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I. i tng nghin cu ca thng k hc II. Mt s khi nim thng dng trong thng k III. Thang o trong thng k IV. Qu trnh nghin cu thng k V. T chc cng tc thng k Vit Nam
Thng k l g?
Thng k l g? (tip)
Ngha th hai:
Thng k l h thng cc PP c s dng thu thp, x l, phn tch cc con s (mt lng) ca hin tng s ln tm hiu bn cht v tnh quy lut vn c ca chng (mt cht) trong iu kin thi gian v a im c th. VD: nh gi v dn s phi thu thp v phn tch s liu v gii tnh, tui, ngh
I. i tng NC ca thng k hc
1.1 S lc s ra i v pht trin ca thng k hc Thi c i v phong kin Vic ghi chp hoc ng k k khai c tnh cht thng k nh k khai nhn khu, lao ng Cui TK XVII Nhu cu ghi chp: gi c, dn s, NLSX H.Conhring (c, 1606-1681) ging dy pp nghin cu XH da vo s liu iu tra
TK nghin cu quy lut s lng TK nghin cu mt lng trong mi lin h mt thit vi mt cht; TK dng con s, s lng biu hin bn cht v tnh quy lut ca hin tng; Con s TK lun c ni dung kinh t c th.
(2)
KN: L mt qui lut ca ton hc Khi xem xt cc biu hin ca s vt hin tng
ti mc y th bn cht ca hin tng s c bc l r
Chnh lch do cc tc
ng ngu nhin
Nhn t
bn cht Nhn t
HT KT-XH
ngu nhin
Tng th v n v tng th
Phn loi Cn c vo s nhn bit cc n v tng th Tng th bc l: l tng th gm cc n v c th trc tip quan st hoc nhn bit c Tng th tim n: l tng th gm cc n v khng trc tip quan st hoc nhn bit c, mun xc nh phi thng qua cc bin php trung gian
BM Thng k Phn tch
Tng th thng k c th l hu hn hoc v hn, khi xc nh tng th thng k phi gii hn v thc th, gii hn v thi gian v khng gian (tng th g, u, thi gian no)
Tng th
a b cd
ef gh i jk l m n o p q rs t u v w
Mu
b
gi o r
c
n u
x y
BM Thng k Phn tch
2.3. Tiu thc thng k (c im Characterictis) Tiu thc thng k l cc c im ca n v tng th c chn ra nghin cu V d: Phn loi
Theo hnh thc biu hin Tiu thc thuc tnh: l tiu thc phn nh
tnh cht ca n v tng th, thng tin khng c biu hin bng con s Tiu thc s lng: l tiu thc c biu hin trc tip thnh con s, c trng quan st c bng cch cn, o, ong, m Note: Tiu thc thay phin
BM Thng k Phn tch
Theo thi gian v khng gian Tiu thc thi gian: nu hin tng kinh t x
hi theo thi gian (nm, thng, ngy, gi) Vd: Dn s VN vo 0 gi 1/4/2009 l 85.789.573 ngi Tiu thc khng gian: nu phm vi lnh th ca i tng nghin cu. Nhng biu hin ca n c ch ra nh s phn nh v mt qun l hnh chnh hoc theo iu kin t nhin phn vng kinh t
BM Thng k Phn tch
Theo mi quan h
Vd:
Phn loi Cn c vo tnh cht: Ch tiu khi lng: biu hin quy m, khi lng ca hin tng nghin cu (tng sn lng, tng chi ph, s nhn khu..) Ch tiu cht lng: biu hin tnh cht, trnh ph bin, quan h so snh ca hin tng nghin cu
BM Thng k Phn tch
Cn c vo biu hin Ch tiu hin vt: biu hin bng n v t nhin (km, ci,) Ch tiu gi tr: biu hin bng n v tin t
III. Cc loi thang o 3.1. Thang o nh danh (Nominal scale) Thang o nh danh c p dng i vi cc tiu thc thuc tnh, c phn bit bng cch nh s theo quy c. Cc con s 1,2,3.. y ch thay th cho mi loi d liu, cc php tnh i vi chng l v ngha. VD: tiu thc gii tnh c hai loi Nam v N
3.2. Thang o th bc (Ordinal scale) Thang o th bc c p dng i vi cc tiu thc thuc tnh, gia cc biu hin tiu thc c quan h th bc, hn km. Tuy nhin s hn km ny l bao nhiu th khng xc nh c th VD: Hun chng hng nht, nh, ba; hc lc; bc th,
phn loi ging vin: GS, PGS, Ging vin chnh, ging vin; s hi lng ca khch hng v mt loi sn phm: rt hi lng, hi lng, khng hi lng, rt khng hi lng)
BM Thng k Phn tch
III. Cc loi thang o (tip) 3.3. Thang o khong (Interval scale) c s dng cho cc loi tiu thc s lng, l loi thang o c cc khong cch u nhau gip ta o lng mc khc bit gia cc n v. Vd: Nhit trong ngy, tui, Cc php tnh i vi cc con s ny c ngha v c th tnh cc c trng ca chng nh phng sai, s bnh qun
X l thng tin
(Tng hp t/k)
H thng thng k nh nc Tng cc Thng k Cc thng k tnh, thnh ph Phng thng k cp huyn Cn b thng k ti x, phng H thng thng k ngnh Thng k cc B, Tng cc Thng k cc Tng cng ty, Cng ty Thng k cc n v c s: XN, ca hng
BM Thng k Phn tch