(YRC) - Dinh Huong Xay Dung Nganh Xu Ly Nuoc Thai 2009

B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC NGOI THNG -----------------o0o-----------------
CNG TRNH D THI CUC THI

SINH VIN NGHIN CU KHOA HC I HC NGOI THNG 2009
Tn cng trnh:
NH HNG XY DNG NGNH X L NC THI CNG NGHIP V NC THI SINH HOT TI VIT NAM NHM NGNH: XH1a
H Ni, thng 7 nm 2009
MC LC
LI M U ................................................................................................................. 6 CHNG I: L LUN CHUNG V NGNH X L NC THI .................... 9 1. Khi nim c bn v nc thi cng nghip v nc thi sinh hot ........................ 9 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. Thnh phn v tnh cht ca nc thi ............................................................... 9 Cc thng s ca nc thi c nh hng ti mi trng ............................... 12 Cc phng php x l nc thi..................................................................... 13 Phng php l hc ................................................................................... 14 Phng php ha hc................................................................................. 15 Phng php sinh hc ................................................................................ 16 X l nhit ................................................................................................. 17
1.3.1. 1.3.2. 1.3.3. 1.3.4.
2. Tm quan trng ca ngnh x l nc thi ............................................................. 17 2.1. 2.2. Trn lnh vc kinh t ........................................................................................ 17 Trn lnh vc x hi.......................................................................................... 20
CHNG II : CC NHN T NH HNG N S PHT TRIN CA NGNH X L NC THI VIT NAM ......................................................... 21 1. Cc nhn t chung ................................................................................................... 22 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. Ngun cung nc sch ..................................................................................... 22 Ngun vn v cng ngh .................................................................................. 24 Ti nguyn thin nhin ..................................................................................... 25
2. Cu th trng v x l nc thi ........................................................................... 27 2.1. 2.2. Qu trnh th ho .......................................................................................... 27 Qu trnh cng nghip ho v t do ho thng mi v u t ....................... 28
http://svnckh.com.vn
2.3.
S kin Vit Nam gia nhp WTO .................................................................... 32
3. Cc ngnh cng nghip h tr ................................................................................. 32 4. Vai tr ca chnh ph .............................................................................................. 33 4.1. 4.2. 4.3. Cc c quan qun l hot ng x l nc thi ............................................... 33 Cc vn bn php lut v x l nc thi ........................................................ 34 Cch thc theo di v nh gi hot ng x l nc thi .............................. 37
CHNG III: THC TRNG NGNH X L NC THI CNG NGHIP V NC THI SINH HOT CA NC TA HIN NAY ................................ 39 1. Khi qut v th trng x l nc thi ti Vit Nam hin nay .............................. 39 2. Thc trng x l nc thi cng nghip ................................................................. 40 2.1. Thc trng chung ................................................................................................. 40 2.3. 2.4. Khu vc ng Nam B .................................................................................... 41 Khu vc ng bng sng Cu Long ................................................................ 46
3. Thc trng x l nc thi sinh hot ...................................................................... 48 3.1. X l nc thi sinh hot TP HCM.................................................................. 50 3.2. X l nc thi sinh hot H Ni ..................................................................... 52 CHNG IV: NH HNG XY DNG V PHT TRIN NGNH X L NC THI TRONG THI GIAN TI ................................................................. 54 1. Kinh nghim ca Trung Quc trong pht trin h thng x l nc thi ............... 54 2. Cc gii php i vi Vit Nam .............................................................................. 58 2.1. 2.2. 2.3. i vi vic x l nc thi ti cc KCN, KCX .............................................. 58 S dng vn vay ODA cho cc d n v XLNT .............................................. 59 Ku gi u t v s tham gia ca t nhn vo ngnh XLNT ......................... 60
KT LUN ................................................................................................................... 63
DANH MC T VIT TT
NTCN: NTSH: XLNT: KCN: KCX: WSC:
Nc thi cng nghip Nc thi sinh hot X l nc thi Khu cng nghip Khu ch xut Cng ty cung cp nc
URENCO: Cng ty nc sch v v sinh mi trng SME: FDI: CNH: SXCN: MOSTE: DOSTE: NEA: MoNRE: EIA: Doanh nghip va v nh Vn u t trc tip nc ngoi Cng nghip ha Sn xut cng nghip B khoa hc, cng ngh v mi trng S khoa hc, cng ngh v mi trng Tng cc mi trng quc gia B ti nguyn mi trng nh gi tc ng mi trng (Environmental impact assessment)
DANH MC CC BNG, BIU , S

Bng Bng 1: Cc c im l hc, ha hc, sinh hc ca nc thi v ngun sinh ra n Bng 2: Cc cht nhim quan trng cn ch trong qu trnh x l nc thi Bng 3: Cc thng s ca nc thi nh hng ti mi trng Bng 4: Cc c quan qun l mi trng Vit Nam Bng 5: Gi tr ti hn cc thng s v nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi cng nghip
S : S 1: X l nc thi bng phng php l hc S 2: X l nc thi bng phng php ho hc S 3: X l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc S 4: X l nhit S 5: Cc KCN quanh h thng sng ng Nai
Biu Biu 1: C cu ngnh cng nghip nc ca M Biu 2: S lng KCN, KCX trn c nc qua cc nm Biu 3: Vn FDI u t vo Vit Nam giai on 1990-2008
LI M U
1. Tnh cp thit ca ti: Trong vi nm tr li y, vn x l nc thi ngy cng thu ht c nhiu s quan tm, ch khng ch t cc c quan, ban ngnh c lin quan m cn t ng o qun chng nhn dn. Mt thc trng d nhn thy l nhim nc thi ti cc khu cng nghip v khu th trong tnh trng bo ng. Tnh trng nc thi cng nghip, nc thi sinh hot cha qua x l x trc tip vo ngun nc hin ang rt ph bin. Theo kt qu iu tra ca B Cng Thng, cho n thng 7/2008, trong s 154 khu cng nghip (KCN) ang hot ng trn ton quc th ch c 39 KCN c h thng x l nc thi tp trung (chim 25,3%), 27 khu cng nghip ang xy dng v 27 khu c c k hoch xy dng. Bn cnh , sc p ca qu trnh th ha (TH), gia tng dn s, di dn tp trung cao ti cc th ln gy nn tnh trng qu ti v h tng k thut. Mt bo co ton cu mi c T chc Y t th gii (WHO) cng b cho thy, mi nm Vit Nam c hn 20.000 ngi t vong do iu kin nc sch v v sinh ngho nn, thp km. Cn theo thng k ca B Y t, hn 80% cc bnh truyn nhim nc ta lin quan n ngun nc. Ngi dn c nng thn v thnh th ang phi i mt vi nguy c mc bnh do mi trng nc ngy mt nhim trm trng. Khng ch nh hng nghim trng n sc khe v sinh hot ca ngi dn, nhim nc thi cn gy ra thit hi ln cho nn kinh t. Ngn hng th gii c tnh, mc thit hi kinh t ca Vit Nam do thiu qun l cht thi v nc thi ln n 1,3% thu nhp quc dn, vo thi k suy gim kinh t, mc thit hi ny c th cao hn na. Trong khi , c ch chnh sch pht trin chm, h thng vn bn quy phm php lut cn thiu, cha ng b, cha c tnh php l cao thng nht qun l nh nc v lnh vc x l nc
thi. R rng, x l nc thi hin nay tr thnh mt vn nhc nhi ca ton x hi, khng nhng nh nc cn a ra mt chin lc r rng cng nh mt bn quy hoch chi tit cng c v pht trin ngnh x l nc thi, m tt c cc doanh nghip, c nhn trong x hi cng phi chung tay hnh ng th mi c th gii quyt c vn ny. Nhn thy tm quan trng chin lc v ngha kinh t, x hi su sc ca vn x l nc thi, em quyt nh chn ti nh hng xy dng v pht trin ngnh x l nc thi cng nghip v nc thi th ti Vit Nam lm ti nghin cu. 3. i tng nghin cu v mc tiu nghin cu i tng nghin cu ca ti l hot ng x l nc thi ti cc khu cng nghip v cc khu th ca Vit Nam Mc tiu nghin cu ca ti l a n mt ci nhn tng th v hin trng pht trin ca ngnh CN x l nc thi ti cc khu th v cc khu cng nghip ca Vit Nam hin nay. xut nh hng v m hnh pht trin cho ngnh x l nc thi ca Vit Nam Kin ngh cho cc c quan ban ngnh Vit Nam mt s bin php v hon thin khung php l v cc bin php qun l ngnh x l nc thi 4. Phng php nghin cu Phng php nghin cu ch yu l phng php tng hp, phn tch, thng k, so snh s dng cc s liu nguyn cu th cp. Bn cnh phng php
m hnh ho s dng bng biu, th, s s c s dng trong tt c cc chng khi qut v lm r vn . 5. Phm vi nghin cu Phm vi nghin cu ca ti l hot ng x l nc thi ti cc khu cng nghip v cc khu th ca Vit Nam t nm 2000 n nay. 6. Kt qu nghin cu d kin Kt qu nghin cu d kin ca ti l: Nu ln c i tng v c im ca ngnh x l nc thi Phn tch hin trng x l nc thi cng nghip v nc thi sinh hot ti Vit Nam hin nay. a ra c nh pht trin ngnh x l nc thi cng nghip v nc thi sinh hot ti Vit Nam.
CHNG I: L LUN CHUNG V NGNH X L NC THI

1. Khi nim c bn v nc thi cng nghip v nc thi sinh hot 1.1. Thnh phn v tnh cht ca nc thi Nc thi sinh hot bao gm nc thi x t cc khu dn c, cc cng trnh cng cng, trng hc, siu th, ch ba, c quan vn phng. Nc thi cng nghip l nc thi x t cc cc c s sn xut, ch bin, kinh doanh dch v. Theo cc qui nh v bo v mi trng ca Vit Nam, nhim nc l vic a vo cc ngun nc cc tc nhn l, ha, sinh hc v nhit khng c trng v thnh phn hoc hm lng i vi mi trng ban u n mc c kh nng gy nh hng xu n s pht tri ng ca mt loi sinh vt no hoc thay i tnh cht trong lnh ca mi trng ban u. Theo mt nh ngha khc " nhim nc mt din ra khi a qu nhiu cc tp cht, cc cht khng mong i, cc tc nhn gy nguy hi vo cc ngun nc, vt khi kh nng t lm sch ca cc ngun nc ny" Bng 1:
Cc c im l hc, ha hc v sinh hc ca nc thi v ngun sinh ra n
c im L hc Mu Mi
Ngun
Nc thi sinh hot hay cng nghip, thng do s phn hy ca cc cht thi hu c. Nc thi cng nghip, s phn hy ca nc thi
Cht rn Nhit Ha hc Carbohydrate Du, m Thuc tr su Phenols Protein
Nc cp, nc thi sinh hot v cng nghip, xi mn t. Nc thi sinh hot, cng nghip
Nc thi sinh hot, thng mi, cng nghip Nc thi sinh hot, thng mi, cng nghip Nc thi nng nghip Nc thi cng nghip Nc thi sinh hot, thng mi, cng nghip
Cht hu c bay hi Nc thi sinh hot, thng mi, cng nghip Cc cht nguy him Nc thi sinh hot, thng mi, cng nghip Cc cht khc Tnh kim Chlorides Kim loi nng Nitrogen pH Phosphorus Sulfur Hydrogen sulfide Methane Oxygen Do s phn hy ca cc cht hu c trong nc thi trong t nhin Cht thi sinh hot, nc cp, nc ngm Nc cp, nc ngm Nc thi cng nghip Nc thi sinh hot, cng nghip Nc thi sinh hot, thng mi, cng nghip Nc thi sinh hot, thng mi, cng nghip; ra tri Nc thi sinh hot, thng mi, cng nghip; nc cp S phn hy ca nc thi sinh hot S phn hy ca nc thi sinh hot Nc cp, s trao i qua b mt tip xc khng kh nc
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Sinh hc ng vt Thc vt Eubacteria Archaebacteria Viruses chy h v h thng x l l Nc thi sinh hot, h thng x l Nc thi sinh hot, h thng x l Nc thi sinh hot, h thng x l
Ngun: Wastewater Engineering: treatment, reuse, disposal, 1991 Bng 2: Cc cht nhim quan trng cn ch n trong qu trnh x l nc thi
Cht gy nhim Cc cht rn l lng
Nguyn nhn c xem l quan trng To nn bn lng v mi trng ym kh khi nc thi cha x l c thi vo mi trng. Biu th bng n v mg/L.
Cc cht hu c c th Bao gm ch yu l carbohydrate, protein v cht bo. phn hy bng con Thng c o bng ch tiu BOD v COD. Nu thi ng sinh hc thng vo ngun nc, qu trnh phn hy sinh h Cc mm bnh Cc bnh truyn nhim c th ly nhim t cc vi sinh vt gy bnh trong nc thi. Thng s qun l l MPN (Most Probable Number). N v P cn thit cho s pht trin ca cc sinh vt. Khi c thi vo ngun nc n c th lm gia tng s pht trin ca cc loi khng mong i. Khi thi ra vi s lng ln trn mt t n c th gy nhim nc ngm.
Cc dng cht
Cc cht nhim nguy Cc hp cht hu c hay v c c kh nng gy ung hi th, bin d, thai d dng hoc gy c cp tnh.
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Cc cht hu c kh Khng th x l c bng cc bin php thng thng. phn hy V d cc nng dc, phenols... Kim loi nng C trong nc thi thng mi v cng nghip v cn loi b khi ti s dng nc thi. Mt s ion kim loi c ch cc qu trnh x l sinh hc Hn ch vic s dng nc cho cc mc ch nng, cng nghip Lm gim kh nng bo ho oxy trong nc v thc y s pht trin ca thy sinh vt C kh nng gy nguy hi cho TSV
Cht v c ho tan Nhit nng Ion hydrogen
Ngun: Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Diposal, Reuse, 1989
1.2.
Cc thng s ca nc thi c nh hng ti mi trng nh hng n mi trng BOD l lng oxy cn thit oxy ho mt phn cc hp cht hu c d phn hu bi vi sinh vt. COD l lng oxy cn thit oxy ho cc hp cht ho hc trong nc bao gm c v c v hu c. Nu BOD v COD qu cao s gy ra s thiu ht oxy ngun tip nhn, nh hng n thu sinh vt trong mi trng nc . Nu ngun nc thiu ht trm trng oxy, iu kin ym kh s hnh thnh, gy ra mi hi trn b mt nc.
Bng 3: Thng s COD, BOD (Nhu cu oxy ho hc, nhu cu oxy sinh hc)
SS (cht rn l Lng ng ngun tip nhn, gy iu kin ym kh lng) pH nh hng n thu sinh vt, gy n mn ng ng thit b
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hoc lng cn trong mng dn/ ng ng. Nhit Vi trng bnh NH3, P nh hng n thu sinh vt gy Bnh lan truyn bng nc Dn n hin tng ph dng ho, l hin tng hm lng N, P trong nc cao, t l P/N cao do s tch lu tng i P so vi N, gy ra s ym kh v mi trng kh ca lp nc y thu lc, s pht trin mnh m ca to v n hoa to, s km a dng ca cc sinh vt nc, c bit l c, nc c mu xanh en hoc en, c mi khai thi do thot kh H2S v.v...
Cht hu c kh Bn vng trong cc qu trnh x l thng thng (thuc dit phn hu sinh c, thuc tr su, gy c hi v tch lu sinh hc, c th gy hc bnh ung th. Mu Du m Mt i m quan Gy mi, ngn cn oxy khuch tn trn b mt, trng c nhim du b h hng.
1.3.
Cc phng php x l nc thi
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1.3.1. Phng php l hc

S 1:
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1.3.2. Phng php ha hc

S 2
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1.3.3. Phng php sinh hc

S 3
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1.3.4. X l nhit
S 4
2. Tm quan trng ca ngnh x l nc thi 2.1. Trn lnh vc kinh t Trong mt vi nm gn y, cc chuyn gia trong ngnh nc trn th gii ch ra rng s khan him ti nguyn, gia tng dn s, di dn, v vic thiu vn u t nng cp v m rng c s h tng, cng nh cc quy nh v tiu chun ngun nc chnh l nhng yu t dn dt s pht trin ca ngnh cng nghip nc trn th gii. Thi gian ny cng khng c nhiu thay i trong ngnh nc, ngoi tr mt thc t rng tnh trng ngun nc trn th gii ngy cng tr nn xu i qua mi nm.
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Rt nhiu chuyn gia tuyn b, di hnh thc ny hay khc rng Nc chnh l du ca th k 21; Nc l loi du bi trn ct yu ca nn kinh t. Theo bi bo Running dry c ng trn tp ch The Economist ngy 21/8/2008, cng nh du, ngun cung nc ang phi chu nhng p lc ngy cng ln. Theo c tnh ca ngn hng u t Goldman Sachs, lng tiu th nc trn ton th gii tng gp i sau mi 20 nm. Cng ging nh du, nc l hng ha khng th thay th. Trong lnh vc kinh t, nc l nguyn liu thit yu ca nhiu sn phm tiu dng. Theo JPMorgan, 5 ngi khng l trong lnh vc thc phm v ung: Nestle, Uniliver, Cocacola, Anheuser-Busch and Danone mi nm tiu th khong 575 t lit nc, lng nc p ng nhu cu nc hng ngy cho tt c mi ngi trn tri t. Khng ch cc ngnh cng nghip thc phm, ung s dng nhiu nc, cc ngnh nng lng v cng ngh cao cng s dng mt lng nc ln trong sn xut. Cn s dng 13 m3 nc ngt sn xut ra mt lt bn dn dy 200mm. Lng nc dng cho ch to chip chim khong 25% tng lng nc tiu th Silicon Valley. Nng lng cng l ngnh tiu th rt nhiu nc. M, hng nm 40% lng nc ngt bm ra t cc h v tng t ngm nc c dng lm mt cc nh my nng lng. tch ra c 1 lt du t ct du nng cn dng n 5 lt nc. S dng mt lng ln nc trong sn xut ch bin, mt iu tt yu l cc cng ty phi chi nhng khon ln x l nc thi. cc nc cng nghip pht trin, trong ngnh nc th ngnh cng trnh x l nc thi, cng vi ngnh cung ng nc l hai ngnh chim t trng ln nht.
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Biu 1
C cu ngnh cng nghip nc tr gi 119 t USD ca M nm 2007
4% 7% 1% 32%
4% 11%
9% 32%
Cng trnh x l nc thi Thit b x l nc Ho cht T vn, thit k
Cung ng nc Thit b h tng Vn hnh, bo dng Cng c, dch v phn tch
Ngun : USA water sector overview update 2009
S yu km trong qun l ngun nc v nc thi c th gy ra nhng thit hi ln cho nn kinh t. Trung Quc, nn khan him nc do nhim v do mch nc ngm b ph hu gy ra thit hi 21.4 t la M mi nm, bng 1% GDP. Nm 2007, tnh ring sn lng cng nghip ca Trung Quc st gim 12 t la M do cht lng ngun nc ngy cng km 1. Cn Vit Nam, theo c tnh ca Ngn hng Th gii, mc thit hi kinh t ca Vit Nam
Ngun: http://www.economist.com/businessfinance/displayStory.cfm?story_id=11966993
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do thiu qun l nc thi v cht thi ln n 1,3% thu nhp quc dn, vo thi k suy gim kinh t, mc thit hi ny cn c th cao hn na.2
2.2.
Trn lnh vc x hi Theo B Y t, c gn mt na trong s 26 cn bnh truyn nhim u c
nguyn nhn lin quan ti nc, v sinh c nhn v v sinh mi trng, c bit l cc dch bnh ng rut. Trong c ti 80% cc bnh c lin quan n ngun nc, chim ti 50% tng s bnh nhn ni tr v 25.000 trng hp t vong mi ngy. Cc chuyn gia y t cnh bo ngun nc sinh hot ca ngi dn ang b nhim trm trng bi cc cht thi sinh hot v sn xut, cht thi bnh vin, cng vi cc thi quen khng hp v sinh ca ngi dn. Chng trnh quc gia v nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn (NSVSMTNT) t mc tiu n nm 2010 t l ngi dn nng thn c s dng nc sch s 85% Nhu cu v sinh mi trng, v sinh ngun nc l nhu cu cp thit cn c p ng ca ngi dn. X l nc thi, lm sch ngun nc khng ch tiu dit cc mm bnh trong nc, lm gim nguy c mc nhiu bnh truyn nhim nguy him ngi m v lu di cn gim c chi ph v nc do mt phn nc thi c ti s dng cho vic ti cy, lm thu li hay dng lm mt thit b trong cc nh my sn xut, ch bin. Do ngun nc cn p ng nhu cu sinh hot, sn xut ca ton x hi s gim i, nguy c thiu nc sch s tr nn bt trm trng.
Ngun: http://www.nhandan.com.vn/tinbai/?top=41&sub=72&article=141917
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CHNG II : CC NHN T NH HNG N S PHT TRIN CA NGNH X L NC THI VIT NAM

Khi qut chung v ti nguyn nc Vit Nam Ti nguyn nc ca Vit Nam nhn chung kh phong ph. Vit Nam l nc c lng ma trung bnh vo loi cao, khong 2000 mm/nm, gp 2,6 lng ma trung bnh ca vng lc a trn th gii. Tng lng ma trn ton b lnh th l 650 km3/nm, to ra dng chy mt trong vng ni a l 324km3/nm. Ngoi dng chy pht sinh trong vng ni a, hng nm lnh th Vit Nam nhn thm lu lng t Nam Trung Quc v Lo, vi s lng khong 550 km3. Do vy, ti nguyn nc mt v nc ngm c th khai thc v s dng Vit Nam rt phong ph, khong 150 km3 nc mt mt nm v 10 triu m3 nc ngm mt ngy.. Tuy nhin lng ma phn b khng u theo ma v theo khu vc. Lng nc mt d tr c ti hn 2/3 l ngun t nc ngoi v lng nc di t c du hiu cn kit. Hin nay lng nc bnh qun u ngi ca Vit Nam ch khong 3.840m3/ ngi/ nm, thp hn 160m3 so vi quy nh ca th gii (trn 4.000m3/ngi/nm). Trong khi , s bin i kh hu cng nh thi quen tiu dng, khai thc nc ang t ra vn v s suy kit ngun ti nguyn thin nhin qu gi ny. V cht lng nc, ngun nc thng lu ca hu ht cc con sng u thch hp cho s pht trin ca h sinh thi v tiu chun dng lm nc sinh hot. Nhng cht lng ngun nc h lu nhn chung l thp, c bit khu vc th do cc con sng phi gnh chu mt lng ln nc thi cng nghip v nc thi th cha qua x l. Ngun nc ngm phong ph, di do v c
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cht lng tt, tuy nhin do qun l yu km hot ng khai m nn dn n tnh trng nhim h lu sng v tng t ngm nc. Hot ng khai thc qu mc ng bng sng Hng v sng Mkng lm cho t ln ngy cng su v nhim mn ngy cng nhiu. Chnh ph ban hnh chin lc quc gia v bo v mi trng n nm 2010, tm nhn n nm 2020, trong c cp n chin lc v khung chnh sch bo v ngun nc. B ti nguyn mi trng chu trch nhim v cc vn mi trng. Gia cc tnh c cng mt con sng chy qua, mt u ban qun l sng cng c thnh lp phi hp qun l ngun ti nguyn nuc ca con sng . 1. Cc nhn t chung 1.1. Ngun cung nc sch Theo s liu ca Hi cp thot nc Vit Nam (VWSA), c nc hin c 68 cng ty kinh doanh nc sch, chu trch nhim iu hnh, qun l hn 420 h thng cung cp nc. Hu ht cc cng ty kinh doanh nc sch u l cng ty TNHH nh nc mt thnh vin (ch c hai trong s 68 cng ty c phn ha nhng Nh nc vn gi t l chi phi). iu dn n tnh trng, hot ng kinh doanh nhng doanh nghip ny cn xa l vi kinh t th trng, c ch qun l chm c ci tin. Kt qu iu tra v cp nc th Vit Nam 2004 -2007 do VWSA thc hin c s h tr ca Ngn hng Th gii vi 66/68 cng ty kinh doanh nc sch (WSC) ca c nc cho thy thc trng hot ng ca cc cng ty ny. Th nht, phn ln cc doanh nghip cp nc Vit Nam u c quy m nh. Kt qu iu tra cho thy trong s 66 cng ty, ch c 11 cng ty (chim 16,7%) c sn lng nc sch thng phm nm 2007 hn 20 triu mt khi/nm. Th hai, cng ngh v trang thit b ca phn ln cc nh my nc ang hot ng hin
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nay cn lc hu so vi cc nc trn th gii v khu vc. V cng ngh x l nc, loi tr mt vi nh my mi c xy dng vi s h tr ca cc nc nh Phn Lan, H Lan, CHLB c, hu ht cc nh my nc hin nay vn s dng cng ngh gin phun - mt cng ngh t thi Php li. Th ba, phn ln cc doanh nghip cp nc c kt qu hot ng kinh doanh km, ko di trong nhiu nm. iu th hin ch yu qua cc ch tiu nh: h s khai thc cng sut, bao ph (t l dn c cp nc trong tng dn s vng phc v), t l tht thot nc v kt qu kinh doanh. V h s khai thc cng sut: nm 2007 cng sut khai thc bnh qun ca c nc ch t 70,9%, c bit mt s nh my cc tnh min ni ch khai thc c 30-40% cng sut. bao ph dch v bnh qun ton quc khong 70%. H thng truyn dn v phn phi nc ang tnh trng thiu v yu hoc khng th sa cha, ci to c do c qu nhiu cng trnh c xy dng bn trn. T l tht thot nc bnh qun c nc l 33%, trong , cc cng ty c cng sut hn 20 triu mt khi/nm li c t l tht thot ti 40%, cc cng ty cn li l 27%. c bit, Cng ty Kinh doanh nc sch H Ni, Tng cng ty cp nc Si Gn v Cng ty cp nc Tin Giang c t l tht thot hn 40%. Kt qu cui cng l doanh thu kinh doanh nc sch hin nay mi ch b p chi ph thng xuyn, cha th b p c chi ph khu hao thu hi vn u t v cha th to ngun tr n cc khon vay u t di hn. V h thng thot nc th ch c 20% tnh trng tt. T l thu c tin nc l trn 95%. Cc cng ty mi trng th (URENCO) chu trch nhim v h thng thot nc v qun l cht thi rn, nhng so vi cc WSC th yu hn nhiu v mt th ch cng nh ti chnh. Qu trnh th ha v s xung cp ca mi trng th lm cho vn v sinh th tr thnh mi quan
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tm ln ca chnh ph. Hin ti c rt t nh my x l nc thi tp trung cc thnh ph, iu ny dn ti dng nc b nhim nng n. i vi khu vc nng thn, ch c 16% dn s c lp t h thng thot nc, vi phn ln nc thi cng nghip v sinh hot x trc tip ra sng khng qua x l. Nc ta t mc tiu n nm 2010, 95% dn s th v 85% dn s nng thn tip cn c vi ngun nc sch. Theo thng k ca vn phng ban ch nhim Chng trnh mc tiu quc gia nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn v kt qu thc hin nm 2008, tnh n ht ngy 10.4.2009, chng trnh ny cung cp nc cho 2,7 triu ngi, gp phn nng t l ngi dn nng thn s dng nc hp v sinh t t l 75%, trong 40% t tiu chun ca b Y t. nhim nc do nhim mn, phn gia sc, cht thi lng ngh v ha cht s dng trong nng nghip l tnh trng ph bin v ang pht trin theo chiu hng xu nhiu khu vc, gy ra nhiu nguy c i vi sc kho v hot ng ca con ngi. 1.2. Ngun vn v cng ngh Nhiu ngnh cng nghip Vit Nam vn ang s dng nhng cng ngh lc hu, gy ra s thiu hiu qu trong s dng ngun lc, chng hn nh trong s dng nng lng. Lng nhim gy ra trn mi n v sn lng Vit Nam v th cao hn nhiu so vi mc ca cc nc cng nghip pht trin. Nhng cng ngh lc hu ny thng c ngun gc t Trung Quc hay Lin X c. Trong tin trnh t do ha thng mi hin nay, c bit l sau khi Vit Nam gia nhp WTO, rt nhiu cng ty nc ngoi s vo u t ti Vit Nam. Nhng cng ty ny s mang theo nhng thit b k thut tin tin. Theo ng Cao S Khim - ch tch hip hi cc doanh nghip va v nh (SME) Vit Nam th
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sau khi Vit Nam gia nhp WTO, cc cng ty nn u t vo cng ngh mi v nng cao cht lng sn phm c th cnh tranh. Cc cng ty Vit Nam mun cnh tranh c trn ton cu th phi xc nh c nhng hn ch ca mnh, t tm cch ci thin hiu qu cng vic; ng thi cng phi quen vi vic p dng lut php quc t v p ng cc tiu chun v mi trng quc t. Cc d n v mi trng ni chung v x l nc thi ni ring l nhng d n cn rt nhiu vn u t. Mc d kin thc, kinh nghim cng nh ngn sch dnh cho cc d n mi trng u ang tng ln, Vit Nam vn thiu rt nhiu thit b cn thit. Cc cng ty Vit Nam ch xy dng c nhng nh my x l nc thi tng i n gin ch khng th m trch c nhng d n ln. Hu ht cc b phn, thit b ch cht trong mt nh my x l nc thi u phi nhp khu. Mc d cc cng ty trong nc ngy cng trng thu nhiu d n v xy dng nh my x l nc thi nhng cc cng ty ny vn phi nhp khu vo cc b phn, thit b nhp lp rp. 1.3. Ti nguyn thin nhin Mt s kin cho rng ti nguyn thin nhin khng nh hng trc tip n mi trng, nhng c th nhn thy mi quan h gia ti nguyn thin nhin v mi trng. Chin lc gia Micheal Porter ni rng Mt t nc s tn dng nhiu nht nhng yu t no c u i nht. Vit Nam s hu ngun ti nguyn thin nhin phong ph, chng hn nh du m, v th Vit Nam s tn dng ti nguyn thin nhin pht trin. Hin ti Vit Nam ang khai thc mt tr lng du th ln xut khu. Ngnh cng nghip du m c coi l mt trong nhng ngnh cng nghip nhim nht trn th gii, v th r rng vic khai thc du m gy ra nh hng ln mi trng Vit Nam.
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Mt v d khc v khai thc ti nguyn dn n nhim ngun nc l vic khai thc ct Lm ng lm ngun nc sinh hot nhim nng. Dng sng th mng Dng chy dc theo cc huyn Lm H, Di Linh, c Trng thuc tnh Lm ng khng cn na, thay vo l cnh hng trm my bm khai thc ct, vng, thic hot ng lin tc, gm nhm ph nt dng chy. khu vc ny ngoi nhng hm khai thc ct c giy t hp php ca chnh quyn a phng cn c rt nhiu hm khai thc chui ang hot ng ngang nhin ti y. Thm ch c nhiu trng hp sang nhng t nng nghip ca dn khai thc v th l t nng nghip tr thnh t sn xut ct, thic. Do s dng cng c c gii vi cng sut ngy cng ln nn lng khai thc cng nhiu, nhanh chng lm thay i dng chy ca con sng ny. Vic ny v ang nh hng nghim trng n ngun nc. Hin nay, 1.000 h dn trong khu vc khng th s dng trc tip ngun nc ca nh my nc Lm H v b nhim nng. K t u nm 2003 n nay, Nh my nc Lm H c gng dng mi bin php k thut x l tp cht kim loi, hu c, v c, vi trng gy bnh, nhng cn tiu chun v c th khng th t yu cu, trong nc vn cn nhng ht cn khng lng c trong cng trnh x l, theo ng ng dn ra vi nc ca dn. c ca dng nc sng Dng c khi ln ti 1334 NTU, vi cng ngh hin nay th Nh my nc Lm H ch c kh nng x l n nh vi ngun nc c c t 200 - 260 NTU m thi. R rng vic khai thc ti nguyn thin nhin qu mc v khng theo quy hoch s dn ti nhim ngun nc.
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2. Cu th trng v x l nc thi 2.1. Qu trnh th ho th ha l s m rng ca th, tnh theo t l phn trm gia s dn th hay in tch th trn tng s dn hay din tch ca mt vng hay khu vc. N cng c th tnh theo t l gia tng ca hai yu t theo thi gian. Nu tnh theo cch u th n cn c gi l mc th ho, cn theo cch th hai, n c tn l tc th ho. Trong hn 20 nm tin hnh cng cuc i mi, qu trnh th ho din ra ht sc nhanh chng nht l trong 10 nm tr li y, c bit cc thnh ph ln nh H Ni, Nng v Thnh ph H Ch Minh T nm 1990 cc th Vit Nam bt u pht trin, lc c nc mi c khong 500 th (t l th ho vo khong 17-18%), n nm 2000 con s ny ln 649 v nm 2003 l 656 th. Tnh n nay, c nc c khong 700 th, trong c 5 thnh ph trc thuc trung ng, 44 thnh ph trc thuc tnh, 45 th x v trn 500 th trn. Bc u hnh thnh cc chui th trung tm quc gia: Cc th trung tm quc gia gm H Ni, Thnh ph H Ch Minh, Hi Phng, Nng, Hu. Cc th trung tm vng gm cc thnh ph nh: Cn Th, Bin Ho, Vng Tu, Bun Ma Thut, Nha Trang, Nam nh, Thi Nguyn, Vit Tr, H Long, Ho Bnh Hin nay, t l dn s th nc ta di 40%, theo quy hoch pht trin n nm 2010 con s ny s 56-60%, n nm 2020 l 80%. Hin nay ti 4 th ln ca nc ta l H Ni, thnh ph H Ch Minh, Hu, Hi Phng th H Ni, ngun nc m cng ty nc sch th x l cung cp cho ngi dn l ngun nc ngm, thnh ph H Ch Minh l nc ngm v nc sng, Hu v Hi Phng, nc c ly t cc con sng, qua x
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l ri cung cp cho ngi dn. Trong cc th, hu ht nc thi sinh hot v nc thi cng nghip c thi trc tip ra dng chy m khng qua x l. Hin nay lng nc thi th qua x l ch t khong 6% 3. Nu tnh trng ny c ko di th hu qu tt yu s l s nhim nng n ca cc dng chy, ngun nc. Theo d bo ca B Xy dng, t l th ho ca Vit Nam vo nm 2020 s t khong 40%, tng ng vi s dn c sinh sng ti th chim trn 45 triu dn. Nh vy cng vi qu trnh th ho ang din ra nhanh chng, vn x l nc thi th vn cng thng li phi chu nhiu p lc hn na. 2.2. Qu trnh cng nghip ho v t do ho thng mi v u t Vi mc tiu n nm 2020, nc ta c bn tr thnh mt nc cng nghip. Mt trong cc ch trng ln ca chnh ph m rng, pht trin sn xut cng nghip l khuyn khch xy dng, u t vo cc khu cng nghip (KCN), khu ch xut (KCX). Cc d n u t vo KCN, KCX c hng i v thu v c nh nc h tr v c s h tng. n nay trn c nc c 219 khu cng nghip, khu ch xut ang hot ng.
Ngun: http://www.viencanh.com/200-trieu-euro-de-xu-ly-nuoc-thai-cong-nghiep-o-viet-namn2796.php
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Biu 2
S lng KCN, KCX trn c nc qua cc nm

ha 250 200 150 100 50 0 2370 12 26971 11830 65 130 30926 145 20000 10000 0 194 46588 50000 40000 30000 S lng KCN, KCX Din tch
1 300 1991 1995 2000 2005 2006 2008
Ngun: www.khucongnghiep.com.vn
Tp trung sn xut cng nghip vo cc KCN, KCX c rt nhiu li ch. Mt trong s l nh nc c th kim sot tt hn vn nhim do SXCN. ng thi n cng cho php cc cng ty trong cng 1 KCN, KCX chia s cc chi ph v mi trng. V d nh cc cng ty c th chia s chi ph xu dng, vn hnh cho mt nh my x l nc thi tp trung. Theo quy nh ca nh nc, mi KCN, KCX phi c mt nh my x l nc thi tp trung, v mi cc cng ty trc khi thi nc ra nh my ny phi x l nc thi s b ti nh my ca mnh. iu ny c ngha l mi nh my phi c mt b phn x l nc thi. i vi cc DN va v nh c lng nc thi t th s rt tn km duy tr mt b phn x l nc thi trong nh my, do tit kim chi ph, cc DN ny khng x l nc thi trc khi thi ra nh my x l nc thi tp trung, hoc x nc thi trc tip ra mi trng. Trong qu trnh CNH ca nc ta khng th khng k n vai tr ca dng vn FDI. FDI chim mt t l ln trong vn u t vo SXCN mi nm.
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Ngun: Tng c thng k Vit Nam
Trong nm 2008, lng vn FDI ng k vo Vit Nam l 64,1 t USD, trong vn gii ngn l 11,5 t USD, tng 43,2% so vi nm 2007. Trong tng s 1171 d n FDI cp mi ca c nm 2008, c 572 d n u t vo lnh vc cng nghip v xy dng vi tng vn ng k 32,62 t USD, chim 48,85% v s d n v 54,12% v vn u t ng k. Khi doanh nghip FDI ng gp 40% kim ngch xut khu v chim 25% thm ht thng mi ca Vit Nam nm 2008. Tnh ly k n 19/6/2009, c nc c 10.409 d n cn hiu lc vi tng vn ng k 164,7 t USD.
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Tuy nhin i cng vi tng trng cng nghip v t do ho thng mi v u t, vn nhim mi trng, nhim ngun nc ngy cng tr nn trm trng. Vit Nam c lc lng lao ng ph thng di do. Chi ph lng lao ng ph thng Vit Nam tng i thp, mc lng ti thiu ca ngi lao ng trong doanh nghip FDI ch trn di 1 triu ng/ ngi/ thng tu theo tng khu vc. V Vit Nam c mt lc lng lao ng gi r di do nn Vit Nam c li th tng i trong nhng ngnh s dng nhiu lao ng. Tng t nh vy. Vit Nam, cc chnh sch v quy nh lin quan mi trng cn kh lng lo, iu ny nh hng n c cu sn phm cng nghip nc ta. Bi v Vit Nam thiu thiu nhng bin php kin quyt bo v mi trng nn Vit Nam c li th tng i trong cc ngnh cng nghip nhim. Vit Nam c mi quan h v thng mi v u t vi cc nc c quy nh v mi trng cht ch hn nhiu nh Nht Bn v cc nc trong khi EU. iu ny s tt yu dn n tnh trng Vit Nam tr thnh ni tp trung sn xut ca cc ngnh cng nghip gy nhim. gi c tc tng trng v tr nn cnh tranh, Vit Nam kh c th t chi d n u t vo cc ngnh ny, bi v cc doanh nghip FDI gii quyt c vn thiu vn v to cng n vic lm cho lc lng lao ng ph thng vn d tha Vit Nam. Tuy nhin trong di hn, ci gi phi tr cho vic chp nhn cng ngh bn s rt t, v chi ph lm sch mi trng nhim bao gi cng cao hn nhiu so vi chi ph b ra bo v mi trng. Nh vy mt khi nh nc thc hin tt cng tc qun l mi trng v c cc bin php kin quyt ngn chn cc hnh vi vi phm php lut v mi trng th s tng trng quy m SXCN chc chn s lm gia tng nhu cu i vi ngnh x l nc thi.
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2.3.
S kin Vit Nam gia nhp WTO Vit Nam theo ui qu trnh gia nhp WTO t nm 1995 v t thng 11
nm 2006 chnh thc tr thnh thnh vin ca WTO. Mc d Vit Nam ang thay i vi nhp nhanh chng, nhng t cch thnh vin ca WTO vn s l mt lc y cho qu trnh ci cch Vit Nam. Trong qu trnh m phm gia nhp WTO chnh ph ban hnh c rt nhiu lut cng nh quy nh mi. Vn nm ch nhng lut hay quy nh ny c son tho trong mt thi gian rt ngn. Nhng lut, quy nh ny l iu kin cn gia nhp WTO, nhng r rang chng thiu mt nn tng vng chc cn thit. Tuy vy vn c th hy vng rng s c nhiu thay i v ci tin, cng nh cc hnh thc cng ch nhng quy nh ny i vo thc t. Nhng quy nh mi v bo v mi trng s m ra c hi mi cho cc cng ty hot ng trong lnh vc ny. Thc hin tt cng tc qun l mi trng l mt trong nhng yu cu c bn Vit Nam c th gia nhp WTO. Nh vy, sau khi nc ta gia nhp WTO c th hy vng rng nhng cam kt v qun l mi trng s sm c a vo thc tin. 3. Cc ngnh cng nghip h tr Cc cng ty Vit Nam gn y ginh c ngy cng nhiu hp ng xy dng nh my x l nc thi. Nhng hu ht trong s ch l nhng nh my nh. Cc nh my ln v phc tp th vn do cc cng ty nc ngoi xy dng, lp t. D nh my x l nc thi c xy dng, lp t bi cc cng ty trong nc hay nc ngoi th cng u ph thuc ch yu vo cc thit b nhp khu. Cc dng c, thit b nh qut, my qut gi, bm, van, ng c c nhp khu t nc ngoi s c lp rp trong nc.
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4. Vai tr ca chnh ph 4.1. Cc c quan qun l hot ng x l nc thi B khoa hc, cng ngh v mi trng (MOSTE) thnh lp nm 1992 v Tng cc mi trng quc gia (NEA) thnh lp nm 1993, trc thuc MOSTE l hai c quan chnh chu trch nhim v bo v mi trng. Nhim v chnh ca cc c quan ny l xc tin cc nghin cu v mi trng, nh hng cc chnh sch v mi trng, thc hin hp tc quc t v cc vn mi trng, v theo di nh hng ca cc d n ln n mi trng. B k hoch v u t l c quan ch qun trong vic vch ra cc k hoch pht trin kinh t, ng thi chu trch nhim thm tra, ph duyt cc d n u t nc ngoi sau mt qu trnh thm nh ton din, bao gm c thm nh v tc ng n mi trng. Di MOSTE l S khoa hc, cng ngh v mi trng (DOSTE) ca tng tnh, chu trch nhim theo di xem cc DN c tun th php lut v mi trng hay khng. DOSTE thng c t 3 n 10 nhn vin, tu thuc tng tnh. DOSTE trao i, xin kin MOSTE cc vn v chuyn mn, nhng chu s qun l nh nc ca UBND tnh. UBND tnh ph trch cp ngn sch hot ng cho MOSTE. DOSTE c thm quyn xem xt, nh gi tc ng ln mi trng ca cc d n u t, v gii quyt cc vn lin quan n nhim mi trng.
Bng 4
Cc c quan trong khung php l v qun l mi trng

Hoch nh chnh sch ng cng sn Vit Nam Nam Th tng chnh ph Quc hi Hi ng nhn dn tnh
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Ban hnh lut, quy nh
Quc hi Th tng chnh ph Hi ng nhn dn tnh Cc b v u ban quc gia UBND tnh (phng k hoch) Vn phng chnh ph B, vin, trng i hc T chc phi chnh ph Ban ch o, nhm lm vic lin ngnh Cc b B ti nguyn mi trng (MoNRE) Cc bo v mi tng quc gia (VEPA) Ban mi trng ca cc u ban quc gia DoNRE VEPA, NGO, DOSTE, cc vin nghin cu, trng i hc, t chc qun chng
Lp k hoch C vn
T chc chp hnh
T chc thc hin
4.2.
Cc vn bn php lut v x l nc thi C 3 mc chnh trong php lut mi trng ti Vit Nam. Th nht l lut
bo v mi trng, th hai l cc tiu chun mi trng quc gia. Th ba l lut v quy inh c th cho tng ngnh lin quan n vn bo v mi trng v sc khe con ngi, v cc quy nh v tiu chun mi trng cp tnh. Cc lut v quy nh cp 3 ny do MOSTE qun l. Cc vn bn ch o chnh v bo v mi trng c lin quan n kim sot nhim ngun nc l: Lut bo v mi trng ban hnh nm 2005, c hiu lc t 1/7/2006 Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP ca chnh ph v quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca lut bo v mi trng.
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Quyt nh s 22/2006/Q-BTNMT ca B ti nguyn v mi trng v vic bt buc p dng Tiu chun Vit Nam v mi trng
Bng 5: Gi tr ti hn cc thng s v nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi
cng nghip TT Thng s
n v A
Gi tr ti hn B 40 5,5 n 9 Khng kh chu 50 50 80 100 0,1 0,01 0,5 0,01 0,1 1 2 3 C 45 5 n 9 _ _ 100 400 200 0,5 0,01 1 0,5 0,5 2 5 5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Nhit pH Mi Mu sc, C0-Pt pH=7 BOD5(20o) COD Cht rn l lng Asen Thu ngn Ch Cadimi Crom (IV) Crom (III) ng Km
40 6 n 9 Khng kh chu 20
_ _
mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
30 50 50 0,05 0,005 0,1 0,005 0,05 0,2 2 3
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16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Niken Mangan St Thic Xianua Phenol Du m khong Du ng thc vt Clo d PCBs
Mg/l Mg/l Mg/l Mg/l Mg/l Mg/l Mg/l Mg/l Mg/l Mg/l
0,2 0,5 1 0,2 0,07 0,1 5 10 1 0,003 0,3 0,1 0,2 5 500 5 15 4 3000
0,5 1 5 1 0,1 0,5 5 20 2 0,01 1 0,1 0,5 10 600 10 30 6 5000
2 5 10 5 0,2 1 10 30 _ 0,05
Ho cht bo v thc Mg/l vt: Ln hu c Ho cht bo v thc Mg/l vt: Clo hu c Sunfua Florua Clorua Amoni (tnh theo Nit) Tng Nit Tng phtpho Coliform Mg/l Mg/l Mg/l Mg/l Mg/l Mg/l MPN/ 100ml
1 15 1000 15 60 8 _
36
35
Xt nghim sinh hc (Bioassay) Tng hot phng x Bq/l
90% c sng st sau 96 gi trong 100% nc thi 0,1 0,1
36
37
Tng hot phng x Bq/l
Nc thi cng nghip (NTCN) c gi tr cc thng s v nng cc cht nhim bng hoc nh hn gi tr quy nh trong ct A c th vo cc khu vc nc thng c dung lm ngun nc cho mc ch sinh hot. NTCN c gi tr cc thng s v nng cc cht nhim ln hn gi tr quy nh trong ct A nhng nh hn hoc bng gi tr quy nh trong ct B th c o vo cc vc nc nhn thi khc khng dng cho mc ch sinh hot. NTCN c gi tr cc thng s v nng cc cht nhim ln hn gi tr quy inh trong ct B nhng khng vt qu gi tr quy nh trong ct C ch c php thi vo cc ni c quy nh (nh h cha nc thi c xy ring, cng dn n nh my x l nc thi tp trung) 4.3. Cch thc theo di v nh gi hot ng x l nc thi C 3 c quan chu trch nhim theo di cc hot ng mi trng: min bc l i hc Xy dng H Ni, min Trung l Trung tm bo v mi trng (EPC), v ng bng Mkng l i hc Bch khoa TP H Ch Minh. Mt bin php quan trng bo v mi trng c nu r trong Lut mi trng 2005, m trc l lut mi trng 1993 l Nh nc yu cu cc d n u t mi, u t m rng phi lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng (EIA), v bo co ny phi c coi l mt trong nhng yu t ch cht trong
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qu trnh ra quyt nh. iu lut v EIA c a ra vi mc ch bo v mi trng khng b hu hoi bi cc d n gy nhim, nhng trong mt s trng hp, n li tr thnh ro cn cho s chp thun cc d n u t. V th c nhiu d n c B k hoch u t cp php u t ri th bo co EIA mi c xt n. a im v quy m ca d n c quyt nh trc khi xem xt, nh gi bo co EIA. V th cc bo co EIA thng khng nh hng n vic d n u t c c cp php khng, hay c phi di chuyn a im khng; m ch c ngha trong vic bt buc cc DN phi p dng cc bin php gim thiu nhim. Mt vn na l thiu ngun nhn lc cht lng cao thm nh, nh gi EIA. iu ny dn n vic cc c quan qun l mi trng khng nh gi ng v tc ng mi trng ca d n u t, nhiu khi khng lng trc c mc nhim m cc d n u t s gy ra.
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CHNG III: THC TRNG NGNH X L NC THI CNG NGHIP V NC THI SINH HOT CA NC TA HIN NAY
Khi qut h thng sng ngi Vit Nam Vi chiu di b bin 3.260 km, bin gii t lin di 3.730 km, Vit Nam c h thng sng ngi dy c vi 9 lu vc sng (LVS) ln bao gm K CngBng Giang (vi tng din tch lu vc Vit Nam l 11.200 km2), Hng-Thi Bnh (92.246 km2), (25.500 km2), M-Chu (17.600 km2), C (21.230 km2), Thu Bn (10.350 km2), Ba (13.800 km2), ng Nai (36.261 km2) v Mkng (70.520 km2), cng nhiu tiu LVS nh Cu, Nhu - y... Trong xu th pht trin kinh t - x hi nhng nm gn y, di tc ng ca cc yu t t nhin v hot ng ca con ngi, mi trng mt s LVS nc ta ny sinh hng lot cc vn nhim, c bit l nhim ngun nc. vn qun l mi trng cc LVS cn nhiu bt cp. Tuy nhin cho n nay, ti Vit Nam cha c t chc chuyn trch no qun l vn lin quan n mi trng cp lu vc, phng php tip cn nhm bo v mi trng LVS cha c xc nh r rng, h thng chnh sch, vn bn php quy lin quan n bo v mi trng LVS cn thiu v cha ng b, ngun kinh ph m bo cho cc hot ng bo v mi trng LVS cn cha p ng c yu cu thc t; cha c h thng d liu - thng tin phc v qun l mi trng LVS. 1. Khi qut v th trng x l nc thi ti Vit Nam hin nay Theo s liu iu tra ca Vin Nghin cu Chin lc v Chnh sch cng nghip (IPSI) tin hnh trong cc nm 2006-2007 trn phm vi 20 tnh, thng k c trn 2.000 doanh nghip ang hot ng trong lnh vc mi trng. Ngoi cc cng ty Mi trng th URENCO ca cc tnh/thnh ph cn c
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cc doanh nghip t nhn trong nc, nc ngoi, cc hnh thc lin doanh, lin kt. Quy m ca cc cng ty cng tng rt nhanh, trong mt s cng ty c doanh s ln n 1.000 t ng/nm. Hot ng mi trng ca Vit Nam ang dn tr nn chuyn mn ha su, mang tnh cng nghip vi cc doanh nghip chuyn sn xut v cung ng dch v trn tt c 3 lnh vc: dch v mi trng, sn xut thit b cng ngh v qun l ti nguyn. Chng ta c qu nhiu vn mi trng xut hin, yu cu gii quyt cp bch. Do nhng quy nh v mi trng cn cha cht ch nn Vit Nam l im n ca khng t cng ngh bn m gi tr gia tng cha hn cao nh: st thp, xi mng... Theo tnh ton ca IPSI, c tnh, nhu cu u t bo v mi trng ca 18 ngnh v lnh vc c nguy c nhim mi trng cao nc ta ln n 124.000 t ng, chng t th trng ca ngnh cng nghip, dch v mi trng l rt ln. 2. Thc trng x l nc thi cng nghip 2.1. Thc trng chung Mi ngy, 1 triu m3 lng nc thi cng nghip thi ra mi trng t 219 khu ch xut v khu cng nghip trn c nc, nhng ch mt phn t s lng trn c x l. Theo ng Phan Hu Vinh, ph cc trng cc cnh st mi trng n cui nm 2008, c nc mi ch 60/219 khu ch xut - khu cng nghip c nh my x l nc thi, vi lng nc x l t 30%. Tuy nhin, ng lo ngi l cht lng nc thi sau khi x l vn cha t yu cu v cha n nh 4. Nhiu ni c nh my x l nc thi nhng thc cht khng hot ng v thiu kinh ph hoc cc c s sn xut x l nhng khng u ni vo
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Ngun: http://www.laodong.com.vn/Home/Bao-dong-o-nhiem-cac-khu-congnghiep/20096/142096.laodong
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h thng x l nc thi tp trung. V vy, nhiu ch tiu v coliform, amoniac, kim loi nng u vt tiu chun cho php. Cht lng nc thi sau x l cng l vn cc doanh nghip v cc c quan qun l cn quan tm, t l mu phn tch nc sau x l t tiu chun mi trng cn thp. Vic x l cc b ti cc doanh nghip trong KCN trc khi nhp vo h thng thi chung cng cha c quan tm ng mc a s cc doanh nghip; vn o m tnh ph x l nc thi cng l vn cn nhiu tranh ci gia ch ngun thi v cc cng ty kinh doanh h tng KCN; mt s KCN c h thng x l nc thi tp trung nhng cng sut v hiu xut x l khng t yu cu, thm ch cn c hin tng chy cm chng gim chi ph x l. Do hn ch v mt tip cn s liu nn trong phm vi bi nghin cu ny s ch cp n thc trng x l nc thi hai vng: vng ng Nam B l khu vc kinh t pht trin nht v vng ng bng sng Cu Long (BSCL). cc vng khc tuy khng c s liu c th v cp nht nhng thc trng XLNT CN nhn chung cng gp phi cc vn nh hai vng kinh t trn. 2.3. Khu vc ng Nam B khu vc ny, h thng sng ng Nai Si Gn phi gnh chu mt lng ln NTCN mi ngy t cc KCN, KCX. Con sng ng Nai phi on mnh gnh nc thi ca gn 30 khu cng nghip t tnh ng Nai v cc tnh khc nh Bnh Dng, Bnh Phc v B Ra Vng Tu. C th hnh dung mt lc sng ng Nai v mt mng li khu cng nghip ang u c n nh th no.
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S 5: Cc
KCN quanh h thng sng ng Nai
Theo bo co ca s Ti nguyn mi trng tnh ng Nai, vo gia nm 2008, tng lng nc thi cng nghip ton tnh x ra mi ngy m hn 200.000m3. y mi ch l thng k s b v vn cn khng t khu cng nghip v cc c s sn xut nh cha b kim tra. Hu ht s nc thi trn u cha
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qua x l, hoc x l khng t cht lng, v lu vc sng ng Nai tr thnh b cha khi nc thi khng l kia. Hin ti, ng Nai c 30 khu cng nghip, chim gn 10.000ha t, ch mt s t cha c doanh nghip vo u t, phn cn li i vo hot ng t lu. Qua t kho st nc thi ca 21 khu cng nghip hi gia nm, kt qu: cht lng nc thi ca tt c 21 khu cng nghip (68.000m3) u khng t. Cho d nhiu khu cng nghip c nh my x l nc thi tp trung (chim gn 1/3 lng nc thi) nh Bin Ho 2, Amata, Nhn Trch 1, phn ng trong s 21 khu cng nghip c kim tra, u cha c nh my x l nc thi tp trung. t nht, c n 14 khu cng nghip trong s ny thi thng ra sng ng Nai, qua nhiu nhnh sng, sui, rch. im qua bn khu cng nghip nm ti Bin Ho gm Bin Ho 1 v 2, Amata, Loteco, nc thi c x ra sng Ci, sui Cha, sui B La. Tng t, hng lot khu cng nghip Nhn Trch mn sng Th Vi x nc, cc khu cng nghip Long Thnh mn rch B Cho, sui Nc Trong x thi. Tt c nhng dng ny u vo sng ng Nai. C hai h ln ng Nai l Tr An v Sng My, u b cc khu cng nghip mn lm ni x thi. y mi ch l con s thng k s b, cha y ca s Ti nguyn v mi trng, bi l, cn li by khu cng nghip na, s Ti nguyn mi trng mi ch kt lun l c x nc thi tri php vo mi trng, nhng khng r l thi i u, vo sng sui no. Phn tch cht lng nc thi 12 khu cng nghip c ngun thi ln trong nm 2007 theo cc tiu ch ca b Ti nguyn mi trng cho kt qu nh sau: tm khu cng nghip gy nhim mi trng nghim trng v bn khu cng nghip gy nhim mi trng. Trong tm khu cng nghip, c khng t mi i vo hot ng vi nm nay, gm: H Nai, Bin Ho 1, Nhn
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Trch 2 v 3, Sng My, G Du, Amata, Tam Phc v Loteco. Gi s, nu kim tra ht cc khu cng nghip, con s gy nhim s khng ch l 12 khu cng nghip. Th nhng, ni lo ca s Ti nguyn mi trng v vi chc khu cng nghip x nc thi cha x l ra sng, sui ni trn li khng ln bng ni lo v hng trm doanh nghip nm ngoi khu cng nghip ng trn a bn tnh ng Nai. Qua t kim tra 110 doanh nghip vo gia 2008, cho thy: mi ngy m c 136.400m3 nc thi c x ra sng, sui; ch c 36 doanh nghip trong s ny c h thng x l nc thi, th nhng ch c 20 doanh nghip t yu cu v cht lng nc thi. Trong 90 doanh nghip x by, c kh nhiu cng ty ln nh: cng ty men thc phm Mauri La Ng x thng ra h sng La Ng gn 10.000m3/ngy m v cha c nh my x l nc thi; cng ty c phn Ho An x hn 3.000m3/ngy m; cng ty Vedan 5.800m3/ngy. Sng Si Gn Hin nay mi ngy sng Si Gn phi tip nhn hng trm ngn mt khi nc thi sinh hot v cng nghip, mt phn cht thi rn th, cht thi nguy hi cng ngun nc t sn xut nng nghip vi hm lng phn bn v thuc tr su cao gy nhim ngun nc, nhiu ch tiu mi trng vt mc tiu chun cho php gp nhiu ln... Sng Si Gn vi tng chiu di hn 280km i qua cc tnh Ty Ninh, Bnh Dng v TP.H Ch Minh. Sng Si Gn bt ngun t lu vc h Du Ting n ng ba sng ng Nai v gi vai tr quan trng trong vic cung cp nc sinh hot, cng nghip, nng nghip cho 3 a phng ny. Lu vc sng Si Gn bao gm 2 huyn thuc Ty Ninh, 5 huyn thuc Bnh Dng v 20 qun huyn thuc TP.H Ch Minh. Ngun nc mt trn lu vc sng Si Gn
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c xem l ngun nc ch yu phc v cho hu ht cc hot ng pht trin kinh t x hi trong ton lu vc, tng lng dng chy b mt ca cc sng sui trong lu vc ra bin hng nm gn 3 t m3. Thi gian qua cc knh rch cng b thu hp v din tch dng chy trong lc li phi gnh chu lng nc thi phn ln cha qua x l. iu ny khin cht lng nc mt ca khu vc h lu sng Si Gn- khu vc TP.H Ch Minh ngy cng suy gim v cht lng. Nng du trong nc c xu hng tng dn mi nm t 1,9-2,1 ln, nhim vi sinh tng vt vi hm lng Coliform ti cc trm quan trc cht lng nc o c vt chun cho php t 5-71 ln. Nguyn nhn chnh ca vic suy gim cht lng nc trn sng Si Gn l do tc gia tng ca cc khu cng nghip, khu ch xut, cm cng nghip v cc th dc theo lu vc sng. Nc thi th v cng nghip cha qua x l lm cho kh nng t lm sch ca sng km i. Theo quy hoch pht trin ca cc tnh thnh trn khu vc n nm 2020 lu vc sng Si Gn s c khong 39 KCN, KCX trong TP.H Ch Minh l 19 khu cng nghip, khu ch xut. Hin nay trong s 27 KCN, KCX ang hot ng trn lu vc qua kt qu kho st thng k s b th ch c 10 khu c h thng x l nc thi tp trung i vo hat ng, cn li hoc ang xy dng hoc cha c h thng x l nc thi tp trung. Lng nc thi t cc KCN, KCX ny vo sng Si Gn bnh qun khong 70.034m3/ ngy m. Theo d bo ca cc nh khoa hc ang nghin cu n Xy dng hn mc x thi trn sng Si Gn n nm 2020, lu lng nc thi cng nghip t cc khu cng nghip, khu ch xut s trn 319.425m2/ ngy m. Vi con s d bo ny c 3 kch bn gi nh c ra: nu cht lng nc thi cng nghip vn nh hin nay th n nm 2020 cc cht nhim nh COD, BOD5 s tng gp 4-6 ln, ti lng N tng s gp 55 ln hin ti v y l mt bc
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tranh rt xu cho mi trng. Nu cht lng nc thi t cc khu cng nghip, khu ch xut t loi B th lng COD, BOD5 s tng khong 2 ln. Nu cht lng nc thi t cc khu cng nghip, khu ch xut m bo t loi A th nng cc cht nhim trong nc cng ch tng ng vi hin nay. i vi nc thi sinh hot n nm 2020 d bo con s ny s vo khong 2 triu m3/ ngy m, ti lng nhim do nc thi sinh hot s gia tng t 1,5-2 ln. 2.4. Khu vc ng bng sng Cu Long Theo s Ti nguyn Mi trng Cn Th, hin c 3 KCN ang hot ng l Tr Nc 1, Tr Nc 2 v Tht Nt th cha c ni no xy dng h thng x l nc thi tp trung. Theo quy trnh, nc thi sau khi c DN x l bc 1, tp trung li ti KCN x l ln 2 ri mi c thi ra sng Hu. Tuy nhin, thc t ti cc KCN ny, DN bc cc ng cng trc tip thi ra sng, vic ny din ra hng chc nm nay. 15% DN ti cc KCN thi nc bn trc tip ra sng, cn li 85% c xy dng h thng x l nc thi bc 1, tuy nhin vic cc h thng ny c c vn hanh thng xuyn hay khng th khng chc chn. Thc t ti c s, hu ht cc ming cng t cc doanh nghip ti cc KCN ny thng xuyn thi ra th nc en ngm, c qunh. Trn a bn Cn Th ngoi hng trm DN ang ngy m bc t sng Hu cn c 500 ao, b c, trn di 5.000 c s tiu th cng nghip, bnh vin, c s y t u cha c h thng x l nc thi trung. Tng cng, mi ngy bnh qun dng sng ny phi ung hng triu m3 nc thi nhim. Theo thng k s b, ti TP Cn Th, nc sng Hu b nhim cp 2, rch Sang Trng (Phc Thi, Mn) nhim cp 7, rch B t
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(Thi Thun, Tht Nt) nhim cp 4. Ti x Long Ha, huyn Ph Tn, tnh An Giang, nng NH3 vo ma kh cao gp 40 ln so vi tiu chun mi trng cho php. Ti Long An, vi cc KCN, CCN hin c, mi ngy d tnh thi ra mi trng khong 363 tn rc cng nghip v 151.000m3 nc thi cng nghip... Cn theo s liu ca cc nh khoa hc, ti BSCL, tng lng nc thi sinh hot thi ra mi nm l 102 triu m3/nm, nc thi cng nghip 47,2 triu m3/nm. Cc khu cng nghip ti BSCL u c chn v tr t ti ven sng rch v cha c khu cng nghip no xy dng h thng x l nc thi. T trc n nay, cc loi cht thi loi u tun ra sng rch mt cch thng trc khin mi trng sng nhim trm trng. Nguyn nhn: c rt nhiu l do cho thc trng hin nay rt nhiu KCN, KCX khng tin hnh x l nc thi tp trung Mt l phn ln cc DN trong cc KCN, KCX l cc DN va v nh, hn ch v nng lc ti chnh. Trong khi vic xy dng, vn hnh mt nh my x l nc thi li tn rt nhiu chi ph, do vic XLNT tp trung lm tng gi vn hng bn, dn n hng ha ca cc DN ny km cnh tranh trn th trng. Hn na hnh pht i vi cc DN khng XLNT hoc XLNT cha t cht lng cn qu nh. V th nhiu DN chn gii php np pht hn l xy dng, vn hnh hay s dng mt h thng x l nc thi t tin. Hai l, chng ta cha c ch ti mnh bt buc cc ch u t kinh doanh h tng k thut KCN phi xy dng h thng x l nc thi tp trung ngay trong qu trnh chun b u t, t khu lp, thm nh d n, gim st u t v kim tra thm nh nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM). Cc c quan chc nng ca Trung ng v trong ni b ca cc a phng i khi cn cha
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ng thun trong vic cng ch tun th cc quy nh v BVMT i vi doanh nghip. Ba l, nhiu c quan Trung ng v c bit l a phng coi trng vic tng trng kinh t, thu ht u t m cha quan tm tho ng n cng tc BVMT, to tm l coi thng cng tc BVMT ca cc doanh nghip ngay t khi lp d n u t. Do vic coi trng thu ht u t, khng t cc KCN b ph v quy hoch phn khu chc nng, hu qu l nhiu KCN khng cn t cho vic xy dng h thng x l cht thi, do c d n u t khc chim ch. Bn l, tc u t cng nghip trong nhng nm qua l rt cao, trong khi , nng lc qun l ni chung ca cc c quan thm quyn cha theo kp, trnh cn b m trch cng vic ny va thiu li va yu. Cc c quan t vn k thut v BVMT cha mnh nn gii php k thut a ra cha hp l, kh thc hin, trong nhiu trng hp khng kh thi khi bt tay vo u t xy dng KCN, tnh trng khi i mc ni, tr v mc snggy rt nhiu kh khn cho nh u t. Nm l, chng ta cn thiu mt tiu ch chung da vo , cc ch ngun thi v doanh nghip kinh doanh h tng KCN c th xc nh c ph x l nc thi cho mi loi hnh nc thi hoc theo ti lng cht nhim c x l. y cng l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm cho nhiu doanh nghip kinh doanh h tng KCN cha u t xy dng h thng x l nc thi v cha c phng n kinh t hp l. 3. Thc trng x l nc thi sinh hot Nc thi sinh hot chim khong 80% tng s nc thi cc thnh ph,
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l mt nguyn nhn chnh gy nn tnh trng nhim nc v vn ny c xu hng cng ngy cng xu i. (vacne.org.vn) Cc th ca Vit Nam hin nay, h thng thot nc l h thng chung ch yu c xy dng t thi Php thuc. ng ng nc thi v ng ng nc ma cn chung nhau, dn n vic kh khn trong qu trnh x l nc thi, c bit l nc thi sinh hot. Thot nc trong cc khu th hin nay l vn v cng bc thit. Tuy vy, chng ta mi ch quan tm c giai on u, l vic lm th no nc khng b ng trong ni , nht l khi c ma ln. Cn vn x l nc thi trong thot nc vn cha th c iu kin ch trng. Vn l vic u t cn ng b v thng nht. Theo tnh ton, nu u t cho cp nc l 1 phn th vic thot nc cn ti 3 phn, ti thiu phi l 2,5 th mi c th m bo vn nc sch v v sinh mi trng. Theo lut ca nh nc, ngun nc thi khi thi ra cc h thng sng phi c x l sch trc . Tuy nhin, do vn kinh ph cn gp nhiu kh khn nn nh phi chp nhn vic nc thi cha x l trit . Chnh ph cng ang khuyn khch cc thnh phn kinh t khc u t nhng cn gp nhiu tr ngi do quy nh vic thu ph cp v thot nc i vi ngi dn cn thp. Hin nay, vic thu ph thot nc cha p ng cho chi ph vn hnh v qun l, cha k n ngun my mc, thit b cn nhp v. c, mt s th c mc thu l ph chi cho vic u t my mc v vn hnh, nhng l do mc thu nhp ca h ln, mc sng cao. Cn Vit Nam th Chnh ph yu cu nc sch l mt mt hng khng c tng gi, t nht l trong thi im hin nay. iu ny l mt kh khn v cng ln. Hi cp thot nc cng ngh Chnh ph c nhng chnh sch u i hn nh gia hn thanh ton tin trong khi cha c tng gi nc v ph rc thi. C th ni, vic thu ph l mt vn v cng quan trng. nhiu nc trn th gii c
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ring mt y ban c lp quyt nh gi thu ph cho ph hp v u t li. Cn Vit Nam th vic ny do y ban tnh/ thnh ph quy nh. Do vy, vic mun nng gi ph ln ly ngun vn gp rt nhiu kh khn. Cc th Vit Nam hin nay gn nh cha c ni no lm c trit vn x l nc thi m lc c mi ch im tn c vi ni. Chng ta cng c nhng quy nh c th v vic bt buc phi c h thng x l nc thi khi xy dng cc khu th. Trong bn quy hoch trnh chnh ph ph duyt th y l yu cu khng th thiu. Mc d vy hin nay cc khu th mi vn khng p ng c ng cc yu cu ny, y l li ca bn thi cng, gim st. Th gii hin nay hin c hai xu hng x l nc thi, l x l tp trung v x l phn tn. Mi xu hng u c nhng u im ring ty thuc tng khu vc. Trong ngh nh ca Chnh ph Vit Nam khng yu cu bt buc phi x l nc thi tp trung hay phn tn, ty c im tng a phng m c th linh hot trong hnh thc x l. Khi chng ta cha th c c mt h thng thu gom nc thi hon chnh v ng b th tt nht l nn s dng hnh thc x l phn tn. Nc thi trong ni ca chng ta thng vn ra cc con sng trong khu vc nn nu c x l t gc l tt nht, trnh gy nhim trn cc con sng. 3.1. X l nc thi sinh hot TP HCM t rt lu nc thi sinh hot ti TPHCM khng h c x l m thng thi thng ra mi trng chung vi ng cng thot nc ma. Khi dn s cn t th lng nc thi ny c cc h thng sng, knh rch ca thnh ph t lm sch. Tuy nhin, l cu chuyn ca hng chc nm v trc, khi dn s ch khong 3-4 triu ngi. Hin nay vi dn s ln n gn 10 triu ngi v hu ht sng knh, rch b nhim, c qunh cht thi, th
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thin nhin khng th gip con ngi tri ra nc thi. Cch y gn 5 nm, TPHCM nhn thc c vn ny v bt u trin khai mt k hoch xy dng h thng x l nc thi cho ton thnh ph. Nh my x l nc thi huyn Bnh Chnh thuc d n ci thin mi trng nc lu vc Tu HBn Ngh, knh i-T l nh my x l nc thi u tin nm trong k hoch nu trn ca thnh ph c khi cng xy dng. Qua hn 2 nm trin khai, hin nh my ny hon thnh c n hn 95% khi lng cng vic v ang tin hnh vn hnh th, chun b cho vic tip nhn v x l nc thi vo u nm 2009. Nh my x l nc thi huyn Bnh Chnh c cng sut x l (giai on 1) ln ti 141.000m nc thi/ngy, m. Nc thi sinh hot a bn cc qun 1, 5, 8 nm trong lu vc knh Tu H-Bn Ngh-knh i-T s c thu gom qua mt h thng cng thu nc thi ring, hon ton tch bit vi h thng thot nc ma hin nay, a v nh my x l. Khi nc thi c chuyn v nh my, chng s c bm ln b vt rc, lng bn v bt u mt qu trnh x l theo cng ngh bn hot tnh ci tin. Theo cng ngh ny, vic x l nc thi s khng dng qu nhiu ha cht gy hi cho mi trng m ch yu dng cc vi sinh, kch thch qu trnh phn hy. Phn nc, sau khi x l t tiu chun Vit Nam s c x ra knh, rch, cn phn bn, t v rc s c ch bin thnh phn vi sinh, phc v cho nhu cu pht trin nng nghip ca thnh ph. Theo ng Hiroshi Suzuki, Gim c d n Nh my x l nc thi huyn Bnh Chnh, cng ngh p dng nh my ny kh thng dng trn th gii, song chng c ci tin tng nng sut t 8 gi/ln x l xung cn 4 gi/ln x l. Cng vi cc nh my x l nc thi sinh hot cho tng lu vc, TPHCM cng ang khn trng, quyt lit yu cu cc bnh vin, nh my, x nghip x
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l nc thi t chun trc khi thi ra mi trng. V song hnh l vic no vt v khi thng dng cho h thng knh, mng vn ang c nght v rc ca thnh ph. Nh vy, ha hn trong mt tng lai khng xa, mi trng nc TPHCM s c ci thin ng k. 3.2. X l nc thi sinh hot H Ni Hin ti, nc thi sinh hot ca H Ni phn ln mi c x l s b ti cc b t hoi, sau tiu thot ra h thng cng v 4 con sng T Lch, L, St, Kim Ngu. Theo S TN-MT&N, tng lng nc thi sinh hot v nc thi sn xut cng nghip khu vc ni thnh khong 500.000 m3/ngy, u tiu thot qua h thng cng v 4 sng tiu chnh l T Lch, L, St, Kim Ngu. Nc thi t hot ng sn xut, bnh vin v c s dch v cha nhiu cht gy nhim cha c x l chim ti 90% tng lng nc thi cng nghip, dch v, x thng vo ngun nc mt. Hin H Ni mi ch c 40 c s sn xut cng nghip, 29 c s dch v v 5 bnh vin c trm x l nc thi 5. Mt cuc kim tra mu nc c cung cp bi cc nh my nc trn a bn H Ni cho thy rng nc sinh hot trn a bn H Ni b nhim nng. Theo , mu th ca cc h dn dng nc t nh my nc H nh, Php Vn, Tng Mai... nhim amoni, asen vt mc cho php nhiu ln. Mu th t cc trm cp nc Bch Khoa, Phng khng khng qun, Ho Nam v cc trm khu vc pha Nam H Ni, khu vc ng Tam Trinh u nhim amoni. iu chng t ngun nc ngm m H Ni ang khai thc cp nc sinh hot cho ngi dn b nhim nng. Nu H Ni tip tc khai thc nc ngm lm nc sinh hot, vic loi tr amoni v asen l khng th 6. Cng ngh
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Ngun: http://www.thiennhien.net/news/139/ARTICLE/5329/2008-04-29.html Ngun: http://www.vnexpress.net/GL/Doi-song/2009/03/3BA0CF7D/

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x l hin ti bng dn phun ma cp oxy ca cc nh my nc sch ch x l c cn v st. Gii php cho vn ny l khai thc nc sng thay cho nc ngm, nhng mc tiu ca H Ni ti nm 2015 ch mi cung cp c 200.000 m3 nc sinh hot cho ngi dn t ngun nc sng . Trong khi ngi dn ni thnh mi ngy ang dng hn 750.000 m3 Thnh ph H Ni phn u n ht nm 2010 x l c t 10 -15% nc thi sinh hot, khong 40% lng nc thi cng nghip v x l mt bc nhim nc ton b cc h c no vt v k b ti cc qun ni thnh 7.
Ngun: http://www.vhdn.vn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8119:H-Ni-thc-hin-cc-giiphp-x-l--nhim-nc-mt-&catid=96:xa-hi
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CHNG IV: NH HNG XY DNG V PHT TRIN NGNH X L NC THI TRONG THI GIAN TI
1. Kinh nghim ca Trung Quc trong pht trin h thng x l nc thi Trung Quc pht trin mt h thng XLNT hin i trn 50 thnh ph, t nhng siu th nh Bc Kinh, Thin Tn, Trng Khnh n nhng thnh ph bin gii nh v va vng bin gii Tn Cng, s dng ngun vn ODA ca Nht ln ti 200 t yn. D n xy dng nh my x l nc thi Bc Kinh l d n xy dng nh my XLNT u tin dung ngun vn vay ODA ny. nhim nc th Bc Kinh Nm 1950, lng nc thi ca Bc Kinh trong 1 ngy l 65.000 m3. Nm 1960, con s ny ln ti 630.000 m3 v trong nhng nm 1980 ln ti 2.000.000 m3, trong 50% l NTSH v 50% l NTCN. Vo thi im , phn ln ngi dn trong khu vc thnh th c lp t ng ng thot nc, nhng nc thi t nhng ng ng ny phn ln khng c x l. Cui nm 1988, 92% nc thi c x trc tip ra cc con sng, h m khng qua x l, ch c 8% l c x l s b. C n 1200 ngnh CN x trc tip nc thi ra sng, lm dng sng nhim nng n. Trong s cc con sng th sng Tong Hui nhim nhiu nht, vi ch s BOD ln ti 80g/ml, sng bc mi rt kh chu. Trong hon cnh , chnh ph nhn thy tm quan trng ca vic xy dng nh my XLNT. K hoch xy dng nh my XLNT Bc Kinh hon tt trc , nhng vic xy dng vn cha c tin hnh, ch yu v thiu vn. Vo nm 1988, chnh quyn thnh ph Bc Kinh nhn c khon vay ODA ca Nht ln ti 2,64 t yn, vi li sut 2.5% trong 30 nm, trong 10 nm u c min tr li.
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Nng cao nng lc qun l nc thi Bc Kinh Vin nghin cu v thit k th Bc Kinh c giao nhim v thit k nh my XLNT. Cc quy hoch c bn c hon tt vo nm 1973. Mc d c mt thi gian di chun b nhng vin thit k vn thiu kinh nghim trong vic tin hnh nhng cng vic ny, v cho n thi im , h cha c kinh nghim thit k mt nh my XLNT c cng sut ln ti 1.000.000 m3/ ngy. V Tokyo l thnh ph kt ngha vi Bc Kinh nn h n Phng thot nc Tokyo xin c t vn. Sau cng, qu trnh x l ca nh my cng c thit k xong. Qu trnh xy dng bt u vo nm 1990, v thnh ph Bc Kinh t mnh tin hnh ton b cng vic. Vo thng 3 nm 1993, cng trnh hon tt 80%. Thnh ph Bc Kinh li yu cu Phng thot nc Tokyo o to cho h v cch vn hnh v qun l nh my. Bc Kinh gi mt on nghin cu, hc tp bao gm 36 ngi sang Tokyo tp hun trong vng 14 ngy. 24 ngi c o to v qun l cng nh ti chnh trong nh my XLNT, cn 12 ngi c o to k thut vn hnh nh my, ni dung o to bao gm: hot ng ca qu trnh x l sinh hc, cch bo dng my mc, phng php phn tch ha hc Chuyn tp hun Tokyo em li hiu qu rt thit thc. Sau khi tr v Bc Kinh, cc thnh vin c tp hun m nhim nhng vai tr quan trng trong nh my XLNT Gaobei Dian. Phn ln h hin nay tr thnh nhng thnh vin ch cht ph trch cc cng trnh thot nc, bao gm tp on thot nc Bc Kinh, mt trong nhng cng ty hng u trong lnh vc thot nc v XLNT ca Trung Quc. Ngoi cng vic hng ngy, cng ty ny cn tin hnh cc hot ng nghin cu v t chc cc hi tho quc t. 30 chuyn gia ca cng ty c gi ti nhng nh my XLNT mi c xy dng Bc Kinh. Hp tc nhn lc gia phng thot nc Tokyo v Bc Kinh vn c tip tc cho n ngy nay, bng cch mt cu vin chc ngh hu ca
55
phng thot nc Tokyo c ch nh l c vn cho Vin thit k th Bc Kinh nhim nc c kim sot Vo nm 1999, nh my Gaobei Dian nng cng sut x l ln 1.000.000 m3 mt ngy, phc v cho 2,4 triu ngi. Lng nc thi ny chim khong 40% tng lng nc thi Bc Kinh. n nay, n vn l mt trong nhng nh my XLNT ln nht Trung Quc. Nh c nh my Gaobei Dian, lng nc thi qua x l khng gy nhim sng h nh trc y na. Ch tiu BOD sng Tong Hui gim mnh. t trn 80mg/l xung cn 12mg/l. Cn h Geobei Dian, h sinh thi t nhin xut hin li. Tm, c, c, c ng dn cng quay tr li. Nh my Gaobei Dian tr thnh nhn t chnh trong vic bo tn mi trng nc nhng khu vc chnh ca Bc Kinh. Hin ti, c 8 nh my XLNT Bc Kinh vi cng sut 1,88 triu m3 mt ngy. 6 ngy my na c d kin xy thm trc nm 2010. Ti s dng ngun nc Nc thi sau khi x l s c s dngd d ti cy trn ng hoc ra cc thit b nh my. Nc thi ln 3 s c a n nh my lc nc s 6 v n nh my nhit in Huaneng Bc Kinh. Nh th. mt lng nc ln c to ra, gim bt c vn u t cho ngun nc. Kh biogas thu c t qu trnh x l nc cng li c s dng to ra nng lng cho nh my hot ng. Nng lng thu c c th m bo n 20% nhu cu nng lng ca nh my. Ci cch v chnh sch Hot ng ca nh my Gaobei Dian cho thy thu gom nc thi v x l tp trung gip kim sot nhim tt hn cng nh ci thin iu kin sng hn. Xy dng v vn hnh mt h thng tp trung s t chi ph hn, v cn t din
56
tch hn. Mt li th khc ca h thng x l tp trung l s tch lu b quyt k thut trong vn hng v bo tr nh my. T s thnh cng ca nh my Gaobei Dian, vic xy dng h thng x l tp trung tr thnh mc tiu quc gia, v Trung Quc ang u t rt nhiu tin vo vic . Vo u nhng nm 1990, ngi dn khng phi tr ph cho nc thi sinh hot. Bc Kinh cng khng phi ngoi l. Khi mi i vo hot ng, nh my Gaobei Dian i din vi nhng kh khn v mt ti chnh nn khng th hot ng ht cng sut. Bc u tin khc phc vn ny l vic sa i Lut kim sot nhim vo nm 1996. Theo , ngi c u quyn c th thu ph nc thi t ngi dn a phng v t cc x nghip. Vo khong nm 2000, mt vi thnh ph ln, trong c Bc Kinh tin hnh thu ph. Cc bc cn thit nh ra ph nc thi kh phc tp. u tin, mt hi ng c ch nh xut mt biu ph mi. Biu ph ny phi c phng qun l gi ca chnh quyn thnh ph Bc Kinh chp thun. Sau , n phi c chp thun thng qua mt cuc thm d dn. Cui cng, chnh quyn a phng phi chp nhn mc ph . Thng th xut ln u rt kh c cng chng chp thun. Biu ph cho NTCN cao hn nhiu so vi NTSH. Trong khi 1m3 NTSH b tnh ph l 1 nhn dn t th mt c s kinh doanh dch v ra xe t phi tr 10 nhn dn t cho 1m3 nc thi, cn cc nh tm cng cng phi tr n 16 nhn dn t. Hn na, mt khi cc ch tiu v nc thi ca mt c s vt qua gii hn t ra th c s phi tr thm ph. T l thu ph nc thi l 85%, v th c th b p c tt c chi ph hot ng trc tip, chi ph bo dng, chi ph nhn cng, chi ph ti chnh. Tnh c chi ph cung cp 1m3 nc sch th ngi dn phi tr 3,7 yuan (khong 0,48 USD) cho 1m3 nc sinh hot. Nng cao nhn thc v mi trng
57
ngi dn chp nhn vic thu ph XLNT th nht thit phi tng cng cng tc gio dc mi trng cho ngi dn. Bc Kinh, mt trung tm gio dc mi trng c thnh lp vo thng 10/2005 vi tn gi chnh thc l Trung tm gio dc khoa hc nc v nc thi. Trung tm ny c din tch 1500 m2, nm ngay cnh nh my XLNT Gaobei Dian. Mc tiu chnh ca trung tm l gip mi ngi hiu c cc vn mi trng, nh s thiu ht ngun nc, s nhim nc, cng nh cc bin php gii quyt cc vn . Trung tm c cc ti liu, tranh nh, video, m hnh thu nh cc my mc dung XLNT. Ngoi ra, cn c cc phng hp v mt phng hc ln. Trung tm ny m ca t th hai n th su cho ngi dn, v cn cung cp c cc chng trnh gio dc cho hc sinh ph thng. Trung tm gip mi ngi hiu c tm quan trng ca cc cng trnh x l nc thi i vi vic kim sot nhim. 2. Cc gii php i vi Vit Nam 2.1. i vi vic x l nc thi ti cc KCN, KCX Khng ngng nng cao nhn thc, trch nhim cho cc cp cc ngnh t trung ng n a phng trong cng tc bo v mi trng, phi t nhim v bo v mi trng ngang hng vi nhim v pht trin kinh t - x hi, khng th tn ti quan im thu ht u t vo a phng mnh bng bt c gi no. Tip tc hon thin h thng vn bn quy phm php lut v BVMT ni chung v i vi KCN ni ring, c nhng u i ph hp, ng thi tng cng ch ti x pht, phn cng trch nhim qun l nh nc v BVMT i vi KCN tht r rng, ng thi cn tng cng nng lc v trch nhim thc thi cng v i vi cn b cng chc thuc mng li kim sot nhim. Tng cng cht lng thm nh cc d n u t mi (TM), gim st qu trnh u t v hu TM vi tt c cc d n. Mt s ch tiu nhim quan
58
trng ca nc thi cn c quan trc lin tc, truyn dn s liu v trung tm x l, theo di trnh hin tng lm i ph hoc nhng kt qu kim tra sai lch do ch quan ca con ngi. Tng cng gim st vic tun th quy hoch phn khu chc nng trong cc KCN. Cn a ra mt chun chung v ph x l nc thi lm c s p dng xc nh ph x l nc thi ph hp iu kin ca mi a phng v doanh nghip, iu ny s thc y x hi ho trong vic u t, vn hnh h thng x l nc thi trong cc KCN. Mt khi Nh nc c nhng ch ti mnh buc cc doanh nghip, cc c s kinh doanh phi XLNT t tiu chun quy nh trong lut th th trng cho ngnh XLNT s rt tim nng. Ngoi nhng hnh thc cng ch, Nh nc c th a ra cc chnh sch u i i vi nhng DN ti s dng chnh ngun nc thi ra. Vic ny hin nay Vit Nam cha c tin l nhng mt s ni trn th gii, khi chnh quyn kin quyt v ngi dn c thc bo v mi trng th cc DN p dng chnh sch ny v chng minh c tnh hiu qu ca n. 2.2. S dng vn vay ODA cho cc d n v XLNT T trc n nay, cc d n, chng trnh quc gia thc hin bng vn ngn sch hay vn ODA u tp trung ch yu vo mc tiu cung cp nc sch ch t ch n vn x l nc thi. Cc nh ti tr chnh cho cc d n v nc ca Vit Nam c th k n: Ngn hng pht trin chu ADB, Ngn hng th gii World Bank, Ngn hng hp tc quc t Nht Bn, C quan pht trin quc t Australia, C quan pht trin quc t Hoa K, Chng trnh pht trin ca Lin Hp Quc, C quan hp tc k thut c (GTZ). V vn u t cho mt nh my x l nc thi l rt ln nn Vit Nam c th vay vn ODA t
59
vi nh ti tr, v c th nh cc nh ti tr t vn v mt k thut cng nh qun l. T kinh nghim xy dng nh my x l nc thi tp trung ca Trung Quc c th thy ch cn chnh ph cng nh nhng ngi iu hnh c quyt tm, kin tr v sng kin trong cng vic th mi kh khn u c th tho g. 2.3. Ku gi u t v s tham gia ca t nhn vo ngnh XLNT
Chnh ph ca mt nc c th mun t nhn tham gia vo ngnh x l nc thi v nhng mc ch sau: Mc tiu Cch thc t c mc tiu Tng tnh hiu qu ca t ng c li nhun s dn n nhng n lc chc, vn hnh nh my x ct gim chi ph, gim gi bn v bo v ngun nc l nc thi Cng c, m rng c s h u t ca t nhn vo ngnh ny s gip c thm c s h tng m khng phi chi t ngn tng ngnh XLNT sch Tng ngun thu cho chnh Chnh ph t nhn ho ngnh nc, bn cc ti sn thuc s hu nh nc cho t nhn ph Gim trch nhim ca chnh Chuyn giao quyn s hu hoc quyn qun l cc dch v v nc cho t nhn ph Hin nay nc ta, nc c coi l mt hng ho thit yu, c nh nc tr gi. S tin nc m mi ngi dn phi tr ch b p chi ph hot ng thng ngy ca nh my
Thiu tin bo dng, u t http://svnckh.com.vn cho thit b mi Cht lng dch v khng c ci thin Tin tr cho dch v v nc thp
60
cung cp nc ch khng sa cha, bo tr, hay u t lp t thit b mi. Cng ty cung cp nc v th s khng c vn ci thin hay mau mi thit b, dn n cht lng dch v khng c m bo. Cht lng thp th ngi dn cng khng ng chi tr nhiu tin hn cho cc dch v v nc. Hn na, ngi dn dng nc my hin nay ch phi tr mt phn nh trong thu nhp ca mnh cho cc dch v v nc. V th trong thi gian ti, c kinh ph sa cha, mua sm thit b cc nh my cung cp nc, chnh ph nn cho php cc cng ty kinh doanh nc sch tng gi nc. Vi cc khu vc kh khn th Nh nc c th tr cp.
Cng ty t nhn (cng ty c phn) Hp ng chuyn nhng (Concession) Tho thun BOT-/BOOHp ng cho thu (Leasing) Hp ng qun l Cng ty nh nc hot ng theo c ch th trng Cng ty nh nc chu s ch o ca chnh ph Dch v cng cng Tng dn s tham gia ca khu vc t nhn
S tham gia ca khu vc t nhn vo ngnh XLNT
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Chnh ph nhiu nc p dng cc hnh thc nh: thu cng ty t nhn qun l hot ng ca nh my XLNT, cho t nhn thu c s h tng XLNT kinh doanh, hay trong lnh vc u t mi l cc hp ng BOT-BOO, hay thm ch l bn c nh my x l nc cho t nhn. Hin nay trn th gii Anh l nc t nhn ha 100% ngnh x l nc thi. Tuy nhin gii php thu ht khu vc t nhn tham gia cung cp ton b hay mt phn dch v XLNT ti cc th, cc thnh ph ln ca nc ta hin nay khng my kh thi, v ti cc thnh ph ln hu nh khng c h thng c s h tng cho XLNT, u t vo ngnh ny li i hi vn rt ln v th gian thu hi vn di. V th vi tnh hnh ca Vit Nam hin nay th chnh ph v cc c quan chc nng nn p dng kinh nghim ca Trung Quc trong vic xy dng mt nh my nc thi tp trung cng sut ln, phc v cho mt lng ln dn c tp trung. Sau khi xy dng v cho hot ng thnh cng mt vi nh my nh th th c th khuyn khch khu vc t nhn tham gia vo lnh vc ny. ng thi, nh nc nn ginh cc u i v thu cng nh h tr k thut, h tr nghin cu th trng i vi cc cng ty hot ng trong lnh vc sn xut thit b mi trng, t vn thit k, xy dng lp t cc cng trnh XLNT quy m nh cho cc DN, bnh vin thu ht u t vo ngnh ny.
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KT LUN
Vn mi trng ni chung v x l nc thi ni ring tr thnh mi quan tm ca ton x hi trong my nm gn y. CNH lun i i vi nguy c nhim ngun nc, m trong trng hp ca nc ta nguy c hin hin r trong cuc sng hng ngy ca ngi dn, lm suy gim nghim trng cht lng sng ca ngi dn mt s khu vc, c bit l nhng khu vc tp trung nhiu KCN, KCX. Kinh nghim ca cc nc tri qua qu trnh CNH l chi ph bo v mi trng bao gi cng nh hn nhiu chi ph lm sch mi trng sau khi b nhim. Do tnh mi m v phc tp ca ngnh XNLT, cc doanh nghip trong ngnh ch yu bao gm cc cng ty cung cp thit b mi trng v cc cng ty t vn, cng ty xy dng hot ng trn quy m nh nn ti nghin cu khng trnh khi mt s hn ch trong tip cn v phn tch s liu cng nh thng tin. Tuy nhin qua tm hiu ti liu v XLNT c th thy rng trong nhng nm ti, vn nhim nc thi s ngy cng tr thnh vn nhc nhi, i hi c gii quyt, v th th trng cho ngnh XLNT s rt rng m, s c nhiu c hi cho cc cng ty trong v ngoi nc khi u t vo lnh vc ny, mt khi chnh ph c cc bin php kin quyt buc cc c s sn xut kinh doanh thc hin ng quy nh v XLNT. i vi mt t nc ang pht trin nh Vit Nam, vic x l nhim NTSH, NTCN khng th thc hin trong thi gian ngn nhng vic ra mt chng trnh vi cc bc thc hin c th l ht sc cn thit. Chnh ph cng nh chnh quyn a phng nn nng ng, tch cc trong vic tm kim ngun vn cng nh tr gip v k thut, qun l t cc t chc, chnh ph nc ngoi trong vic xy dng cc nh my XLNT. C nh vy mi thu ht c khu vc t nhn trong v ngoi nc tham gia vo lnh vc ny.
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TI LIU THAM KHO

I. Ti liu tham kho ting Vit 1. Bo i on kt, s ra ngy 2/7/2009 2. Bo Khoa hc cng ngh s thng 5/2009 (trang 6) 3. Website http://www.ctu.edu.vn/colleges/tech/bomon/ttktmoitruong/ 4. Website http://www.mientrung.com/content/view/3173/137/ 5. Website b ti nguyn mi trng www.monre.gov.vn 6. Website http://qhxdvungthudo.xaydung.gov.vn/qhxdhn/module/news/viewconte nt.asp?id=232&langid=1) 7. Website cc KCN: www.khucongnghiep.com.vn 8. Website ca tng cc thng k: www.gso.gov.vn 9. Website http://dantri.com.vn/c76/s76-255585/cac-khu-cong-nghiepdang-sat-hai-moi-truong.htm 10.Website: http://www.sgtt.com.vn/detail83.aspx?newsid=41248&fld=HTMG/200 8/1002/41248 11. Bo Si Gn gii phng: http://www.sggp.org.vn/moitruongdothi/2008/9/164569/
II. Ti liu tham kho ting Anh 1. Bo co Wastewater treatment in Vietnam ca tc gi Raymond Van Wasbeek 2. Ti liu Sewage treatment in China download trn mng Internet 3. Asian Water Development Outlook 2007, country paper Vietnam download t Website ca ngn hng pht trin chu : http://www.adb.org/Water/Knowledge-Center/AWDO/default.asp 4. Ti liu Private sector participation in the water and wastewater ca US International Trade Commission 5. USA water sector overview 2009 update
64

(YRC) - Dinh Huong Xay Dung Nganh Xu Ly Nuoc Thai 2009

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B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC NGOI THNG -----------------o0o-----------------

CNG TRNH D THI CUC THI

H Ni, thng 7 nm 2009

1.3.1. 1.3.2. 1.3.3. 1.3.4.

S kin Vit Nam gia nhp WTO .................................................................... 32

NTCN: NTSH: XLNT: KCN: KCX: WSC:

DANH MC CC BNG, BIU , S

CHNG I: L LUN CHUNG V NGNH X L NC THI

Cht rn Nhit Ha hc Carbohydrate Du, m Thuc tr su Phenols Protein

Cht gy nhim Cc cht rn l lng

Cht v c ho tan Nhit nng Ion hydrogen

Ngun: Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Diposal, Reuse, 1989

Cc phng php x l nc thi

1.3.1. Phng php l hc

1.3.2. Phng php ha hc

1.3.3. Phng php sinh hc

Cng trnh x l nc thi Thit b x l nc Ho cht T vn, thit k

Cung ng nc Thit b h tng Vn hnh, bo dng Cng c, dch v phn tch

Ngun : USA water sector overview update 2009

Trn lnh vc x hi Theo B Y t, c gn mt na trong s 26 cn bnh truyn nhim u c

CHNG II : CC NHN T NH HNG N S PHT TRIN CA NGNH X L NC THI VIT NAM

S lng KCN, KCX trn c nc qua cc nm

1 300 1991 1995 2000 2005 2006 2008

Ngun: Tng c thng k Vit Nam

Cc c quan trong khung php l v qun l mi trng

Ban hnh lut, quy nh

T chc chp hnh

T chc thc hin

cng nghip TT Thng s

30 50 50 0,05 0,005 0,1 0,005 0,05 0,2 2 3

Niken Mangan St Thic Xianua Phenol Du m khong Du ng thc vt Clo d PCBs

0,5 1 5 1 0,1 0,5 5 20 2 0,01 1 0,1 0,5 10 600 10 30 6 5000

Xt nghim sinh hc (Bioassay) Tng hot phng x Bq/l

90% c sng st sau 96 gi trong 100% nc thi 0,1 0,1

Tng hot phng x Bq/l

KCN quanh h thng sng ng Nai

Ngun: http://www.thiennhien.net/news/139/ARTICLE/5329/2008-04-29.html Ngun: http://www.vnexpress.net/GL/Doi-song/2009/03/3BA0CF7D/

S tham gia ca khu vc t nhn vo ngnh XLNT

TI LIU THAM KHO

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