t. V d, nh nc phi c ch trng, chnh sch khuyn khch su pht trin ca h thng thanh ton in t trong cc ngana hng, to ra tin in t v nhng m bo cho ng tin ny, thay i mt s vn bn php l c lin quan v thu (kh nng s dng ho n thanh ton in t), v hi quan ( kh nng s dng cc chng t in t thng quan, p dng hnh thc hi quan in t)...Nhng yu cu nh vy chc chn phi c s h tr tch cc ca Nh nc. -Khn trng thnh lp c quan chuyn bit chng thc ch k in t c yu t nc ngoi
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c th trin khai rng ri ng dng ch k s trong x hi, cn phi c h thng cc t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s m trung tm l T chc chng thc ch k s quc gia vi vai tr c quan qun l, iu ph chung hot ng ca ton h thng. Mun cung cp dch v, cc t chc chng thc ch k s cn phi c T chc chng thc ch k s quc gia thm nh v cp php. Do , hot ng ca T chc chng thc ch k s quc gia l iu kin tin quyt trin khai ng b vic cung cp v ng dng ch k s ti Vit Nam. Song song vi vic hon thin v mt t chc Trung tm Chng thc ch k s cng ang trong qu trnh xy dng nh d tho Danh mc tiu chun v ch k s v chng thc ch k s, Quyt nh ban hnh biu mu v quy ch bo co thng tin v hot ng chng thc ch k s ca cc t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s v Thng t hng dn v p dng cng ngh ch k s trong cc ng dng CNTT ca dch v cng. -y mnh cng tc o to i ng lm thng mi in t v chuyn trch giao kt hp ng in t (trong c giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi) Ngun nhn lc chnh l nhn t quyt nh s pht trin ca thng mi in t cng nh giao kt v thc hin thnh cng hp ng in t. Mi doanh nghip mun thnh cng lu di trn thng trng ny cn phi c i ng ngun nhn lc c kh nng chinh phc lnh vc kinh doanh mi m ny. Doanh nghip cn phi u t thch ng cho vic o to nhn lc, o to cc cn b chuyn trch v mt k thut, v cng ngh, v ngoi ng, v thng mi v v c php lut. Bi c th k kt thnh cng nhng hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi th ngun nhn lc trong doanh nghip cn hi tt c cc iu kin trn. -Tng cng cng tc tuyn truyn ph bin v Lut Giao dch in t 2005, v giao kt v thc hin hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi Thc t iu tra kin thc ca doanh nghip v nhng kha cnh php l ca hp ng in t ni chung cho thy hiu bit ca cc doanh nghip trong lnh vc ny cn kh hn ch, h thng k cc hp ng in t thng qua mi gii, trung gian l chnh. Nh vy l doanh nghip t nh tt nng lc cnh tranh ca
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mnh thng qua vic s dng mi gii trung gian v thm ch t y mnh vo nhng ri ro tim n trong vic k kt hp ng m khng hiu r nhng quy nh ca php lut v loi hp ng mnh k. Chnh v vy cha bao gi cng tc tuyn truyn ph bin ni dung ca Lut Giao dch in t 2005 v s cn thit phi c s hiu bit nhng kin thc v hp ng in t, giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoili cn thit nh hin nay.
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TI LIU THAM KHO
I. TI LIU TING VIT 1. B Lut Dn s nm 2005 2. Lut Giao dch in t Vit Nam 2005 3. Lut cng ngh thng tin 2006 4. Ngh nh 57/2006/N-CP ngy 09/06/2006ca Chnh ph v Thng mi in t 5. Thng t s 09/2008/TT-BTC ngy 21/07/2008 ca B Cng thng hng dn v cung cp thng tin v giao kt hp ng trn website thng mi in t 6. Thng t s 04/2006/TT-BTM ngy 06/04/2006 ca B Cng thng hng dn mt s ni dung quy nh ti ngh nh 12/2006/N-CP ngy 23/01/2006 ca Chnh ph 7. Ngh quyt s 35/2004/QH11 ngy 25/11/2004 ca Quc hi nc CHXHCN Vit Nam v chng trnh xy dng lut, php lnh nm 2005 8. GS.TS.NGND. Nguyn Th M, Cm nang php lut v giao kt hp ng in t, NXB Lao ng X hi, H Ni nm 2006 9. B Cng thng, Bo co Thng mi in t, H Ni nm 2008 10. B Cng thng, Bo co Thng mi in t, H Ni nm 2007 11. Tp ch kinh t i ngoi, cc s t nm 2005 n nm 2009 12. i hc Lut TP.HCM, Tp 2 ti Mt s vn php l v giao dch in t nm 2003 13. i hc Lut H Ni, Gio trnh t php quc t, NXB Cng an nhn dn, 2007. II. TI LIU TING ANH 1. Lut Thng nht v giao dch in t Hoa K nm 1999 (UETA Uniform Electronic Transaction Act 1999) 2. Lut mu ca UNCITRAL nm 2001 v ch k in t 3. Lut Giao dch in t nm 2000 ca New Zealand
III. CC TRANG WEB 1. www.ecommerce.com.vn 2. www.vietlaw.gov.vn 3. www.idc.com 4. www.amazon.com 5. www.iab.net 6. www.internetworldstats.com 7. http://www.ddth.com 8. www.uncitral.org
PH LC 1 THNG T V CUNG CP THNG TIN V GIAO KT HP NG TRN WEBSITE THNG MI IN T ____________ Thng t s 09/2008/TT-BCT ngy 21 thng 7 nm 2008 ca B Cng Thng Hng dn Ngh nh Thng mi in t v cung cp thng tin v giao kt hp ng trn website thng mi in t Cn c Ngh nh s 189/2007/N-CP ngy 27 thng 12 nm 2007 ca Chnh ph quy nh chc nng, nhim v, quyn hn v c cu t chc ca B Cng Thng; Cn c Ngh nh s 57/2006/N-CP ngy 09 thng 6 nm 2006 ca Chnh ph v thng mi in t; B Cng Thng hng dn vic cung cp thng tin v giao kt hp ng trn website thng mi in t nh sau: I. NHNG QUY NH CHUNG iu 1. Phm vi iu chnh v i tng p dng a) Thng t ny iu chnh vic cung cp thng tin v giao kt hp ng trn cc website thng mi in t. b) Thng t ny c p dng i vi: - Thng nhn s dng website thng mi in t bn hng ha hoc cung ng dch v (sau y gi l thng nhn); - T chc, c nhn tham gia giao dch vi thng nhn trn website thng mi in t (sau y gi l khch hng); - T chc, c nhn s hu website thng mi in t (sau y gi l ngi s hu website). iu 2. Gii thch t ng Trong Thng t ny, cc t ng di y c hiu nh sau: a) Website thng mi in t l trang thng tin in t phc v hot ng thng mi v cc hot ng lin quan n thng mi. b) Chc nng t hng trc tuyn l mt chc nng c ci t trn website thng mi in t cho php khch hng khi to hoc phn hi cc thng ip d
liu tin hnh giao kt hp ng vi thng nhn theo nhng iu khon c thng bo trn website. c) ng dn (hyperlink) l mt yu t ca trang thng tin in t khi c chn s a ngi s dng ti mt khu vc khc trn cng trang thng tin hoc mt trang thng tin in t khc. d) Th m t (meta-tag) l t kho c nhng vo mt trang thng tin in t, t kho ny khng hin th trn mn hnh nhng li c th c c bi cc cng c tm kim khi tm nhng trang thng tin lin quan ti t kha . iu 3. Nhng hnh vi vi phm php lut v cung cp thng tin v giao kt hp ng trn website thng mi in t a) Thng nhn v ngi s hu website thng mi in t phi tun th quy nh ti iu 16 Ngh nh s 57/2006/N-CP ngy 09 thng 6 nm 2006 ca Chnh ph v thng mi in t v cc hnh vi vi phm php lut v thng mi in t. b) Trong cung cp thng tin v giao kt hp ng trn website thng mi in t, thng nhn v ngi s hu website khng c cung cp thng tin sai lch hoc thc hin cc bin php k thut khc nhm thc hin hnh vi vi phm php lut, bao gm: - Ngy trang cc ng dn v biu trng qung co di nhng hnh thc khin khch hng khng nhn bit c l c ni dung qung co ng sau ng dn hoc biu trng ; - S dng biu trng ca cc chng trnh nh gi, xp hng website thng mi in t uy tn trn website khi cha c nhng chng trnh ny chnh thc cng nhn; - S dng cc ng dn, biu trng, hoc nhng cng ngh trc tuyn gy nhm ln v mi lin h gia thng nhn vi cc t chc, c nhn khc; - S dng ng dn cung cp nhng thng tin tri ngc hoc sai lch so vi thng tin c cng b ti khu vc website c gn ng dn ny;
- S dng cc th m t l nhng t kha tm kim thng dng nhng khng lin quan n ni dung website, hoc cha tn cc doanh nghip hoc sn phm c uy tn gy nhm ln cho ngi tiu dng v lm nh hng ti quyn v li ch hp php ca cc t chc, c nhn khc; - Can thip vo h iu hnh v trnh duyt Internet ti cc my tnh truy cp vo website nhm buc khch hng lu li website tri vi mun ca mnh. II. GIAO KT HP NG S DNG CHC NNG T HNG TRC TUYN TRN WEBSITE THNG MI IN T iu 4. Thng bo v ngh giao kt hp ng ca thng nhn Nu mt website thng mi in t c chc nng t hng trc tuyn cho tng hng ha hoc dch v c th c gii thiu trn website , th cc thng tin gii thiu v hng ha, dch v v cc iu khon lin quan c xem l thng bo v ngh giao kt hp ng ca thng nhn s hu hng ha hoc dch v . iu 5. ngh giao kt hp ng ca khch hng Chng t in t do khch hng khi to v gi i bng cch s dng chc nng t hng trc tuyn c xem l ngh giao kt hp ng ca khch hng i vi hng ha hoc dch v gn km chc nng t hng trc tuyn . iu 6. Tr li ngh giao kt hp ng ca khch hng a) Khi tr li chp nhn ngh giao kt hp ng, thng nhn phi cung cp cho khch hng nhng thng tin sau: - Danh sch ton b hng ha hoc dch v khch hng t mua, s lng, gi ca tng sn phm v tng gi tr hp ng; - Thi hn giao hng hoc cung ng dch v; - Thng tin lin h khch hng c th hi v tnh trng thc hin hp ng khi cn thit. b) Tr li khng chp nhn ngh giao kt hp ng phi nu r l do.
c) Tr li ngh giao kt hp ng phi c thc hin di hnh thc ph hp thng tin c th lu tr, in n c ti h thng thng tin ca khch hng v hin th c v sau. iu 7. Chm dt ngh giao kt hp ng a) Trng hp website c cng b thi hn tr li ngh giao kt hp ng, nu ht thi hn ny m khch hng vn cha nhn c tr li ca thng nhn th ngh giao kt hp ng ca khch hng chm dt hiu lc. Vic tr li chp nhn sau thi hn ny hnh thnh mt ngh giao kt hp ng khc t pha thng nhn. b) Trong trng hp website khng cng b r thi hn tr li ngh giao kt hp ng, nu trong vng 08 (tm) gi lm vic k t khi gi ngh giao kt hp ng, khch hng vn cha nhn c tr li ngh giao kt hp ng th ngh giao kt hp ng ca khch hng c xem l chm dt hiu lc. iu 8. Thi im giao kt hp ng khi s dng chc nng t hng trc tuyn trn website thng mi in t Thi im giao kt hp ng l thi im khch hng nhn c tr li ca thng nhn chp nhn ngh giao kt hp ng theo quy nh ti im a khon 6 Thng t ny. iu 9. Gi tr php l ca hp ng giao kt bng chc nng t hng trc tuyn Hp ng c giao kt t s tng tc gia khch hng v chc nng t hng trc tuyn trn website thng mi in t khng b ph nhn gi tr php l ch v khng c s kim tra hay can thip trc tip ca thng nhn vo tng bc ca qu trnh giao kt hp ng. iu 10. Cung cp cc iu khon ca hp ng khi s dng chc nng t hng trc tuyn trn website thng mi in t Website thng mi in t c chc nng t hng trc tuyn phi cung cp cho khch hng thng tin v cc iu khon ca hp ng nh quy nh ti mc III Thng t ny trc thi im khch hng gi ngh giao kt hp ng. III. CUNG CP THNG TIN V CC Iu KHON CA HP NG TRN WEBSITE THNG MI IN T
iu 11. Nguyn tc cung cp thng tin trn website thng mi in t Website thng mi in t phi cung cp y thng tin v thng nhn, hng ha, dch v v cc iu khon ca hp ng mua bn p dng cho hng ha, dch v c gii thiu trn website theo quy nh t khon 12 n 16 Thng t ny. Nhng thng tin ny phi p ng cc iu kin sau: a) R rng, chnh xc, d tm v d hiu. b) c sp xp ti cc mc tng ng trn website v c th truy cp bng phng php trc tuyn. c) C kh nng lu tr, in n v hin th c v sau. d) c hin th r i vi khch hng trc thi im khch hng gi ngh giao kt hp ng. iu 12. Thng tin v hng ha, dch v Vi bt k hng ha hoc dch v no c gii thiu trn website thng mi in t, thng nhn phi cung cp nhng thng tin gip khch hng c th xc nh chnh xc cc c tnh ca hng ha, dch v nhm trnh s hiu nhm khi ra quyt nh giao kt hp ng. iu 13. Thng tin v gi c a) Thng tin v gi hng ha hoc dch v, nu c, phi th hin r gi a hay cha bao gm nhng chi ph lin quan n vic mua hng ha hoc dch v nh thu, ph ng gi, ph vn chuyn v cc chi ph pht sinh khc. b) i vi nhng hp ng cung ng dch v di hn, website phi cung cp thng tin v phng thc tnh ph v c ch thanh ton nh k. iu 14. Thng tin v cc iu khon giao dch Thng nhn phi cng b nhng iu khon giao dch chung i vi hng ha hoc dch v gii thiu trn website, bao gm: a) Bt k iu kin hoc hn ch no, nu c, trong vic cung cp hng ha hoc dch v, nh gii hn v thi gian hay phm vi a l. b) Chnh sch hon tr, bao gm thi hn hon tr, phng thc tr hoc i hng a mua, cch thc ly li tin, v chi ph cho cc giao dch pht sinh ny. c) Chnh sch bo hnh sn phm, nu c.
d) Cc tiu chun dch v, quy trnh cung cp dch v, biu ph, v cc iu khon khc lin quan n vic cung cp dch v, bao gm c nhng iu kin v hn ch nu c. ) Ngha v ca thng nhn v ngha v ca khch hng trong mi giao dch. iu 15. Thng tin v vn chuyn v giao nhn Thng nhn phi cng b nhng thng tin sau v iu kin vn chuyn v giao nhn p dng cho hng ha hoc dch v gii thiu trn website: a) Cc phng thc giao hng hoc cung ng dch v. b) Thi hn c tnh cho vic giao hng hoc cung ng dch v, c tnh n cc yu t khong cch a l v phng thc giao hng. c) Cc gii hn v mt a l cho vic giao hng hoc cung ng dch v, nu c. d) Trng hp pht sinh chm tr trong vic giao hng hoc cung ng dch v, phi c thng tin kp thi cho khch hng v to c hi khch hng c th hy hp ng nu mun. iu 16. Thng tin v cc phng thc thanh ton a) Thng nhn phi cng b ton b cc phng thc thanh ton p dng cho hng ha hoc dch v cho bn trn website, km theo gii thch r rng, chnh xc khch hng c th hiu v la chn phng thc thanh ton ph hp. b) Nu thng nhn p dng phng thc thanh ton trc tuyn, website phi c c ch khi to v lu tr chng t in t cha nhng thng tin chi tit v tng giao dch thanh ton c thc hin bng phng thc ny, ng thi to iu kin cho khch hng xem, in n v lu tr chng t ngay thi im chng t c khi to. IV. BO V QUYN LI KHCH HNG TRONG GIAO KT HP NG TRN WEBSITE THNG MI IN T iu 17. Thng tin v thng nhn v ngi s hu website a) Thng nhn v ngi s hu website phi cng b nhng thng tin ti thiu sau trn website: - Tn, a ch tr s; - S, ngy cp v ni cp giy chng nhn ng k kinh doanh;
- S in thoi, a ch th in t hoc mt phng thc lin h trc tuyn khc. b) Thng tin v ngi s hu website phi c hin th ti trang ch ca website. iu 18. C ch r sot v xc nhn ni dung hp ng Website phi c c ch cho php khch hng r sot, b sung, sa i v xc nhn ni dung giao dch trc khi s dng chc nng t hng trc tuyn gi ngh giao kt hp ng. C ch r sot v xc nhn ny phi tha mn cc iu kin sau: a) Hin th cho khch hng nhng thng tin c bn lin quan n giao dch, bao gm: - Tn hng ha hoc dch v, s lng v chng loi, phng thc v thi hn giao hng hoc cung ng dch v; - Tng gi tr ca hp ng v cc chi tit lin quan n phng thc thanh ton c khch hng la chn; Nhng thng tin ny phi p ng kh nng lu tr, in n c trn h thng thng tin ca khch hng v hin th c v sau. b) Cho php khch hng sau khi r sot nhng thng tin ti im a c la chn hy giao dch hoc xc nhn vic ngh giao kt hp ng. iu 19. Th tc chm dt hp ng i vi hp ng cung ng dch v trc tuyn di hn a) Website thng mi in t cung cp dch v trc tuyn di hn phi to iu kin khch hng c th chm dt hp ng mt cch nhanh chng v thun tin khi ht nhu cu s dng dch v. b) Website thng mi in t phi: - Cng b thng tin minh bch, y v th tc chm dt hp ng; - Cung cp mt cng c thun tin khch hng gi thng bo yu cu chm dt hp ng; - C c ch phn hi kp thi vi cc yu cu chm dt hp ng t pha khch hng.
iu 20. Gii quyt tranh chp lin quan n cc hp ng giao kt trn website thng mi in t a) Thng nhn phi cng b trn website c ch, quy trnh c th gii quyt khiu ni ca khch hng lin quan n hp ng c giao kt trn website. b) Vic gii quyt tranh chp gia thng nhn v khch hng trong qu trnh thc hin hp ng phi da trn cc iu khon ca hp ng c cng b ti website vo thi im giao kt hp ng v quy nh ca php lut c lin quan. c) Thng nhn khng c li dng cc u th ca mnh trn mi trng in t n phng gii quyt nhng vn tranh chp khi cha c s ng ca khch hng. iu 21. Bo v thng tin c nhn ca khch hng trn website thng mi in t Vic thu thp v s dng thng tin c nhn trn website thng mi in t phi tun th nhng quy nh sau: a) Thng bo r rng trang ch, hoc cung cp ngay trang ch mt c ch khch hng tip cn v tm hiu chi tit chnh sch bo v thng tin c nhn ti website ny. b) Vic thu thp v s dng thng tin c nhn ca mi khch hng phi c s ng ca khch hng tr nhng trng hp php lut c quy nh khc. c) Vic xin kin ng ca khch hng phi c tin hnh thng qua mt bc ring khch hng la chn chp nhn hoc t chi. Khng c thit lp c ch chn ng mc nh cho khch hng. iu 22. Thng tin y v trung thc v vic c chng nhn website thng mi in t uy tn Nu mt website thng mi in t cng b vic c chng nhn l website thng mi in t uy tn, hoc tham gia bt k mt chng trnh nh gi, xp hng hay hot ng tng t no c tc dng nng cao uy tn ca website, th website ny phi cung cp cho khch hng thng tin chnh xc v mc ch, phm vi, i tng v tiu chun nh gi ca nhng chng trnh ni trn.
V. X L VI PHM V T CHC THC HIN iu 23. X l vi phm a) Thng nhn, ngi s hu website c trch nhim thc hin cc quy nh v cung cp thng tin v giao kt hp ng trn website thng mi in t theo quy nh ti thng t ny. b) Mi t chc, c nhn thc hin cc hnh vi vi phm php lut v thng mi in t, tu theo tnh cht, mc vi phm s b x pht theo quy nh ca php lut. iu 24. iu khon thi hnh Thng t ny c hiu lc thi hnh sau 15 ngy k t ngy ng Cng bo. Trong qu trnh thc hin Thng t ny, nu c pht sinh vng mc, thng nhn hoc cc t chc, c nhn c lin quan kp thi phn nh v B Cng Thng xem xt, x l./. KT. B TRNG TH TRNG ( k) L Danh Vnh
PH LC 2: Cc vn bn thuc H thng Lut Giao dch in t v Lut Cng ngh thng tin
LI KT Trong bi cnh Thng mi in t ton cu ang ngy cng pht trin, nhu cu s dng cng ngh thng tin theo cng ngy cng gia tng. Tt yu cc giao kt hp ng in t cng nh giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi din ra ngy cng nhiu do cc thun li m n mang li cho thng nhn cng nh cho cc doanh nghip, v cao hn na l p ng sc cng tranh trn th trng. Vic nghin cu vn : Cc quy nh ca php lut Vit Nam v giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi. Nhng bt cp v gii php hon thin nhm lm sng t mt s vn l lun v thc trng iu chnh php lut i vi giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi, ch ra mt s bt cp v hng ti hon thin php lut v giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi vi mt s xut c th, thit thc. Trn c s nghin cu nhng vn l lun v giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi v thc tin php lut iu chnh giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi Vit Nam, c th rt ra nhng kt lun rng: Php lut Vit Nam v giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi Vit Nam cn rt s si; tn mn, ri rc; thiu st rt nhiu cc quy nh: nh khi nim v hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi, ch k in t nc ngoi v.v Tuy nhin, cng c nhng c s hon ton tin tng vo s hon thin cc quy nh v loi hp ng ny. tho g nhng vng mc trong cc quy nh php lut v giao kt hp ng n t c yu t nc ngoi, php lut v giao kt hp ng in t phi c hon thin sao cho ph hp vi ng li ca ng, m bo thc thi cc quy nh trong cc iu c quc t m Vit Nam cam kt ph hp vi thc trng ca Vit Nam v khng chng cho vi cc vn bn php lut khc c lin quan. Theo nh hng , bi nghin cu a ra mt s gii php c bn nhm hon thin php lut Vit Nam v giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi. Bao gm cc quy nh v b sung khi nim, cc vn bn hng dn thi hnh giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi v.v
Nhn chung, ti nghin cu ny c gng phn tch v a ra nhng nt khi qut nht ca php lut Vit Nam v giao kt hp ng in t c yu t nc ngoi, ch ra nhng im thnh cng v tn ti ca h thng php lut ny v ng thi a ra mt s gii php hon thin. Tuy nhin, do hn ch v thi gian v vn hiu bit ca mnh, ti nghin cu khoa hc chc chn s khng trnh khi nhng thiu st. Rt mong s ng gp kin ca cc Thy C gio cng nh nhng ngi c quan tm v am hiu v vn ny nhm nghin cu c th hon thin tt hn ti ny trong nhng nghin cus tip theo.

(YRC) - Cac Quy Dinh Cua Phap Luat Viet Nam Ve Giao Ket Hop Dong Dien Tu Co Yeu To Nuoc Ngoai

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(YRC) - Cac Quy Dinh Cua Phap Luat Viet Nam Ve Giao Ket Hop Dong Dien Tu Co Yeu To Nuoc Ngoai

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iu 2 - Lut mu ca UNCITRAL nm 2001 v ch k in t

iu 33 Lut giao dch in t nm 2005

http://www.ddth.com iu 27, khon 1, Lut Giao dch in t nm 2005

Ngun: Bo co Thng mi in t 2008

975,330,899 3,780,819,79 2 803,903,540 00

657,170,816 17.4 % 474.9 %

105,096,0 93 3,284,800 108,096,8 00 18,068,91

393,373,398 48.9 % 274.3 %

251,290,489 74.4 % 132.5 %

173,619,140 29.9 % 860.9 %

60.4 % 172.7 % 23.8 % 342.2 %

IDC, International datel corp, ngun: www.idc.com

\ HNH 1: T l doanh nghip c website nm 2008

BIU 3: T l doanh nghip c website qua cc nm 2004 2008

BIU 4: Quy m doanh nghip tham gia sn giao dch thng mi in t

TI LIU THAM KHO

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