TM HIU MT S K THUT NNG CAO CHT LNG NH V NG DNG

N TT NGHIP

MC LC
MC LC ......................................................................................................................1
DANH MC NH .........................................................................................................3
LI CM N ................................................................................................................4
LI M U ................................................................................................................5
CHNG 1:

TNG QUAN V X L NH ....................................................6

1.1 Tng quan v mt h thng x l nh ................................................................ 6

1.2 Mt s vn trong x l nh ............................................................................ 7
1.2.1

Cc khi nim c bn .................................................................................7

1.2.2

Biu din nh ............................................................................................. 8

1.2.3

Bin i nh (Image Transform)................................................................ 8

1.2.4

Phn tch nh .............................................................................................. 8

1.2.5

Nhn dng nh ........................................................................................... 9

1.2.6

Nn nh ......................................................................................................9

CHNG 2:

MT S K THUT TIN X L NH ................................ 10

2.1 K thut nng cp nh ...................................................................................... 10

2.1.1

Ton t im ............................................................................................ 10

2.1.2

Ton t khng gian ..................................................................................11

2.2 Mt s k thut lc nhiu ................................................................................. 11

2.2.1

K thut lc trung bnh ............................................................................11

2.2.2

K thut lc trung v ................................................................................13

2.2.3

Lc thng thp ......................................................................................... 13

2.2.4

Lc thng cao ........................................................................................... 14

2.3 K thut phn ngng ...................................................................................... 15

2.3.1

K thut phn ngng t ng ................................................................ 15

2.3.2

Phng php s dng cc im bin ....................................................... 15

2.4 Mt s k thut pht hin bin .......................................................................... 16

2.4.1

K thut gradient ......................................................................................16

2.4.2

K thut laplace ....................................................................................... 17

2.4.3

K thut sobel .......................................................................................... 18

2.4.4

K thut prewitt ....................................................................................... 19

2.5 ng thng hough .......................................................................................... 19

2.5.1

Bin i hough trn ng thng ............................................................ 19

Sv: Trn Th Phng CT1002

TM HIU MT S K THUT NNG CAO CHT LNG NH V NG DNG

2.5.2

N TT NGHIP

ng thng hough trong ta cc ......................................................19

2.6 Cc php ton hnh thi hc ............................................................................. 20

2.6.1

Php ton hnh thi vi nh nh phn ....................................................... 20

2.6.2

Php ton hnh thi vi nh a mc xm .................................................20

CHNG 3:

NHN DNG PHIU KT QU THI TOEIC ......................... 22

3.1 Pht biu bi ton ............................................................................................. 22

3.2 Tin x l phiu kt qu ................................................................................... 24
3.2.1

Phn ngng ............................................................................................ 24

3.2.2

Lc nhiu..................................................................................................26

3.2.3

Tm bin ...................................................................................................27

3.2.4

Xc nh gc nghing v xoay nh .......................................................... 29

3.3 Nhn dng phiu kt qu thi TOEIC ................................................................ 31

3.3.1

V histogram ............................................................................................ 31

3.3.2

Nhn dng khung .....................................................................................31

3.3.3

Tch dng .................................................................................................32

3.3.4

Tch ct ....................................................................................................32

3.3.5

Tch v nhn dng .............................................................................32

CHNG 4:

KT QU THC NGHIM........................................................ 34

4.1 Thc nghim tin x l nh.............................................................................. 34

4.1.1

Thc nghim lc nhiu ............................................................................34

4.1.2

Thc nghim xoay nh .............................................................................36

4.2 Cc thc nghim nhn dng phiu kt qu....................................................... 38

4.2.1

Thc nghim nhn dng khung ................................................................ 38

4.2.2

Thc nghim tch dng............................................................................38

4.2.3

Thc nghim tch v nhn dng ........................................................ 39

CHNG 5:

KT LUN ....................................................................................40

5.1 Cc kt qu t c ................................................................................... 40
5.2 Nhng tn ti v hng pht trin.................................................................... 40
TI LIU THAM KHO........................................................................................... 41

Sv: Trn Th Phng CT1002

TM HIU MT S K THUT NNG CAO CHT LNG NH V NG DNG

N TT NGHIP

DANH MC NH
Hnh 1.1.1 Cc giai on chnh trong x l nh .............................................................. 6
Hnh 2.2.1 M t thut ton lc trung bnh ...................................................................12
Hnh 2.2.2 M hnh lc thng cao .................................................................................14
Hnh 3.1.1 Mu phiu thi TOEIC ..................................................................................23
Hnh 3.2.1 Phiu kt qu thi TOEIC trc khi phn ngng........................................25
Hnh 3.2.2 Phiu kt qu thi TOEIC sau khi phn ngng ...........................................26
Hnh 3.2.3 M hnh tnh ca phng php canny ......................................................... 28
Hnh 3.2.4 Phiu kt qu thi TOEIC sau khi tm bin...................................................29
Hnh 3.3.1 Histogram theo ox cho khung tr li ........................................................... 31
Hnh 3.3.2 Histogram theo oy cho khung tr li ........................................................... 31
Hnh 4.1.1 nh phiu kt qu trc khi lc nhiu lm mn ...........................................34
Hnh 4.1.2 nh phiu kt qu sau khi phn ngng v lc nhiu ................................ 35
Hnh 4.1.3 Phiu kt qu trc khi xoay li ..................................................................36
Hnh 4.1.4 Phiu kt qu sau khi xoay nh ...................................................................37
Hnh 4.2.1 Xc nh khung cho phiu kt qu .............................................................. 38
Hnh 4.2.2 Xc nh dng cho khung s bo danh v m thi ...................................38
Hnh 4.2.3 Xc nh dng cho khung tr li .................................................................39
Hnh 4.2.4 Xc nh cho khung s bo danh v m thi .........................................39
Hnh 4.2.5 Xc nh cho khung tr li .......................................................................39

Sv: Trn Th Phng CT1002

TM HIU MT S K THUT NNG CAO CHT LNG NH V NG DNG

N TT NGHIP

LI CM N
Em xin chn thnh cm n Thy gio, Thc s Ng Trng Giang, ngi
hng dn tn tnh ch bo em rt nhiu trong sut qu trnh tm hiu nghin cu v
hon thnh n ny t l thuyt n ng dng. S hng dn ca thy gip em c
thm kin thc v lp trnh v kin thc v x l nh.
ng thi em xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c trong khoa Cng ngh thng
tin- Trng i Hc Dn Lp Hi Phng, cng nh cc thy c trong trng trang
b cho em nhng kin thc c bn cn thit trong sut thi gian hc tp ti trng
em hon thnh tt n ny.
Trong qu trnh hc cng nh trong sut thi gian lm tt nghip khng trnh
khi nhng thiu st, em rt mong c s gp qu bu ca cc thy c cng nh tt
c cc bn kt qu ca em c hon thin hn.
Sau cng, em xin gi li cm n n gia nh bn b to mi iu kin
em xy dng thnh cng n ny.
Em xin chn thnh cm n!
Hi Phng, ngy

thng

nm 2010

Sinh vin

Trn Th Phng

Sv: Trn Th Phng CT1002

TM HIU MT S K THUT NNG CAO CHT LNG NH V NG DNG

N TT NGHIP

LI M U
X l nh l mt lnh vc mang tnh khoa hc v cng ngh. N l ngnh khoa
hc mi m so vi nhiu ngnh khoa hc khc nhng tc pht trin ca n rt
nhanh, kch thch cc trung tm nghin cu, ng dng, c bit l my tnh chuyn
dng cho n.
Trong cc thng tin con ngi thu nhn t bn ngoi c n hn 80% l thu
nhn bng mt c ngha l di dng nh. V vy x l nh l mt ngnh khoa hc s
c pht trin mnh v c p dng rng ri trong cc ngnh khoa hc khc v i
sng thc tin. Nhn dng l mt trong nhng phn quan trng ca x l nh v cng
c ng dng hiu qu trong nhiu lnh vc khc nh y t, quc phng, nghin cu.
Hin nay trong thc t v ang c nhiu sn phm thng mi cho php
nhn dng nh: Nhn dng kt qu iu tra, nhn dng khun mt, t ng chm thi
Nhng cc sn phm c tnh chuyn dng v c th cao nn kh c th p dng
ng thi cho nhiu mc ch khc nhau. Do n nghin cu vic tin x l v
nhn dng phiu kt qu thi TOEIC ca trng H Dn Lp Hi Phng. T xy
dng h thng t chc chm v vo im mt cch t ng trong trng H Dn Lp
Hi Phng.
Cu trc ca n nh sau:
Chng 1: Tng quan v x l nh.
Chng 2: Mt s k thut tin x l nh.
Chng 3: Nhn dng phiu kt qu thi TOEIC.
Chng 4: Kt qu thc nghim.
Chng 5: Kt lun.

Sv: Trn Th Phng CT1002

TM HIU MT S K THUT NNG CAO CHT LNG NH V NG DNG

CHNG 1:

N TT NGHIP

TNG QUAN V X L NH

1.1 Tng quan v mt h thng x l nh

X l nh l i tng nghin cu ca lnh vc th gic my, l qu trnh bin
i t mt nh ban u sang mt nh mi vi cc c tnh v tun theo mun ca
ngi s dng. X l nh c th gm qu trnh phn tch, phn lp cc i tng, lm
tng cht lng, phn on v tch cnh, gn nhn cho vng hay qu trnh bin dch
cc thng tin hnh nh ca nh.
Cng nh x l d liu bng ho, x l nh s l mt lnh vc ca tin hc
ng dng. X l d liu bng ho cp n nhng nh nhn to, cc nh ny
c xem xt nh l mt cu trc d liu v c to ra bi cc chng trnh. X l
nh s bao gm cc phng php v k thut bin i, truyn ti hoc m ho
cc nh t nhin. Mc ch ca x l nh gm:
Bin i nh, lm tng cht lng nh.
T ng nhn dng, on nhn, nh gi cc ni dung ca nh.
Cc bc cn thit trong x l nh:
CAMERA
Lu tr

Thu nhn
nh

S ha

Nhn dng
nh

Phn tch
nh

SCANNER
Lu tr

H Q.nh

Hnh 1.1.1 Cc giai on chnh trong x l nh

Trc ht l qu trnh thu nhn nh. nh c th thu nhn c qua camera.
Thng khi thu nhn nh qua camera l tn hiu tng t (loi camera ng kiu
CCIR), nhng cng c th l tn hiu s ha (loi CCD- Charge Coupled Device). nh
cng c th thu nhn t v tinh qua cc b cm ng (sensor), hay nh tranh c qut
Sv: Trn Th Phng CT1002

TM HIU MT S K THUT NNG CAO CHT LNG NH V NG DNG

N TT NGHIP

trn scanner. Tip theo l qu trnh s ha (Digitalizer) bin i tn hiu tng t

sang tn hiu ri rc (ly mu) v s ha bng lng ha, trc khi chuyn sang giai
on x l, phn tch hay lu tr li. Trc ht l cng vic tng cng nh nng
cao cht lng nh. Do nhng nguyn nhn khc nhau: c th do cht lng thit b
thu nhn nh, do ngun sng hay do nhiu, nh c th b suy bin do vy cn phi tng
cng v khi phc li nh lm ni bt mt s c tnh chnh ca nh, hay lm cho
nh gn ging nht vi trng thi gc trng thi trc khi b bin dng. Giai on
tip theo l pht hin cc c tnh nh bin, phn vng nh, trch chn cc c
tnh...v.v...
Cui cng ty theo mc ch ca ng dng, s l giai on nhn dng, phn lp
hay cc quyt nh khc.

1.2 Mt s vn trong x l nh
1.2.1 Cc khi nim c bn
Phn t nh (Pixel -Picture Element). nh trong thc t l mt nh lin tc v
khng gian v v gi tr sng. c th x l bng my tnh cn thit phi tin
hnh s ha nh. Trong qu trnh s ha ngi ta bin i t tn hiu lin tc sang tn
hiu ri rc thng qua qu trnh ly mu (ri rc ha v khng gian) v lng ha
thnh phn v gi tr m v nguyn tc bng mt thng khng phn bit c hai
im k nhau. Trong qu trnh ny ngi ta s dng khi nim Picture element m ta
quen gi hay vit l Pixel. Vy 1 nh l mt tp hp cc pixel.
Mc xm (Gray level) l kt qu s m ha tng ng vi mt cng sng
ca mi im nh vi mt gi tr s - kt qu ca qu trnh lng ha. Cch m ha
kinh in thng dng 16, 32 hay 64 mc. M ha 256 mc l ph dng nht do l do
k thut. V 28 = 256 (0,1,..255), nn vi 256 mc, mi pixel s c m ha bi 8
bit.
phn gii (Resolation) ca nh l mt im nh c n nh trn mt
nh s c hin th.
nh s l tp hp cc im nh vi mc xm ph hp dng m t nh gn
vi nh tht.
nh nh phn l nh ch c hai mc xm 0 v 1.
Sv: Trn Th Phng CT1002

TM HIU MT S K THUT NNG CAO CHT LNG NH V NG DNG

N TT NGHIP

nh mu l nh s trong cng im nh l s tng hp t cc mu ty

theo tng loi m c cch biu din khc nhau.
nh a mc xm l nh c nhiu hn hai mc xm.

1.2.2 Biu din nh

Trong biu din nh, ngi ta thng dng cc phn t c trng ca nh l
pixel. Nhn chung c th mt hm hai bin cha cc thng tin nh biu din ca mt
nh. Cc m hnh biu din cho ta mt m t logic hay nh lng cc tnh cht ca
hm ny. Trong biu din nh cn ch n tnh trung thc hoc cc tiu chun
thng minh o cht lng nh hoc tnh hiu qu ca cc k thut x l.
Mt s m hnh thng c dng trong biu din nh: m hnh bi ton, m
hnh thng k. Trong m hnh bi ton, nh hai chiu c biu din nh cc hm hai
bin trc giao gi l cc hm c s. Cn m hnh thng k, mt nh c coi nh mt
phn t ca mt tp hp c trng bi cc i lng nh: k vng ton hc, hip bin,
phng sai, moment.

1.2.3 Bin i nh (Image Transform)

Thut ng bin i nh thng dng ni ti mt lp cc ma trn n v v
cc k thut dng bin i nh.
Bin i nh nhm lm gim cc nguyn nhn ca nh vic x l hiu qu
hn. Nh lm r hn cc thng tin m ngi dng quan tm nhng ngi dng phi
chp nhn mt i mt s thng tin cn thit.

1.2.4 Phn tch nh

Phn tch nh lin quan n vic xc nh cc o nh lng ca 1 nh
a ra mt m t y v nh.
Qu trnh phn tch nh thc cht bao gm nhiu cng on nh. Trc ht l
cng vic tng cng nh nng cao cht lng nh, giai on tip theo l pht hin
cc c tnh nh pht hin bin, phn vng nh, trch chn cc c tnh..v.v..

1.2.4.1 Tng cng nh khi phc nh

Tng cng nh l mt bc quan trng, to tin cho x l nh. N gm cc

Sv: Trn Th Phng CT1002

TM HIU MT S K THUT NNG CAO CHT LNG NH V NG DNG

N TT NGHIP

k thut nh: lc tng phn, kh nhiu, ni mu

Khi phc nh l nhm loi b cc suy gim trong nh.

1.2.4.2 Bin
Bin l vn ch yu trong phn tch nh v cc im trch chn trong qu
trnh phn tch nh u da vo bin. Mi im nh c th l bin nu c s thay
i t ngt v mc xm. Tp hp cc im bin to thnh bin hay ng bao quanh
ca nh.

1.2.4.3 Phn vng

Phn vng l bc then cht trong x l nh. Giai on ny nhm phn tch nh
thnh nhng thnh phn c tnh cht no da theo bin hay cc vng lin thng.
Tiu chun xc nh cc vng lin thng c th l mc xm, cng mu hay
tng phn.

1.2.5 Nhn dng nh

Nhn dng nh l qu trnh lin quan n cc m t i tng m ngi ta
mun c t n. Qu trnh nhn dng thng i sau qu trnh trch chn cc c tnh
ch yu ca i tng. C hai kiu m t i tng:
M t tham s (nhn dng theo tham s).
M t theo cu trc (nhn dng theo cu trc).
Trn thc t ngi ta p dng k thut nhn dng kh thnh cng vi nhiu
i tng khc nhau nh: nhn dng nh vn tay, nhn dng ch vit.

1.2.6 Nn nh
D liu nh cng nh cc d liu khc cn phi lu tr hay truyn i trn mng
m lng thng tin biu din cho mt nh l rt ln. Do lm gim lng thng
tin hay nn d liu l mt nhu cu cn thit.
Nn d liu l qu trnh lm gim lng thng tin d tha trong d liu gc
v do vy lng thng tin thu c sau khi nn thng nh hn d liu gc rt nhiu.

Sv: Trn Th Phng CT1002

TM HIU MT S K THUT NNG CAO CHT LNG NH V NG DNG

CHNG 2:

N TT NGHIP

MT S K THUT TIN X L NH

2.1 K thut nng cp nh

Nng cao cht lng nh l mt bc quan trng, to tin cho x l nh.
Mc ch chnh l lm ni bt mt s c tnh ca nh nh thay i tng phn, lc
nhiu, ni bin, lm trn bin nh
Cc thut ton trin khai vic nng cao cht lng nh hu ht da trn cc k
thut trn min im, khng gian v tn s.

2.1.1 Ton t im
X l im nh thc cht l bin i gi tr ca mt im nh da vo gi tr
ca chnh n m khng da vo cc im nh khc.
C hai cch tip cn vi phng php ny: Cch th nht dng mt hm bin
i thch hp vi mc ch hoc yu cu t ra bin i gi tr mc xm ca im
nh sang mt gi tr mc xm khc. Cch th hai l dng lc mc xm (Gray
Histogram). V mt ton hc, ton t im l mt nh x t gi tr cng nh sng
u(m,n) ti ta (m,n) sang gi tr cng nh sng khc v(m,n) thng qua hm f(.)
tc l:
v(m,n) = f(u(m,n))
ng dng chnh ca ton t im l bin i tng phn ca nh. Mt s
dng ton t im c gii thiu nh sau:

2.1.1.1 K thut bin i m bn

O(m,n) = 255 I(m,n )
Vi

O(m,n): Gi tr im nh u ra ti v tr (m,n).
I(m,n): Gi tr im nh u vo ti v tr (m,n).

2.1.1.2 K thut thay i xm

O(m,n) = I(m,n) + C
C = const, Cmax= 255 v Cmin= -255
Nu C dng : Tng sng
Sv: Trn Th Phng CT1002

10

TM HIU MT S K THUT NNG CAO CHT LNG NH V NG DNG

Nu C m:

N TT NGHIP

Gim sng

2.1.1.3 Thay i tng phn

Trc tin ta cn lm r khi nim tng phn. nh s l tp hp cc im,
m mi im c gi tr sng khc nhau. y sng mt ngi d cm nhn
nh song khng phi l quyt nh. Thc t ch ra rng hai i tng c cng sng
nhng t trn hai nn khc nhau s cho cm nhn khc nhau. Nh vy tng phn
biu din s thay i sng ca i tng so vi nn hay tng phn l ni
ca im nh hay vng nh so vi nn. Vi nh ngha ny nu nh ca ta c tng
phn km, ta c th thay i ty theo mun.
Ta c cng thc thay i tng phn nh sau:
O(m,n) = a*I(m,n) + C

2.1.2 Ton t khng gian

y l ton t khi tc ng vo im nh th n quan tm ti cc im ln cn.
Ton t c thc hin thng qua mt php nhn chp v mu.
Gi s ta c nh I(x,y), mt mu T(k,l), khi nh I nhn chp vi mu T c
nh ngha nh sau:
K 1L 1

I(x,y)

T=

I( x+k, y+l)

T(k,l)

k 0 l 0

2.2 Mt s k thut lc nhiu

2.2.1 K thut lc trung bnh
Vi lc trung bnh, mi im nh c thay th bng trung bnh trng s ca
cc im ln cn.
T tng ca thut ton lc trung bnh: ta s dng mt ca s lc (ma trn 3x3)
qut qua ln lt tng im nh ca nh u vo input. Ti v tr mi im nh ly gi
tr ca cc im nh tng ng trong vng 3x3 ca nh gc "lp" vo ma trn lc. Gi
tr im nh ca nh u ra l gi tr trung bnh ca tt c cc im nh trong ca s
lc. Vic tnh ton ny kh n gin vi hai bc gm tnh tng cc thnh phn trong
ca s lc v sau chia tng ny cho s cc phn t ca ca s lc.
Sv: Trn Th Phng CT1002

11

TM HIU MT S K THUT NNG CAO CHT LNG NH V NG DNG

N TT NGHIP

Thut ton:
nh u vo l I(x,y), T l ma trn mu.
Tnh I(x,y)

Tnh

I ( x, y )

I ( x, y )

trong M l tng gi tr trng s ca T

So snh vi ngng tnh li I(x,y) nh sau :

I ( x , y ) if I ( x , y )

I ( x, y )

I(x,y)=
I ( x , y ) if I ( x, y )

I ( x, y )

Thut ton lc trung bnh c minh ha bi hnh v sau:

Hnh 2.2.1 M t thut ton lc trung bnh

V d minh ha:
1
4
Cho nh sau I=
4

2
16
2

3
2
2

2
1
v ma trn mu nh sau:
1

1
T= 1
1

1
1

1
1

thc hin lc trung bnh vi ngng = 2

Sau khi thc hin lc trung bnh nh kt qu l I=

Sv: Trn Th Phng CT1002

4
2

2
2

12

TM HIU MT S K THUT NNG CAO CHT LNG NH V NG DNG

N TT NGHIP

2.2.2 K thut lc trung v

Trung v c vit bi cng thc:
v(m,n) = Trungvi(y(m - k,n-l)) vi (k,l) W
Hoc: cho mt dy x1, x2, ... xn c sp xp theo mt trt t khi xtv: im
trung v c tnh nh sau:

Xtv = X(

n
1 ) nu n l hoc Xtv =
2

n
( )
2

n
1)
2

nu n chn.

K thut ny i hi cc im nh trong ca s phi xp theo th t tng dn

hay gim dn so vi gi tr trung v. Kch thc ca s thng c chn sao cho s
im nh trong ca s nh l l. Cc ca s thng dng l 3x3, 5x5, 7x7.
Thut ton lc trung v:
B1: vi mi im nh I(x,y) ta ly ca s WxW
B2: sp xp cc gi tr im nh trong vng ca s theo mt trt t
B3: tnh Itv theo cng thc trn
B4: hiu chnh li I(x,y)
I(x,y)= I(x,y) nu

( x, y )

tv

hoc I(x,y)= Itv nu

( x, y )

tv

Lc trung v l phi tuyn v:

Trungvi(x(m)+y(m)) trungvi(x(m)) + trungvi(y(m)).
Hu ch cho vic loi b cc im nh hay cc hng m vn bo ton phn
gii.
Hiu qu gim i khi s im nhiu trong ca s ln hn hay bng mt na s
im trong ca s.

2.2.3 Lc thng thp

Lc thng thp thng c s dng lm trn nhiu. Trong k thut ny
ngi ta thng dng mt s nhn chp sau :

Sv: Trn Th Phng CT1002

13

TM HIU MT S K THUT NNG CAO CHT LNG NH V NG DNG

0
1
1
Ha =
8
0

Hb =

1
(b 2)

N TT NGHIP

b
1

b2
b

b
1

Ta d dng nhn thy khi b=1 Hb chnh l nhn chp H1 (lc trung bnh).
hiu r hn bn cht kh nhiu cng ca cc b lc ny, ta vit li phng trnh thu
nhn nh di dng:
Xqs[m,n] = Xgoc[m,n] + [m,n]
Trong [m,n] l nhiu cng c phng sai

2
n

. Nh vy theo cch tnh ca

lc trung bnh ta c:

X goc (m

Y(m,n) =
w

Hay

Y(m,n) =

1
w

k, n

l)

m, n

( k ,l ) w

X goc (m k , n l )
( k ,l ) w

2
n

Nw

Nh vy nhiu trong nh gim i Nw ln.

2.2.4 Lc thng cao

Lc thng cao c nh ngha: hHP(m,n) = (m,n) hLP(m,n) vi hLP(m,n) l
lc thng thp. B lc thng cao c th c ci t nh sau :
u(m,n)

Lc thng thp

v(m,n)

Hnh 2.2.2 M hnh lc thng cao

B lc thng cao dng trong trch chn bin v lm trn nh. Ta nhn thy bin
l im c bin thin nhanh v gi tr mc xm. Theo quan im v tn s tn hiu,
nh vy cc im bin ng vi cc thnh phn tn s cao. Do vy ta c th dng b
lc thng cao ci thin: lc cc thnh phn tn s thp v ch gi li thnh phn tn
s cao. V th lc thng cao thng dng lm trn bin trc khi tin hnh cc thao
Sv: Trn Th Phng CT1002

14

TM HIU MT S K THUT NNG CAO CHT LNG NH V NG DNG

N TT NGHIP

tc vi bin nh.
Mt s mt n dng trong lc thng cao

H1 =

H2 =

H3 =

Cc nhn chp thng cao c c tnh chung l tng cc h s ca b lc bng 1.

2.3 K thut phn ngng

2.3.1 K thut phn ngng t ng
C s ca k thut ny da theo nguyn l trong vt l. Da vo entropy
(nguyn l thng k), da vo ton hc, da vo cc im cc tr a phng tch.
- gi s c nh I(MxN)
- G l s mc xm ca nh (trn l thuyt).
- Gi t(g) l s im nh c mc xm g momen qun tnh trung bnh c mc
xm nh hn hoc bng cc mc xm g.

1
M(g) =
t(g)

ih(i )
i 0

H (i )

T(g) =
i 0

Hm f: g -> f(g)
Hm c tnh nh sau:
f(g) =

t(g)
[ M ( g ) M (G 1)]2
MxN t ( g )

Tm ra mt gi tr no sao cho f t max khi l ngng cn tm (f() =

max => l ngng).

2.3.2 Phng php s dng cc im bin

im bin l im m c s thay i t ngt v gi tr mc xm. N l
Sv: Trn Th Phng CT1002

15

TM HIU MT S K THUT NNG CAO CHT LNG NH V NG DNG

N TT NGHIP

im nm bin gii ca cc i tng nh hay gia cc i tng nh v nn. Do

mc xm ca cc im bin s th hin c cc vng tt hn nn biu mc xm
ca cc im bin s cho kt qu chnh xc hn so vi biu mc xm tng th.
Vic xc nh ngng da trn ton t d bin v hng laplace. Ngng c
xc nh trc ht bng cch tnh laplace ca nh u vo. Cch n gin nht l nhn
chp vi mt n sau y:

H=

0
1

1
4

0
1

Lc ny ta c mt biu mc xm ca nh ban u m ta ch quan tm ti cc

im nh c gi tr laplace ln, nhng im nh trong nhm 85% hoc ln hn s nm
trong biu ny, cn cc im khc th khng. Ngng va s dng s c tm
trong biu mc xm va tm c.

2.4

Mt s k thut pht hin bin

2.4.1 K thut gradient

Phng php gradient l phng php d bin cc b da vo cc i ca o
hm. Theo nh ngha Gradient l mt vecto c cc thnh phn biu th tc thay i
gi tr ca im nh theo hai hng x v y. Cc thnh phn ca Gradient c tnh
bi:

f ( x, y)
x

fx

f ( x dx, y)
dx

f ( x, y)

f ( x, y)
y

fy

f ( x, y dy)
dy

f ( x, y)

Vi dx l khong cch gia cc im theo hng x.

dy l khong cch gia cc im theo hng y.
Trn thc t thng hay dng dx=dy=1.
Vi nh lin tc f(x,y), cc o hm ring ca n cho php xc nh v tr cc
i cc b theo hng ca bin. Gradient ca mt nh lin tc c biu din bi mt
Sv: Trn Th Phng CT1002

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TM HIU MT S K THUT NNG CAO CHT LNG NH V NG DNG

N TT NGHIP

hm f(x,y) dc theo r vi gc , c nh ngha bi:

df
dr

f dx
x dr

f dy
= f cos + fysin
x dr x

df
i vi t cc i khi (df/d)(df/dr)=0 hay fxsin + fycos =0. Do
dr
vy ta c th xc nh c hng cc i ca n l: r = tan-1(fy/fx) v

df
max
dr

fx 2

fy 2

2.4.2 K thut laplace

Nhn xt: phng php xc nh bin gradient lm vic kh tt khi sng thay
i r nt, khi mc xm thay i chm hoc min chuyn tip tri rng th phng
php ny t ra km hiu qu khi ngi ta s dng phng php laplace khc
phc nhc im ny.
T tng ca n l ly o hm bc hai ca cc im. Ton t laplace c
nh ngha nh sau:
2
2

f ( x, y)

x2
2

Trong
2

y2

x2

y2

f
)
y

f
)
x

( f ( x 1, y)

( f ( x, y 1)

f ( x, y))

f ( x, y ))

Ta c:
2

f ( x, y )

f ( x 1, y )

f ( x 1, y )

f ( x, y 1)

f ( x, y 1) 4 f ( x, y )

Suy ra ta c mt n sau:

H1 = 1

Sv: Trn Th Phng CT1002

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TM HIU MT S K THUT NNG CAO CHT LNG NH V NG DNG

N TT NGHIP

Ngoi mt n trn ta cn s dng cc mt n sau:

H2 = 1
0

1
H3 = 1
1

1
8

1
1

H4 = 2
1

Trong k thut lc laplace, im bin c xc nh bi im ct im khng.

V im khng l duy nht do vy k thut ny cho dng bin mnh, tc l ng
bin c rng 1 pixel. K thut laplace rt nhy cm vi nhiu do o hm bc hai
thng khng n nh.
Trong opencv k thut ny c vit vi hm :
void cvLaplace( const CvArr* src, CvArr* dst, int aperture_size=3 );
Trong
Src l nh gc (nh ngun).
Dst l im n hnh nh.

2.4.3 K thut sobel

Trong k thut sobel ngi ta s dng hai mt n sau :

S1=

S2=

1
0

2
0

1
0

Thut ton sobel gn ging thut ton gradient. Thnh phn x ca ton t sobel
l Hx v thnh phn y l Hy. Vic xt ny tng ng vi cc thnh phn ca gradient
v kt qu cho ra nh sau:
Ikq = I

Hx + I

Hy

K thut sobel trong opencv c vit bng hm:

void cvSobel( const CvArr* src, CvArr* dst, int xorder, int yorder, int
aperture_size=3 );
Trong :
Src

l nh gc (nh u vo).

Dst

l nh ch (nh kt qu).

Sv: Trn Th Phng CT1002

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TM HIU MT S K THUT NNG CAO CHT LNG NH V NG DNG

N TT NGHIP

Aperture_size l kch thc ma trn mu

2.4.4 K thut prewitt

Ton t Prewitt
S dng hai mt n:

Hx=

Hy=

Gi s ta c nh I, khi phng php gradient s dng ton t Prewitt ta c

nh kt qu nh sau:
Ikq = I

Hx + I

Hy

2.5 ng thng hough

Hough: cho trc 1 im nh th chng ta s xy dng c ng thng th
ng thng gi l ng thng hough.
ng dng: dng pht hin ra gc nghing vn bn, pht hin ra bng biu.

2.5.1 Bin i hough trn ng thng

Phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng y=cx + m

(1)

vi h s x,y v c l h s gc. Nu c n im tha mn iu kin y = cx i+

m vi i=1

n th cc im xi, yi s nm trn ng thng.

2.5.2 ng thng hough trong ta cc

Ta c phng trnh sau:

r= xcos +ysin

Mng A[x,], vi mi im bin xi, yi ta v ng thng trong khng gian tham

s r, nh sau:
r= xi cos + yi sin
Thay v putpixel(r, ) ta tng gi tr mng A[r,] v tm ra r0, 0 sao cho
A[r0,0] t max. Khi r0, 0 l gi tr (tham s) xc nh ng thng
x= r0 cos
y= r0 sin
Sv: Trn Th Phng CT1002

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TM HIU MT S K THUT NNG CAO CHT LNG NH V NG DNG

N TT NGHIP

2.6 Cc php ton hnh thi hc

y l mt trong nhng k thut c p dng trong giai on x l. Hai php
ton thng dng l Dilation v Enosion hay cn gi l php co v gin nh. T hai
php ton c bn ny ngi ta pht trin thnh mt s php ton nh: ng m chng
c s dng rt nhiu gim cc li trong qu trnh nhn dng.
Php ton Dilation gi l D(i): lm dy
Enosion gi l E(i): lm gy
C mt chu trnh D-> E gi l open v theo chu trnh ngc li l close.
Cc php ton ny thng ng dng trong nhn dng k t v tch cc i
tng vi nhau, ni lin nt t.

2.6.1 Php ton hnh thi vi nh nh phn

nh nh phn biu din dng cc gi tr 0 v 1 do c th din bin di dng
tp hp.

2.6.1.1 K thut gin nh Minskowsky

I: nh nh phn
T: Ma trn mu
D(I)= I

T=

( x i, y

j ) / x, y

I ; i, j

K thut ny tng ng vi vic ly mt im c gi tr bng 1 trong ma trn

T lm gc di chuyn T trn nh I nu v tr no bng 1 th ta thay gi tr ca n bng T.

2.6.1.2 K thut co nh
T tng ly mt phn t bng 1 trong ma trn T lm gc khi chuyn T trn I
ti v tr no m trng hon ton th ta t bng 1 ngc li t bng 0.
E(I)=I T

2.6.2 Php ton hnh thi vi nh a mc xm

I l mt nh
T l nh mu

Sv: Trn Th Phng CT1002

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TM HIU MT S K THUT NNG CAO CHT LNG NH V NG DNG

N TT NGHIP

Ta c nh sau:
D(x,y)(I) = I

T(x,y)= Max( I(x-i, y-j)) + T(i,j))

D(x,y)(I) = I T(x,y)= Min( I(x+i, y+j)) - T(i,j))

D(x,y)(I) = Max( I(x+i, y+j)) + T(i,j))

Vi T = Rot 180 (T) xoay ngc li

Trc khi thc hin tnh D(I) cho nh a mc xm chng ta phi thm cc gi
tr bng gi tr nh nht trong nh bng bn xung quanh vi s dng v s ct ty
thuc vo kch thc ca ma trn mu.

Sv: Trn Th Phng CT1002

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TM HIU MT S K THUT NNG CAO CHT LNG NH V NG DNG

CHNG 3:

N TT NGHIP

NHN DNG PHIU KT QU THI TOEIC

3.1 Pht biu bi ton

i vi vic t chc thi v thc hin chm thi TOEIC trong trng i hc theo
quy trnh sau.
i vi sinh vin iu kin thi TOEIC phng o to s ln danh sch v sp
xp tn cc sinh vin theo mt trt t. Sau chuyn danh sch ny cho cn b coi thi.
Cn b coi thi s dng danh sch ny gim st cc sinh vin trong phng thi.
Cc th sinh khi vo phng thi s c pht phiu tr li trc nghim v cc
sinh vin in cc thng tin ca mnh vo phiu thi (phn ghi bng bt mc) v t cc
m v s bo danh (theo quy nh). Sau cc sinh vin c pht b thi gm
200 cu. Mi cu c nhiu la chn cc sinh vin la chn ri t theo hng dn ca
phiu thi.

Sv: Trn Th Phng CT1002

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TM HIU MT S K THUT NNG CAO CHT LNG NH V NG DNG

N TT NGHIP

Hnh 3.1.1 Mu phiu thi TOEIC

Sau khi lm bi xong th cn b coi thi s thu li b v cc phiu tr li np
cho phng o to thc hin chm im. Cch chm thng thng nht l cn b
chm thi s chm cc bi thi ca sinh vin theo p n c sn ca tng b sau
tnh im tng cho ton bi. Sau khi chm thi xong cn b chm s np bi cho phng
o to vo im.
Qua cch thi TOEIC v chm im ta thy mt nhiu thi gian v chnh xc
Sv: Trn Th Phng CT1002

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TM HIU MT S K THUT NNG CAO CHT LNG NH V NG DNG

N TT NGHIP

khng cao, vi t thi c nhiu bi th khng trnh khi nhm ln.

Cng ngh thng tin ngy nay pht trin khng ngng, chng ta c th p dng
n vo cng vic chm thi TOEIC mt cch nhanh chng v hiu qu ca n cao hn
chm th cng v cng gim i nhiu cng sc cho gio vin chm thi. Trn c s
ti nghin cu vic chm thi TOEIC mt cch t ng. T xy dng h thng
chm thi TOEIC v vo im thi mt cch t ng.

3.2 Tin x l phiu kt qu

Phiu kt qu khi thc hin scanner s khng trnh khi b nghing, nhiu do
vy chng ta cn phi tin x l trc khi nhn dng. V thc hin vic tin x l
chng ta thc hin mt s k thut sau:

3.2.1 Phn ngng

Phn ngng l phng php nh hng im tp trung vo cc tnh cht ca
im nh khi quyt nh xem mt im nh c thuc v i tng khng. Tnh cht
y c th l gi tr xm, mu hoc mt tnh cht cc b no . quyt nh ta cn
phi tm mt hoc nhiu ngng ti u do cn gi l phng php phn ngng.
Phn ngng l mt phng php phn on thng dng nhm bin mt nh a cp
xm thnh nh nh phn (ch c 2 mu en v trng).
Qu trnh bin i nh a cp xm thnh nh nh phn (hay cn gi l qu trnh
nh phn ha). Vi l ngng, cc im nh trn ngng l i tng v cc im
nh di ngng l im nn. Ta c cng thc tng qut cho qu trnh nh phn ha
nh sau:

1 khi
I(x,y) =
0 khi
Vi

I(x,y)
A(x,y)

( x, y)
( x, y )

vi 0 T 255

l nh kt qu
l nh ngun

Trong opencv k thut phn ngng c s dng vi hm:

cvThreshold(image03, image02, slider_pos, 255, CV_THRESH_BINARY);

Sv: Trn Th Phng CT1002

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TM HIU MT S K THUT NNG CAO CHT LNG NH V NG DNG

N TT NGHIP

Hnh 3.2.1 Phiu kt qu thi TOEIC trc khi phn ngng

Sv: Trn Th Phng CT1002

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TM HIU MT S K THUT NNG CAO CHT LNG NH V NG DNG

N TT NGHIP

Hnh 3.2.2 Phiu kt qu thi TOEIC sau khi phn ngng

3.2.2 Lc nhiu
Sau khi thc hin phn ngng nh th xut hin nhiu nhiu nn chng ta thc
hin lc nhiu. C rt nhiu phng php lc nhiu nhng chng ta s dng k thut
lc trung v v k thut lc trung v sau khi thc hin lc s bo ton phn gii ca
nh.
Trung v c vit bi cng thc:
V(m,n) = Trungvi(y(m - k,n-l)) vi (k,l) W
Hoc: cho mt dy x1, x2,... xn c sp xp theo mt trt t khi xtv : im
trung v c tnh nh sau:

Sv: Trn Th Phng CT1002

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TM HIU MT S K THUT NNG CAO CHT LNG NH V NG DNG

Xtv = X(

n
1 ) nu n l hoc Xtv =
2

n
( )
2

n
1)
2

N TT NGHIP

nu n chn.

K thut ny i hi cc im nh trong ca s phi xp theo th t tng dn

hay gim dn so vi gi tr trung v. Kch thc ca s thng c chn sao cho sao
cho s im nh trong ca s nh l l. Cc ca s thng dng l 3x3, 5x5, 7x7.

3.2.3 Tm bin
Chng ta s dng phng php tm bin canny da trn cp o hm ring bc
nht vi vic lm sch nhiu. o hm ca mt nh c lc:
f

(G

I)

fx

f y vi fx v fy l o hm theo x v y ca f.

Do vy:
f

(G

I )x

(G

I)y

(Gx

I ) (G y

(3.1)

I)

Ly o hm ring theo x v y ca G ta c:

Gx ( x, y)
Gy ( x, y)

x
2

y
2

x2 y2
exp(
)
2 2

(3.2)

x2 y 2
exp(
)
2 2

(3.3)

Hn na b lc Gauss l tch c, do vy ta c th thc hin ring bit cc

tch chp theo x v y:
G x ( x, y )

G x ( x)

G ( y ) v G y ( x, y) G y ( y)

(3.4)

G ( x)

T (3.1) v (3.4)ta c:
f x ( x, y )

G x ( x)

G( y)

I v f y ( x, y) G y ( x)

G ( x)

(3.5)

Vi bin v hng tnh theo cng thc (3.2) v (3.3). Thut ton c minh
ha theo hnh sau:

Sv: Trn Th Phng CT1002

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TM HIU MT S K THUT NNG CAO CHT LNG NH V NG DNG

N TT NGHIP

fx

Arctan fy/fx

I(x,y)

fy

fx

fy

Hnh 3.2.3 M hnh tnh ca phng php canny

K thut ny c vit bi hm sau trong opencv:
void cvCanny( const CvArr* image, CvArr* edges, double threshold1,
double threshold2, int aperture_size=3 );
Trong :
image

l nh u vo

edges

l nh u ra (nh kt qu).

threshold1

l ngng 1

threshold2

l ngng 2

aperture_size

l c ca ma trn mu.

Sv: Trn Th Phng CT1002

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TM HIU MT S K THUT NNG CAO CHT LNG NH V NG DNG

N TT NGHIP

Hnh 3.2.4 Phiu kt qu thi TOEIC sau khi tm bin

3.2.4 Xc nh gc nghing v xoay nh

3.2.4.1 Xc nh gc nghing
Phiu kt qu sau khi scanner c th b nghing nn ta cn chnh li gc
nghing vic nhn dng c chnh xc hn. Trc khi xoay nh ta phi xc
nh c gc nghing ca nh.
T tng ca phng php nhn dng ng thng Hough l: vi mi gi tr
ca cc tham s r v , ta tnh s ta (x,y) tha mn phng trnh ng thng
Hough v l im en. Nu s ny ln hn mt ngng th tp hp cc im c
th to nn mt ng thng.
Thut ton tm ng thng da trn phng trnh ng thng Hough c
m t di ngn ng gi nh sau:
Sv: Trn Th Phng CT1002

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TM HIU MT S K THUT NNG CAO CHT LNG NH V NG DNG

w2 h 2

for r = 0 to

N TT NGHIP

do

for = 0 to 360 do
{

count = 0 ;

for x = 0 to width do
{
Tnh y;
if (x, y) l im en then
count = count + 1
}
if count > then
thng bo c mt ng thng ;
}
Trong w v h l chiu l rng v chiu cao ca nh. Bin count dng
m s im en tng ng vi mi r v . Nu count ln hn mt ngng cho trc
th c mt ng thng.
u im ca thut ton ny l tm c ng thng khng lin nhau vi
chnh xc cao. Vi thut ton ny c th xc nh c gc nghing ca ng thng.
T bit c nh c nghing khng v thc hin bc tip theo l xoay nh.
Trong opencv th ng thng c xc nh bi hm:
lines = cvHoughLines2( dst2, storage, CV_HOUGH_STANDARD, 1,
CV_PI/180, 180, 0, 0 );

3.2.4.2 Xoay nh
Sau khi xc nh c gc nghing ca phiu kt qu. chnh sa li gc
nghing ta quay li nh vi gc lch . Thut ton xoay nh thc cht l chuyn
mt im nh (x,y) t v tr ban u thnh im nh mi c ta (x 1,y1) theo cng
thc:

Sv: Trn Th Phng CT1002

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TM HIU MT S K THUT NNG CAO CHT LNG NH V NG DNG

N TT NGHIP

x1= x.cos + y.sin

y1= y.sin x.cos

3.3 Nhn dng phiu kt qu thi TOEIC

3.3.1 V histogram
Trc khi nhn dng c phiu kt qu thi TOEIC chng ta cn phi xc nh
c dng v ct ca phiu kt qu t nhn dng . nhn dng dng v ct
chng ta v histogram theo trc ox v oy t nhn dng khung.
Sau khi thc hin v histogram theo trc ox, oy cho khung tr li ta thu c
hnh v nh sau:

Hnh 3.3.1 Histogram theo ox cho khung tr li

Hnh 3.3.2 Histogram theo oy cho khung tr li

3.3.2 Nhn dng khung

Nhn dng khung l bc tip theo sau khi v histogram cho phiu kt qu theo
cc trc, vic nhn dng khung nhm mc ch khoanh vng cc tr li, s bo danh
Sv: Trn Th Phng CT1002

31

TM HIU MT S K THUT NNG CAO CHT LNG NH V NG DNG

N TT NGHIP

v m thi.
Nhn dng khung l vic xc nh ta ca gc trn bn tri, rng, cao
ca khung. Cc khung c nhn dng ln lt, nhng ta c nhn xt rng cc cnh
trn v di ca cc khung cng nm trn mt ng thng. Do nhn dng cnh
trn v di ca khung ta s tm ta (x,y) ca khung sau dung hm trong opencv
v cc cnh ca khung.

3.3.3 Tch dng

thc hin tch dng v nhn dng dng chng ta thc hin theo cc bc
sau:
Bc 1: V biu mc xm theo trc oy ca tng khung v lu vo mt
mng.
Bc 2: Duyt mng va lu histogram tm ra cc ta theo oy.
Bc 3: Tnh khong cch v xc nh cc dng trong tng khung.
Nhn xt sau khi v Histogram theo trc oy th to ra cc on thng cch nhau
mt khong trng bng nhau.

3.3.4 Tch ct
nhn dng c ta phi nhn dng c tng dng v tng ct trong
khung. bc trn ta nhn dng c dng trong phn ny chung ta tip tc nhn
dng tng ct trong khung. nhn dng tng ct trong khung ta lm theo cc bc
sau:
Bc 1: v Histogram theo trc ox cho tng khung.
Bc 2: duyt mng cha Histogram theo ox.
Bc 2: xc nh ta ca tng ct (2 ta ).

3.3.5 Tch v nhn dng

Sau khi thc hin tch dng v tch ct tip tc chng ta thc hin tch v
nhn dng . c chn l c mt im en nhiu nht.
T tng ca phng php tch v nhn dng nh sau:

Sv: Trn Th Phng CT1002

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TM HIU MT S K THUT NNG CAO CHT LNG NH V NG DNG

N TT NGHIP

Bc 1: Duyt mng cha ta ca ct, v dng ca khung xc nh ta

ca .
Bc 2: t ta ct v dng va duyt trn chng ta xc nh c .
Bc 3: duyt tt c cc trong mt dng, tm s im en trong tng ca
dng.
Bc 4: qut cc trong mt dng, n khi no gp cha im en ln hn
ngng . Nu c th c chn ngc li th dng khng c c
chn.
Bc 5: Nu s nh hn s trong hng th quay li bc 3 tip tc nhn
dng, ngc li th kt thc.

Sv: Trn Th Phng CT1002

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TM HIU MT S K THUT NNG CAO CHT LNG NH V NG DNG

CHNG 4:

N TT NGHIP

KT QU THC NGHIM

4.1 Thc nghim tin x l nh

Phiu kt qu sau khi c scanner thc hin nhn dng thi c th b nhiu,
nghing... Do vy vic tin x l trc khi nhn dng l rt cn thit. Sau y l cc
kt qu ca qu trnh thc nghim tin x l.

4.1.1 Thc nghim lc nhiu

Hnh 4.1.1 nh phiu kt qu trc khi lc nhiu lm mn

Sau khi thc hin lm mn nh ta thu c kt qu nh sau:

Sv: Trn Th Phng CT1002

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TM HIU MT S K THUT NNG CAO CHT LNG NH V NG DNG

N TT NGHIP

Hnh 4.1.2 nh phiu kt qu sau khi phn ngng v lc nhiu

Sv: Trn Th Phng CT1002

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TM HIU MT S K THUT NNG CAO CHT LNG NH V NG DNG

N TT NGHIP

4.1.2 Thc nghim xoay nh

nhn dng chnh xc phiu kt qu thi TOEIC chng ta phi xoay xoay nh
khng cn nghing nh khi scaner. Mu phiu b nghing khi scaner nh sau:

Hnh 4.1.3 Phiu kt qu trc khi xoay li

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TM HIU MT S K THUT NNG CAO CHT LNG NH V NG DNG

N TT NGHIP

Hnh 4.1.4 Phiu kt qu sau khi xoay nh

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TM HIU MT S K THUT NNG CAO CHT LNG NH V NG DNG

N TT NGHIP

4.2 Cc thc nghim nhn dng phiu kt qu

4.2.1 Thc nghim nhn dng khung
Sau khi nhn dng khung ta xc nh c cc khung theo hnh v sau:

Hnh 4.2.1 Xc nh khung cho phiu kt qu

4.2.2 Thc nghim tch dng

thc hin nhn dng trong phiu kt qu ti thc hin tch dng cho
khung trong phiu v kt qu thu c nh sau:

Hnh 4.2.2 Xc nh dng cho khung s bo danh v m thi

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TM HIU MT S K THUT NNG CAO CHT LNG NH V NG DNG

N TT NGHIP

Hnh 4.2.3 Xc nh dng cho khung tr li

4.2.3 Thc nghim tch v nhn dng

Sau khi thc hin nhn dng dng, chng ti tip tc thc hin nhn dng v
kt qu ca thc nghim ta thu c nh sau:

Hnh 4.2.4 Xc nh cho khung s bo danh v m thi

Hnh 4.2.5 Xc nh cho khung tr li

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TM HIU MT S K THUT NNG CAO CHT LNG NH V NG DNG

CHNG 5:

N TT NGHIP

KT LUN

5.1 Cc kt qu t c
Trong thi gian nghin cu v lm n, em hon thnh nhim v ra.
Nh trnh by trn, em nghin cu v thc hin c cc ni dung chnh sau:
Tm hiu v mt s k thut ton nng cao cht lng nh:
Nghin cu ng dng nng cao cht lng nh cho bi ton nhn dng phiu kt
qu thi TOEIC ti trng i Hc Dn Lp Hi Phng.
Ci t th nghim ng dng h thng nng cao cht lng nh v nhn dng
phiu thi TOEIC vi cc modul chnh:
Lc nhiu, phn ngng
Pht hin gc nghing v cn chnh nh
Xc nh khung, cc dng, tch phc v cho tnh ton nhn dng

5.2 Nhng tn ti v hng pht trin

Bn cnh nhng kt qu t c, trong n em cn c nhng vn m
n thi im ny cha gii quyt c:
Phm vi bi ton nh.
Kt qu ca chng trnh cha thc hin chm im v vo im t ng.
Trong thi gian ti em s tip tc nghin cu hon thin tip cc phn cn
tn ti trn xy dng thnh h thng hon thin c th a vo s dng.

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TM HIU MT S K THUT NNG CAO CHT LNG NH V NG DNG

N TT NGHIP

TI LIU THAM KHO

Ti liu tham kho ting Vit
[1.]

Nhp mn x l nh, Lng Mnh B v Nguyn Thanh Thy, nh xut bn

Khoa hc K thut, 2000.

[2.]

Nguyn Th Thanh Huyn, nhn dng phiu kt qu thi trc nghim, n tt

nghip i hc, khoa Cng ngh thng tin HDL Hi Phng, 2006.

[3.]

X l nh, PGS.TS Nguyn Quang Hoan. Hc vin bu chnh vin thng nm

2006.

[4.]

X l nh, TS. Nng Ton v TS.Phm Vit Bnh. i Hc Thi Nguyn

thng 11 nm 2007.

Ti liu tham kho ting Anh

[5.]

Introduction to computer vison and image processing, Lng Chi Mai.

[6.]

http://www.codeproject.com/

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