Bai Giang Quan Trac Moi Truong Khong Khi

Bai giang mon hoc Quan trac moi trng khong kh
Bin Vn Tranh (ST) Trang 1

CHNG I : AC IEM CUA MOI TRNG KHONG KH

Trai at c bao boc bi mot hon hp nhieu chat kh goi la kh quyen. Khi
chung ta xem xet kh quyen di giac o moi trng th o chnh la moi trng
khong kh.
Kh quyen la mot bo phan cua hanh tinh chung ta va c rang buoc vi trai
at bang lc hap dan trong trng. Kh quyen cua trai at c xem nh mot ai
dng khong kh va con ngi chung ta song trong ai dng nay.
e tm hieu cac tac ong, cac qua trnh dien ra trong moi trng khong kh
th trc het chung ta phai nam vng cac ac iem cua moi trng khong kh.
1.1 KHAI NIEM :
Moi trng khong kh la hon hp cac kh bao boc quanh trai at, co nhiem
vu duy tr va bao ve s song tren trai at ong vai tro cc ky quan trong trong s
sinh ton.
Con ngi chung ta co the nhn an trong 5-7 ngay, nhn uong 2-3 ngay nhng
lai khong the nhn th qua 5 phut. Khong kh la rat can thiet cho s song cua con
ngi. Ch trong moi trng khong kh trong lanh con ngi mi co the ton tai va
phat trien c, con khi a khi tiep xuc vi khong kh o nhiem th du ch trong mot
thi gian rat ngan con ngi van co the b mac mot so benh nghiem trong, oi khi
co the dan en t vong.
O nhiem khong kh chnh la s thay oi cac tnh chat vat ly, hoa hoc cua moi
trng khong kh, co kha nang gay tac ong xau en i song ong thc vat va
con ngi, en cac qua trnh cong nghe trong san xuat va cac trang thai tai nguyen
thien nhien mot cach trc tiep hoac gian tiep, tc thi hay lau dai.
Van e o nhiem khong kh gan lien vi hoat ong cua con ngi. Moi ngi
va la nan nhan va la thu pham gay ra o nhiem moi trng khong kh. Xa hoi
ngay cang phat trien tat yeu dan en moi trng ngay cang thoai hoa, moi trng
khong kh ngay cang b o nhiem tram trong hn.
Moi trng khong kh la mot loai moi trng rat nhay cam, rat de bien oi
va lan truyen, no khong dng lai bien gii lanh tho quoc gia nao va no tuan theo
nhng quy luat ve moi trng kh hau rieng cua no.
O nhiem moi trng khong kh la mot van e co quy mo toan cau v cac chat
gay o nhiem khong kh du t nguon nao va au cuoi cung cung c phan tan
khap moi ni trong toan bo kh quyen tren trai at.
Tom lai moi trng khong kh la van e xuyen bien gii nen can s hp tac
quan tam cua quoc te. Chung ta can hieu ve moi trng khong kh e s dung va
bao ve no mot cach hu ch.
1.2 CAU TRUC MOI TRNG KH QUYEN :
Kh quyen la lp vo kh bao quanh trai at c cau tao bi nhieu hp chat
khac nhau. Thanh phan va ham lng cua cac chat nay phu thuoc vao ieu kien vat
ly, kh hau va phan bo bien thien theo chieu thang ng.
Kh quyen c chia thanh nhieu tang khong kh khac nhau theo s thay oi
chieu cao va chenh lech ve nhiet o. Cau truc moi trng kh quyen c chia lam
2 phan :
/+n /n; /+n /n; /+n /n; /+n /n; : gom 4 tang
1.2.1/ Tang oi lu (Troposphere) :
Tang oi lu la tang thap nhat nam ngay tren be mat at. o cao cua tang
nay thay oi theo v o, t 8km cac i cc en 18km khu vc quanh ng
xch ao.
nh la lp tam dng tropopause dao ong trong khoang 1km, ngan cach
gia tang oi lu va tang bnh lu, c anh dau bi s nghch chuyen cua bien
thien nhiet o t am sang dng.
Cang len cao nhiet o cang giam, nhng giam rat on nh, trung bnh c len
cao 100m th nhiet o giam xuong 0,6
0
C , nhiet o co the ha thap ti 50
0
C. Ap
suat khong kh cang len cao cang giam dan.
Tang oi lu la ni che ch cho chung ta, ni dien ra hang loat s bien oi,
anh hng trc tiep en kh hau va moi trng. Khong kh tang nay luon trang
thai dch chuyen theo ca chieu ngang va chieu thang ng. Do o tang nay luon
co s xao tron khong kh.
1.2.2/ Tang bnh lu (Statosphere) :
Tang bnh lu bao gom khoang khong gian t 11km en 50km. nh la lp
tam dng Statopause ngan cach gia tang bnh lu va tang trung lu, anh dau s
nghch chuyen cua bien thien nhiet o t dng sang am.
Trong tang nay co mot lp rat quan trong o la lp Ozon o cao 1830km,
hoat ong nh mot lp mang bao ve trai at khoi nhng anh hng oc hai cua tia
t ngoai t mat tri chieu xuong. Nong o Ozon ay cao gap 10 lan so vi tang
oi lu.
Ngc lai vi tang oi lu, tang nay cang len cao nhiet o cang tang, co
the tang t 50
0
C ti 2
0
C. S tang nhiet o nay la do cang len cao cang gan vi
lp Ozon Ozon hap thu tia cc tm cua mat tri va toa nhiet.
Ap suat giam theo o cao nhng mc o giam cham hn tang oi lu va en
o cao 30km th khong thay oi, khong giam na.
Thanh phan khong kh gan giong vi tang oi lu nhng nong o hi nc
lai thap hn khoang 1000 10000 lan.
1.2.3/ Tang trung quyen (Mesosphere) :
Tang trung quyen la khoang khong gian o cao t 50km en 90km. nh la
lp tam dng Mesopause.
tang nay, nhiet o giam dan theo o cao vi toc o giam nhanh hn tang
oi lu va co the giam t 2
0
C en 100
0
C.
Thanh phan khong kh cung giong nh cac tang di nhng nong o Ozon va
hi nc lai rat thap.
1.2.4/ Tang nhiet quyen (Thermosphere) :
Tang nhiet quyen la khoang khong gian o cao t 90km en hang tram
km. Gii han tren cua tang nay khong chnh xac.
Nhiet o tang theo o cao, tang rat nhanh va rat cao t 100
0
C en +1200
0
C
.
Mat o phan t kh ay cc loang va ap suat khong kh tr nen rat thap.
/+n n;+/ /+n n;+/ /+n n;+/ /+n n;+/ :
1.2.5/ Tang ngoai quyen (Exosphere):
Tang ngoai quyen hay con goi tang khuech tan la vung qua o gia kh
quyen trai at va khong gian vu tru, la tang kh o cao hn 500 - 600km.
Nhiet o tang nay tang len rat nhanh ti khoang +1700
0
C.
Do nhiet o cao, hat khong kh chuyen ong nhanh nen chu sc hut cua trai
at rat t. Nhng hat chuyen ong nhanh nhat thang c anh hng trng trong
lc cua trai at se khong ngng khuech tan vao vung khong gian vu tru.
Mac du chung ta a nghien cu rieng le cac tang khac nhau cua kh quyen
nhng khong nen quen rang chung la thong nhat. Nhng hien tng xay ra trong
mot mien xac nh luon co anh hng en cac qua trnh vat ly cua cac mien khac.
Nhan xet :
Trong cac tang kh quyen ke tren th tang oi lu la quan trong nhat v no
anh hng ti moi hoat ong va quyet nh kh hau tren trai at. tang nay, khong
kh rat day ac, chiem hn 70% khoi lng toan bo kh quyen.
ay luon co s xao tron dong hon hp kh va cac am may hi nc do s
chenh lech nhiet o cac vung khac nhau va do cac dong kh chuyen ong theo ca
chieu thang ng lan chieu ngang.
1.3 CAC YEU TO ANH HNG EN S KHUECH TAN CHAT O NHIEM
TRONG MOI TRNG KHONG KH :
Viec khuech tan o nhiem vao moi trng khong kh la mot qua trnh vat ly
rat phc tap, qua trnh nay chu anh hng cua 3 yeu to la : kh tng, a hnh va
nha ca, cong trnh .
1.3.1/ Anh hng cua cac yeu to kh tng :
Mc o o nhiem cua lp khong kh gan mat at khong ch c anh gia
bang lng thai cua cac nguon o nhiem ma con bang s phan bo cac chat o nhiem
trong khong gian va thi gian. ieu nay phu thuoc rat nhieu vao cac yeu to kh
tng.
1.3.1.1) Anh hng cua gio :
Gio la yeu to kh tng c ban nhat co anh hng en s lan truyen chat o
nhiem. Gio hnh thanh cac dong chuyen ong roi cua khong kh tren mat at.
Anh hng cua hng gio :
Do hng gio luon thay oi nen tai iem o lng kiem tra o nhiem khong
kh thng xay ra hien tng luc th nam di luong kh thai o nhiem, luc th nam
tren luong kh thai. Do o mc o o nhiem iem tren cung bien oi theo.
Anh hng cua toc o gio :
Toc o gio tang theo s tang chenh lech ap lc kh quyen. Nhieu cong trnh
nghien cu cho thay khi toc o gio nho khoang 0-1m/s th ham lng chat o nhiem
se ln nhat. ieu nay phu hp vi cac nguon thai thap.
S phu thuoc cua nong o chat oc hai vao hng gio co y ngha rat quan
trong trong viec bo tr quy hoach khu cong nghiep trong thanh pho cung nh viec
phan khu cong nghiep. Khi la chon mot a iem e xay dng mot nha may nao
o can phai xet en hoa gio trung bnh nam, trung bnh theo mua va toc o gio
moi hng. Cac so lieu kh tng nay do cac ai, Tram kh tng gan a iem
xay dng cung cap.
1.3.1.2) Anh hng cua nhiet o Hien tng nghch ao nhiet :
Nhiet o khong kh cung co anh hng en phan bo nong o chat o nhiem
trong khong kh gan mat at.
Tnh nang hap thu va bc xa nhiet cua mat at anh hng en s phan bo
nhiet o theo chieu thang ng. Trong tang oi lu th cang len cao nhiet o khong
kh cang giam, khoang 0,6
0
C/100m.
S nghch ao nhiet o la mot yeu to ac biet nguy hiem. Ban chat cua s
nghch ao nhiet o la nhiet o kh quyen khong giam theo o cao nh s phan
tang nhiet o bnh thng ma ngc lai lp khong kh lanh, day ac va nang c
gi lai tren mat at. ieu nay lam giam s trao oi oi lu, giam s khuech tan hi
oc hai va lam tang nong o hi oc hai trong khong kh gan mat at.
S nghch ao nhiet co tnh a phng v the khi xay dng nha may can
phai nghien cu rat ky ieu kien kh hau va ieu quan trong la mieng ong thai chat
oc hai phai at cao hn tang nghch ao nhiet.
1.3.1.3) Anh hng cua o am, ma va sng mu :
o am :
Trong ieu kien o am ln, cac hat bui l lng trong khong kh nh co hi
nc nen co the lien ket vi nhau thanh cac hat to hn va ri nhanh xuong at.
T mat at, cac vi sinh vat phat tan vao khong kh, o am ln tao ieu kien
cho vi sinh vat sinh trng phat trien nhanh chong va bam vao cac hat bui am l
lng trong khong kh bay i xa, gay ra truyen nhiem benh.
o am con co tac dung hoa hoc vi cac chat kh thai cong nghiep, v du nh
: SO
2
, SO
3
hoa hp vi hi nc trong khong kh tao thanh H
2
SO
3
va H
2
SO
4
.
Ma :
Ma co tac dung lam sach moi trng khong kh, cac hat ma keo theo cac
hat bui va hoa tan mot so chat oc hai trong khong kh roi ri xuong at, gay o
nhiem at va o nhiem nc.
Nh vay, ma thuc ay viec loai cac chat o nhiem ra khoi kh quyen nhng
lai gop phan chuyen cac chat o nhiem nay vao at, nguon nc va cay coi cung
nh cac cong trnh nhan tao. ac biet la khi loi cuon cac chat an mon hoa hoc,
nc ma tuy cham nhng co kha nang pha huy tat ca nhng g co tren mat at.
Ma lam sach bui tren cac la cay, do o lam tang kha nang hut bui cua cac
dai cay xanh cach ly bao ve khu dan c.
Sng mu :
Sng mu day ac va keo dai xac nh hien tng lang ong trong lp kh
quyen tai mat at. o la yeu to kh tng bat li. Trc het chung gop phan hnh
thanh s nghch ao nhiet o, ke en, chung co the la nguyen nhan tao thanh khoi
mu oc hai.
a co nhieu trng hp khoi mu gay tai nan the tham cho dan c. V vay,
tan so hnh thanh, mat o va o on nh cua sng mu mot a phng nao o
can c phan tch can than trong viec thiet ke cac cong trnh x ly kh thai va thai
kh.
1.3.2/ Anh hng cua a hnh :
a hnh, tham ch vi cac go at, oi nui co o cao khong ln lam cung a
co anh hng en kh hau va s phan bo chat o nhiem. Cac nghien cu thc
nghiem cho thay rang khong kh pha sau cac oi, go, pha sau gio co nong o chat
o nhiem ln hn pha trc.
Do o khi xay dng khu cong nghiep hay nha may tai nhng vung co a
hnh phc tap th can phai tien hanh o ac lai cac yeu to kh tng va o ac
nhieu lan khong nen s dung cac so lieu kh tng chung cua ca vung do cac ai,
Tram cung cap .
Tot nhat la vung co nhieu oi nui nen at nha may tren nh oi, khu
dan c nen at thung lung hoac sn oi on gio.
1.3.3/ Anh hng cua nha ca va cong trnh :
Nha ca, cong trnh gop phan lam thay oi trng van toc cua khong kh.
pha trc cong trnh van toc chuyen ong cua khong kh tang len, pha sau van
toc kh giam lai tao nen vung gio quan va phai den mot khoang cach xa van toc kh
mi at c gia tr ban au.
Cac vung gio quan se lam cho nong o chat o nhiem tang cao len, ac biet
la vi cac nguon o nhiem thap.
Vung gio quan (bong kh ong) phu thuoc vao cac yeu to :
+ Kch thc cua cong trnh, chieu cao nha, chieu rong nha.
+ Cong trnh ng oc lap hay nam trong cum nha.
+ Khoang cach gia cac cong trnh trong cum nha.
+ Hng gio thoi : trng hp bat li nhat la khi gio thoi trc giao vi truc
nha.
Quy c :
- Nha hep : b 2,5 H
nha
vi b : chieu rong nha
H
nha
: chieu cao nha
- Nha rong : b > 2,5 H
nha

- Neu khoang cach gia hai nha ln hn 10 lan chieu cao cua ngoi nha
ng trc theo chieu gio th coi nh ng oc lap, nho hn 10 lan th coi la cum
nha.
Di ay la s o bong kh ong ng vi cac trng hp khac nhau.

Hnh 1.1 a. Nha hep ng oc lap


Hnh 1.1 b. Nha rong ng oc lap

Hnh 1.1 c. Nha hep ng trc nha khac vi khoang cach x
1
10 H
nh

Hnh 1.1 d. Nha rong ng trc nha khac vi khoang cach x
1
8 H
nh

Chu thch tren hnh ve 1.1 a ; 1.1 b ; 1.1 c ; 1.1 d : 1- vung ap suat dng
(can gio); 2- vung gio quan chung (bao trum ca ben tren va sau nha); 3- vung gio
quan tren mai nha pha on gio; 4- vung gio quan pha khuat gio; 5- vung gio quan
gia hai ngoi nha.
Chieu cao gii han cua cac nguon thai thap :
a) Nha hep ng oc lap :

Hnh 1.2 Chieu cao gii han H
gh
cua nguon iem thap trong trng hp nha
hep ng oc lap.
Quy c : + Mat chuan la mat sau cua nha.
+ b
z
la khoang cach t nguon en mat chuan : neu nguon nam ben trai
th b
z
> 0, neu nguon nam ben phai th b
z
< 0.
Mieng thai cua ong khoi nam thap hn ng huyen AB cua tam giac vuong
OAB c xem la nguon thap. Chieu cao gii han cua nguon thai :
H
gh
= 0,36 b
z
+ 2,5 H
nh
b) Nha rong ng oc lap :
H
gh
= (b
z
+ 4,7 H
nh
) * tg = 0,36 b
z
+ 1,7 H
nh

Hnh 1.3 chieu cao gii han H
gh
cua nguon iem thap trong trng hp nha
rong ng oc lap.
c) Vi cum nha :
H
gh
= (x
1
+

b
z
)* tg + H
nh
= 0,36 ( x
1
+ b
z
) + H
nh

Hnh 1.4 Chieu cao gii han H
gh
cua nguon iem thap trong trng hp hai
hay nhieu nha ng canh nhau tren truc gio.
CHNG II : CAC NGUON VA TAC NHAN GAY O NHIEM MOI
TRNG KHONG KH

e nghien cu ve van e o nhiem khong kh chung ta can phai biet ro tat ca
cac nguon phat sinh ra chat o nhiem, cac loai chat o nhiem va tac hai cua chung
oi vi moi trng, t o mi co the e xuat ra cac giai phap e giam thieu va x
ly o nhiem mot cach co hieu qua.
2.1 CAC NGUON GAY O NHIEM KHONG KH :
2.1.1/ Khai niem ve o nhiem khong kh :
O nhiem khong kh la hien tng lam cho khong kh sach thay oi thanh
phan va tnh chat trc bat c mot nguyen nhan nao, co nguy c gay tac hai ti
ong vat, thc vat, en cac moi trng xung quanh, cac loai vat lieu va en sc
khoe cua con ngi.
Khong kh sach la khong kh cua kh quyen khi cha co s tac ong cua con
ngi. Gom :
Oxy : 20,91% Nit : 78,09% Argon : 0,93%
CO
2
: 0,032% Ne : 0,02% He : 0,05%
CH
4
, H
2
, CO vi ham lng rat t
Hi nc : co anh hng rat ln en moi trng, qua trnh phat tan, bien oi
va pha loang chat o nhiem trong khong kh.
Ngoai ra, con co cac cau t dang hat l lng, bui, phan hoa, vi khuan, virut,
bao t nam va mui.

Nguon o nhiem Kh quyen Nguon tiep nhan
Chat o nhiem Bien oi
2.1.2/ Nguon gay o nhiem khong kh :
Nguon gay o nhiem khong kh la nguon sinh ra cac chat o nhiem. Co 4 cach
phan loai nguon gay o nhiem khong kh :
Cach 1 : Da vao nguon goc phat sinh, chia nguon o nhiem ra lam hai loai la
nguon t nhien va nguon nhan tao.
a) Nguon t nhien (thien nhien) :
Nguon t nhien la nguon do cac hien tng t nhien gay ra nh :
O nhiem do hoat ong cua nui la :
Khi hoat ong, nui la phun ra mot lng khong lo cac chat o nhiem nh tro
bui, kh SO
2
, H
2
S va CH
4
, tac ong moi trng cua cac t phun trao nui la la rat
nang ne va lau dai.
O nhiem do bao cat :
Hien tng bao cat thng xay nhng vung at tr va kho khong c che
phu bi tham thc vat, ac biet la cac vung sa mac. Gio manh boc cat bui t nhng
vung hoang hoa, sa mac va mang i rat xa gay o nhiem bau kh quyen trong mot
khu vc rong ln, anh hng ong thi en nhieu nc trong khu vc chu tac ong.
V du : hien tng ma bui trong mot pham vi rong ln mien Nam nc
Anh vao mua he 1968 la hau qua cua cac t bao cat Bac Phi (sa mac Sahara)
Ngoai viec gay o nhiem khong kh, bao cat con lam giam tam nhn, t o co
the gay ra nhieu tac hai to ln. Ch co ma keo dai nhieu gi hoac nhieu ngay mi
goi sach c bui trong khong kh do bao cat gay ra.
O nhiem do chay rng :
Nan chay rng co the xay ra do cac nguyen nhan t nhien nh han han keo
dai, kh hau kho va nong khac nghiet lam cho co kho b boc chay khi gap tia la do
co va cham ngau nhien, t o lan rong ra thanh am chay ln. Tuy nhien nan chay
rng rat de xay ra do hoat ong vo y thc va vu li ca nhan cua con ngi.
Khi rng b chay, nhieu chat oc hai boc len va lan toa ra mot khu vc rong
ln nhieu khi vt ra khoi bien gii cua quoc gia co rng b chay. Nhng chat oc
hai o la khoi, tro bui, cac hydratcacbon khong chay, kh SO
2
, CO va NO
x
.
Mot so bien phap phong chong chay rng c ap dung kha pho bien la tao
ra cac dai at trong (khong cay coi) gia cac khu rng lien ke nhau.
O nhiem do ai dng :
Sng mu t mat bien boc len va bui nc do song ap vao b c gio t
ai dng thoi vao at lien co cha nhieu tinh the muoi, chu yeu la NaCl (khoang
70%), con lai la cac chat MgCl
2
, CaCl
2
, KBr
Tong khoi lng cac tinh the muoi khoang do ai dng boc len c tnh
khoang 2*10
9
t/nam. Neu xem rang lng muoi khoang boc vao kh quyen noi tren
c phan bo eu tren mot dien tch an sau vao at lien la 300km vi tong chieu
dai cua b bien tren trai at khoang 3*10
5
km th lng tinh the muoi lang ong
tren moi km
2
vung at ven bien trong mot ngay la khoang 60kg.
Loai o nhiem nay ong vai tro chu yeu trong viec gay han r vat lieu, pha
huy cong trnh xay dng
O nhiem do thc vat :
Ngoai tac dung rat hu ch khong the thieu c oi vi cuoc song cua con
ngi th thc vat cung la nguon gay o nhiem khong kh ang ke.
Chat o nhiem do thc vat san sinh ra va lan toa vao kh quyen la :
Cac hp chat hu c de bay hi cac hydrocarbon.
Cac bao t thc vat, nam ma nong o cc ai trong khong kh thng co
vao mua he (thang 7 ,8).
Phan hoa co kch thc t 10 - 50m.
Cac chat o nhiem noi tren do thc vat toa ra c tn khoang 15t/km
2
.nam.
Cac chat nay thng gay ra cac benh d ng, benh ng ho hap oi vi c the con
ngi.
O nhiem do cac chat phong xa :
Trong long at co mot so khoang san va quang kim loai co kha nang phong
xa. Cng o phong xa cang manh cang gay nguy hiem cho cuoc song cua con
ngi khi nhng vat chat phong xa ay co mat trong moi trng khong kh xung
quanh.
O nhiem co nguon goc t vu tru :
Co rat nhieu hat vat chat nho be t vu tru xam nhap vao bau kh quyen cua
trai at mot cach thng xuyen lien tuc. Theo thong ke, hang ngay trai at nhan
hang ngan tan vat chat be nho, kch thc cua chung thay oi t vai micromet en
vai centimet. Nguon goc cua cac loai bui vu tru nay la t cac thien thach cung nh
t cac am may hoang ao hoac cung co the la t chnh Mat tri.
O nhiem do vi khuan vi sinh vat :
Trong khong kh xung quanh chung ta co rat nhieu vi khuan vi sinh vat, ac
biet la nhng ni tap trung ong ngi nh nha ga, ca hang, sieu th
Cac san pham len men va b phan huy la moi trng tot cho s phat trien
cua vi khuan vi sinh vat. San pham cuoi cung cua qua trnh phan huy la amoniac,
mun, CO
2
, CH
4
va sulfua. Cac qua trnh nay thng sinh ra cac mui hoi thoi khong
ben vng (do qua trnh thoi ra).
Ngoai ra, cac phan ng hoa hoc gia cac kh trong t nhien cung phat sinh
chat o nhiem nh cac kh sulfat, nitrat, cac loai muoi axit cacbonic .
Tong lng tac nhan o nhiem co nguon goc t nhien thng rat ln nhng lai
c phan bo tng oi ong eu tren toan the gii. Va thc te la con ngi va
ong thc vat cung a quen vi nong o cac tac nhan nay (nong o nen).
b) Nguon nhan tao :
Nguon nhan tao cung kha a dang, chu yeu la do hoat ong giao thong van
tai, hoat ong cong nghiep (ay la 2 nguon o nhiem chnh o th), ngoai ra con
mot phan nho t sinh hoat cua con ngi va hoat ong nong nghiep.
Hoat ong cua con ngi mot mat tao ra cac san pham phuc vu cho nhu cau
cuoc song cua con ngi, mat khac lai la nguon goc chnh phat sinh ra cac chat oc
hai co tac ong xau oi vi ban than con ngi. ay chung ta ac biet quan tam
en nguon o nhiem nhan tao nay.
Nguon o nhiem giao thong van tai :
San sinh ra t ong khoi, ong xa cua xe co, may bay, tau be cha nhieu
kh CO, NO
2
, NO , SO
2
, SO
3
, hat bui Pb, benzen va cac dan xuat cua benzen gay
ung th
Hoat ong giao thong van tai san sinh ra 2/3 kh CO
2
, 1/3 kh Hydrocacbon
va nito oxit, ac biet con gay o nhiem bui at a, bui oc hai nh : bui hi ch va
tan khoi. Kha nang khuech tan cua cac chat o nhiem nay phu thuoc vao a hnh va
quy hoach kien truc cua cac pho hai ben ng.
May bay gay o nhiem bui, hi oc hai va tieng on. Chat thai cua may bay
khac vi chat thai cua khu cong nghiep la no gay ra tren cao khong bo hep trong
mot tieu khu hay thanh pho. Cac may bay sieu am bay o cao ln thai ra kh Nit
oxit gay nguy hiem cho cac phan t Ozon tren thng tang kh quyen.
ac iem noi bat cua nguon o nhiem giao thong van tai la nguon o nhiem
rat thap, di ong, so lng ln nen rat kho kiem soat.
Nguon o nhiem cong nghiep :
Do qua trnh ot nhien lieu thai ra cac chat oc qua ong khoi.
Do boc hi, ro r, that thoat tren day chuyen san xuat san pham va tren cac
ng ong dan tai.
ac iem cua nguon thai t cac nha may la nong o chat oc hai rat cao va
tap trung trong mot khong gian nho.
Moi nganh san xuat co nhng chat o nhiem ac trng rieng cua nganh o.
V du : - san xuat giay : bui , thiet b nau dung dch sulfit : kh SO
2
, SO
3
,
- san xuat thuy tinh : lo nau thuy tinh : bui, NO
x
, SO
2
,
- nha may thuoc la : bui, mui hoi va nicotin
Nguon o nhiem t sinh hoat cua con ngi :
Chu yeu la bep un va lo si s dung nhien lieu than a, cui, dau hoa va kh
ot, nhng nhn chung nguon nay nho ch gay o nhiem cuc bo.
Ngoai ra , viec hut thuoc la cung la mot nguyen nhan gay o nhiem moi trng
khong kh, co hai en sc khoe do tao ra cac chat oc nh : axeton, nephanil,
nicotin va nhieu chat gay ung th.
Cong ranh, moi trng nc mat b o nhiem, boc hi hay phan huy tao ra cac
kh gay mui hoi nh : H
2
S , NH
3
, CH
4
Kh thoat ra t cac ho x.
Cac cong trnh xay dng, khai thac a gay o nhiem bui va tieng on.
Nhn chung cac nguon o nhiem nay la nho nhng lai gay ra o nhiem cuc bo
trong mot nha hay trong mot phong.
Nguon o nhiem do hoat ong nong nghiep :
Hoat ong nong nghiep tao ra 15% tong so cac chat kh gay hieu ng nha
knh nh :
+ CO
2
tao ra do qua trnh ot rng lam ray, do hoa hoan.
+ CH
4
sinh ra t cac canh ong am t hay t cac qua trnh phan giai yem
kh chat hu c nh : mun, phan gia suc
Nhan xet :
Ve khoi lng tuy nguon o nhiem nhan tao t hn nguon o nhiem t nhien
nhng lai oc hai hn rat nhieu do thai ra nhieu chat oc hai hn va lai gan khu
dan c ni co mat o dan so ong.
Cach 2 : Da vao tnh chat hoat ong, gom 3 nhom :
+ Nguon phat thai lien tuc
+ Nguon phat thai gian oan (khong lien tuc)
+ Nguon phat thai that thng
Cach 3 : Da vao v tr thai, co 2 loai :
+ Nguon co nh : qua trnh cong nghiep , sinh hoat, t nhien
+ Nguon di ong (giao thong van tai), gom :
- Nguon ng (nguon tuyen) : xe co , tau
- Nguon vung : gom nhieu nguon tuyen giao nhau : san bay, cang
bien, thanh pho
Cach 4 : Da vao mo hnh tnh toan, co 3 loai :
+ Ve o cao :
- Nguon thap : day chuyen san xuat cong nghe, he thong thong gio
- Nguon cao : ong khoi cao
+ Ve mat hnh the :
- Nguon iem : 1 ong khoi,1 nha may,1be xi ma
- Nguon ng : ng giao thong co mat o xe chay ln, ca mai
thong gio t nhien tng oi dai
- Nguon mat : s bay bui t be than, s boc hi chat oc hai t be
cha hoa chat co kch thc ln
- Nguon khong gian : la pham vi bong kh ong sau cong trnh b
nhiem ban.
+ Ve phng dien nhiet :
- Nguon nong : ong khoi cua lo nung, lo say
- Nguon nguoi : ong khoi t cac qua trnh hoa hoc cua cong nghe san
xuat...
2.2 CAC CHAT GAY O NHIEM KHONG KH VA TAC HAI CUA CHUNG :
2.2.1/ Cac chat gay o nhiem khong kh :
Bat ky mot chat nao dang kh, long hay ran khi thai vao moi trng khong
kh vi nong o va u gay anh hng trc tiep en i song va hoat ong cua con
ngi, ong thc vat, en cac be mat va canh quan moi trng eu c goi la
chat gay o nhiem khong kh.
Phan loai chat gay o nhiem khong kh : co 3 cach
Cach 1 : Da vao nguon goc phat sinh ngi ta chia chat o nhiem ra lam hai
loai :
Chat o nhiem s cap : la chat o nhiem sinh ra trc tiep tai nguon.
V du : + ot dau DO, FO sinh ra kh SO
2
, SO
3
, CO, CO
2
, NO
2
, H.C, aldehyte,
bui
+ xi ma : hi cua cac dung dch ma bay ra t be ma
Chat o nhiem th cap : la chat o nhiem sinh ra do qua trnh bien oi
hoa hoc gia cac chat o nhiem s cap vi nhau hoac gia cac chat o nhiem s cap
vi cac chat o nhiem co san trong kh quyen.
V du : SO
2
+ H
2
O H
2
SO
3
: chat o nhiem th cap
(ot dau) (hi nc trong khong kh)
Tom lai : + o ac lay mau tai nguon : chat o nhiem s cap
+ o ac lay mau trong khong kh : chat o nhiem th cap
Cach 2 : Da vao trang thai vat ly, co 3 loai :
- Chat o nhiem dang ran : bui, khoi
- Chat o nhiem dang hi (long) : hi dung moi hu c, hi acid (xi
ma)
- Chat o nhiem dang kh : kh vo c, kh hu c
Cach 3 : Da vao kch thc, co 2 loai :
- Phan t : kh
- Hat : + Bui (dust) : do va ap : kch thc tng oi ln
+ Khoi (smoke) : do qua trnh ot chay : kch thc nho hn
+ Sng mu (smog) : do chat long ngng tu
+ Khoi nhat (fumes) : do ngng tu cua phan t ran ( hi ch, hi
kim loai )
Cac chat o nhiem chnh trong moi trng khong kh :
Cac loai kh : NO , NO
2
, N
2
O , SO
2
, SO
3
, CO , H
2
S , cac loai kh halogen : Cl
2
,
Br
2
, I
2

Cac hp chat Flo
Cac chat tong hp et xang (acetic , acid ete )
Cac loai bui nhe l lng (bui ran, bui long, bui vi sinh vat), sol kh, muoi, khoi,
sng mu, phan hoa
Cac loai bui nang nh bui at, a, bui kim loai : ong, ch, sat, kem
Cac loai kh quang hoa nh : ozon, FAN, NO
x
, aldehyte
Chat thai phong xa
2.2.2/ Tac hai cua cac chat gay o nhiem khong kh :
Hien nay nhan thc cua con ngi ve pham vi tac ong cua chat o nhiem
khong kh la con rat t oi.
2.2.2.1) Tac hai oi vi thi tiet, kh hau :
O nhiem moi trng khong kh khong ch gay anh hng xau oi vi kh hau
khu vc ma con anh hng en kh hau toan cau.
Anh hng en kh hau toan cau :
- Hieu ng nha knh :
Yeu to chu yeu anh hng en kh hau the gii la s can bang nhiet cua trai
at. Cac hien tng thi tiet nh gio, bao, may, ma phan ln phu thuoc vao quy
nhiet nay. Con ngi a tac ong en s can bang nhiet nay cua trai at qua viec
thai kh CO
2
(nhat la t cac qua trnh ot nhien lieu) va cac sol kh vao kh quyen.
Kh CO
2
gan nh trong suot vi anh sang trong thay nhng lai la chat hap
thu rat manh va phan phat xa bc xa hong ngoai. V vay, s tch luy kh CO
2
tang
len trong kh quyen gay tang nhiet o khong kh trong tang oi lu, do nhieu bc xa
nhiet t trai at c gi lai. ieu nay lam tang nhiet o trai at len mot cach lau
dai. Nhiet o trai at tang lam tan lp bang hai cc, lam dang mc nc bien,
gay bao lut mot so vung nay va han han nong kho mot so vung khac, cac thanh
pho ong bang co b bien thap se chm di nc.
Nhiet o trai at tang lam tang cac qua trnh chuyen hoa sinh hoa, gay nen
s mat can bang ve lng va chat trong c the song; lam giam kha nang hoa tan
cua kh CO
2
trong nc bien. Lng CO
2
trong kh quyen tang, gay mat can bang
kh CO
2
gia kh quyen va ai dng, lam dch chuyen cac vung sinh thai tren trai
at cac loai ca chuyen xuong song tai cac vung nc sau hn e tranh s tang
nhiet o be mat.
Ben canh CO
2
con co mot so kh khac gay hieu ng nha knh nh kh NO
x
,
CH
4
va CFC.
- Suy giam tang Ozon :
Tang Ozon tap trung nhieu nhat tang bnh lu c xem la cai o bao ve
con ngi, the gii ong - thc vat tranh khoi tai hoa do bc xa tia t ngoai cua mat
tri gay ra, no gi vai tro quan trong oi vi kh hau va sinh thai cua trai at. Cac
nha khoa hoc a bao ong ve s suy giam en 40% nong o Ozon cac Cc trai
at (nhat la Nam Cc). Cac nguyen nhan co the dan ra nh sau :
Do s dung chat freon, dan xuat cua halogen vi metan, etan nh ClFCH
2
,
Cl
2
FC
Freon c dung nhieu trong ky thuat va i song (chat tai lanh, dung moi
my pham, sn, tay ra) chung la kh tr oi vi cac phan ng hoa hoc thong
thng. Khi thai vao tang oi lu, chung khuech tan cham sang tang bnh lu. Di
tac dung cua cac tia t ngoai, chung phan ly va giai phong cac nguyen t Clo. ieu
ang s la moi mot nguyen t Clo co the phan ng day chuyen vi hang tram ngan
phan t Ozon bien Ozon thanh Oxy.
Nguyen nhan quan trong th 2 la do cac kh sinh ra bi cac hoat ong nhan tao
nh CO, CH
4
, NO
x
va khoi quang hoa. Chung tham gia phan ng vi cac goc ton
tai tang bnh lu, tr thanh chat hoat hoa va gop phan phan huy Ozon.
V du : cac may bay phan lc sieu am bay o cao ln thai ra nhieu kh NO
x
cung
thuc ay qua trnh lam thung tang Ozon.
Tang Ozon suy giam lam cho mot lng ln bc xa xam nhap vao mat at
gay huy hoai mat, ung thu da, ton hai en sinh vat. Tiem chung mot so benh tr
nen t tac dung. Khi bc xa tia cc tm tang se xuc tac manh cac phan ng hoa hoc
tang kh quyen thap, lam tang sng mu va ma axit, dan en hau qua tang benh
ng ho hap, thc vat phat trien cham.
- Ma axit :
Rat nhieu nguon o nhiem t nhien hoac nhan tao a vao kh quyen nhng
kh mang tnh axit nh SO
2
, NOx , HCl Nhng kh nay de dang hoa tan trong
nc, trong qua trnh tao ma, chung phan ng vi hi nc trong kh quyen sinh ra
axit H
2
SO
3
, H
2
SO
4
, HNO
3
, HCl lam ma co tnh axit.
Ma axt lam tang o axit cua at, huy diet rng, mua mang, gay nguy hai
oi vi thuy sinh vat, con ngi va ong vat, lam hong nha ca, cau cong Ma
axit lam tang kha nang hoa tan cua mot so kim loai oc hai va se rat nguy hiem
neu chung i vao nguon thc pham.
Tac hai cua ma axit co tnh a quoc gia, vd : rng va mua mang Canada
b tan pha bi ma axit do chat thai o nhiem t cac khu cong nghiep Bac My, hay
o nhiem khong kh Anh gay ra ma axit Thuy ien do s van chuyen chat o
nhiem t cho nay sang cho khac bi gio va cac yeu to kh tng.
Anh hng en kh hau vung thanh pho :
- Sng mu :
Cac vung o th thng co sng mu keo dai hn so vi cac vung nong thon
v ay co san cac hat nhan ngng tu. Sng mu tang lam giam s chieu nang, gay
tr ngai cho giao thong va giam s thong gio cua mot vung.
- Lng ma :
Kh quyen vung thanh pho cha nhieu chat o nhiem, ac biet la nhng hat
mn khac nhau ong vai tro la cac hat nhan ngng tu, do o lng ma trong va
xung quanh cac thanh pho tang len ang ke do hien tng o nhiem khong kh.
- S chieu nang :
Hau het cac thanh pho, lng bui hat nhieu a lam giam ang ke nang
lng mat tri i ti so vi cac vung nong thon. ieu nay anh hng ti cac qua
trnh quang hp va s phan bo ong thc vat, s phong hoa vat lieu va sc khoe
con ngi.
- Tam nhn :
S giam tam nhn la mot trong nhng anh hng pho bien nhat cua hien
tng o nhiem khong kh ma mot ngi bnh thng co the nhan ra c. Tam nhn
b giam tao ra mot ganh nang kinh te cho nhieu cong ong, tac ong xau en giao
thong van tai (lam cham so lan cat canh va ha canh tai san bay), de gay tai nan
giao thong gay thiet hai ve ngi va cua.
2.2.2.2) Tac hai oi vi con ngi :
Anh hng cua chat o nhiem khong kh en sc khoe con ngi la van e
quan trong nhat can quan tam. Cac chat o nhiem khong kh i vao c the con ngi
qua ng ho hap. Cac hat co kch thc ln hn 5 m b loai trong phan tren cua
he ho hap (mui va kh quan). Cac hat be hn co the xam nhap vao phoi gay ra cac
chng benh kinh nien nh ung th, viem phoi, hen suyen, kh thung phoi, benh
ngoai da
Mot so chat o nhiem cung gay nhng anh hng giong nhau nh SO
2
va
HCHO eu lam can tr ng dan kh trong phan tren ng ho hap , ca CO lan
NO
2
eu ngan tr s van chuyen Hemoglobin. Nen khi cung co mat trong moi
trng khong kh chung se gay nen tac ong manh hn.
Khi tiep xuc vi cac chat o nhiem th con ngi se b anh hng trc tiep
en sc khoe, co the gay ra nhng benh anh hng en mat, ng ho hap, he than
kinh, da va co khi nguy hiem en tnh mang.
ong thi chat o nhiem cung gay ra cac anh hng en qua trnh sinh trng
va phat trien cua con ngi (sinh quai thai, d tat), lam giam kha nang lao ong,
gay anh hng en qua trnh lam viec va ngh ngi cua con ngi.
Tac hai cua mot so chat o nhiem oi vi con ngi nh :
- Bui co the gay benh ung th phoi, viem phoi, hen suyen, kh thung phoi
- CO, NO
2
ngan tr s van chuyen oxy cua hemoglobin,..
- CO
2
: co the gay chet ngi va gay benh ve tim, phoi
2.2.2.3) Tac hai oi vi ong vat :
Cac chat o nhiem co the gay benh, dch benh, gay anh hng en s sinh
trng va i song cua ong vat.
Mot so chat nh florua, asen, molipen, ch, kem khi bay hi vao trong
kh quyen gay ra chng nhiem oc kinh nien cho ong vat. Ngoai nhng anh hng
nguy hai do ht th phai khong kh o nhiem, ong vat con co the b suy yeu do an
phai thc an b nhiem ban bi s tch tu cac chat o nhiem khong kh. Hau het cac
chat o nhiem khong kh eu dang khoi, cung vi thi gian chung se co mat trong
at, nc, tham ch ca trong thc an.
Ngoai ra ong vat con co the b benh do virut, nam lan truyen trong moi
trng khong kh. Cac chat co tac ong nguy hai en con ngi th cung co tac
ong nguy hai len ong vat. Tnh nhay cam cua ong vat oi vi cac chat o nhiem
cao hn con ngi rat nhieu, mot thay oi nho cung co anh hng rat ln en ong
vat.
2.2.2.4) Tac hai oi vi thc vat :
Hau het cac chat o nhiem khong kh eu co tac ong xau oi vi thc vat,
lam giam kha nang quang hp cua cay do cay b chay la, kho la do o lam giam
nang suat cay trong, giam kha nang sinh trng va phat trien cua cay.
Anh hng cua cac chat o nhiem khong kh len thc vat, mc tac hai cap
tnh : gay ra s chet hoai trong la, tat ca cac mo b chet, ca pha tren va pha di
be mat la, lam kho la, chay mep la.
Khac vi tac hai cap, tac hai man tnh la ket qua cua qua trnh tac ong lau
dai cua chat o nhiem nong o thap, tac ong nay thng xuyen lam thay oi mau
la hoac lam la b ua vang bi s pha hoai chat diep luc.
Ton hai sac to : la chng lam cho la nau en, en, o ta hay xuat hien o
lom om.
Tac hai en s phat trien : co the nhan thay qua
+ S km ham kha nang phat trien cua cay : cac choi non b can tr
khong nay choi c, lam cho chung b xoan lai, ruc ru, hoac coi coc, la b rung va
hoa n th cung chong tan.
+ Kch thch s phat trien cua cay : lam la phat trien qua nhanh va do
o lam cho phien la b xoan lai.
2.2.2.5) Tac hai oi vi cac loai vat lieu :
Mot so chat o nhiem khi tiep xuc vi cac thiet b, cong trnh, o vat bang
kim loai trong khong kh thng gay cac hien tng an mon, lang ong, phan ng
hoa hoc trc tiep, gian tiep lam pha hoai cac vat lieu, lam giam tuoi tho cua
cong trnh, lam thiet b chong h hong nhat la trong moi trng khong kh am.
V du : + CO
2
: pha hoai a dung trong xay dng
CO
2
+ H
2
O H
2
CO
3

+ SO
2
: lam mat mau cac tac pham hoi hoa
+ may bay sieu am gay o nhiem tieng on lam v knh
Neu khong kh khong cha am th s an mon rat t, ngay ca trong moi trng
bi o nhiem tram trong nhat. Moi kim loai co mot o am khong kh gii han, neu
vt qua gii han nay th toc o an mon se tang len rat manh liet.
V du : + trong kh quyen co cha SO
2
th o am gii han cua nhom la 80%, cua
niken la 70%.
+ kh SO
2
khong co tnh an mon kim loai khi thi tiet kho, neu thi tiet am
th SO
2
tac dung vi nc tao thanh axit la chat an mon rat manh.
Gio cung la nhan to gop phan gay hai, gio lam cho cac hat bui trong kh
quyen chuyen ong vi toc o cao lam mai mon be mat cac cong trnh xay dng.
Nhiet o, anh sang mat tri cung la mot nguyen nhan trc tiep lam giam gia tr vat
chat.
2.2.2.6) Tac hai ve mat kinh te :
Cac chat o nhiem khong kh a gay ra nhng thiet hai rat ln ve vat chat oi
vi nen kinh te quoc dan. Can rat nhieu tien e kiem tra, kiem soat, ngan nga o
nhiem moi trng.
Chi ph e bao ve thiet b, nha ca, lam sach thc pham, nc uong, bao ve
sc khoe con ngi cung nh nhng thiet hai kinh te do cong nhan ngh om, do
lang ph nguyen nhien lieu la rat ln va co xu hng ngay cang tang theo thi
gian.
2.3 TIEU CHUAN CHAT LNG MOI TRNG KHONG KH :
e gi gn moi trng trong lanh, cac to chc quoc te va nhieu quoc gia a
xay dng cac tieu chuan chat lng moi trng. Tieu chuan chat lng moi trng
la nong o gii han hoac toi a cua cac chat o nhiem cho phep trong moi trng
xung quanh hoac c phep thai ra moi trng.
Tieu chuan chat lng moi trng khong kh la nhng quy luat va nguyen
tac hay nhng so o ve chat lng khong kh c thiet lap bi cac nha chuyen
mon va c s ung ho cua cac c quan chc nang. Tieu chuan nay la cong cu can
thiet e quan ly va duy tr moi trng khong kh sao cho moi trng khong kh co
the tiep tuc phu hp vi con ngi va cac giong loai khac trong he sinh thai.
Tieu chuan chat lng moi trng khong kh bao gom :
+ Tieu chuan chat lng moi trng khong kh xung quanh
+ Tieu chuan chat lng nguon thai
ay chnh la c s phap ly e nha nc va nhan dan kiem tra, kiem soat moi
trng, x ly vi pham moi trng va anh gia tac ong moi trng Bat c mot
c s san xuat nao hay mot nguon thai o nhiem nao cung eu phai ong thi thoa
man ca hai tieu chuan nay.
2.3.1/ Tieu chuan chat lng moi trng khong kh xung quanh :
c ap dung e anh gia mc chat lng khong kh xung quanh va giam
sat tnh trang o nhiem khong kh xung quanh.
Trong tieu chuan nay ngi ta thng dung tr so nong o cc ai cho phep,
o la nong o ln nhat cua chat oc hai trong khong kh ma khong gay tac hai oi
vi con ngi va tr so trung bnh ln nhat cho phep cung chnh la tr so ma khi con
ngi song thng xuyen lau dai trong ieu kien o van khong xay ra s bien oi
bat ky mot benh ly nao trong c the.
Tieu chuan nay quy nh cac thong so c ban trong moi trng khong kh
xung quanh la bui, CO, NO
2
, SO
2
,O
3
va ch.
2.3.2/ Tieu chuan chat lng nguon thai :
c ap dung e kiem soat nong o cac chat trong thanh phan kh thai trc
khi thai vao moi trng khong kh chung quanh.
Tieu chuan nay la tieu chuan ve ai lng gii han cho phep thai la tr so
ma chat thai oc hai do nguon o gay ra tong hp vi cac nguon cua cac x nghiep
cong nghiep khac trong thanh pho, co xet en s phat trien m rong san xuat va s
khuyech tan chat oc hai trong khong kh sao cho khong vt qua nong o gii han
cho phep oi vi dan c, thc vat, ong vat.
2.3.3/ Cong tac dung cua nhieu chat o nhiem trong moi trng khong
kh :
Thc te, moi nha may thai ra ong thi nhieu chat o nhiem oc hai khac
nhau. Neu cac chat o nhiem nay co tac dung oc lap vi nhau th tac dung chung
cua chung la :

Trong o :
C
1
, C
2
, C
n
: nong o thc te cua cac chat oc trong khong kh.
C
1f
, C
2f
, C
3f
: tr so gii han cho phep cua nong o chat oc tng ng
theo tieu chuan cua nha nc (TCVN).
Neu cac chat o nhiem khi tac ong ong thi co tac dung ln hn tong cac
tac ong rieng le th A < 0,2 0,5.
Neu cac chat o nhiem lam giam tac dung cua nhau th co the lay A > 1.

1 ...
2
2
1
1
+ + + =
nf
n
f f
C
C
C
C
C
C
A
CHNG III : GII THIEU VE PHNG PHAP QUAN TRAC O
NHIEM KHONG KH

Nhng thong tin ve moi trng khong kh chnh xac, ang tin cay, co he
thong va c cap nhat lien tuc la nhng luan c khoa hoc rat quan trong cua qua
trnh xay dng mot cach ung an va co hieu qua cac chien lc, chnh sach cung
nh ke hoach hanh ong phat trien ben vng va bao ve moi trng khong kh.
Cac thong tin moi trng khong kh cua moi quoc gia c cung cap chu yeu
bi he thong quan trac o nhiem khong kh. Thong tin moi trng t no khong am
bao c moi trng trong sach hn, nhng viec thieu hut cac thong tin thch hp se
la mot tr ngai ln cho viec quan ly moi trng khong kh hng ti mot tng lai
ben vng.
3.1 TONG QUAN :
3.1.1/ Khai niem :
Quan trac o nhiem khong kh la qua trnh o ac thng xuyen cac muc tieu
a c nh san vi mot hoac nhieu ch tieu ve tnh chat vat ly, hoa hoc va sinh
hoc cua cac thanh phan moi trng khong kh.
Cac qua trnh nay c tien hanh theo phng phap tieu chuan, theo ke
hoach lap san ve thi gian, khong gian, phng phap va quy trnh o lng; e cung
cap cac thong tin c ban, co o tin cay, o chnh xac cao lam can c xac nh hien
trang, anh gia va bao cao ve xu hng dien bien chat lng moi trng khong kh
theo thi gian, khong gian, tan so quy nh trong mot thi gian dai, cung nh e so
sanh trang thai chat lng moi trng khong kh cac ni vi nhau.
Quan trac o nhiem khong kh la c s cua viec quy hoach, quan ly, khai thac
va s dung hp ly nguon tai nguyen khong kh, no rat can thiet e viec kiem soat
quan ly chat lng moi trng khong kh c hieu qua.
Hien nay tren the gii, hau het cac nc eu a hnh thanh va phat trien
cac loai hnh monitoring chat lng moi trng. Tuy ieu kien cu the cua tng
nc ma co cac he thong monitoring khac nhau. nc ta he thong cac tram
quan trac moi trng c hnh thanh t cuoi nam 1994, sau khi luat bao ve moi
trng c ban hanh. Cac tram nay c quan ly chung bi Bo Khoa Hoc va Cong
Nghe Moi Trng.
C cau to chc cua mang li quan trac nc ta la :
1. Bo khoa hoc cong nghe va moi trng
2. Cuc moi trng
3. Cac tram vung at lien, cac tram vung bien, cac tram chuyen e, mot so
tram a phng, phong th nghiem moi trng (co nhiem vu chuan hoa thc o
va phng phap o lng cho ca quoc gia e am bao o chnh xac va thong nhat
trong ca nc).
3.1.2/ Cac loai tram trong he thong quan trac o nhiem khong kh hien
co tren the gii :
3.1.2.1) Tram nen :
Tram nen c xay dng nham thu thap thong tin mot cach lau dai, co he
thong e nghien cu s thay oi cua cac yeu to nhiem ban va s lan truyen cac
chat o trong cac vung khong co hoat ong trc tiep cua san xuat cong nghiep, xa
cac khu o th. Xung quanh ni at tram nen vi ban knh 100km trong thi gian 50
nam ti khong c thai thac manh e canh tac va xay dng ln.
Ngi ta phan biet co 3 loai tram nen nhiem ban kh quyen sau ay :
+ Tram nen nhiem ban kh quyen c s : at cac vung cc
+ Tram nen nhiem ban kh quyen luc a : ai dien cho ca chau luc
+ Tram nen nhiem ban kh quyen vung : ai dien cho mot khu vc
(Tram nen Cuc Phng thuoc loai nay).
Cac tram nen chu yeu o ac cac yeu to la : bui l lng, hoa nc ma, o
uc kh quyen, o SO
2
va NO
x
. Neu co ieu kien hn th co the o them : O
3
, CH
4
,
CFCs va nhiem xa.
Trung bnh vi dien tch khoang 500.000 Km
2
lanh tho can co mot tram nen.
Neu bo tr c nh vay th trai at cua chung ta co khoang 1000 tram. nc ta
cac tram nen c at vung nong thon, xa cac nguon o nhiem cong nghiep t 40
60 km va xa cac nguon o nhiem sinh hoat (bep un, lo ot), giao thong chnh t
1 km tr len.
Do ac iem a hnh, nc ta se xay dng 3 tram nen khong kh sau :
+ Mien Bac : tram vn quoc gia Cuc Phng
+ Tay nguyen : tram ngoai o thanh pho a Lat
+ Mien Nam : tram nong thon ong Thap Mi.
Hien nay ch mi co tram nen Vn quoc gia Cuc Phng hoat ong.
3.1.2.2) Tram co nh quan trac nhiem ban kh quyen :
La ni at cac leu c trang b ac biet co lap at cac thiet b can thiet e
ghi lien tuc, lau dai nong o tac nhan gay nhiem ban kh quyen, cac thiet b e lay
mau kh va o cac tham so kh tng theo chng trnh quan trac a c an nh
san.
Trong so cac tram co nh ngi ta chon ra cac tram chuan. Cac so lieu quan
trac t tram chuan c s dung e anh gia s thay oi lau dai cua ham lng cac
tac nhan gay nhiem ban kh quyen c ban va pho bien nhat. Cac tram chuan khong
c phep di chuyen neu khong c phep cua c quan quan ly.
3.1.2.3) Tuyen quan trac nhiem ban kh quyen :
Tuyen quan trac nhiem ban kh quyen la tap hp iem tren mot tuyen xac
nh c la chon e lay mau khong kh theo bieu o thi gian ke tiep nhau nh
thiet b t ong hoac phong th nghiem lu ong.
3.1.2.4) Tram di ong (di vet khoi) :
Tram di ong (di vet khoi) bao gom tap hp iem lay mau theo chng
trnh xac nh di vet khoi (kh) nham vach ra nhng vung b anh hng cua
nguon thai.
3.1.2.5) He thong tram kh tng thuy van quan trac cac yeu to
moi trng :
He thong tram kh tng thuy van quan trac cac yeu to moi trng la cac
iem lay mau hoa nc ma va bui lang. Hien nay tai khu vc pha Bac chung ta
co 11 tram (ke ca tram nen Cuc Phng), tai khu vc mien Trung co 6 tram va tai
khu vc mien Nam co 6 tram. (xem bang 3.1)
3.1.2.6) Cac tram ac thu :
Cac tram ac thu hay cac tram chuyen e la nhng tram co nhiem vu quan
trac va phan tch mot hay mot so thanh phan moi trng co tnh ac thu nao o,
gom cac tram o nhiem xa, Ozon, CO
2
, o cac tac nhan gay o nhiem co nguon goc
ngoai quoc gia
Hien nc ta co cac tram nh sau :
+ 4 tram quan trac ma axit : Lao Cai, Quang Ninh, Quang Ngai va Bien
Hoa
+ 3 tram quan trac phong xa : Trung tam Cong nghe X ly Moi trng (Bo
T Lenh Hoa Hoc, Bo Quoc Phong), Trung tam An toan Bc xa (Vien Nang Lng
Nguyen T Quoc Gia), Vien Hat Nhan a Lat .
3.2 CAC MUC TIEU CUA CONG TAC QUAN TRAC :
Muc tieu cua cong tac quan trac la nham anh gia chat lng cac thanh
phan moi trng, xem xet mc o o nhiem, kha nang s dung cac thanh phan moi
trng va thu thap so lieu phuc vu quan ly moi trng.
Cu the hn, quan trac moi trng can cung cap cac thong tin sau :
- Thanh phan, nguon goc, nong o cac tac nhan o nhiem : cung cap c s
d lieu ve chat lng moi trng, bang chng ve tac ong cua d an en moi
trng t nhien va kinh te xa hoi trong vung.
- Kha nang anh hng cua cac tac nhan nay trong moi trng : cung cap so
lieu u e d bao kha nang lan truyen, tac ong, kha nang gay s co moi trng,
kha nang giam thieu tac ong cua d an.
- D bao xu hng dien bien ve nong o va anh hng cua cac tac nhan
nay trong mot thi gian dai.
Bang 3.1 He thong tram kh tng thuy van quan trac cac yeu to moi trng
Viet Nam
Loai tram, iem o moi trng Tnh ( Thanh pho) Ten tram
Nen kh quyen (1 tram) Ninh Bnh Cuc Phng
Nc ma Bui lang (22 tram) 1. Thai NguyenThai Nguyen
2. Phu Tho Viet Tr
3. Bac Giang Bac Giang
4. Quang Ninh Bai Chay
5. Hai Phong Phu Lien
6. Ha Noi Lang
7. Hai Dng Hai Dng
8. Nnh Bnh Nnh Bnh
9. Thanh Hoa Thanh Hoa
10. Nghe An Vinh
11. a Nang a Nang
12. Tha Thien Hue Hue
13. Bnh nh Quy Nhn
14. Khanh Hoa Nha Trang
15. Bnh Thuan Phan Thiet
16. Gia Lai Leiku
17. ac Lac Buon Me Thuoc
18. Lam ong a Lat
19. Thanh Pho Ho Ch Minh Tan Sn Hoa
20. Tay Ninh Tay Ninh
21. Can Th Can Th
22. Minh Hai Ca Mau
Muc tieu co the theo ISO :
Nhng muc tieu nay thng c at trc 2 cau hoi :
1/ Van e o nhiem khong kh (tiem nang) co thc s ton tai hay khong ?
2/ Co can phai o ac khong ?
Muc tieu co the co la nhng muc tieu can phai ngh en trc khi suy ngh
chon cac muc tieu thc cua viec quan trac. oi vi ISO th co 11 muc tieu co the
co cua viec o ac la :
1. nh lng khong kh xung quanh va s bien thien cua no trong khong
gian va theo thi gian.
2. Chuan b c s cho chnh sach chat lng khong kh.
3. Chuan b d lieu e thiet lap mot he thong o tong hp.
4. Thiet lap cac he thong o hieu qua.
5. Chuan b d lieu cho cac he thong giam sat va canh bao sm.
6. Thiet lap tng quan gia phat thai va chat lng khong kh.
7. Phan tch s tuan hoan khong kh cuc bo va nhng anh hng len chat
lng khong kh.
8. Thiet lap xu hng ve chat lng khong kh cho ke hoach moi trng.
9. Chuan b au vao cho mo hnh khuech tan cuc bo.
10. Chuan b d lieu ve o nhiem khong kh vt mc.
11. Ket hp vi cac chng trnh o ac khac.
Ngoai ra, giam sat o hieu qua cua cac bien phap lam giam phat thai cung
co the c xem nh la mot ly do cua viec o ac.
Cac muc tieu co the theo Stern :
Trong sach Air Pollution - tap 3, Stern co e cap en 5 muc tieu co the co e
nam c tot hn khi xac nh cac yeu cau cua viec o ac la :
1. Kiem tra theo tieu chuan chat lng khong kh : tieu chuan chat lng
khong kh ch co the co hieu lc khi tien hanh giam sat. V the viec o ac la
khong the thieu c. Nhng gia tr o c, c em so sanh vi tieu chuan e
nhan biet van e o nhiem khong kh.
2. Tm kiem nguon : thng c dung trong trng hp ma van e la phai
tm ra s tham gia cua mot nguon o nhiem nao o vao chat lng khong kh cua a
phng. Du sao th viec lap ke hoach o ac cho mot nguon khong xac nh cung
khong phai la chuyen n gian cho nen can xac nh nguon.
3. Nghien cu anh hng : e chng minh o nhiem khong kh quan trong
oi vi cac nha lam luat, can phai tap hp cac hieu biet ve tac dung phu tieu cc
cung nh tch cc hay cac tac hai cua chat o nhiem khong kh oi vi con ngi,
ong - thc vat, he sinh thai
Thc hien nghien cu tac ong e co the hieu sau sac ve cac tac ong cua o
nhiem khong kh. Ket qua nh lng ung cua cac ket qua nghien cu tac ong rat
quan trong v nhng nghien cu nay thng la c s e xay dng tieu chuan chat
lng moi trng khong kh. o la ly do v sao cac phep o nh hng tac ong la
khong the thieu c trong viec nghien cu tac ong.
4. D lieu nen va phan tch xu hng : khai niem nong o nen kha m ho.
Y ngha goc cua nong o nen la nong o trong mot khu vc khong chu anh hng
cua cac o nhiem khong kh do con ngi tao ra, ngha la chat lng khong kh t
nhien cua no. Nhng vung co chat lng khong kh nh vay t lau a khong con
ton tai tren trai at v vay mi co nh ngha nong o nen mi phu thuoc vao hoan
canh.
Noi chung, nong o nen la nong o o nhiem moi trng khong kh tai mot v
tr nao o ma khong chu anh hng trc tiep cua cac nguon lan can. V tr nay phu
thuoc vao quy mo, v du : nong o nen NO
2
trong thanh pho la nong o NO
2
khu
ngoai o, v tr cach ng giao thong t nhat t 50 - 100m.
5. Nghien cu cac qua trnh trong khong kh : cac qua trnh bien oi, phat
tan, pha loang, cac phan ng hoa hoc , cac phan ng sa lang kho, sa lang t
3.3 CAC BC THC HIEN CONG TAC QUAN TRAC :
Trong moi phep o chat lng khong kh, ngi ta phan biet 5 bc :
1/ Lap ke hoach o ac : gom 3 phan
+ La chon phng thc o
+ Thiet lap mang li o
+ La chon chien lc o
2/ Lay mau
3/ Tach mau
4/ Phan tch mau
5/ X ly so lieu, kiem tra chat lng va lap bao cao
3.3.1/ Lap ke hoach o ac :
Khi o nhiem khong kh va mi bat au c ghi nhan nh mot van e th
nhieu chnh phu a ra lenh m mang li o ac. O nhiem khong kh th khong the
thay c cung khong the ngi c, o la ly do tai sao can phai nam nhng thong
tin ang tin cay hn lien quan en chat lng khong kh.
Khong lau sau o, ngi ta phat hien ra rang nong o o nhiem khong kh co
the bien oi rat ln theo thi gian va khong gian do o can phai o ac lien tuc
cang nhieu ni cang tot e ve nen mot bc tranh toan canh ve hien trang o nhiem
khong kh. Tuy nhien, ieu o khong the thc hien c trong thc te v nhieu ly
do nh nhan lc, vat lc, tien bac, thi gian V vay can phai la chon xem nen
o khi nao, au va o cai g. o chnh la ke hoach o ac.
Lap ke hoach o ac bao gom viec xem xet, lap ke hoach va chuan b trc
khi tien hanh o thc s. Trong nhng nam gan ay kinh nghiem cho thay can phai
toi u hoa ke hoach o ac e co the tiet kiem nhan lc, tien bac va ca thi gian
cho viec quan trac.
Ke hoach o ac phu thuoc rat nhieu vao muc tieu cua viec o ac va pham
vi phep o phu thuoc vao van e ang quan tam.
Viec lap ke hoach o ac bao gom 3 phan :
3.3.1.1) La chon phng thc o : ngau nhien hay phan tang
Tot nhat la nen lay nhieu mau tai nhieu ni va vao nhng thi iem khac
nhau. S d can phai lay mot so lng ln mau nh vay la do s bien thien kha ln
cua nong o chat o nhiem theo khong gian va thi gian. Tuy nhien, thng do thieu
thi gian va phng tien nen khong the lay va x ly mot lng mau ln nh vay. V
vay can la chon mot so hnh thc toi u.
a) Lay mau ngau nhien :
Lay mau ngau nhien la cach n gian nhat e giam so mau ma van co gang
gi c nhng thong tin lien quan. Mot chng trnh o c thiet lap, theo o
moi lan o ac c thc hien trong mot khoang thi gian xac nh tai moi v tr.
Neu viec o ac c thc hien ay u, co the c tnh c nong o thc te tng
oi chnh xac.
Can can than e tranh lap lai chu ky trong qua trnh thiet lap chng trnh
o, v du lay mau tai mot v tr ch nhng ngay cuoi tuan va tai nhng v tr trong
nhng gi cao iem va nhng ngay trong tuan. Cac v tr lay mau va thi gian o
c chon theo phng phap ngau nhien se giam thieu kha nang lap lai chu ky nh
vay. Nhng cung nen thay oi cach la chon ngau nhien mot chut sao cho lo trnh
doc theo v tr o la ngan nhat khi thc hien.
b) Lay mau phan tang :
Khi chon a iem va thi gian lay mau hoan toan ngau nhien, co the mot
ieu kien kh hau nao o bnh thng co the xay ra nhng lai khong xuat hien trong
suot chng trnh o. Hoac, neu chung ta quan tam en nong o cc ai, th kha
nang nhan biet chung oi vi phng phap o ngau nhien la rat nho. Trong nhng
trng hp nh vay, khao sat bang cach lay mau phan tang se tot hn.
Ngha la trc tien ta phan loai cac tnh huong (goi la tang ) sao cho s
khac biet gia cac tang la tng oi ln nhng s khac biet trong ban than moi tang
la rat nho. Da tren nhng con so thong ke, co the chng minh c rang vi cung
tong so lan o th phng phap nay cho ket qua co o chnh xac cao hn phng
phap o ngau nhien.
Tieu chuan e phan loai tang la :
- Nhng ieu kien kh hau (ac biet la hng gio)
- Nhng ieu kien tai nguon (trong nhng ngay phat thai cc ai)
- Kien thc ve nong o o nhiem khong kh da tren nhng phng phap va
d lieu trc o ve chat o nhiem khong kh hoac t cac mo hnh khuyech tan.
Tuy nhien, nen co t nhat mot v tr quan trac quy chieu ma tai o viec o
ac c thc hien lien tuc hoac t nhat la trong tat ca cac lan o.
3.3.1.2) Thiet lap mang li o ac :
Thiet lap mang li o ac bao gom cac la chon co lien quan en :
Cac chat o nhiem muon o
Cac a iem o
Cac kha canh thi gian cua phep o
Phng phap o ac
X ly va trnh bay ket qua
Tuy nhien can phai y thc c cac muc tieu cua viec o ac trong qua trnh
la chon.
a) Cac chat o nhiem muon o :
Cac chat o nhiem can o hoan toan phu thuoc vao muc tieu cua chng trnh
o ac. Can phai can nhac ky trc khi quyet nh chnh xac nhng ch tieu nao
can o bi v neu o tat ca cac ch tieu tuy cho ta cau tra li chnh xac nhat nhng
tren thc te o nh vay se rat ton kem.
b) Cac a iem o :
oi vi viec la chon a iem o th 3 yeu to sau ay la quan trong nhat :
Tnh chat nguon : can xem xet nguon tnh va/hoac nguon ong nao trong
moi trng co lien quan en van e o ac va nguon nao khong hoac tham ch co
the la yeu to nhieu ?
ac tnh cua oi tng tiep nhan : van e lien quan co anh hng en
con ngi hay khong ? Neu co th mat o dan so la mot yeu to quan trong.
Yeu to khuech tan : ac biet la kh tng, a hnh, cong trnh va nha ca

Ba yeu to nay ong vai tro quan trong trong viec xac nh v tr tng oi
cua nhng ni can o ac. Con a iem chnh xac th lai phu thuoc vao cac yeu to
gi vai tro mc vi mo nh :
Ni cat gi cac thiet b o ac : co nhieu thiet b khong c e ngoai
tri, cac thiet b nay co the b h hai do ieu kien thi tiet hoac b mat cap ...
Ni e thiet b hoat ong : co nhieu thiet b phai c van hanh, ieu
khien va bao quan ung phng cach va phai co u khoang khong can thiet e
hoat ong.
D phong : co thiet b oi hoi phai co ien e van hanh, can co dong
nc chay hoac can phai c kiem soat nhiet o chat che ...
Nhng phien phc oi vi moi trng : mot so bm gay on ao, cac thiet
b quan trac kh thai ra cac tap chat gay o nhiem
Ngoai ra con co mot yeu to khac co lien quan chat che en v tr cua cac
iem o la mat o cua he thong o. Da tren moi tng quan ve khong gian ngi
ta co the toi u hoa ve mat o. V du : quy mo khong gian la 1 km khong nen chon
mat o ln hn 1 iem tren 1 km
2
, ket qua la cac iem o gan nhau hn se co moi
tng quan manh, ieu nay co ngha la ve mat thong ke cac iem nay se khong
cung cap them c cac thong tin oc lap.
c) Cac kha canh thi gian cua phep o :
Can thc hien nhng la chon lien quan en mot so kha canh thi gian quan
trong la :
- Thi gian trung bnh : la thi gian ma tai o nong o chat o nhiem at gia
tr trung bnh.
- Thi gian anh gia : la tong thi gian trong o ngi ta co nhng anh gia
lien quan en nong o. Thng khi x ly cac so lieu o nhiem ngi ta s dung thi
gian anh gia la 1 nam.
- Tan so o : phu thuoc chu yeu vao cac van e thong ke.
d) Phng phap o ac :
Bao gom cac la chon ve phng phap lay mau, tach va phan tch cac hp
chat o nhiem khong kh.
Viec la chon phng phap o ac rat quan trong cho chien lc o.
e) X ly va trnh bay ket qua :
Thong thng ngi ta ch quan tam en viec x ly va trnh bay ket qua sau
khi a hoan tat giai oan o. ay khong phai la mot cach ung an : x ly so lieu
nen la mot bo phan khong tach ri cua chien lc o.
Trong qua trnh o ac nen x ly s bo cac gia tr nong o va thu thap c
xem cac so lieu nay co phu hp vi mong muon hay khong? Neu khong th kiem
tra lai ngay coi sai do tnh toan hay do quy trnh o? Neu sai do tnh toan th co the
sa cha c nhng sai do thao tac th khong. o chnh la ly do can phai x ly s
bo cang sm cang tot.
Cac yeu to anh hng en viec la chon phng phap o :
Lay mau : can xem xet en v tr, thi gian lay mau va thanh phan mau
can lay
Tach kh :
+ oi vi cac thiet b giam sat t ong : khong can tach kh
+ Tuy thuoc vao loai chat o nhiem muon tach ma chon phng phap
tach : hap thu hay hap phu
Phan tch : la chon phng phap phan tch theo cac yeu to sau :
- Gii han phat hien
- o chnh xac
- o nhay
- Kha nang ap dung
- Kha nang t ong hoa
- Kha canh moi trng
Gii han phat hien :
Cac phng phap phan tch cho du nhay en au (thng phai rat nhay khi
o o nhiem khong kh v chat gay o nhiem thng hien dien vi ham lng thap)
cung can phai phat hien mot lng nhat nh cua mot hp chat e xac nh chat
lng o nhiem.
o chnh xac :
o chnh xac lien quan en sai so he thong. Phep o co o chnh xac cao
neu gia tr trung bnh cua cac gia tr o c chenh lech rat t so vi gia tr thc.
Tuy theo yeu cau ve o chnh xac ma ngi ta la chon phng phap phan tch phu
hp.
Cac phng phap khac nhau co o chnh xac khac nhau hau qua la khong co
phng phap nao hieu qua hoan toan e giai quyet mot van e.
o nhay : o nhay cua he thong o c nh ngha la ty so gia tn hieu
au vao va tn hieu au ra cua he thong. Neu may o oc c cng o dong la
500mV ng vi nong o SO
2
la 100g/m
3
, th o nhay cua may o la 5mV tren moi
g/m
3
.
Kha nang ap dung : kha nang ap dung co ve nh khong quan trong,
nhng khong phai vay. Ngi thc hien phai luon t hoi tat ca cac phan cua
phng phap co ng dung c trong trng hp cu the nay hay khong : co san cac
hoa chat can thiet tinh khiet hay khong ? Co c tuy y s dung het tat ca cac thiet
b khong ? Co u thi gian e thc hien phan tch hay khong ? ac biet la khi lam
trong nhng ieu kien thieu thon th lai cang phai tnh en cac kha canh tren.
Kha nang t ong hoa : oi khi mot chng trnh co mot lng ln mau
can o. Viec phan tch cac mau nay bang tay co the tr nen bat tien va phc tap.
Trong nhng trng hp nh the, chung ta nen chon phng phap phan tch t ong.
Kha canh moi trng : mot so phng phap phan tch hoa hoc da tren
viec s dung cac tac chat oc hoac nhng vat lieu co oc hai en moi trng do tao
ra chat thai hoa hoc trong suot qua trnh s dung chung. Kha canh o nhiem moi
trng trong ky thuat o cua chung ta can phai c xem xet khi chon la phng
phap phan tch, ac biet la khi chung ta la ngi lam viec ve chat lng moi
trng.
Khong phai phng phap o nao cung phan biet 3 bc c ban : lay mau,
tach va phan tch mau. Trong ky thuat lay mau thu ong, hai bc au c ket
hp lai : mot hp chat trung gian de hap thu hoac hap phu c e ngoai tri,
khong can chu ong hut kh e tiep xuc vi chat o. Cac phng phap o tai nguon
khong can lay mau.
3.3.1.3) La chon chien lc o ac :
Tuy muc tieu cua viec o ac phan biet 3 loai chien lc o ac nh sau :
Chien lc nh hng nguon :
Khi viec o ac c thc hien e anh gia tac ong cua nguon len chat
lng khong kh xung quanh, lap at he thong quan trac co nh noi chung khong
co hieu qua. Chang han nh hng gio, do hng gio luon thay oi nen nhieu khi
viec o ac tai mot v tr nao o khong cung cap c mot thong tin nao ve nguon
o nhiem.
Nguyen tac cua chien lc nh hng nguon la viec o ac c thc hien
ngc gio va xuoi gio so vi nguon e anh gia tac ong cua nguon len chat lng
khong kh xung quanh.
Chien lc nh hng vung (khu vc) :
Phng phap o ac nh hng vung dung e anh gia chat lng khong
kh mot khu vc nao o. Nhng muc tieu thng rat tong quat nh : thu thap
thong tin ve chat lng khong kh, nhng cung co the bao gom viec kiem tra s phu
hp vi tieu chuan chat lng khong kh hoac xac nh xu hng dien bien theo
thi gian.
Chu y rang viec o ac la ac trng cho khu vc ang o, ca ve mat thi
gian lan khong gian.
Chien lc nh hng tac ong :
Phng phap nh hng tac ong dung e anh gia s tiep xuc gia chat o
nhiem khong kh va he sinh hoc ca ve thi gian va nong o tiep xuc.
3.3.2/ Lay mau :
Gom 2 cach la :
+ Lay mau thu ong : la phng phap n gian va re tien nhat,
nguyen tac la da vao s khuech tan t nhien cua khong kh ti bo phan thu mau.
+ Lay mau chu ong : nguyen tac la bm hut khong kh qua bo phan
thu mau.
Cac cach thu mau, bao quan mau can c thc hien theo cac phng phap
tieu chuan.
3.3.3/ Tach mau :
Nguyen tac la s dung cac chat hap thu, hap phu hoac cac thiet b chuyen
dung e tach thanh phan khong kh can quan trac ra khoi dong kh khao sat.
3.3.4/ Phan tch mau :
Tuy thuoc vao thanh phan chat o nhiem muon o va phng phap lay mau
tng ng ma ta chon phng phap phan tch thch hp.
3.3.5/ X ly so lieu, kiem tra chat lng va lap bao cao :
ay la cong viec cuoi cung cua qua trnh quan trac, noi len c chat lng
cua qua trnh quan trac.
3.4 CAC QUY NH VE QUAN TRAC :
3.4.1/ Mot so yeu cau chung nham thc hien cac quy nh ve quan trac :
Mot so yeu cau chung nhat nham giup cac can bo trong qua trnh thc hien
quy nh la :
3.4.1.1) Quan ly chat lng cong trnh, phng tien o :
oi vi cac tram moi trng co cong trnh tram, viec quan ly cong trnh, san
vn, tuyen o, cac trang thiet b o kh tng, thuy van phai theo ung cac quy
pham kh tng, thuy van hien hanh.
May moc c trang b e o cac yeu to moi trng tram, v du nh may
o pH, EC, o man, o cac yeu to cua chat lng nc co ac iem la nhng
may moc tinh vi, co o chnh xac cao va co yeu cau bao quan, yeu cau kiem chuan
khi o ac rat chat che, can phai c tuan thu ung. Cac dung cu lay mau, bao
quan mau, gi chuyen mau cung co nhng yeu cau rat nghiem ngat ve chat lng,
chung loai.
Quan ly ky thuat cac may moc, dung cu o phai : am bao u so lng,
ung chung loai, ung chat lng; khi cha dung en c bao quan ung quy
trnh, khi s dung c s dung ung muc ch, ung yeu cau ky thuat quy nh.
Quan trac vien phai thng xuyen theo doi tnh trang cua cong trnh, may
moc, trang b. Khi thay sai, hong phai khac phuc va bao cao kp thi.
3.4.1.2) Van e an toan hoa chat :
Hoa chat dung cho x ly, bao quan va phan tch mau, tuy so lng khong
nhieu nhng co yeu cau rat nghiem ngat ve chat lng. Quan trac vien can ac biet
lu y am bao cac yeu cau ky thuat a quy nh ve bao quan va s dung hoa chat.
Chai lo ng hoa chat can co nhan mac ay u, tranh s dung nham lan
hoac vo tnh s dung nham vao muc ch khac. Mat khac, can het sc chu y van e
an toan khi s dung, v noi chung cac hoa chat nay eu co nong o cao va thuoc
dang hoa chat oc.
3.4.1.3) Thc hien ay u cac qua trnh ky thuat trong cac khau
cong tac :
Quy trnh ky thuat bao gom cac bc lay mau, x ly, bao quan mau, gi
chuyen mau ve phong th nghiem, phan tch mau, tnh toan, kiem tra mi hnh
thanh nen cac so lieu c ban ban au ve quan trac moi trng. Quan trac vien
tram hoac can bo phan tch phong th nghiem cung ch thc hien mot phan trong
toan bo cac khau lien hoan o.
Do o, co khau tuy thc hien tai tram nhng chat lng co at hay khong lai
phu thuoc mot phan vao khau khac c thc hien phong th nghiem va ngc
lai. Ch mot khau nao o thc hien sai ky thuat se dan en chat lng so lieu
khong at yeu cau, lam lang ph cong sc, tien cua thc hien cac cong oan khac.
Nhn chung, cac yeu to moi trng hau het eu co yeu cau phai c quan
trac, phan tch tai cho theo mot quy trnh het sc nghiem ngat, chnh xac. Do ieu
kien kinh ph con han hep va nhieu nhng han che khac, khong the trang b c
nhieu may o hoac to chc phan tch tai cho ma ch co the trang b mot so may toi
thieu e o mot so yeu to tai tram. Cac yeu to khac can phai lay mau, bao quan e
gi ve phong th nghiem. Cac quan trac vien cung can luon lu y am bao thc
hien ung quy trnh a c quy nh hoac hng dan.
3.4.1.4) Nam va bao cao ve hien tng moi trng bat thng :
Che o lay mau, quan trac moi trng khong kh khong day nh quan trac
kh tng thuy van. Tuy vay, cac quan trac vien cung can phai thng xuyen theo
doi nam c tnh hnh dien bien cua cac hien tng moi trng va kh tng thuy
van co lien quan, kp thi phat hien nhng hien tng bat thng e kp thi quan
trac, lay mau bo sung va bao cao so lieu, hien tng quan trac c ve ai va
Tong Cuc. Nhng t lieu quan trac va so lieu phan tch c t cac mau o la
nhng c s vo cung quan trong e anh gia tnh hnh o nhiem moi trng khong
kh, ong thi giup cho viec phan tch, kiem tra tnh hp ly cua cac tai lieu quan
trac moi trng.
3.4.1.5) Thc hien ay u che o bao cao cong tac nh ky :
Bao cao cong tac nh ky e ai, Tong Cuc nam c tnh hnh hoat ong
cua Tram. ay la chiec cau noi thong tin gia Tram, ai va Tong Cuc. Nhng van
e phan anh, e xuat trong bao cao nh ky va ot xuat cua Tram la nhng thong
tin e ai, Tong cuc co bien phap thao g, giai quyet cac vng mac cho Tram.
Thong qua tong hp thong tin t cac Tram giup cho cap quan ly phat hien
nhng van e bc xuc can phai cai tien, bo sung, hoan thien hn trong cong tac
quan ly, ch ao hanh ong va hng dan ky thuat cho cac tram.
Ngoai ra, thong qua bao cao, ai va Tong Cuc con anh gia c phong
trao thi ua, thc hien cac ch tieu, nhiem vu, chap hanh quy trnh, quy pham tren
mang li. V vay, Tram can thc hien ung, ay u noi dung va che o bao cao
theo quy nh.
Tren ay la mot so noi dung nhan manh ma cac quan trac vien can quan tam
trong qua trnh thc hien Quy nh tam thi ve cong tac quan trac moi trng
khong kh va nc .
3.4.2/ Quy nh tam thi ve quan trac moi trng khong kh :
nc ta cha co quy nh chnh thc ve quan trac moi trng khong kh.
Trong khi cha co u ieu kien e xay dng cac quy trnh, quy pham chnh thc,
quy nh tam thi ve quan trac moi trng khong kh c ban hanh nham muc ch
thong nhat cong tac quan trac moi trng khong kh tren toan mang li.
Quy nh tam thi nay c bien soan tren c s tham khao tai lieu hng
dan ky thuat do Phong ieu tra nhiem ban moi trng khong kh, Cuc ky thuat ieu
tra c ban va Trung tam moi trng bien soan trc ay, cac tieu chuan moi trng
Viet Nam, tai lieu cua cac to chc quoc te lien quan va uc ket kinh nghiem thc
tien trong qua trnh quan ly, ch ao di Tram.
Quy nh nay quy nh vec quan trac moi trng khong kh tai cac Tram,
iem trong he thong kiem soat o nhiem moi trng khong kh do Tong cuc Kh
tng Thuy van quan ly. Do thc te trang b hien nay, quy nh nay ch quy nh
mot so yeu to quan trac, phan tch co tnh kha thi. Mot so yeu to cha c e cap
en trong quy nh nay nhng khi co ieu kien quan trac, phan tch, Tong cuc se co
hng dan rieng.
Quy nh nay c ban hanh e thay the cac tai lieu hng dan ky thuat ve
quan trac moi trng khong kh a c ban hanh trc ay.
Quan trac moi trng khong kh c e cap en trong quy nh nay gom 2
phan la :
+ Quan trac bui lang tong cong thang : bui lang tong cong la mot trong
nhng ch tieu anh gia mc o nhiem ban bui cua khong kh trong kh quyen. Viec
xac nh bui lang tong cong cho phep chung ta anh gia s bo chat lng va mc
o nhiem ban cua moi trng khong kh, phuc vu cho viec phong chong nhiem ban
va bao ve moi trng.
+ Quan trac nc ma : thanh phan hoa hoc cua nc ma la mot trong
nhng ch tieu rat quan trong e anh gia mc o o nhiem cua khong kh trong kh
quyen.
3.4.3/ Quy nh ve thi han, yeu cau phan tch, che o bao cao va cac
loai bieu mau :
3.4.3.1) Thi han va yeu cau phan tch :
Toan bo mau phai c phan tch trong thi han 15 ngay ke t khi phong th
nghiem nhan c mau. Trong qua trnh phan tch, cac can bo, ky thuat vien cua
phong th nghiem phai tuan thu nghiem ngat cac quy trnh, quy nh ve phan tch va
am bao chat lng so lieu.
Ket qua phan tch c ghi vao cac bieu theo mau.
3.4.3.2) Che o bao cao :
- oi vi tram : hang thang cac tram phai gi bao cao tnh hnh cong tac
trong thang ve ai khu vc va Tong Cuc.
- oi vi phong th nghiem : trong thi han 30 ngay ke t khi nhan mau,
phong th nghiem phai lap bieu ket qua phan tch. Hang thang co nhiem vu bao cao
tnh hnh nhan va phan tch mau ve Tong Cuc.
- oi vi ai khu vc : ai khu vc co trach nhiem :
+ Lu bieu ghi ket qua o moi trng tai tram, ket qua phan tch cua
phong th nghiem. Cac bieu nay cua tram trong mot nam c ong thanh tap.
+ Phuc tham tai lieu quan trac kh tng thuy van cua cac tram moi
trng.
+ Gi tap ket qua quan trac moi trng va kh tng thuy van (neu
co) ve trung tam t lieu kh tng thuy van muon nhat la cuoi quy 1 nam sau.
+ Bao cao 6 thang mot lan tnh hnh hoat ong cua mang li moi
trng do mnh quan ly ve Tong Cuc.
3.4.3.3) Cac loai bieu mau :
- Bao cao lay mau bui lang tong cong thang : hang thang c lap va sao
thanh 3 ban, trong o :
+ 1 ban gi kem theo mau ve phong th nghiem.
+ 1 ban gi ve ai kh tng thuy van khu vc.
+ 1 ban gi ve Tong Cuc.
- Bieu ghi ket qua o o dan ien va pH nc ma : moi ky lap va sao thanh
3 ban, trong o :
- Bao cao lay mau nc ma : moi ky lap va sao thanh 3 ban, trong o :
- Bao cao thang : hang thang cac Tram phai lap bao cao thang va sao thanh
2 ban, trong o :
CHNG IV : QUAN TRAC CHAT LNG MOI TRNG
KHONG KH

ay la chng quan trong nhat trong chng trnh mon hoc, gii thieu ve cac
phng phap quan trac chat lng moi trng khong kh tng khau mot cua qua
trnh va gii thieu ve cach quan trac cac yeu to kh tng co lien quan, cac mau
nc ma va bui lang.
4.1 CHAT LNG KHONG KH :
Chat lng khong kh la mot thuat ng tap trung hn thuat ng o nhiem
khong kh. No co ngha la nong o va thanh phan khong kh mot thi gian va
a iem nhat nh.
Chat lng khong kh thng c bieu th bang nong o cua mot hay nhieu
chat o nhiem trong khong kh gan mat at, ni ma con ngi, ong - thc vat co the
chu thiet hai do chat lng khong kh khong tot gay ra.
Thuat ng chat lng khong kh phan nao cung co tnh cach quy pham, no
khong ch n thuan la cac con so toan hoc. Chat lng khong kh co the tot hay
xau so vi ieu kien t nhien, so vi cac tieu chuan chat lng khong kh hay so
vi cac gia tr ch trong chnh sach moi trng. Mot tieu chuan khong kh la nong
o khong nen vt qua, mot gia tr ch trong chnh sach moi trng la mc thap
cua nong o xung quanh, can hng ti trong tng lai. Mot gia tr ch thng gan
vi gia tr t nhien va la nong o o nhiem c anh gia la vo hai cho tat ca cac
qua trnh trong moi trng.
Nh vay, trong moi trng khong kh cang t chat o nhiem va nong o cua
cac chat o nhiem cang nho th chat lng khong kh cang tot.
4.2 CAC THONG SO ANH GIA CHAT LNG KHONG KH :
e anh gia chat lng moi trng chung ta phai da vao cac ch th moi
trng. Ch th moi trng la mot hoac mot tap hp cac thong so moi trng ch ra
mot ac trng nao o cua moi trng. Nh vay khi chung ta anh gia cac ch th
moi trng tc la chung ta ang i tm cac ch so chat lng moi trng, va da vao
cac ch so nay chung ta anh gia c chat lng moi trng. Nh vay, cac thong
so e anh gia chat lng moi trng chnh la cac ch th moi trng.
e anh gia chat lng moi trng khong kh chung ta phai da vao cac ch
th moi trng khong kh. Co 4 loai ch th moi trng khong kh la :
Nong o cac chat.
Cac yeu to t nhien.
Cac yeu to xa hoi.
Cac ch th sinh hoc.
4.2.1/ Nong o cac chat (hay ch th hoa hoc) :
Nong o CO
Nong o O
3

Nong o Pb
Nong o NO
2

Nong o SO
2

Nong o bui l lng
Nong o cac chat ac trng cua nguon thai
Ket qua o ac nong o cac chat c em so sanh vi tieu chuan e anh
gia chat lng moi trng khong kh.
4.2.2/ Cac yeu to t nhien :
Phan hoa :
Ngi ta nhan thay rang nong o phan hoa khong phu thuoc vao hoat ong
cua con ngi tuy nhien chung lai co anh hng rat ln en sc khoe cua con
ngi.
Cac hat phan hoa co kch thc t 10 - 50m thng gay ra cac benh d ng,
benh ng ho hap oi vi c the con ngi, cac dang khac nhau cua phan hoa co
the gay ra nhng tac ong khac nhau en con ngi.V vay can phai theo doi
thng xuyen nhng thay oi ve nong o va thanh phan cua no.
Sng mu :
Khi xuat hien sng mu trong khu vc o th chng to vung o b o nhiem
cac kh va sol kh oc hai. S thay oi hang ngay cua tam nhn phan anh s bien
oi cua ieu kien kh tng a phng.
ieu kien kh tng :
Chat lng khong kh b anh hng bi s tac ong ong thi cua viec thai
cac chat o nhiem va ieu kien kh tng. Neu thieu s thong thoang th se lam
tram trong them van e o nhiem va dan en viec kho phat tan chat o nhiem.
4.2.3/ Cac yeu to xa hoi :
S phat thai cac chat o nhiem trong khong kh :
Khi nhan ra c nguon o nhiem th chung ta co the biet c dang chat o
nhiem trong moi trng khong kh. S phat thai cang nhieu th s o nhiem cang
cao.
Lng benh nhan :
Khi so ngi b anh hng bi chat o nhiem cang nhieu th chng to lieu
lng chat oc hai trong moi trng khong kh cang cao. Lng benh nhan ve
ng ho hap ma benh vien tiep nhan cang nhieu chng to chat lng moi trng
khong kh cang thap.
Chat lng cua he thong kiem soat quoc gia :
Neu he thong kiem soat cua mot quoc gia cang hien ai th cang co the xac
nh chnh xac nong o cac chat o nhiem trong moi trng.
S thong nhat trong hoat ong giam sat va giam thieu cac chat o nhiem
trong moi trng khong kh gia chnh phu va ngi dan :
Khi cac chnh sach, ke hoach do chnh phu ban hanh c s hng ng cua
ngi dan th se gop phan cai thien moi trng khong kh. Con neu khong th cang
lam moi trng khong kh toi te hn.
Viec s dung phng tien lu thong :
Khi ta biet c tong lng phng tien lu thong va lng nhien lieu s
dung cho moi phng tien th chung ta se de dang biet c tai lng cac chat o
nhiem, t o anh gia c tnh trang o nhiem cua moi trng khong kh.
4.2.4/ Cac ch th o nhiem sinh hoc :
Ch th sinh hoc co the c dung nh mot cong cu thay the hay phu tr cho
cong tac quan trac moi trng, ac biet la cac quoc gia ang phat trien, ni con
co nhng han che ve kinh te, ky thuat lien quan en viec o ac cac thong so ly
hoa.
Cac loai ch th sinh hoc oi vi o nhiem khong kh hau het la thc vat do
thc vat nhay cam vi o nhiem khong kh hn cac loai khac. Thc vat ch th c
chia lam 2 loai :
+ Ch th nhay cam (sensitive indicator) : kha nhay, bieu hien tieu cc
vi s xuat hien cua chat o nhiem.
+ Ch th tch tu (accumulative indicator): co kha nang tch tu chat o
nhiem trong cay, thng la ch th cho s hien dien cua chat o nhiem mot ni nao
o.
Co 2 dang ky thuat quan trac :
+ Quan trac chu ong (active monitoring): thc vat ch th c trong hay
nuoi cay trong moi trng khong b o nhiem, sau o c em en khu vc can
quan trac. Sau o da vao phan ng cua thc vat ch th ma anh gia chat lng
moi trng khong kh.
Ky thuat nay co the ap dung vi ca ch th nhay cam va ch th tch tu, tuy
thuoc vao chat o nhiem can giam sat ma chung ta chon loai cay ch th ac trng.
Ky thuat nay co thuan li la cac ac tnh sinh ly cua thc vat ch th eu a biet ro
trc nen phan ng cua chung cung de anh gia hn so vi he thc vat a phng.
+ Quan trac thu ong (passive monitoring): bao gom viec liet ke cac loai, lap
ban o phan bo, quan sat va phan tch cac phan ng oi vi o nhiem khong kh
ngay tren thc vat ch th cua chnh a phng o. Biet trc o nhay cua thc vat,
ngi ta co the thiet lap c tng quan gia s phan bo cua cac loai va mc o o
nhiem khong kh. cac nc ang phat trien, ky thuat nay c dung nhieu hn
quan trac chu ong.
Cac ch th sinh hoc thng dung la :
4.2.4.1) /+ y /./.n:' /+ y /./.n:' /+ y /./.n:' /+ y /./.n:'
Da vao s xuat hien va phan bo cua cac loai a y song tren vo cay e suy
oan s ton tai cua cac chat o nhiem trong khong kh. S xuat hien va phan bo
khac nhau cua cac loai a y cho biet cac mc o o nhiem khong kh khac nhau.
Cac ban o a y a c lap hau het cac thanh pho ln tren the gii,
thng phan thanh 3 loai vung nh sau :
Lichen desert (vung sa mac) : khong co loai a y nao xuat hien. Trong
vung nay, nong o trung bnh hang ngay hay hang nam cua SO
2
, NO
2
va cac chat o
nhiem khong kh khac gan hay vt tieu chuan cho phep vi mc xac suat cao.
Struggling zone (vung tranh au) : xuat hien nhng loai a y co kha
nang khang nhiem, tuy nhien nhng loai nhay cam a b ton thng. Vung nay
c chia thanh 3 vung nho :
Inter struggling zone (vung tranh au trong) : cac loai a y nghien
cu co the c tm thay tren 10% so cay trong vung.
Intermediate struggling zone (vung tranh au trung gian) : cac loai
a y nghien cu co the c tm thay tren 25% so cay trong vung.
Outer struggling zone (vung tranh au ngoai) : cac loai a y
nghien cu co the c tm thay tren 50% so cay trong vung.
Normal zone (vung bnh thng) : khong co s tac ong cua o nhiem
khong kh, a y phat trien bnh thng.
Tien trnh thiet lap ban o :
Xac nh o che phu cua tat ca cac loai a y xuat hien trong nhom.
Xac nh ty le (%) cay co a y xam thc.
Xac nh tong so loai a y tren moi cay.
Can chu y quan trac s xuat hien cua cac loai a y bi anh hng cua
cac yeu to khac ngoai s o nhiem khong kh (nh o am, chat nen ).
Cac d kien c ghi lai tren ban o va t o da tren s xuat hien va
trang thai cua a y e xac nh cac khu vc khac nhau. Phng phap nay tng oi
nhanh e anh gia hien trang o nhiem.
Phng phap nh lng :
Tren lp ngoai cua than cay, trong dien tch 30*130cm va tai o cao 120 -
170cm ngi ta o o che phu cua a y. Tan so cua chung c xac nh nh sau :
dien tch tren than cay c chia thanh 10 vung con, sau o ngi ta em so vung
con co a y xuat hien t o tnh ra ch so a y cua vung. Gia tr nay cho ta hnh
anh khai quat ve mc o o nhiem cua khu vc nghien cu.
Ch so trong sach cua khong kh (theo Le Blanc va De Sloovar - 1970):
IPA = Q * f
Trong o :
Q : kha nang chu ng chat oc hai, ch th cho mc nhay cam cua loai oi
vi chat o nhiem, c suy ra t so a y quan sat c. Mot he thong cap bac cac
loai xuat hien trong vung nghien cu c xep da tren mc o nhay cam tang
dan. Gia tr Q thap cho biet ch co mot so t loai hien dien.
f : tan so, suy ra t % che phu cua a y tren dien tch nghien cu, c
anh gia theo thang iem t 0 en 5.
Mot bat li cua phng phap nay la gia tr o nhay cam cua moi loai a y
c xac nh mot cach trung lap oi vi moi dien tch nghien cu. V vay, cac ch
so IPA cua nhng khu vc lan can khong the so sanh c.
Ch so trong sach cua khong kh (theo Herzig - 1987):

Trong o :
Q : tng t nh tren
F : tan so (so o trong li ke o vuong tren than cay ni co cac loai a y quan
sat xuat hien).
C : o che phu, ch th cho mc o che phu cua cac loai a y xuat hien trong
cac vung quan sat (0,1,2,3,4,5).
V : sc song, ac trng cho trang thai sc khoe va sc song cua a y, da
tren 3 mc o (tot , bnh thng, kem phat trien)
S : mc o ton hai, c anh gia da tren cac trieu chng nhn thay c
(vang la, chet hoai ), theo 3 cap o la khong ton thng, ton thng, ton thng
nghiem trong.
Nguyen tac cua phng phap nay la tai moi v tr s xuat hien cua cac loai
a y tng quan vi chat lng khong kh. Trng hp tac ong thap, ca so lng
a y va gia tr bao phu eu cao. Da tren so loai a y va o che phu ma ngi ta
tnh ra ch so IPA - ac trng cho chat lng khong kh.
Ch so chat lng cua khong kh (Rabe - 1987): da vao o nhay cam cua
moi loai a y (hien ch mi xem xet oi vi kh SO
2
).
Ch so nhay cam c xac nh da tren nong o kh SO
2
cc ai ma cac
loai a y chu c, khong b ton hai. Ch so a y cua loai nhay cam nhat,
Lecanora conizaeoides c cho la 1. T o ta co c mc chuan e so sanh tat
ca cac gia tr o nhay khac.
S V
F C Q
IPA
*
* *
=
Ch so chat lng khong kh c tnh theo cong thc :

Trong o :
D
i
: o che phu cua loai th i, co xet en sc song.
E
i
: o nhay cam cua loai th i.
4.2.4.2) ../ y//y/. ::' ../ y//y/. ::' ../ y//y/. ::' ../ y//y/. ::'
Lng ln cac loai reu a b giam i cac vung o th, trung tam cong
nghiep do s nhay cam cua nhng loai thc vat bac thap nay oi vi o nhiem
khong kh.
Tac hai cua SO
2
:
Tac hai cua SO
2
oi vi reu lan au tien c mo ta bi Rao (1966) va Le
Blanc (1967). Ho a quan sat thay s huy hoai ang ke cua diep luc, s sai lech
cau truc va chc nang te bao khi nong o SO
2
vt qua 5ppm.
SO
2
se chuyen thanh axit H
2
SO
4
di ieu kien am t, v the lng nc
cha quanh reu se anh hng en mc o pha huy diep luc to. O nhiem SO
2
luc
au se lam tang cng ng ho hap, nhng sau khi tren la xuat hien cac iem
chet hoai th cng o ho hap se giam.
Trieu chng thong thng cua o nhiem SO
2
la s nhat mau. au tien, ngon
la (ni tiep xuc nhieu hn ca) va sau o la cac phan c ban khac cung co the b mat
mau. Nhng tang reu b mat mau hoan toan thng khong the phuc hoi c, tham
ch neu sau o c at vao mot moi trng trong sach. S suy giam tong sinh
khoi, s phai mau va s bien mat cua loai reu co the phan anh tac ong gia tang
cua kh SO
2
.
Tac hai cua HF :
Hydro floride hap thu tren be mat la i vao ngon hay cuong la gay nen cac
trieu chng ton hai ien hnh. Mc o ton hai ty le vi lng HF va thi gian, goi
la he so tiep xuc ( = nong o * thi gian).
V du :
+ La Funaria hydrometrica tiep xuc vi he so 780 (65ppb HF * 12 gi) vung
ngon la b chet, luc lap b huy hoai va nguyen sinh te bao co lai.
+ Le Blanc (1971) : cay reu t ni sach va em en gan mot xng uc
nhom, cach ni quan sat 40km. ieu tra reu sau mot nam cho thay diep luc to cua
chung b phan huy hau het, chung nga mau nau, te bao b ton hai va co nguyen sinh
chat. Mot trong so cac loai c cay, Orthotrochum Obtusifolium cha nong o F
-

la 600ppm trong khi mau lay tai ni quan sat ch co 20ppm.
=
=
=
n
i
i
n
i
i i
D
E D
LuGI
1
1
*
Reu cung bieu hien cac mc o chu ng khac nhau oi vi Flouride. Cac
loai bieu sinh (Epiphyte : thc vat song tren hoac gan vao thc vat khac) nhay cam
nhieu hn cac loai song tren nen at. Mot so loai reu co kha nang chu ng kha
cao, v du nh cac loai am lay Sphagnum, Leucobryum glaucum, Polytrichum,

Tac hai cua O
3
:
Ozon la mot chat quang hoa oc hn ca cac oxit nit va mot so hydrocarbon.
Ozon gay nen ton hai cap tnh va s sm lao hoa thc vat. Tuy nhien, nong o
Ozon thap co the kch thch s phat trien cua reu.
Tac hai cua kim loai nang :
Nhieu loai reu co kha nang tch tu kim loai nang (Pb, Cu, Zn, ) nong o
rat cao. Ngi ta a tng phat hien nong o ch (Pb) en 17320ppm trong reu
H.splendens tai mot v tr o nhiem, gia tr tng ng loai Picca va Clintonia luc o
la 349,5 va 548,5ppm.
4.2.4.3) /+ . ./+../: ' /+ . ./+../: ' /+ . ./+../: ' /+ . ./+../: '
Cac tac ong len cay trong co the xay ra theo 2 trng hp phu thuoc vao
nong o cua chat o nhiem va thi gian tiep xuc :
+ Tac ong cap tnh : chu anh hng cua nong o kh o nhiem cao trong thi
gian ngan. Bieu hien ben ngoai : chet hoai, cac mo la b chet.
+ Tac ong man tnh : dien ra trong thi gian dai vi nong o chat o nhiem
thap. Cay trong khong xuat hien nhng trieu chng ben ngoai ma cac te bao la b
pha huy, sc tang trng cua cay trong b giam i va dien tch la khong the phat
trien c.
Da vao phan ng cua cay e anh gia mc o o nhiem :
Khong nhan ra c tac ong : xuat hien vung chet hoai nh la (rat
t) trong 10 la hoac hn. Khong co s khac biet nao oi vi sc tang trng cua cay
vung o nhiem va khong o nhiem.
Tac ong nhe : phat hien vung chet hoai nhe trong trung bnh 5 la. Dien
tch vung chet hoai khoang 2-3 cm
2
. Cac choi la phat trien bnh thng nhng cac
tua mep la th giam i.
Tac ong trung bnh : c trung bnh 2 la th co vung chet hoai. Toan bo s
phat trien cua cay b giam i.
Tac ong ln : be mat cua moi la b giam i, toan bo vung ma la b chet
hoai cac tua van con nhng rat t.
Tac ong rat ln : hnh dang cua moi la nh b ai o cat bo i mot phan.
Tac ong hoan toan : tren 80% la b chet hoai, cac tua mep la hoan
toan mat han. Kha nang phat trien cua cay trong hoan toan giam sut.
Mot so loai thao moc thng dung lam ch th nh : cay nho, lay n, hoa loa
ken, cay thuoc la giup anh gia va nhan biet c kh o nhiem la SO
2
, HCl ,
Cl
2
, O
3
, hp chat flo, cac oxit nit, kim loai nang.
4.2.4.4) .+y /+ n; + /.+r. /.. ' .+y /+ n; + /.+r. /.. ' .+y /+ n; + /.+r. /.. ' .+y /+ n; + /.+r. /.. '
Mot so loai cay la rong co phan ng vi cac chat kh SO
2
, Fluoride khi nong
o cac chat nay tang len trong khong kh.
Da vao s bien oi cua mau la, s xuat hien cua cac om chet hoai e
anh gia chat lng moi trng khong kh.
4.3 GIAM SAT CHAT LNG MOI TRNG KHONG KH :
4.3.1/ Khai niem :
Giam sat chat lng moi trng khong kh la viec lam lien tuc, co he thong,
thong qua quan trac s bien oi chat lng moi trng khong kh theo thi gian va
khong gian, anh gia, d bao trang thai moi trng nham thu thap nhng thong tin
ve chat lng moi trng khong kh phuc vu cho viec quan ly va thc hien nhng
bien phap bao ve moi trng khong kh.
Giam sat la mot trong nhng nhiem vu au tien can thiet cho viec quan ly
moi trng mot cach chat che. Cac nhiem vu khac bao gom : anh gia tac ong
moi trng, tong ket nghien cu va trao oi thong tin.
Giam sat la mot lch trnh lap lai theo khong gian va thi gian cac hoat ong
quan sat va o ac mot hoac nhieu ch tieu ve trang thai ly, hoa, sinh cua mot yeu
to hoac mot khung canh moi trng nham phuc vu cho muc tieu a c nh san.
ieu ac biet chu y trong cong tac giam sat moi trng la viec kiem tra phai da
tren viec o ac chat lng ong bo va bang nhng phng phap thong nhat tren
toan mang li.
4.3.2/ Nhiem vu cua viec giam sat :
Bao gom cac nhiem vu sau ay :
- Quan trac chat lng khong kh, ieu tra nguon thai, nghien cu a hnh,
dan c, cac tac hai do o nhiem gay ra, cac thiet b lam sach kh thai, cac yeu to kh
tng thuy van
- anh gia hien trang moi trng khong kh : t cac so lieu quan trac, can c
theo tieu chuan chat lng moi trng khong kh quoc gia tien hanh anh gia chat
lng moi trng khong kh.
- D bao o nhiem : tren c s so lieu o c ket hp vi d bao thi tiet
trong tng lai, d bao c nong o cua cac chat o nhiem kh quyen tai mot khu
vc nhat nh.
- e ra chng trnh hanh ong, bao ve va quan ly moi trng khong kh.
4.3.3/ Chng trnh quan trac :
Co 3 loai chng trnh quan trac :
+ Chng trnh quan trac o nhiem ay u : o nong o cac chat gay o nhiem
c ban va ac thu, ac trng cua mot khu vc nao o, ke ca cac tham so kh tng
vao cac thi iem 1
h
, 7
h
, 13
h
, 19
h
a phng.
+ Chng trnh quan trac o nhiem khong ay u : o vao 7
h
, 13
h
, 19
h

gi a
phng.
+ Chng trnh quan trac rut gon : o chat o nhiem c ban va mot hoac hai
chat o nhiem ac thu pho bien nhat vao luc 7
h
, 13
h
.
4.3.4/ To chc he thong giam sat :
Bao gom cac bo phan sau :
(1) Hanh chnh to chc : nhiem vu phu trach hanh chnh, to chc nhan s.
(2) Mang li tram : nghien cu he thong mang li, quy trnh quy pham at
tram, quan trac, cung cap vat t, thiet b cho he thong mang li.
(3) He thong phong th nghem : he thong phong th nghiem gom phong th
nghiem trung tam, cac phong th nghiem vung va cac phong th nghiem tram.
- Phong th nghiem trung tam : nghien cu phng phap phan tch, trang
thiet b, th nghiem cac thiet b may moc dung trong cong tac mang li, phan tch
cac mau ma a phng khong phan tch c, hng dan, ao tao can bo cho cac
phong th nghiem a phng.
- Phong th nghiem vung : nhiem vu phan tch mau ma cac phong th
nghiem cac tram trong vung khong co kha nang phan tch.
- Phong th nghiem tram : phong th nghiem tram ch phan tch cac yeu to
n gian buoc phai phan tch ngay.
(4) Kiem soat, lu tr so lieu :
Nhiem vu kiem soat so lieu do cac tram va cac phong th nghiem gi ti.
Lu tr va cung cap so lieu thong tin, canh bao va d bao ve moi trng.
4.3.5/ Hang muc quan trac :
* Cac yeu to vi kh hau :
- Nhiet o khong kh.
- o am
- Ap suat kh quyen
- Gio ( hngva toc o gio)
* Cac yeu to moi trng :
- Thanh phan ly hoa nc ma.
- Bui lang.
- Bui l lng tong so.
- Bui l lng nho hn PM10.
- Kh SO
2

- NO
x

- CO
- Thanh phan hoa hoc bui lang : NO
3
-
, SO
4
2-
, cac kim loai Pb, As, Ba, Ca,
Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn,
4.4 QUAN TRAC CAC YEU TO KH TNG VA CAC CH TIEU VI KH
HAU :
Trong qua trnh quan trac moi trng khong kh chung ta can tien hanh song
song quan trac cac yeu to kh tng va cac ch tieu vi kh hau.
Vi kh hau la khai niem ve kh hau cua vung lanh tho nho, xuat hien do anh
hng ve s khac biet cua a hnh, thc vat, trang thai tho nhng, hoac do anh
hng cua ho nc, cua cac cong trnh xay dng va cac ac iem khac cua mat
em. V du : xuat hien vi kh hau cua mot khu ruong, cua sn oi, cua trang rng,
cua mot thanh pho
Cac yeu to kh tng va ch tieu vi kh hau can quan trac la :
- Ap suat kh quyen
- Gio be mat : hng gio va toc o gio
- Nhiet o khong kh
- o am khong kh
- Ma
- May
4.4.1/ Quan trac ap suat kh quyen :
Ap suat kh quyen la ap suat thuy tnh cua cot kh quyen, c xac nh bi
trong lng cot khong kh co chieu cao bang be day cua kh quyen nen len mot n
v dien tch.
n v o kh ap la hectopascal (hPa) :
1 hPa = 1 milibar = 0,750062 mmHg = 0,02953 inHg
Dung cu e quan trac ap suat kh quyen la :
- Kh ap ke thuy ngan
- Kh ap ke hien so (digital) PA 11
- Kh ap ke hop
- Kh ap ky
4.4.2/ Quan trac gio be mat :
Gio la chuyen ong ngang cua khong kh, ac trng bi hai ai lng : toc
o va hng gio.
Toc o gio la quang ng cac phan t khong kh di chuyen c trong mot
n v thi gian. Toc o gio c tnh bang m/s, km/h, knot (kt) :
1 m/s = 3,6 km/h ; 1 kt = 0,514 m/s
Hng gio la hng phng tri t o gio thoi ti. Hng gio tnh theo la
ban la 16 hng.
Dung cu e quan trac gio la :
- May gio Vild
- May gio t bao EL
- May gio Tavid
- May gio WRS 91
- May gio Munro
- May gio Beaufort
- May gio cam tay
4.4.3/ Quan trac nhiet o va o am khong kh :
Nhiet o khong kh ac trng cho chuyen ong nhiet cua cac phan t
khong kh trong kh quyen.
n v o nhiet o la o Xen si uyt, viet tat la
0
C
o am khong kh c ac trng bang bi ap suat hi nc, am o tng
oi, o thieu hut bao hoa va iem sng.
Ap suat hi nc va o thieu hut bao hoa c tnh bang n v hPa, am o
tng oi tnh bang %, iem sng tnh bang
0
C.
e quan trac nhiet o va o am khong kh ngi ta dung cac dung cu sau :
- Bo nhiet am ke gom hai nhiet ke kho va t
- Nhiet ke toi cao
- Nhiet ke toi thap
- Nhiet ky
- Am ky
4.4.4/ Quan trac giang thuy :
Giang thuy la nhng san pham hi nc ngng ket the ran hay long, ri t
tren cao xuong nh : ma, ma a, tuyet, hay lang ong ngay trong lp khong
kh gan mat at nh : sng mu, sng moc, sng muoi,
Cng o giang thuy c tnh bang lng giang thuy tren n v thi gian
va c chia lam cap mang (to), trung bnh (va) va nhe (nho).
Lng giang thuy la o day tnh bang mm cua lp nc do ma, tuyet, sng
mu tren mat ngang bang va cha b boc hi, ngam hoac chay i mat.
Dung cu e o la :
- Vu lng ke
- Vu ky xyphong
- Vu lng ky chao lat SL1
4.4.5/ Quan trac may :
May la san pham cua hi nc trong kh quyen, c tao thanh bi nhng
giot nc, tinh the bang hoac hon hp ca hai. Kch thc, hnh dang va o cao cua
may luon thay oi. Cau truc chu yeu cua may phan thanh cac loai, dang, tnh may,
may phu, dang phu, may nguon goc.
- Xac nh lng may bang cach nhn sao.
- Quan trac o cao chan may bang mat, cau bay hay en chieu.
- Loai may c xac nh theo cach phan loai may quoc te.
4.5 QUAN TRAC MAU NC MA VA BUI LANG :
4.5.1/ Quan trac mau nc ma :
Ve nguyen tac e anh gia chat lng moi trng khong kh thong qua thanh
phan hoa hoc nc ma, viec lay mau va phan tch thanh phan hoa hoc cua tng
tran ma n la rat can thiet. Song Viet Nam, so tran ma n rat ln, nen gay
nhieu kho khan ve viec lay mau, van chuyen mau cung nh so mau em phan tch
tai phong th nghiem la rat ln.
V vay, viec lay mau nc ma c tam thi chia theo 2 che o tng ng
vi 2 mua la : mua ma va mua kho.
4.5.1.1) Che o lay mau nc ma trong mua kho :
Quy c : mua kho gom cac thang co lng ma trung bnh nho hn 100mm.
Quy nh ve lay mau :
+ Lay moi mau cho mot tran ma co lng ma ln hn hoac bang 2 mm.
+ Lng ma t 2 4 mm : ch o pH va o dan ien tai tram.
+ Lng ma ln hn hoac bang 4 mm : lay mau, o pH, va o dan ien tai
tram, phan con lai gi ve phong th nghiem e phan tch thanh phan hoa hoc.
+ Ch gi mau co lng nc ma hng c ln hn hoac bang 40ml.
Trnh t thao tac lay mau nc ma : gom 7 bc
Bc 1 : Khi tri bat au ma : bat au lay mau
- Chuan b thiet b :
+ Trng hp tram co thiet b lay mau nc ma ban t ong (hoac t ong)
mieng nap pheu cua bnh hng se t m.
+ Trng hp tram cha co thiet b noi tren (hoac thiet b noi tren b hong)
cong viec lay mau phai tien hanh thu cong nh sau :
Lap nap co pheu vao bnh hng nc ma.
Mang bnh hng co gan pheu o ra iem lay mau va at tren gia co
nh.
- Ghi vao bieu NBKQ 1A (xem Quy nh tam thi ve quan trac nc ma va
bui lang) muc :
+ So th t mau.
+ Ngay thang lay mau.
+ Gi bat au ma.
+ Gi bat au lay mau.
Bc 2 : Quan trac cac yeu to kh tng co lien quan
- Ghi chep cac quan trac vao bieu NBKQ 1A theo cac muc :
+ May : lng , dang may.
+ ac iem va dang ma.
+ Gio.
+ Nhiet o khong kh.
+ o am tng oi.
+ Ap suat kh quyen.
Trng hp iem o khong at trong tram kh tng th phai lay so lieu quan
trac tai tram kh tng gan nhat. Rieng cac yeu to lng ma va cng o ma
phai quan trac tai cho.
Bc 3 : Khi tri tanh ma
- Ghi vao bieu NBKQ 1A muc : gi ket thuc ma.
- Van at bnh hng tai iem o.
- Sau 3
h
tnh t luc tanh ma :
* Neu tri khong ma :
+ Ra iem o mang bnh hng co gan pheu vao nha.
+ Nhac nap co gan pheu ra khoi bnh hng.
+ Lac eu nc ma trong bnh (co the dung ua thuy tinh e khuay).
+ .Rot t t nc ma vao ong ong.
+ Ghi ket qua the tch nc hng c (ml) vao bieu NBKQ 1A.
* Neu tri ma tiep : tiep tuc lay mau.
Chu y : neu tri ma to, lng nc ln tran khoi bnh hng, quan trac vien khong
can thay bnh (v trong thi gian 3
h
van coi la mot tran ma).
Bc 4 : Ket thuc viec lay mau
- Ra sach dung cu va bao quan dung cu theo quy nh.
- Neu tram co thiet b lay mau nc ma t ong hoac ban t ong : mang
bnh hng ra iem o va at vao thiet b.
Bc 5 : o mot so yeu to khong ben tai tram
- Mot so yeu to trong thanh phan hoa hoc nc ma co tnh khong ben, e
lau chung b thay oi. Do o, can phai o ngay sau khi lay mau. Vi ieu kien hien
nay, ta co the o c 2 yeu to :
+ o pH : dung phng phap thang so mau Alimopxki hoac dung may o pH
trc tiep.
+ o o dan ien : dung may o o dan ien.
- Ghi ay u cac ket qua o c vao bieu NBKQ 1A
Bc 6 : X ly va bao quan mau con lai
- Ban chat cua nc ma la mot loai nc t nhien de b anh hng do cac
yeu to nh : thi gian lu tr, nhiet o, bc xa, vi khuan e tranh s phan huy
hoac lam thay oi thanh phan vat ly, hoa hoc cua nc ma do cac yeu to tren,
ngi ta thng s dung hoa chat e bao quan nc ma.
ay thng s dung Chloroform (CHCl
3
) lam chat bao quan. Cach cho
Chloroform vao mau nh sau :
The tch nc
ma hng c
Lng Chloroform
dung cho vao mau
Ghi chu
1000ml 5 ml
500ml 2,5 ml
250ml 1,25 ml
100ml 0,5 ml 5 giot to
50ml 0,25 ml 3 giot to
- Lac eu va ay nap that kn.
- Ghi nhan that ro rang : ngay, gi, the tch mau, th t cac tran ma, ten
tram, dan len thanh bnh.
- Bao quan mau lay c tai ni sach, thoang va toi.
Bc 7 : Hoan thanh tat ca cac muc con lai trong bieu NBKQ 1A
4.5.1.2) Che o lay mau nc ma trong mua ma :
Quy c : mua ma gom cac thang co lng ma trung bnh ln hn hoac
bang100mm.
Quy nh ve lay mau : moi mau cho 10 ngay trong thang
Mau 1 : t ngay 1 en ngay 10 hang thang.
Mau 2 : t ngay 11 en ngay 20 hang thang.
Mau 3 : t ngay 21 en ngay 30 (31) hang thang.
Trnh t thao tac lay mau nc ma 10 ngay : gom 11 bc
Bc 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 : nh tren
Bc 8 : Sau khi cho hoa chat bao quan vao, lac eu, cho mau vao can nha
PE 5 lt e gom mau.
Bc 9 : Vao ngay 1 , 11 , 21 hang thang lac eu can a gom mau, lay ra 1
lt nc ma cho vao bnh gi mau, ay kn nap.
Bc 10 : Ghi nhan that ro rang :
- So th t mau cua thang t ngay en ngay
- Gom cac tran ma n so : trong bieu NBKQ 1A dan len thanh bnh.
Bc 11 : Bao quan mau tai ni toi, thoang mat.
Chu y : Tuyet oi khong e mau tai iem o lien tuc trong 10 ngay quy nh lay
mau.
4.5.2/ Quan trac mau bui lang :
Phng phap lay mau tai tram gom cac bc :
Bc 1 :
- Vao 7
h
30 ngay 1 hang thang, chuan b bnh hng mau.
- Cho vao bnh 2ml dung dch Chloroform va 250ml nc cat. ay nap bnh.
Bc 2 :
- ung 8
h
: at bnh vao v tr o vn quan trac. M nap bnh.
Chu y : trong thi gian lay mau, can bo sung nc e gi mau, tranh bnh hng b
kho.
Bc 3 :
- em bnh hng mau thang trc vao. Phai ay nap bnh ngay e tranh bui
va cac vat khac ri vao.
Phng phap x ly s bo mau tai tram : mau can c x ly ngay trong ngay
lay mau.
Bc 1 :
- Chuan b dung cu loc mau : pheu, ua thuy tinh, bnh hng nc sau loc,
bnh gi mau, gia at pheu loc, giay loc,
Bc 2 :
- Gap cac vat ri vao bnh hng mau khong mang tnh chat bui nh la cay,
canh hoa, canh sau bo Trc khi vt, chung can c trang trong nc cat.
Lng nc nay se c dung e trang ra bnh lay mau.
- Dung ua thuy tinh co au bt cao su e co ra ky thanh bnh, ay bnh vi
nc ma co san trong bnh. Trong trng hp bnh khong co nc ma, dung 1/3
lng nc cat a chuan b e co ra bnh.
Bc 3 : Tien hanh loc mau
- Nc trong bnh sau khi co ra, o mot t vao pheu loc sao cho lng nc
khong cao qua 2/3 giay loc trong pheu. Loc dan cho en het lng nc trong bnh.
- Dung phan nc con lai e trang lai bnh cho that sach, nc sau khi trang
cung c o vao pheu loc e loc.
Bc 4 :
- Sau khi loc xong toan bo mau, i cho giay loc rao nc, gap oi lai cho
vao mot t giay e tranh bui, dung kep go hoac nha, treo len day phi trong nha
(ni sach se thoang gio) cho kho.
- Ghi thang, nam, ten tram bang but ch len giay loc, sau o cho vao tui PE.
Bc 5 :
- Nc sau khi loc don vao bnh ln hoac can 5 lt (neu lng nc nhieu).
- Xac nh chnh xac lng nc sau khi loc (ml) bang ong ong. Ghi vao
bao bieu va nhan tren bnh ve so lng nc tong cong sau loc.
- Khuay eu lng nc tren bang ua thuy tinh, lay ra 250ml cho vao bnh
nha gi mau. Cho them 1 giot Chloroform roi ong kn lai.
- Dan nhan ghi ro thang, nam, ten tram.
Bc 6 :
- Hoan tat cac muc trong bao bieu NBKQ - 2
4.6 TAN SO, THI GIAN QUAN TRAC, KY THUAT THU MAU VA BAO
QUAN MAU :
4.6.1/ Tan so va thi gian quan trac :
Tan so quan trac la so lan quan trac trong mot n v thi gian.
Thi gian quan trac co nhieu cach hieu khac nhau nh : thi iem quan trac,
tong thi gian lay mau, tong thi gian tien hanh quan quac bao gom tat ca cac khau
t lay mau en phan tch, anh gia ket qua ay, khi noi ve tan so va thi gian
quan trac th ta hieu thi gian quan trac la tong thi gian lay mau.
Thi gian quan trac c chon tuy thuoc vao muc ch at ra cua van e
quan trac. Chang han nh van e quan trac la xac nh mc o o nhiem khong kh
trong hien tai th ta co the bo tr thi gian quan trac trong khoang 1 ngay, 2 ngay
hoac 1 tuan Con neu muon anh gia, theo sat va d bao o nhiem trong tng lai
th chung ta phai chon thi gian quan trac lau hn : 1 thang, 2 thang, na nam hoac
mot nam
Tan so quan trac phu thuoc vao thi gian quan trac, nguon nhan lc va vat
lc, cac ieu kien thi tiet kh hau, ...
V du : lay mau cac thong so moi trng khong kh trong mot ngay em lien tuc
24
h
, cach 2
h
o mot lan tong cong la 12 lan o. Neu han hep ve kinh ph va nhan
lc th ban em co the cach 3
h
lay mau 1 lan, trong trng hp nay ta co 10 lan o.
Neu kinh ph va nhan lc t hn hoac do thi tiet khong thuan li th o t 6
h
sang
en 22
h
, tc la 8 lan o trong ngay.
Tuy rang tan so va thi gian quan trac la do t chon nhng phai am bao
c rang vi so lan quan trac nh the th so lieu thu c se co gia tr ve mat khoa
hoc va a u e phan anh c nhng bien ong ve mat kh hau a phng.
Song song vi lay mau can o ac cac thong so kh tng. Tan suat o la
moi gi o mot lan, viec o ac c thc hien theo ung ch dan cua hng dan
s dung kem theo may o. Ghi cac so lieu quan trac c vao nhat ky lay mau.
Tuy nhien do thng khong co san cac thiet b quan trac kh tng va neu lam them
phan nay se rat ton kem nen thong thng cac quan trac vien thng s dung cac
so lieu cua tram kh tng gan nhat.
4.6.2/ Ky thuat thu mau :
Ky thuat thu mau tai hien trng quyet nh kha ln en viec xac nh nong
o thc cua cac chat o nhiem trong khong kh tai khu vc lay mau.
Chuan b hoa chat, dung cu va thiet b lay mau :
- Chuan b hoa chat, dung cu va thiet b lay mau tng ng vi tng loai
thong so can o. Pha che san cac hoa chat, bao quan dung dch hap thu, chuan b
giay loc bui theo cac phng phap tng ng.
- Kiem chuan thiet b ve o tin cay, o chnh xac va o lech chuan cua lu
lng.
S o he thong lay mau kh :
Trong giam sat hien trang can tuan thu phng phap phan bo mau theo
mang li, u kha nang ai dien cho moi trng can giam sat.
Trong giam sat co trong iem can xac nh cac iem ai dien tng ng cho
tng loai hnh o nhiem co tnh ac thu ( khu cong nghiep, giao thong, dan c)
Trong giam sat nong o chat o nhiem do nguon thai gay ra tai mat at, phai
thu mau tai nhng iem cuoi hng gio, khoang cach t 4 en 40 lan chieu cao ong
khoi.
Tai hien trng, chon ung v tr thu mau theo yeu cau, khi thu mau phai e
au Impinger quay ve hng gio ti e giam nhe sc hut cua may hut kh.
S o he thong lay mau kh : khong kh t ngoai do may hut tac ong se i
qua au lay mau, chat o nhiem b gi lai, khong kh se i tiep ti lu lng ke, lu
lng ke o lu lng qua. Cuoi cung khong kh sach se hut qua may hut i ra
ngoai. Chieu cao thu mau cach mat at1,5 m o la tam ht th trung bnh cua con
ngi.
Toc o hut kh phai tuan thu cac quy nh cua phng phap, neu toc o hut
ln, chat o nhiem khong hap thu hoan toan ma that thoat theo dong kh ra ngoai
Impinger, gay sai so am cho ket qua.
V du : oi vi may lay kh oc thng la cac bm hut co lu lng nho 0,5 5
lt/phut; chuan lu lng trong khoang 0,5 1,0 lt/phut khi hut qua dung dch hap
thu. Cac may lay bui tong so phai co lu lng ln en 20 30 lt/phut; chuan lu
lng theo ch dan cua may.
Lay mau oi vi tng thong so :
Khi lay mau can chu y en v tr lay mau, thi gian lay mau va thanh phan
kh can lay e chon dung cu, phng phap lay mau, cach tien hanh lay mau tng
loai kh theo quy nh trong tieu chuan.
4.6.3/ Bao quan mau :
Bao quan mau cung la van e khong kem phan quan trong nham bao am
ket qua phan tch tai phong th nghiem tng ng vi nong o chat o nhiem tai hien
trng. Bao quan bao gom t qua trnh thu mau ti khi ket thuc va a ve phong th
nghiem.
Cac phc chon loc tao thanh trong qua trnh thu mau thng chu tac ong
manh cua tia t ngoai t anh sang mat tri lam phan huy, gay sai so am. Tot nhat
nen boc en Impinger trong qua trnh thu mau.
Sau khi ket thuc thu mau, cac mau kh phai c bao quan trong bnh lanh
co nhiet o 5
0
C e co nh cac phc chat a tao tai hien trng va van chuyen
nhanh ve phong th nghiem. Mau O
3
phai phan tch tai cho cang nhanh cang tot
ngay sau khi lay.
Mau bui ng trong bao kep bang giay can ky thuat co the bao quan de
dang va lau dai ieu kien thng, nhng noi chung khong nen e qua 3 ngay.
Khi lay mau bang ong hap thu, lay mau xong rot mau vao lo thuy tinh co nut
nham hoac ong nghiem co nut chac chan, at trong gia cho vao bnh lanh van
chuyen ngay ve, neu cha kp phan tch th phai at trong ngan mat cua tu lanh
(phai phan tch trong vong 24
h
).
Nen co mau lu, cac mau lu khoang 3 thang, neu khong co ieu g nghi
ngai th co the lap bien ban huy mau.
Khi bao quan mau can tuan theo viec cho them cac chat bao quan theo quy
trnh a quy nh. V du : e bao quan mau nc ma cho Chloroform vao.
4.7 PHNG PHAP PHAN TCH CAC CH TIEU O NHIEM KHONG KH :
4.7.1/ Phng phap tach :
4.7.1.1) Phng phap tach kh :
Thiet b giam sat t ong : khong tach
hau het thiet b giam sat t ong, cac hp chat c o khong b tach ra
khoi dong kh chnh : qua trnh phan tch xay ra trc tiep trong pha kh. mot so
thiet b o trc ay, cac hp chat can o c hap thu trong dung dch trc khi
tien hanh phan tch hoa hoc.
Phng phap hoa am (Phng phap hap thu qua dung dch hoa hoc) :
Phng phap phan tch hoa am da tren dong kh i qua mot dung dch.
Thng chat o nhiem hoa tan trong dung dch nay va sau o c co nh thong
qua mot phan ng vi hoa chat them vao. Qua trnh hap thu xay ra trong Impinger
bao am s tiep xuc gia dung dch va dong kh cang nhieu cang tot.
Hnh 4.1 Bieu dien hai v du ve Impinger (hay thiet b hap thu sui bot) co
cac bo phan khuech tan ay e phan tan kh vao trong dung dch.


Hnh 4.1 Impinger co cac bo phan khuech tan
Thiet b x ly dong mau kh :
C cau phan tch hoa am co ien co mot he thong goi la x ly dong mau kh.
Khong kh moi trng c hut vao qua mot pheu thuy tinh at up xuong e ngan
nga nc ma vao lam am ng vao cua dong kh. Trong he thong nay co mot
bo loc khoi c at trc Impinger. e tranh trng hp giot dung dch hap thu ri
vao bm hut, ngi ta at them mot bnh hut am ong thi co the kem theo he
thong nung nong. Qua bm hut (di ap suat kh quyen), the tch mau c o bang
may o kh.

Hnh 4.2 He thong x ly dong kh ien hnh trong phan tch hoa am
Hap phu vao moi trng ran :
Mot phng phap phan tach kh khac la dan dong kh i qua mot ong cha
chat hap phu. Thng ngi ta hay s dung than hoat tnh e hap phu, ngoai ta
cung co nhieu chat hap phu hieu qua khac c s dung nh Tenax. Khi dung
phng phap nay, ieu quan trong nhat can chu y la khong e xay ra hien tng
hap phu qua tai (no hap phu) tren chat hap phu vi khi o kh i qua se khong con
hap phu c na.
Denuders (thiet b tach kh va sol kh ) :
Thiet b nay la mot ong ben trong co phu mot lp mong chat hap thu
(chuyen biet cho chat can phan tch). Mau khong kh c hut qua ong. Ong co ty
le chieu dai / ng knh thch hp e cac phan t can phan tch khuech tan ti
c thanh ong, tai ay no c hap thu. Cac phan t hat co toc o khuech tan nho
hn va b hut i qua ong trc khi co c hoi ti c be mat hap thu. Nh vay vi
phng phap nay, ta co the phan tach kh ra khoi cac phan t hat. ieu nay ac
biet quan trong khi o SO
2
(de b nhieu bi cac hat sulfat), HNO
3
(de nhieu cac hat
nitrat), HF (nhieu muoi floride) va NH
3
(nhiem muoi amon). ieu quan trong la can
phan biet kh va cac phan t hat vi tnh chat cua chung trong kh quyen khac nhau
ca trong chuyen oi hoa hoc va trong sa lang.
4.7.1.2) Phng phap tach hat :
Tach hat theo kch thc :
S phan tach au tien thanh cac phan kch thc khac nhau cua dong kh
xay ra khi lay mau : mieng vao cua dung cu o. Sau khi lay mau, co nhieu cach
e tach ly cac hat theo kch thc. ieu nay c thc hien nh cac lc ien t
hoac lc kh ong hoc. Trong bo chon Cascade Impactor, dong kh cha cac phan t
b cng bc oi hng ot ngot, c moi lan oi hng th toc o cua no gia tang.
Ket qua la sau moi lan nh vay cac hat nho vang ra khoi dong kh va chung b bat
bi be mat dnh hoac cac au loc.
au loc :
Cach thong dung nhat e tach cac hat ra khoi mau kh la cho khong kh i
qua mot au loc. Cac hat tch tu len tren hoac vao trong vat lieu loc.
4.7.2/ Phng phap phan tch :
4.7.2.1) Phng phap phan tch kh :
Phng phap phan tch thch hp phu thuoc vao phng phap phan tach hp
chat khao sat t dong kh. Phan tch hoa am thng dung phng phap so mau,
quang pho va sac ky kh. Phng phap trc tiep (o trc tiep hp chat trong khong
kh, khong can phan tach ra) da vao s hap thu huynh quang, hong ngoai hoac t
ngoai va phat quang hoa hoc.
Kh hap phu :
Khi phan tch c tien hanh nh s hap phu tren be mat than hoat tnh, hp
chat c hap phu phai c giai hap trc khi tien hanh phan tch. Thng la gia
nhiet ong trong ieu kien co dong kh tr i qua no. Mot ong sinh han at cuoi
ong, mot oan vong trong ong c gi nhiet o thap. Trong ong sinh han nay,
hp chat can phan tch se ngng tu lai. Cung co the giai hap bang cach ra bang
dung moi. Tuy nhien, phng phap nay khong phai 1uc nao cung tot v phng
phap hap phu chu yeu dung cho phan tich cac hp chat hu c de bay hi, viec ra
co the lam sai lac ket qua phan tch. Phng phap phan tch cac hp chat de bay
hi thng dung phng phap sac ky.
Cac nguyen tac quan trong nhat trong phan tch kh :
Tong quan s lc ve cac nguyen tac quan trong nhat trong phan tch kh
c trnh bay sau ay :
Phng phap phan tch bang phat quang hoa hoc :
Vi phng phap phat quang hoa hoc, mot chat kh c them vao trong
mau kh va se phan ng vi chat o nhiem trong mau, giai phong cac photon. Neu
kh them vao con co d, lng photon ghi nhan tren may khuech ai photon se bieu
th cho ham lng chat o nhiem. Noi chung, phng phap nay nhay va thch hp
cho mot so hp chat. V du :
- Loai thiet b cu o O
3
da tren phan ng vi ethene them vao trong dong
kh.
- o NO
x
da tren phan ng NO vi O
3
sinh ra trong thiet b. Trong thiet b
nay, NO c o trc tiep trong khi tong lng NO
2
va NO (NO
x
) c xac nh
sau khi kh mau kh. Nong o NO
2
sau o c tnh la hieu so cua nong o NO
x
va
NO.

Hnh 4.3 Nguyen tac cua phng phap phat quang hoa hoc
Phng phap so mau :
Sau kh tach chat o nhiem ra khoi mau kh bang phng phap hoa am, cac
hoa chat c them vao mau long cha chat o nhiem. Cac hoa chat o phan ng
vi chat o nhiem hoac vi san pham phan ng cua no va tao mau ben. S hap thu
tia sang qua mau c o bc song mau ac trng bang mot quang pho ke.
Phng phap nay dung trong phan tch hoa am, nh phan tch NO
x
bang thuoc th
Saltzman, O
3
bang KI va phng phap phan tch SO
2
bang Pararosaniline.
Phng phap o o dan ien :
Phng phap o o dan ien la mot phng phap hoa am t ong. o dan
ien cua mot dung dch thay oi tuy theo phan ng vi hp chat can phan tch trong
o. Cac chat tao ra gi cho o dan ien khong oi. Lng tac chat can e gi cho
o dan khong oi c coi nh la mot so o nong o cua hp chat c phan tch.
au do gi ien t (ECD : Electron Capture Detector)
Bo do thng noi vi mot sac ky o. Nguon phong xa tao ra cac ien t,
chung b hap thu sau khi va cham vi nguyen t Oxy. Trong trng ien, phan ng
Oxy luon co d, tao ra dong ien. Cac nguyen t ai ien nh halogen se lay ien t
de dang hn Oxy. Khi hp chat cac nguyen t ai ien t i qua bo do, dong ien
lap tc giam. S giam dong la mot ch so o ve nong o. Phng phap nay khong
ac trng cho hp chat nao do o ma ECD thng can dung kem vi sac ky o. Bo
do dung cho cac hp chat Cloride va sulphua hexafloride (SF
6
) sau o se c s
dung nh chat anh dau trong nghien cu o nhiem khong kh.
au do ion hoa ngon la (FID : Flame Ionisation Detection) :
Ngon la chay len trong mot trng ien. Ngon la se ion hoa nhe dong kh
i qua, tao ra dong ien. Cac nguyen t carbon b ot chay b ion hoa manh hn
lam tang cng o dong ien. S gia tang dong la so o anh gia nong o cac hp
chat hu c trong dong kh.
Phng phap huynh quang (Fluorescence) :
Huynh quang xay ra khi phan t kh hap thu photon sau khi phat xa anh sang
mot bc song nao o ma o cac electron nhay khoi mc nang lng chuan va
phat ra photon khi tr lai mc ban au. oi khi can co phan ng gia kh vi mot
pha ran trc khi ap dung ky thuat nay thanh cong ( v du kieu o SO
2
)
Phng phap sac ky kh (GC : Gas Chromatography) :
Sac ky kh la phng phap tach kh, trong o li dung toc o hap phu va kh
hap phu khac nhau cua cac chat kh tren chat lu gi tnh. Mau c bm nhanh
vao trong dong lien tuc kh thai dan en cac cot hap phu, cac hp chat b tach ra,
lan lt ri cot va c ghi nhan bang mot trong cac bo do nh a noi tren.
Phng phap nay thng ap dung e phan tch cac hp chat hu c de bay hi.
Hnh 4.4 la mot v du ve ghi nhan tn hieu xuat cua bo do trong may sac ky
kh va ket qua ghi nhan cac hp chat khac nhau trong mot mau co thanh phan a
biet.


Hnh 4.4 V du ve tn hieu ghi nhan cua may o sac ky
Phng phap quang pho hap thu hong ngoai (Infraded Absorption Spectometry ) :
Bc xa hong ngoai i qua mau. Mot so phan t hoac cac nhom chc nhat
nh trong mau se hap thu photon cha mot lng nang lng nhat nh (o dai
song). Bc song o ac trng cho phan t hoac nhom chc, o giam hap thu bieu
dien so o nong o. Phng phap nay thng dung trong pha kh.
Phng phap khoi pho (Mass Spectrometry) :
Khoi pho thng dung ket hp vi sac ky kh. Cac phan t cua hp chat
c phan ly ra bi cac chum tia ien t ban pha no. Cac phan oan cua hp chat
(con goi la cac goc) khong trung hoa ve ien va ta co the dan chung theo quy ao
cua ien trng va tuy thuoc vao khoi lng cua cac goc o, lc ien trng se cho
chung xep theo cac lp khac nhau. Bang s o huynh quang chnh xac, khoi lng
cac goc c xac nh va suy ra khoi lng phan t. Cac thanh phan hoa hoc tng
ng cua hp chat co the c tai dng lai giong nh tro chi xep ch.
Quang pho hap thu t ngoai (Ultrsviolet Absorption Spectrometry) :
Quang pho hap thu t ngoai cung giong nh o khoi pho, ngoai tr nguon
phat xa c dung. Cac may o O
3
cung da tren quang pho hap thu t ngoai.
4.7.2.2) Phng phap phan tch hat :
Trc khi phan tch chat o nhiem kh dang hat, can phai giai phong cac hp
chat khoi vat lieu nen (hoan lai kha nang tan). ieu nay thc hien bang cach un
nong hoac cho vao acid. Sau khi x ly mau, s dung cac phng phap phan tch
giong nh oi vi cac hp chat kh.
Phng phap quang pho hap thu nguyen t (AAS: Atomic AbsorptionSpectrometry):
Mot en catot rong ac biet ng vi bc song hap thu cua mot nguyen t
nguyen to can xac nh c s dung. Mau c nguyen t hoa nh ngon la
hoac lo nhiet ien bang graphite. Cac nguyen t tao thanh mang mc nang lng
nen hap thu anh sang t en catot rong va lam tia sang yeu i. Hien tng o giup
o c lng nguyen t chung ta can xac nh. Phng phap nay thng dung nh
lng kim loai nang.
Phng phap quang pho nguyen t phat xa (ES : Emission Spectrometry) :
Mau c a vao ngon la rat nong hoac mot ngon uoc plasma cam ng.
Nguyen t tao thanh co ien t hoa tr mc nang lng cao. Khi chung nhay tr
ve mc nen se phat ra nang lng tng ng bang tia sang co bc song ac trng.
Cng o tia sang nay la phep o cho nong o mau.
Phng phap phan tch trong lng :
Khoi lng tang cua mang loc c xac nh bang can trong lng. Cac
phep o lu y phai thc hien e ngan cac thay oi khoi lng do thay oi o am.
ieu kien mang loc at trong tu say co nhiet o va o am khong oi va phong can
co ieu kien kh hau tot la can thiet e o chnh xac.
Phng phap sac ky long :
Sac ky long cung tng t nh sac ky kh, ch khac la phng phap nay cho
chat long i qua cot sac ky co vat lieu hap thu hoac hap phu ran.
Do co tr lc cao trong kh long, qua trnh c tien hanh vi ap suat cao, do
vay ma no co ten goi sac ky long cao ap (HPLC : High Pressure Liquid
Chromatography).
Phng phap nay co the dung tach cac hp chat hu c, vo c (hp chat
sulfat, nitrat, amonium). Khi dung e tach cac hp chat vo c, sac ky long c goi
la sac ky ion (IC).
Phng phap phan tch hoat hoa neutron (NAA : Neutron Activating Analysis) :
Trong phng phap NAA, mau c at trong buong phan ng hat nhan va
c chieu xa neutron. Cac ong v phong xa se hnh thanh va phan ra phat xa.
Cac nguyen to khac nhau c phat hien nh toc o phan ra phat xa. Cac nguyen
to khac nhau c phat hien nh toc o phan ra khac nhau cung vi kieu phong xa
cua no. Phng phap nay mang tnh nh tnh.
Phng phap phan tch pho phat xa tia X cam ng (PIXE : Proton Induced X-ray
Emission Analysis) :
PIXE giong nh phng phap phan tch pho huynh quang tia X, cai khac
phng phap PIXE la photon c kch hoat nen cc tieu phat hien se hoa be hn.
Phng phap phan tch huynh quang tia X (Roentgen) :
Mau c ban pha bang tia bc xa nang lng cao (Roentgen) hoac tia ien
t lam vang ien t hoa tr ra khoi vo cua nguyen t chuyen len quy ao nang
lng cao hn. Khi ien t o tr lai mc nen, chung se phat ra lng t Roentgen.
Nang lng trong bc song cua bc xa t nguyen t ac trng cho tng yeu to.
4.7.2.3) Phng phap phan tch cac ch tieu khong kh thong
thng :
a) Phan tch kh SO
2
: nh lng sunfua dioxit (SO
2
)

trong khong kh
bang phng phap TCM tren may quang pho so mau
* NGUYEN TAC :
SO
2
c hap thu bang dung dch K
2
HgCl
4
hoac Na
2
HgCl
4
. Phc nay chong c
s oxi hoa ngay ca khi co mat 0
3
va NO
3
. nh lng SO
2
thu c bang pararosanilin
trong HCl va HCHO e tao thanh phc mau hong tm. o bc song 560nm.
Cac phan ng dien ra nh sau :
2KCl + HgCl
2
= 2K
+
+ [HgCl
4
]
2-

SO
2
+ [HgCl
4
]
2- +
H
2
O = [HgCl
2
SO
3
]
2-

+ 2H
+
+ 2Cl
-
[HgCl
2
SO
3
]
2-
+HCHO + 2H
-
= HO
_
CH
2
_
SO
3
H + HgCl
2
HO
_
CH
2
_
SO
3
H + C
19
H
18
N
3
Cl + HCl = axit Pararosanilin Metylsulfonic (mau o tm)
Khoang o: 0.01 0.6mg/m
3
. Lay mau khoang 30-50 lit khong kh. Tuan theo nh luat
Ber-Lamber vi nong o khoang 0.25mg/10ml dung dch hap thu.
* TIEN HANH TH NGHIEM :
+ Chuan b thiet b va dung cu i thu mau hien trng
May DESAGA thu mau
Bnh hap thu (impinger)
Dung dch hap thu SO
2

Lo thuy tinh nau ng mau.
+ Ky thuat lay mau
Lap at he thong theo ung quy trnh lay mau
Thu mau khong kh qua impinger vi 2 ong hap thu noi tiep nhau, co cha 40ml
dung dch hap thu, ieu chnh lu lng 0,51 lit/phut trong khoang 1 gi. Xong, gom
toan bo dung dch a hap thu lai cho vao lo ng mau va bao quan can than.
+ Chuan b hoa chat tai phong th nghiem
HCHO
Iot 0.1N
Pararosanilin 1%
Dung dch tay mau
Dung dch chuan SO
2

Dung dch hap thu
Dung dch axit sunfamic
* KY THUAT PHAN TCH :
Lay 6 ong nghiem 16 anh so t 0 en 5.
Cho dung dch chuan SO
2
vao cac ong nghiem t so 0 en so 5 vi cac the tch
tng ng neu trong bang. Sau o, them dung dch hap thu vao cac ong nghiem cho u 10
ml. Ong nghiem so 6 cho 10ml dung dch mau va thu xong.
Tiep theo, cho cac thuoc th vao 6 ong nghiem nh so lieu trong bang.

Dung dch/ong so 0 1 2 3 4 5 mau
Dung dch chuan SO
2
,
ml
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5
Dung dch hap thu, ml 10 9,5 9 8,5 8 7,5 10
Axit sunlfamic, ml 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
HCHO ( cho sau 10
phut), ml
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Dung dch tay mau, ml 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Ham lng SO
2
0,4 0,8 1,2 4,6 2
Sau khi them dung dch axit sunfamic, lac eu e yen 10 phut, them thuoc th tiep
theo. Khi cho chat tay mau vao cac ong nghie m lac ky sau 30 phut, em so mau b c
song 560nm tren may so mau theo th t mau a anh so.
* TNH TOAN KET QUA :
Lap ng chuan tng quan gia mat o quang va lng SO
2
t ket qua o cua
cac mau ong nghiem so 0 en so 5.
T mat o quang cua mau phan tch trong ong nghiem so 6, xac nh lng SO
2
co
trong ong da theo ng chuan.
Lap cong thc tnh ham lng SO
2
trong mau kh thu c.
b) Phan tch kh CO
2
: nh lng cacbon dioxit (CO
2
) trong khong kh
* NGUYEN TAC :
CO
2
tac dung vi Ba(OH)
2
, tao thanh BaCO
3
theo phan ng sau:
CO
2
+ Ba(OH)
2
= BaCO
3
+ H
2
O
Lng Ba(OH)
2
d c chuan o bang axit oxalic theo phan ng.
Ba(OH)
2
+ HOOC-COOH = Ba(COO)
2
+ 2H
2
O
Biet lng d Ba(OH)
2
va tnh c Ba(OH)
2
a tac dung, ta tnh c nong o
CO
2
trong khong kh.
May DESAGA thu mau
Bnh hap thu (Impinger)
Dung dch Hap thu CO
2

+ Ky thuat lay mau
dung dch hap thu, ie u chnh lu lng 0,5-1 lit/phut trong khoang thi gian 30 phut.
Xong, gom toan bo dung dch a hap thu lai cho vao lo ng mau va bao quan can than.
Dung dch barit
Dung dch axit oxalic ((HCOO)
2
) 0,56 g/l
Dung dch phenolphtalein 1% trong con 90
0

+ Ky thuat phan tch :
Lay ra 25 ml dung dch mau a thu tai hien trng cho vaobnh tam giac co dung
tch 250 ml. Them vao o 4-5 giot phenolphtalein va chuan o vi dung dch axit oxalic
en va het mau hong. Ghi lai so ml axit oxalic a dung.
Tien hanh song song mot mau oi chng. Lay 25 ml dung dch hap thu (dung dch
barit mi), cho vao bnh tam giac co dung tch 250 ml. Them vao o 4 -5 giot
phenolphtalein va chuan o vi dung dch axit oxalic en va het mau hong. Ghi lai so ml
axit oxalic a dung.
Trng hp neu cho phenolphtalein vao dung dch a hap thu ma khong xuat hien
mau hong, la do lng CO
2
qua cao, khong u lng barit tng ng. Luc o, tien hanh
lai t au vi lng dung dch barit nhieu hn.
T phng trnh phan ng (1) va (2), lap cong thc tnh ham lng CO
2
(mg/m
3
)
c) Phan tch kh O
3
: xac nh O
3
bang phng phap so mau
* NGUYEN TAC :
Phng phap da vao s hap thu O
3
bang KI va xac nh bang so mau Iot sinh ra
tac dung vi dimety p-phenylendiamin tao thanh san pham co mau hong. Qua trnh hap
thu, phan ng dien ra theo pt sau :
O
3
+ 2KI + H
2
O

= I
2
+ 2 KOH + O
2

May DESAGA thu mau
Dung dch hap thu O
3
+ Ky thuat lay mau
Dung dch hap thu : dung dch KI 1%
Dung dch I
2
0,01N (chnh xac)
Dung dch tieu chuan
Dung dch dimetyl p phenylendiamin clohydrat 0,02%
Cho dung dch chuan vao cac ong nghiem t so 0 en so 5 vi cac the tch tng
ng neu trong bang. Sau o, them dung dch KI 1% vao cac ong nghiem cho u 10 ml.
Ong nghiem so 6 cho 10ml dung dch mau va thu xong.

Ong nghiem 0 1 2 3 4 5 mau
Dung dch chuan 10g/ml,
ml
0 0,4 0,8 1,2 1,6 2,0
Dung dch KI 1%, ml 10 9,6 9,2 8,8 8,4 8,0 10
Dung dch dimetyl p -
phenylendiamin, ml
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Lng I
2
, g 0,0 4,0 8,0 12 16 20 -
Lng O
3
tng ng , g 0,00 0,40 0,75 1,15 1,5 1,9 -
e yen 15 phut em so mau bc song 540nm.
Lap ng chuan tng quan gia mat o quang va lng O
3
t ket qua o cua cac
mau ong nghiem so 0 en so 5.
T mat o quang cua mau phan tch trong ong nghiem so 6, xac nh lng O
3
co
Lap cong thc tnh ham lng O
3
trong mau kh thu c.
d) Phan tch kh NH
3
: xac nh nong o khoi lng NH
3
trong khong kh
bang phng phap so mau
* NGUYEN TAC :
NH
3
c hap thu trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
cho phan ng vi thuoc th Nessler tao
phc mau vang nau, so mau bc song 440nm.
May DESAGA thu mau
Dung dch hap thu NH
3
+ Ky thuat lay mau
Thuoc th Nessler :
Chu y : Nessler oc tranh giay ra tay, quan ao
Dung dch chuan (NH
4
)
2
SO
4

Dung dch nay ch s du ng trong vong 1 tuan .
Dung dch hap thu H
2
SO
4
0,1N
Cho dung dch chuan NH
3
vao cac ong nghiem t so 0 en so 5 vi cac the tch
tng ng neu trong ba ng. Sau o, them dung dch Nessler va dung dch hap thu vao ca c
ong nghiem cho u 10 ml. Ong nghiem so 6 cho 10ml dung dch mau va thu xong.
Tiep theo, cho cac thuoc th vao 6 ong nghiem nh so lieu trong bang.

Ong nghiem 0 1 2 3 4 5 mau
Dung dch chuan ,
ml
0 0,4 0,8 1,5 1,6 2
Nessler, ml 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5
Dung dch hap thu,
ml
10 9,6 9,2 8,8 8,4 8 10
Lng NH
3
trong
ong , g

Lac tron dung dch sau 10 phut o bc song 440nm.
* TNH TOAN KET QUA
Lap ng chuan tng quan gia mat o quang va lng NH
3
t ket qua o cua
T mat o quang cua mau phan tch trong ong nghiem so 6, xac nh lng NH
3
co
Lap cong thc tnh ham lng NH
3
trong mau kh thu c.
e) Phan tch kh NO
2
: xac nh nong o khoi lng NO
2
theo phng
phap Griess-Satzman cai bien tren may quang pho so mau
* NGUYEN TAC :
Kh NO
2
c hap thu vao dung dch NaOH, cho phan ng vi CH
3
COOH tao
thanh HNO
2
. Axit nitr tac dung vi axit sulfanilic va - naphtylamin cho ra hp chat
Azoic co mau hong.
Phan ng dien ra nh sau :
2NO
2
+ 2NaOH NaNO
2
+ NaNO
3
+ H
2
O (1)
NaNO
3
+ CH
3
COOH HNO
2
+ CH
3
COONa (2)
C
6
H
7
NSO
3
+ NaNO
2
+ CH
3
COOH C
6
H
5
N
2
SO
3
+ CH
3
COONa + 2H
2
O (3)
[C
6
H
5
N
2
SO
3
]+ C
10
H
7
NH
2
[C
10
H
56
NH
2
]N=N-C
6
H
5
SO
3
(4)
+ Chuan b thiet b va dung cu thu mau hien trng
May DESAGA thu mau
Bnh hap thu ( Impinger )
Dung dch hap thu NO
2

+ Ky thuat lay mau
Lap dat he thong theo ung quy trnh lay mau
Mau khong kh c hu t qua impinger vi 2 bnh hap thu mac noi tiep nhau, cha
40ml dung dch hap thu, ieu chnh lu lng 0,5 lit / phut lay mau trong khoang thi gian
1 gi. Xong, gom toan bo dung dch a hap thu lai cho vao lo ng mau va bao quan mau
can than.
Thuoc th Griess A
Thuoc th Griess B
Ch tron dung dch Griess A va dung dch Griess B ( t le a : b = 1:1 ) vi
nhau khi phan tch. Dung dch nay khong gi c lau.
Dung dch chuan NaNO
2

Dung dch CH
3
COOH
Dung dch hap thu NaOH
+ Ky thuat phan tch
Lay 7 ong nghiem 16mm anh so t 0 en 6
Cho dung dch chuan NO
2
nong o 5m/ml va o cac ong nghiem t so 0 en so 5
vi cac the tch tng ng neu trong bang. Sau o them dung dch hap thu vao cac ong
nghiem cho u 10ml. Ong nghiem so 6, cho 10ml dung dch mau va thu xong. Them vao
cac ong nghiem moi ong 1ml Axit acetic 5N.
Tron dung dch Griess A va Griess B theo t le 1:1, cho vao 7 ong, moi ong 2ml hon
hp. Lac eu, sau 10 phut o tren may so mau tai bc song 543nm e xac nh mat o
quang theo s thay oi lng NO
2.
+ KET QUA :
Lap ng chuan tng quan gia mat o quang va lng NO
2
t ket qua o cua
T mat o quang cua mau phan tch trong ong nghiem so 6, xac nh lng NO
2
co
Lap cong thc tnh ham lng NO
2
trong mau kh thu c.
4.8 X LY SO LIEU :
X ly so lieu bao gom 3 bc :
4.8.1/ X ly s bo :
X ly s bo so lieu phu thuoc rat nhieu vao phng phap o a s dung. ay
la bc au tien trong viec x ly so lieu e kh hoac x ly cac sai so cua tat ca cac
mau. Thong thng viec x ly s bo la mot phan trong hng dan hoac quy trnh
cua phep o. Nh vay th viec x ly s bo nen c thc hien ung thi han.
oi vi tat ca cac phng phap o th cac d lieu nong o (khoi lng tren
the tch) thu c t nhieu phep o khac nhau. Khoi lng co c t phep phan
tch trong lng hay phan tch hoa hoc, the tch co c t phep o lu lng va
thi gian.
Toan bo mau can c xem xet e xac nh khoi lng mau. Tuy nhien, sai
so co the de dang phat sinh trong khau nay.
Sai so trong phep o lu lng anh hng trc tiep va t le vi nong o. Sai
so co the xay ra do that thoat va ac biet la do chenh lech ap suat. Nong o chat o
nhiem khong kh tnh bang g/m
3
c tnh tren c s met khoi chuan ieu kien
nhiet o va ap suat chuan. V vay, lu lng cung tnh tren c s nay, neu khong
can phai hieu chnh.
e hieu chnh can o ap suat trong he thong lay mau. Theo ly thuyet, khi
tnh toan phai tnh en s bien thien ap suat kh quyen, nhng noi chung nhng
hieu chnh nay nho va co the bo qua, tr khi phep o c thc hien tai nhng ni
cao hn (o tren khong, vung nui).
Nen kiem tra s bo cac gia tr nong o ban au ngay t giai oan au. Th t
o ln cua nong o co theo mong muon hay khong? Neu khong th do sai khi tnh
toan hay do quy trnh o? Tnh toan sai sau o co the sa cha c nhng sai so
do thao tac th khong. o la ly do can kiem tra nong o s bo cang sm cang tot.
4.8.2/ Tom tat va giai thch ket qua :
Bang :
Trc tien cac d lieu nong o tho c ghi ngay vao trong bang mau co san
hoac viet thanh bang. Tuy theo so lng so lieu ma can bang ln hay nho. Thng
mot bang mau day hn 1 trang. Moi trang gom cac thong tin sau : thong so o (v
du SO
2
), loai so lieu (vd : trung bnh 24
h
), v tr o (ma so vung hay ma so tram),
thi gian o va n v o (g/m
3
).
Bieu o :
Bang bieu co mot nhc iem rat ln la khi tang kch thc chung se tr nen
khong ro, khong con thay c moi lien he gia cac ket qua khac nhau. Khi s
dung cac s o ta co the quan sat c ket qua ro rang. Nhng bieu o co nhc
iem la d lieu dang bieu o thng khong thch hp e tnh toan sau nay v oc
so lieu tren bieu o thng kho va khong chnh xac.

Hnh 4.5 Bieu o s thay oi nong o theo thi gian cua cac chat gay khoi
mu quang hoa
Tom tat thong ke :
Trong trng hp co mot so lng ln d lieu th viec the hien c tat ca
cac gia tr o khong phai de. Khi o, tom tat thong ke di dang gia tr trung bnh,
median, phan v hoac phan phoi tan suat tch luy se thch hp hn.
Tom tat theo a ly :
D lieu nong o cung co the bieu dien theo khong gian. Ket qua cac phep
o chat o nhiem khong kh t mang li giam sat thng c mo phong lai bang
ng ang tr hay cac ng ang nong o. Cach nay giup hnh dung ro rang ve
s phan bo khong gian.
Thng cac ng ang tr c ve nh theo phep noi suy t cac gia tr o. No bao
gom cac tram o ai dien cho moi trng tai khu vc cua tram. Ket qua chay mo
hnh thng c bieu dien bang cac ng ang tr tren ban o, nhng cung co the
c bieu dien bang o th nong o 3 chieu (hnh 4.7).

Hnh 4.6 Bieu o tom tat thong ke cua 13150 gia tr o ac
4.8.3/ Phan tch so lieu :
e phan tch d lieu chung ta phai lam viec trong lanh vc thong ke ng
dung. Co nhieu phng phap khac nhau e phan tch d lieu da tren s ton tai cac
quan he nao o gia cac d lieu e kiem tra cac moi quan he nay co y ngha ve
mat thong ke hay khong. Ngay nay, co nhieu chng trnh thong ke co san trong
may vi tnh ca nhan va may vi tnh ln Phan nay ch e cap en mot vai kha
canh ac biet ong vai tro nhat nh trong moi quan he vi giam sat chat lng moi
trng.
Cac gia tr di mc gii han phat hien :
Khi o khong kh xung quanh, oi khi thc hien cac gia tr o nam di gii
han phat hien. Neu can xac nh mot gia tr trung bnh, th that kho e quyet nh la
se lam g vi cac phep o nay. Neu loai bo chung ra, nong o trung bnh se qua
cao, v chung ta bo qua gia tr thap nhat trong he thong. Neu chung ta gia thiet rang
tat ca cac gia tr bo qua bang 0 th chung ta a anh gia thap gia tr trung bnh. V
vay, thng lay gia tr bang 0,5 lan gii han phat hien thay v lay gia tr di mc
gii han phat hien. ieu nay khong phai luon luon la phng phap tot nhat nhng
no tot hn cach tren.


Hnh 4.7 Mau nong o tnh toan (SO
2
trung bnh nam) do phat thai cua 1
tram ot chat thai Ha Lan.
S bien thien cua kh tng :
Noi chung ieu kien kh hau co anh hng manh en nong o chat o nhiem
khong kh, phan biet cac ieu kien kh tng rat co ch cho thong ke. Co the phan
chia theo c s ngay / em hoac theo mua, nhng thng phan biet theo hng gio.
Trong nhieu trng hp gio la yeu to quan trong nhat anh hng en nong o tnh
toan va o ac.
Mot phng phap thng dung e lam ket qua co the so sanh c la bien
oi chung ve ieu kien kh tng chuan. ieu nay at c bang cach phan loai
nong o theo hng gio. Trong trng hp o, nong o c nh hng trong moi
khu vc tren c s ty so gia tan suat khu vc o trong suot thi gian o va tan suat
hng gio o theo trung bnh qua nhieu nam.
Tng quan va hoi quy :
Trong phan tch ket qua o ngi ta thng hay dung tnh toan tng quan.
S dung cac chng trnh thong ke co san, moi d lieu co the lien quan vi nhau.
Co vai ieu can lu y khi s dung he thong tng quan hoi quy :
- Vi ng chuan : neu he so tng quan co y ngha th ket luan rang ng
chuan la ung.
- Tng quan khong nhat thiet la co moi quan he nhan qua. ieu o co the
la mot nguyen nhan thng thay cua hien tng nong o cung nh toc o gio eu
thap trong cung luc.V du : nong o NO
x
ban ngay cao hn ban em do xe co lu
thong nhieu hn. Cung vay toc o gio ban ngay cao hn ban em. V vay co the coi
moi tng quan co y ngha gia toc o gio va nong o NO
x
. Tuy nhien, ieu o
khong co ngha la khi toc o gio cao hn th nong o cung cao hn.
- Bao cao thong ke luon la bao cao xac suat. Neu chung ta lap tng quan
20 bien vi tat ca cac to hp co the th chung ta co c 200 he so tng quan. Ch
do trung hp ngau nhien ma 10 trong so chung la ang ke vi o tin cay 0,95. Do
o neu lam nh vay se khong rut ra c ket luan nao ca.

Hnh 4.8 ng chuan tren c s hoi quy tuyen tnh
4.9 ANH GIA KET QUA GIAM SAT :
4.9.1/ Cac yeu cau khi lap bao cao :
- Bao cao phai tra li c cau hoi hay muc tieu a e ra. ieu nay co ve
nh a qua ro rang the nhng nhng ngi lam cong tac nghien cu cha co kinh
nghiem thng de b lac e v tap trung vao nhng van e ang sau ket qua thu
c va quen mat muc tieu cua cong tac nghien cu.
- Cac d lieu phai c trnh bay he thong, co th t va de hieu oi vi
ngi oc. Trnh t trnh bay ket qua t khai quat en cu the. Nhng loi thng
mac phai la nghien cu c trnh bay da tren nhng van e cu the v o la nhng
van e ho quan tam. Nhng ieu nay la khong ung. Mot bao cao thng co mot
so khung sn. Chng au tien va chng cuoi cung rat tong quat, ban au neu
cac khung sn cua van e va cuoi cung la cac ket luan chung. Phan gia trnh bay
nhieu ve ban chat rieng. Trong phan o, cac bieu o cung co the rat phc tap va
ln hn. Nhng trong phan ket luan khong nen co thong tin nao bang so na.
- Can ac biet chu y ti cac ket qua khong mong muon, ieu o co ngha la
ly thuyet s dung cha ung hay a bo qua mot nguon o nhiem khong kh quan
trong nao o.
- Khong chu trong qua en cac chi tiet. ieu muon noi ay la khong chu y
qua nhieu en cac ngoai le va nhng bat thng lam cho nghien cu co ve nh
khong at c ket qua g ca (d nhien la tr khi o la s that).
- Khong qua chnh xac : trong qua trnh x ly d lieu, khong nen lam tron cac
so lieu trung gian qua sm. Tuy nhien, phai chu y phan trnh bay ket qua cuoi cung
xem can bieu dien bao nhieu ch so co ngha.
4.9.2/ Lap bao cao :
a) Phan m au :
- Neu van tat chc nang cua c quan
- Nhiem vu quan trac c giao
- Cac a iem c giao nhiem vu quan trac
b) a iem, v tr, noi dung quan trac :
- Cac iem quan trac cu the tai a phng
- Cac thong so c giao quan trac
- Tan suat quan trac trong nam va trong ngay (so lan lay mau/ngay)
- Tieu chuan s dung e anh gia o nhiem (TCVN , ISO , WHO )
c) Thiet b, dung cu va phng phap quan trac :
- Neu ten goi, tnh nang, hang san xuat cac loai may lay mau va phan tch
mau.
- Neu ten, nguon tai lieu ve cac phng phap quan trac va phan tch cac
thong so.
d) Ket qua quan trac :
- Lap cac bao bieu bao cao theo cac iem va a iem quan trac, trong o
neu ro cac gia tr a tnh c nh : cc tieu (min), cc ai (max) va trung bnh
(TB).
- Lap bieu o so sanh s o nhiem gia cac iem quan trac tai cac a phng
khac nhau.
- Bien luan ket qua : so sanh vi cac tieu chuan quy nh ve moi trng, xac
nh mc o o nhiem, giai thch cac ket qua thu c.
- Cac hoat ong am bao chat lng / kiem soat chat lng (kiem chuan
thiet b, cac mau )
- Cac loai bang bieu cho quan trac va phan tch moi trng phai theo Bang
D thao quy nh ve phng phap Quan trac, Phan tch moi trng va quan ly so
lieu cua Cuc moi trng 1999.
4.10 GII THIEU VE TRAM QUAN TRAC CHAT LNG KHONG KH
T ONG :
Tram quan trac moi trng khong kh t ong la mot he thong cac thiet b o
t ong va lien tuc cac yeu to moi trng khong kh c ket noi vi bo lu tr va
x ly so lieu.
4.10.1 Cac thiet b, may moc trong tram :
Cac thiet b va may o trong phong at may gom :
- Cac may o at tren gia : data logger (bo lu gi, x ly so lieu), may
o bui l lng, may o SO
2
, may o O
3
, may o NO
x
, may o NH
3
, may phat kh
chuan, may o hydrocacbon (HC), bo chuyen oi NH
3
, may o CO (bo phan hien
th), cac may bm, may o CO (bo phan phan tch).
- May tao kh hydro (H
2
)
- May tao kh zero
- Cac bnh kh chuan e kiem chuan may (SO
2
, NO, CO, CH
4
, C
3
H
8
, NH
3
)
- Bo lu ien
- May in noi trc tiep vi data logger.
Cac thiet b may o at ben ngoai :
- May lay mau bui the tch ln
- May lay mau nc ma va t ong o pH, EC, nhiet o nc ma
- Cac may o t ong cac yeu to kh tng (nhiet o, o am, ap suat, tong
xa, ma, gio (hng gio, toc o), bc xa t ngoai)
- May no (at ni rieng biet)
Toan bo he thong dung ien li. Khi mat ien li, may no se t khi ong
e cung cap ien am bao cho hoat ong bnh thng cua tram. Khi co ien li
tr lai, may no se t ngng hoat ong.
Toan bo phong may c lap ieu hoa nhiet o e duy tr nhiet o on nh
va o am thap.
e am bao cho he thong hoat ong tot phai tuan thu nghiem tuc cac quy
nh ve khai thac, van hanh va bao dng.
4.10.2 Cac noi dung kiem tra hang ngay tram :
- Kiem tra xem ieu hoa nhiet o co at che o lam kho va nhiet o
28 30
0
C
- Kiem tra nc trong bnh cua may tao kh hydro (qua ca so). Neu en
bao mc thap (L) th phai o them nc a c kh ion kim loai nang. Kiem tra
mau cua Silicagen (qua ca so). Neu toan bo Silicagen trong ong co mau trang th
phai thay.
- Kiem tra xem nc co ong trong cac ng ong lay mau khong.
- Kiem tra hien th cua bo lu gi va x ly so lieu. Neu so lieu cua may o
nao o co dau hieu bat thng (co dau X ben) th phai kiem tra may o o va cac
bo phan co lien quan e tm cach khac phuc. Neu khong khac phuc c phai bao
ngay ve Cuc Mang Li.
- Theo doi kiem tra van ieu ap va ong ho ch ap suat c gan vi bnh
kh chuan. Ap suat ra luon phai la 100 kpa (ong ho pha trai) oi vi cac bnh
SO
2
, NO, CO, CH
4
, C
3
H
8
va 50 kpa oi vi bnh NH
3
. Neu ap suat nay nho hn
100kpa (hoac 50kpa oi vi bnh NH
3
) th van van theo kim ong ho cho en khi ap
suat at 100 kpa (hoac 50kpa oi vi bnh NH
3
) th dng lai. Neu ap suat ln hn
th van van ngc chieu kim ong ho. Trong trng hp co s co phai khoa ngay
van cua bnh kh lai.
- Phai thng xuyen theo doi va o them dau nhien lieu cho may no. Ac
quy khi ong cua may no phai c nap ien thng xuyen theo nh ky 1 tuan 1
lan bang cach cho may phat chay 30 phut.
Chu y : tuyet oi khong c hut thuoc, bat la trong phong at may va nha at
may no.

CHNG 5 : HIEN TRANG O NHIEM KHONG KH TREN THE
GII VA VIET NAM

Dan so the gii ngay cang tang dan en nhu cau cho cuoc song cung ngay
cang tang. Va e ap ng c nhu cau nay th nen kinh te phai phat trien manh
me ve cong nghiep, nong nghiep, giao thong van tai S phat trien nay mot mat
lam cho the gii them phat trien nhng mat khac cung ong thi phat sinh ra cac
chat thai gay o nhiem moi trng khong kh.
Ngay nay, hien trang moi trng khong kh Viet Nam cung nh tren toan
the gii ang mc bao ong rat can s quan tam lo lang cua nhieu cap lanh ao
cung nh cua tat ca cac quoc gia tren toan the gii.
5.1 O NHIEM KHONG KH TREN THE GII :
Trong cac van e ve kh tng, ieu ang c quan tam la hien tng toan
cau am len. ay co le la ieu chung ta co t hieu biet nhat, la van e kho giai
quyet nhat va co tiem nang tr thanh van e gay xao tron nhieu nhat trong so cac
van e ve kh hau moi trng.
D bao en cuoi the ky 21, nhiet o trung bnh tren be mat Trai at se tang
them t 2 en 6
0
C va mc nc bien se dang cao 0,5 en 1,5 m. Nhng thay oi o
se gay ra hang loat hau qua nh tang tan so xuat hien va mc o pha hoai cua cac
cn bao, nhng vu han han keo dai, nhng t nong keo dai hn va nong hn, cac
mua ma ln hn va cung keo dai hn.
Cac giong loai va quan the sinh vat se b anh hng trc tiep hoac gian tiep.
Con ngi cung se b anh hng nang ne trong lnh vc san xuat nong lam ng
nghiep, ong thi lai phai ng au vi s lan tran tr lai cua cac benh truyen
nhiem.
Th du Rwanda, khi nhiet o tang 1
0
C a lam so trng hp mac benh sot ret
tang 337%.
Mc o s dung nang lng va tai nguyen tang len se dan ti tnh trang o
nhiem cung gia tang.
Ngay nay chung ta s dung nang lng nhieu gap 125 lan so vi thi tien s.
Ch tnh rieng cac nganh cong nghiep, hang nam cung lam tang lng phat thai
Arsen len gap 3 lan, Cadimi 7 lan, thuy ngan 10 lan va ch 25 lan.
Neu tiep tuc mc phat thai oxyt nit nh hien nay th en nam 2002 nguy c
nang suat cay trong b anh hng se tang gap 3 lan.

5.2 O NHIEM KHONG KH VIET NAM :
Can c vao ket qua quan trac moi trng quoc gia nam 1997, co the anh
gia chung ve hien trang moi trng khong kh o th va khu vc cong nghiep nc
ta nh sau : o nhiem bui rat ln va co tnh pho bien, o nhiem cac kh oc hai (SO
2
,
NO
2
, CO ) ch co tnh cuc bo mot so khu cong nghiep, o nhiem khong kh
mot so khu cong nghiep noi thanh co bieu hien giam, ngc lai khu dan c va
ngoai thanh co chieu hng tang nhanh.
Nhng theo cac bao cao hien trang moi trng cua cac tnh thanh nam 1998
th hau het cac tnh, thanh eu anh gia mc o o nhiem khong kh o th va cong
nghiep ngay cang gia tang, co ni rat nghiem trong.
5.2.1/ O nhiem bui :
cac thanh pho a quan trac (Ha Noi, Lao Cai, Ha Long, Vinh, Hue, a
Nang, Buon Me Thuoc, Vung Tau, Bien Hoa, Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh, Can Th,
Long An, ) eu b o nhiem bui t 1,5 en 3 lan tr so tieu chuan cho phep, ch
cac vung ngoai o, xa cac ng giao thong va khu cong nghiep, nong o bui mi
di tr so tieu chuan cho phep (trung bnh ngay di 0,2 mg/m
3
).
Ket qua quan trac nong o bui cac khu dan c noi thanh cua 16 thanh pho
cho thay, ch co 3/16 (18,7% so o th) la khong b o nhiem khu dan c, o la
thanh pho Can Th, th xa Ca Mau va Rach Gia. B o nhiem bui ln nhat la th xa
Buon Me Thuoc. Khu dan c noi thanh cac thanh pho Hai Phong, Ha Noi, thanh
pho Ho Ch Minh, a Nang, Vung Tau, Bien Hoa, Lao Cai, My Tho eu b o
nhiem bui, cao hn tieu chuan cho phep t 1,5 en 2 lan.
Cac khu dan c tai cac khu cong nghiep con b o nhiem bui nang hn, nong
o bui cao hn tieu chuan cho phep t 2 en 4 lan. B o nhiem nang nhat la xung
quanh nha may Xi mang Hai Phong, nha may VICASA (Bien Hoa), nha may Xi
mang a Nang, nha may Gach Lao Cai
5.2.2/ O nhiem kh oc hai (SO
2
, NO
2
, CO) :
Theo so lieu quan trac moi trng cua 16 thanh pho th nong o SO
2
, NO
2
va
CO tat ca cac khu dan c noi thanh cung nh ngoai thanh eu rat nho va di
tieu chuan cho phep. Nhng ni co nong o SO
2
, NO
2
va CO ln la cac khu cong
nghiep va cac nut giao thong ln.
So lieu quan trac 17 khu cong nghiep thuoc cac thanh pho tren cho thay,
khu nha may Xi mang Hai Phong, khu nha may Gach Lao Cai, cac khu cong
nghiep Thng nh (Ha Noi), Tan Bnh va Phc Long (thanh pho Ho Ch Minh)
co nong o kh SO
2
vt tieu chuan cho phep t 1,5 en 2,5 lan; cac khu cong
nghiep con lai eu di tieu chuan cho phep. Tuy nhien trong so o cac khu cong
nghiep Mai ong (Ha Noi), Bien Hoa, Xi mang Long Tho (Hue), cong nghiep
quan s (HaTay) co nong o SO
2
tng oi cao.
So sanh vi nam 1995, 1996 th o nhiem SO
2
, NO
2
va CO nam 1997 cac
khu cong nghiep a quan trac eu co gia tr thap i oi chut, ieu o the hien ket
qua cua cong tac bao ve moi trng cac khu cong nghiep nc ta trong thi gian
qua c thc hien kha tot.
Ngc lai, nong o cac chat tren cac khu dan c noi thanh va ngoai thanh
nam 1997 tuy con rat nho nhng so vi nam 1995 va 1996 ang co chieu hng gia
tang, o la hau qua cua qua trnh o th hoa.
5.2.3/ O nhiem khong kh va ma axit :
Hien tai ch co mot tram quan trac ma axit at th xa Lao Cai va a tien
hanh quan trac t nam 1995 en nay. Trong nam 1996 thu c 260 mau nc ma
th co 11 mau (chiem 42%) co o pH nho hn 5,5, a so cac mau con lai co pH dao
ong trong khoang t 5,5 en 6,5. Nam 1997 thu c 435 mau nc ma th co ti
130 mau (chiem 29,9%) co o pH di 5,5, a so cac mau con lai cung co pH dao
ong trong khoang 5,5 en 6,5. Nh vay ty le mau nc co pH nho hn 5,5 (co tnh
axit) nam 1997 gap hn 7 lan nam 1996. ieu nay chng to hien tng nc ma
co tnh axit a gia tang nhanh.
Cac mau nc ma Lao Cai co pH thap thng xuat hien vao mua ong,
khi cac dt gio mua ong bac tran ve. Noi chung, nguon goc gay ma axit nc
ta cha c xac nh, can phai m rong mang lui quan trac va theo doi anh gia
trong thi gian ti.
Ngoai ra mot so khu cong nghiep thai nhieu kh SO
2
, NO
2
a gay ra hien
tng lang ong axt cuc bo, lam moi trng at xung quanh b axit hoa, gay thiet
hai oi vi san xuat nong nghiep va sc khoe cong ong. Chat thai axit va kh SO
2

cua cong ty Supe photphat Lam Thao (Phu Tho) a lam cho vung at xung quanh b
axit hoa (pH = 1,9 3,5).
5.2.4/ O nhiem moi trng lao ong cong nghiep :
Theo so lieu ieu tra nhieu nam cua Vien bao ho lao ong (Tong cong
oan) va Vien Y hoc lao ong va ve sinh moi trng (Bo Y te) th nong o bui va
kh oc hai trong rat nhieu nha may eu vt tieu chuan cho phep nhieu lan, ac
biet la trong cac nha may sang tuyen quang, cong nghiep vat lieu xay dng (xi
mang lo ng), cong nghiep luyen kim
Tuy vay theo so lieu ieu tra nam 1997 Ha Noi, moi trng lao ong cong
nghiep ngay cang c cai thien, ty le so phan xng b o nhiem moi trng lao
ong so sanh qua cac nam 1995, 1996, 1997 thay ngay cang giam va c the hien
qua bang 5.1.
Bang 5.1 Dien bien ty le (%) so phan xng cac nganh san xuat b o nhiem moi
trng lao ong Ha Noi qua cac nam 1995, 1996, 1997.
Nam khao sat
So phan xng
c khao sat
So phan xng b
o nhiem
Ty le (%) so phan
xng b o nhiem
1995 133 51 38,3
1996 187 59 31,6
1997 186 43 23,1
O nhiem khong kh cac vung mo rat nghiem trong, ac biet la o nhiem bui.
Nong o bui trong cac khu khai thac than va san xuat vat lieu xay dng thng dao
ong t 20 en 200 mg/m
3
. Nong o bui tren cac tuyen giao thong ng bo rat
ln, khi ng c ti nc cung gap hang chuc lan, khi khong c ti nc
gap hang tram lan tr so tieu chuan cho phep. Khi no mn, moi trng khong kh
vung mo con b o nhiem kh CO
2
, NO
x
va CO.
Khai thac mo khong nhng gay ra o nhiem moi trng nc ma con tac ong
xau en chat lng thuy van cua khu vc, nh boi lang lap ay dong song, suoi.
Moi trng nc mat vung mo khong nhng b o nhiem cac chat ran l lng ma
con b o nhiem kim loai nang, thuy ngan va cac hoa chat oc hai.
Nhn chung, moi trng cac vung khai thac mo nc ta hien nay b o
nhiem rat tram trong, a ti mc bao ong.
5.2.5/ O nhiem tieng on o th :
Ket qua quan trac trong 3 nam gan ay (1995, 1996, 1997) ve mc on giao
thong 23 oan ng quoc lo va ng lien tnh i qua thanh pho, th xa va 21
ng pho noi th cho thay : mc on tng ng trung bnh ngay canh hau het
cac ng quoc lo lien tnh i qua thanh pho, th xa cung nh cac ng pho
chnh cua thanh pho nc ta eu vt qua 70 dB. Noi chung, mc on cac ng
pho chnh Ha Noi, Hai Phong, a Nang, thanh pho Ho Ch Minh eu cao hn 90
dB, ca biet co ni at ti 99,9 dB.
Theo so lieu quan trac (em xe) thc te th lu lng xe, ac biet la lu
lng xe co nc ta con rat nho so vi cac nc, nhng mc on giao thong nc
ta khong thua kem cac nc khac. Nguyen nhan chnh co the la do ty le xe cu
nc ta ln, phan luong xe ap, xe may, xe o to cha tot, nen xe o to phai thay oi
toc o lien tuc, lai xe phai thng xuyen bop coi.
GIAI PHAP KHAC PHUC O NHIEM MOI TRNG KHONG KH :
1) Quy hoach mat bang o th va bo tr khu cong nghiep trong vung o th co
y ngha rat quan trong oi vi viec bao ve moi trng. oi vi bat ky nha may nao,
khi lam luan chng kinh te ky thuat e quyet nh au t xay dng, eu phai
quan tam en viec bao ve moi trng. Can phai tien hanh tnh toan d bao tac
ong cua cong trnh o oi vi moi trng, phai am bao trong tng lai khi a
nha may vao hoat ong th nong o chat thai cua nha may o thai ra cong vi nong
o nen o nhiem khu vc khong c vt qua tieu chuan cho phep.
e giam bt vung anh hng cua cac chat oc hai do nha may thai ra, a
iem xay dng nha may can at cuoi hng gio, cuoi nguon nc so vi khu dan
c. Cac nguon gay o nhiem moi trng nh ong khoi cua cac phan xng thai chat
oc hai can tap trung e de dang x ly.
Trc ay, nc ta khi la chon a iem e xay dng cac nha may cung
nh quy hoach xay dng khu cong nghiep thng khong chu y en viec bao ve moi
trng cho nen gay ra tnh trang o nhiem moi trng khong kh cac khu dan c
lan can.
Viec la chon va xac nh a iem xay dng cac nha may cung nh quy
hoach khu cong nghiep, quy hoach o th nc ta a mac nhieu sai lam ve bao ve
moi trng. Nhng sai lam nay a gay ra tac hai rat ln va rat kho khac phuc.
e at c cac yeu cau neu tren, khi thiet ke mat bang chung cua khu cong
nghiep va nha may, can phai tuan theo cac nguyen tac sau ay :
- Hp khoi trong thiet lap mat bang chung.
- Phan khu theo cac giai oan phat trien cua nha may mot cach hp ly.
- Bo tr tap trung cac he thong ng ong cong nghe.
- Bo tr tap trung cac nguon thai va he thong x ly o nhiem.
- Bao am u dien tch cay xanh, mat nc va thong thoang trong khu nha
may.
Phan khu s dung trong nha may can phai c duy tr trong suot qua trnh
phat trien nha may. Xep at, bo tr cac thiet b cong nghe cung nh cac bo phan
phu tr cua nha may da tren cong nang s dung cua chung. Can phai phan thanh
khu hanh chnh, khu san xuat, khu phu tr san xuat va khu kho tang. Tren mat bang
chung cac dong cong nghe nen at song song.
2) Quy hoach khong gian xanh :
Ngi ta thng noi rng la la phoi cua quoc gia, cong vien, cay xanh ng
pho la la phoi cua thanh pho:
Cay xanh co tac dung lam giam bc xa mat tri, giam nhiet o khong
kh, giam toc o gio, tang o am va tang lng O
2
trong khong kh.
Cay xanh loc bui, hap thu cac chat oc hai, lam sach moi trng va giam
tieng on.
Mat khac, cay xanh con lam tang ve ep canh quan o th, tao cam giac
thoai mai de chu cho con ngi.
- Vanh ai cay xanh ngoai vi thanh pho : tham gia ieu hoa kh hau o th
- Vanh ai cay xanh cach ly ve sinh (phong ho) xung quanh cac khu cong
nghiep va cac ng giao thong chnh : giup giam tieng on, hap thu kh o nhiem va
cai thien vi kh hau vung.
- Cac dai cay xanh doc theo song ngoi thanh pho
- He thong cong vien noi thanh : va cai thien moi trng va ap ng nhu
cau vui chi, giai tr, th gian cua ngi dan
- He thong vn cay trong tieu khu nha
- He thong vn cay trong hang rao cong trnh : va tham my va cai thien
vi kh hau.
3) Quy hoach giao thong o th :
- Cai tao, nang cap c s ha tang giao thong van tai
- Tang cng au t phat trien mang li giao thong cong cong trong tng
lai.
4) Kien toan cac c quan nha nc ve bao ve moi trng :
Hoat ong bao ve moi trng can c coi la mot nganh kinh te quoc dan
rieng biet, e t o co cac nguon lc oc lap danh cho hoat ong nay. Nguon kinh
ph au t cho hoat ong bao ve moi trng trong thi gian qua tuy co c quan
tam va u tien nhng con tan man, chap va va qua nho so vi yeu cau.
M rong quy mo va pham vi nang lc cua he thong to chc quan ly Nha
nc trong lnh vc bao ve moi trng
ao tao them nhan lc, m rong them nguon vat lc va tai lc cho bao ve
moi trng. Tai cac a phng, c quan quan ly Nha nc ve bao ve moi trng
ang trong tnh trang qua tai, khong am ng c nhiem vu ngay mot nang ne
v thieu nhan lc, vat lc va tai lc.
Cai to lai to chc hien co, kien toan bo may quan ly Nha nc ve moi
trng t Trung ng ti a phng. To chc hien nay khong con phu hp va
khong ap ng c cac yeu cau at ra cua s nghiep bao ve moi trng va phat
trien ben vng cua at nc. Trong thi gian qua , Bo khoa hoc, cong nghe va moi
trng cung Ban to chc can bo cua Chnh phu va cac c quan chc nang a nghien
cu kien toan bo may nha nc bang cach : nang cap Cuc moi trng thanh Tong
cuc moi trng loai 1 trc thuoc Bo khoa hoc, cong nghe va moi trng, rieng
cac a phng se tng bc hnh thanh cac Chi cuc moi trng.
Ben canh o, tien hanh thanh lap Uy ban quoc gia (hoac Hoi ong quoc gia)
ve moi trng va phat trien ben vng. To chc nay thc hien chc nang ieu phoi
cac hoat ong ve moi trng mang tnh chat lien nganh, t van cho Nha nc ve
cac chnh sach , chien lc, luat phap ve moi trng va phat trien ben vng.
Thiet lap c quan kiem soat moi trng e xac nh chnh xac nguon gay o
nhiem , t o co bien phap ung an e x ly.
5) Xay dng va hoan thien cac chnh sach, chien lc, cac van ban phap quy
ve bao ve moi trng.
Chung ta cha thc s co c mot chien lc bao ve moi trng co c s
khoa hoc ay u va co moi quan he hu c vi chien lc phat trien kinh te xa
hoi cua at nc. Nhieu chnh sach lai thieu cac che tai can thiet nen hieu qua thc
hien b han che. Cac chien lc tong the va dai han con cha ay u, ung mc,
cha thc s gan bao ve moi trng vi phat trien kinh te xa hoi theo quan iem
phat trien ben vng.
Vi 97 tieu chuan hien co ve moi trng th mi ch e cap en nhng van
e, nhng nganh chung chung, cha i vao cac nganh cong nghiep ac biet. Do o
viec ap dung tieu chuan trong thc te gap nhieu kho khan nhat la tieu chuan thai
cong nghiep. Can phai nghien cu bo sung them tieu chuan.
Nen nghien cu va chuan b nhng ieu kien can thiet e tng bc ap dung
tieu chuan ISO 14000 Viet Nam, gop phan hoa nhap vao lnh vc moi trng cua
the gii.
6) Thng xuyen giao duc, tuyen truyen, xay dng thoi quen, nep song va
cac phong trao quan chung bao ve moi trng, nghiem chnh chap hanh luat bao ve
moi trng.
7) Chu ong phong chong o nhiem va s co moi trng, khac phuc tnh trang
suy thoai moi trng.
8) ay manh nghien cu khoa hoc va cong nghe, ao tao can bo, chuyen gia
ve lnh vc moi trng.
9) M rong hp tac quoc te ve bao ve moi trng, xay dng mang li quan
trac moi trng quoc gia gan vi he thong toan cau va khu vc.
O NHIEM MOI TRNG KHONG KH THANH PHO HO CH MINH :
Nguon goc gay o nhiem moi trng khong kh thanh pho Ho Ch Minh :
O nhiem do kh thai cua qua trnh san xuat cong nghiep :
Kh thai t cac nha may nhiet ien : vi san lng ien cung cap khoang
1.751.078.000 Kwh, hang nam c tnh moi trng khong kh vung trong iem pha
Nam phai tiep nhan khoang 646 tan bui, 54.633 tan SO
2
, 1.996 tan CO, 8.773 tan
NO
2
, 727 tan hydrocacbon.
Kh thai t cac hoat ong cua lo hi va lo nung s dung trong cong
nghiep, lng dau FO dung cho cac nganh cong nghiep la khoang 210.000 tan/nam.
Cac nguon ot cong nghiep nay hang nam thai ra 578 tan bui, 78 tan SO
2
, 84 tan
CO, 52 tan hydrocacbon va 25 tan aldehyte.
Kh thai t cong nghiep luyen can thep : vi tong san lng toan vung
259.000 tan.nam se thai vao moi trng khong kh 1.787 tan bui, 466 tan SO
2

18.907 tan CO,
Kh thai t cong nghiep san xuat vat lieu xay dng, neu tnh bao gom cac
nganh san xuat xi mang, gach, ngoi, go xe moi nam thai ra 12.793 tan bui, 624
tan SO
2
, 153 tan CO, 1.336 tan NO
2
, 40 tan hydrocacbon.
Kh thai t 17 khu cong nghiep vi 298 nha may ang hoat ong c tnh
hang ngay thai ra 15 tan bui, 150 tan SO
2
, 10 tan NO
x
, 2 tan VOC
Ket qua o ac trong nam 1997 tren tong so 110 iem quan trac chat lng
moi trng khong kh tai 50 nha may cho thay nong o cac chat o nhiem tai nhieu
c s san xuat cao hn tieu chuan cho phep.
O nhiem do kh thai giao thong :
Theo thong ke cha ay u, moi nam xe co tieu thu khoang 110.000 tan
xang, 100.000 tan dau diesel nh vay a thai vao khong kh 577 tan bui, 14 tan ch,
2.200 tan SO
2
, 1.370 tan CO, 630.000 tan CO
2
, 6.900 tan C
x
H
y
va 84 tan aldehyte.
Tai thanh pho Bien Hoa, tai lng o nhiem bui do kh thai giao thong c
tnh 26 tan/nam. Mc o gay o nhiem do giao thong con tang len do chat lng
ng xa, do xe cu,
Hien co 50% xe hi s dung tren 10 nam, 5.000 xe a s dung tren 40 nam.
Nhng trng hp xe xa khoi en kt vao dong ngi lu thong la rat pho bien,
khong ch bui mn t kh thai, t long ng khi xe o to chay qua, nhieu xe con xa
nc nong t ket nc tung toe vao ngi i ng.
O nhiem do kh thai sinh hoat :
Hoat ong sinh hoat cua nhan dan cung gop phan gay o nhiem moi trng
khong kh. Cac hoat ong un nau bang dau, than, cui, trau, gas, cac hanh ong xa
phan, rac ba bai, lan chiem b kenh rach, lan chiem ng thoat nc gay tu ung
nc thai sinh hoat sinh ra mui hoi thoi kho chu.
Hien trang chat lng moi trng khong kh thanh pho Ho Ch Minh :
Chat lng khong kh tai cac o th :
Bui : nong o bui at mc o nhiem nang tai nhieu ni tren a ban khu
dan c, trong cac t giam sat lu ong tren a ban nam 1996 mc o nong o bui
thap nhat la 0,1 mg/m
3
, cao nhat la 3,4 mg/m
3
. Tai 100% iem o co nong o bui
vt tieu chuan, trong o co ni vt tieu chuan 10 lan. Ket qua quan trac trung
tam thanh pho Ho Ch Minh (gan rap Rex) nong o bui dao ong t 0,36 en 1
mg/m
3
, trung bnh la 0,57 mg/m
3
.
Cac chat o nhiem dang kh : nong o SO
2
dao ong vi mc thap nhat la
0,01 mg/m
3
va cao nhat la 0,6 mg/m
3
, at mc t chm o nhiem en o nhiem. Cac
chat o nhiem khac NO
2
, CO, ch th nhn chung co nong o mc at tieu
chuan, tuy nhien tai cac ni co mat o giao thong cao, cac vung dan c gan khu
cong nghiep, cac khu dan c co nhieu nha may xen ke, nong o cua cac chat nay
thng cao gap 5 7 lan.
Chat lng khong kh tai cac khu cong nghiep :
Chat lng khong kh xung quanh vung cac khu cong nghiep tap trung :
ket qua o nong o cac chat o nhiem khong kh tai khu vc nay cho thay 17/20 so
iem o co nong o bui vt tieu chuan cho phep, trong o co 50% so iem o la o
nhiem rat nang, 3/20 iem co nong o NO
2
cao hn tieu chuan t 1,1 en 2,3 lan,
11/20 iem co nong o SO
2
cao hn tieu chuan 1,1 en 1,6 lan.
Chat lng khong kh xung quanh vung hoat ong cua cum cong nghiep:
Tai khu vc gom s Lai Thieu, nong o bui dao ong trong khoang 0,8
1,74 mg/m
3
,

so vi tieu chuan chat lng khong kh xung quanh (0,3 mg/m
3
) th hau
nh 100% so iem o co nong o bui vt tieu chuan t 2,6 en 5,8 lan.
Tai khu vc khai thac a Hoa An, Bnh Hoa, thanh pho Bien Hoa, o nhiem
khong kh do khai thac va che bien a tai ay a gay anh hng en thanh pho
Bien Hoa, ac biet la phan b phai song ong Nai. Tai ni giap ranh gia mo Bnh
Hoa va Tan Thanh ham lng bui o c at en 2,62 mg/m
3
. Tieng on eu at
80 100 dBA. Lng CO t 6 10 mg/m
3
(co ni at 17,27 mg/m
3
).
Hien trang o nhiem khong kh tai mot so khu cong nghiep tap trung : vao
thi iem mua kho, chat lng khong kh bao quanh vung hoat ong cua khu cong
nghiep tap trung, khu che xuat tng oi tot, hau het cac ch tieu o nhiem khong
kh eu thap hn tieu chuan cho phep oi vi moi trng khong kh bao quanh va t
co s bien ong ln gia buoi sang va buoi chieu trong ngay.
ac biet ch co nong o bui khu cong nghiep Bien Hoa I va khu cong
nghiep Song Than vt tieu chuan cho phep t 1,27 10,37 lan. Mot lan na cho
thay iem nong ve o nhiem khong kh cac khu cong nghiep tap trung hien nay
van la khu cong nghiep cu (Bien Hoa I).
Tai khu cong nghiep Song Than, nong o bui vt tieu chuan cho phep, co
the con do anh hng cua cac phng tien giao thong hoat ong trong tnh trang
chat lng ng noi bo khu cong nghiep cha c hoan thien.
O nhiem tieng on o th :
Mc on trung bnh le cac ng giao thong ln la 77 80 dBA, cac
ng ln trung bnh la 75 79 dBA, cac nga t, nga bay la 80 90 dBA. Khu
vc ch bua, ni co nhieu quan xa, cac ben xe, ben pha tieng on 70 80 dBA. Tai
ni co nhieu xe lam, xe ba gac may, xch lo may tr so o on len cao hn 90 dBA
(92-97 dBA).
Cac tram giam sat o nhiem giao thong cho ket qua o on pho bien tai khu
vc thanh pho Ho Ch Minh la t 65 95 dBA, tai khu vc thanh pho Bien Hoa la
t 66 88 dBA, trong luc tieng on giao thong ban ngay cac ni cong cong ch
cho phep at toi a la 75 dBA.
Cac bien phap khong che o nhiem moi trng khong kh thanh pho Ho
Ch Minh :
Lnh vc ap dung cac bien phap khong che o nhiem khong kh hien nay con
rat t, hau nh ch mi dng mc o x ly cuc bo o nhiem khong kh tai cac nha
may hoac hoac chong on cho mot so buong may phat ien.
Dang he thong x ly kh thai chiem ty le nhieu nhat hien nay la cac he
thong x ly kh thai t cac nguon ot nhien lieu. Hai loai nhien lieu ang s dung
pho bien hien nay la dau FO va vo hat ieu, ngoai ra con co ni s dung ba ma,
trau, cui hoac gas dung lam nhien lieu ot. Vi nhien lieu la dau FO hoac vo hat
ieu, cong nghe x ly kh thai c ap dung chu yeu la hap thu trong dung dch
kiem loang, hieu suat x ly bui va cac hi kh oc hai trung bnh 75 85%.
Ngoai nguon kh thai do ot nhien lieu, mot so nganh cong nghiep con gay o
nhiem khong kh thong qua cac tac nhan o nhiem ac trng cua nganh ben ngoai
ong khoi thai kh ot nhien lieu, trong so o a co mot so c s lap at he thong
khong che o nhiem khong kh. Co the ke ra mot so trng hp sau ay :
- Cong nghiep luyen kim ( hien co 7 nha may ang hoat ong trong vung)
gay o nhiem khong kh vi hai tac nhan o nhiem chnh la kh CO va bui kim loai, 5
trong so 7 nha may a au t he thong x ly kh thai theo nguyen ly ot chay bo
sung (kh CO) ket hp vi loc bui tui vai at hieu qua x ly cao.
- Cong nghiep ma kim loai gay o nhiem khong kh chu yeu do hi acid
(HCl), kh (NH
3
) va bui sng kim loai. Hien a co 4 c s au t he thong x ly
kh thai (ton trang kem Posvina, Tole Phng Nam, Cong ty Vingal, Cong ty lien
doanh nhom Viet Nhat Viaca) theo cong nghe hap thu hai bac at hieu qua cao.
- Cong nghiep hoa chat : hoa chat Tan Bnh, Thu c co he thong thu hoi
SO
2
, Super photphat Lam Thanh co he thong thu hoi bui, bot giat Tico, Daso co he
thong thu hoi bui t thap say, hoat ong tng oi co hieu qua.
- Cong nghiep xi mang va vat lieu xay dng gay o nhiem khong kh chu
yeu la bui. Hien ch co mot so t nha may mi thanh lap la co au t he thong x ly
bui (xi mang Sao Mai, cac nha may gach men, s ve sinh) theo cong nghe hien ai
(loc bui tnh ien, loc bui tui vai vi he thong giu bui kh nen), at hieu qua x ly
cao.
- Cong nghiep che bien go gay o nhiem khong kh chu yeu la bui mc
o nang nhng trong so rat t cac c s co thiet b loc bui th hau het eu s dung
thiet b loc bui dang xyclon n, hieu qua x ly khong cao.
- Cong nghiep thuoc la giai quyet kha tot tnh trang o nhiem bui bang cac
thiet b loc bui tui vai nhng van e mui cha c giai quyet.
- Cong nghiep thuoc tr sau gay o nhiem khong kh bi cac hi kh oc va
bui vi nguon thai phan tan. Cong ty thuoc tr sau Sai Gon a cai tien he thong
ong chai, ong thi xay dng cac he thong hut hi kh oc va bui, x ly chung
bang phng phap loc bui trong xyclon chum ket hp vi hap thu trong dung dch
kiem at hieu qua cao. Nha may thuoc sat trung Bnh Trieu cung a lap at he
thong x ly kh thai cho mot so cong oan
- Con rat nhieu loai hnh cong nghiep va vo so nha may gay o nhiem
khong kh mc o nang cha co he thong khong che o nhiem khong kh.

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