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CHNG 2 TNG QUAN

2.1

Gii thiu v tnh cht v c tnh ca Ch v hp cht

2.1.1 Cc c tnh vt l v ho hc ca ch

Ch l kim loi mu xm tro, mm. S th t nguyn t Khi lng nguyn t T khi Nhit nng chy Nhit si = = = = = 82 207.19 11.34 327.5 oC 1740 oC

Ch c bn ng v l 204, 206, 206, 207. Trng thi oxi ho ca ch trong hp cht v thng gp +2 hn l +4. Cc hp cht ca ch thng kh ha tan ngoi tr cc mui clorat, nitrat v acetat. [4] - Ch kim loi c s dng rng ri lm dy cp bc ngoi, bnh cquy cho xe my, ngun pht in trong nhng tnh hung khn cp, que hn, n cho cc loi sng 2.1.2 Cc hp cht ca ch

Ch trong cng nghip thng c chia thnh 2 nhm chnh:

a. Hp cht v c ca ch - Ch oxit Ch momoxit PbO: loi ny c s dng sn xut pin d tr, cc hp cht ca cao su. Ch ioxit PbO2: loi ny uc s dng trong sn xut pin cquy, cht nhum. Ch tetroxit Pb3O4: loi ny c s dng lm cht c ch chng g cho st thp.

- Mui ca ch Ch crmmat PbCrO4: loi ny c s dng lm cht nhum trong thuc mu v phm nhum Ch asenat PbAsO4: Loi ny c s dng nh l mt thnh phn ca thuc tr su. Ch acetat Pb(CH3COO)2: loi ny c s dng ch yu trong vic sn xut ra cc hp cht ca ch. Ch sunphat PbSO4: loi ny c s dng trong thuc nhum trng v trong ngnh cng nghip cao su.

b. Hp cht hu c ca ch

Ch tetraethyl Pb(C2H5)4 v ch tetramethyl Pb(CH4)4: cc loi ny c s dng nh l mt cht thm vo nhin liu ngn hay lm gim ting trong ng c.

2.1.3 S phn b ca ch trong t nhin v ngun gy nhim

a. Trong

Ch c t nhin trong v tri t vi hm lng khong 13mg/kg. Cng nh tt c cc cu t khc, c vi ni hm lng ch tp trung cao hn nh cc qung nm ri rc khp th gii. Mt ngun ch quan trng l cc loi do ni la v cc bin cht to thnh vi hm lng ch t 10-20 mg/kg [5].

b. Trong t

Lp t l lp b mt trn cng ca v tri t v l ni din ra cc hot ng sinh sng ca con ngi v cc loi ng vt. Do , iu quan trng l phi phn bit gia t cha ch do ngun t nhin hay b nhim bi con ngi. Nhn chung th t c tnh axit cha ch t hn t c tnh baz. iu c bit l cc cht hu c t nhin trong t thng c cha mt lng ch ng

k. Mc d ton b cc yu t ny khng ng vai tr quan trng trong vic quyt nh lng ch c trong mt loi t c bit no , nhng lng ch thng tp trung cc vng xa xi, ho lnh cch bit vi hot ng ca con ngi cng tng t nh lung ch tp trung trong , trung bnh t 5-25mg/kg [5].

c. Trong nc

Phn tch ngun nc ngm th pht hin thy lng ch t 1-60g/lt. Lng ch cha trong cc sng, h t 1-10g/lt v lng ch tp trung trong nc bin thp hn trong nc ngt.

d. Ch trong khng kh

Lng ch trong khng kh t nhin kh thp. Mt trong nhng yu t ch yu gy nn s c mt ca Pb trong khng kh l do hot ng ca con ngi nh vic chuyn ch bng my bay, t nhin liu nghip , ngnh cng

e. Thc vt

Ch c trong mi loi thc vt cng ging nh vic c trong t, khng kh v nc. Warren & Delavaut (1962) kt lun rng c mt lng ch bnh

thng trong l v nhnh ca cc loi cy g l 2.5mg/kg dng cn kh. Rau v ng cc, h c lng l 0.1-1 mg/kg dng cn kh. Mitchell (1963) khm ph ra rng lng ch c trong c l 1mg/kg dng cn kh [5].

f. Thuc mu, vi, sn

Hp cht ca ch c s dng t rt lu trong ngnh sn xut nc sn, bt u l mt trong nhng thnh phn ch yu v sau nh mt cht mu v cht lm kh. S tch ly ch t thuc mu, vi, nc sn l kt qu ca nn dch ng c ch tr em. Mt cuc kho st Lun n khm ph ra rng hn phn na h gia nh c kho st th s dng thuc mu, vi, sn vi lng ch cha t 1-40%. Mt lp sn mng, ng knh 2-3mm c th cha hn 1000mg ch v hn 10 ln mi ngy tip xc vi cc ngun c cha ch [6]. Kt qu l tr em b nhim c ch lm sn do thi quen n ung .

2.1.4 S c hi ca ch

a. i vi cy ci

Ng c ch ty thuc vo cc yu t ca t nh pH, kiu di truyn ca cy v iu kin m cy trng ln ln. Mc d hm lng ch tp trung cao t 100-1000mg/kg [4] t c th gy nn ng c nhng lng ch bnh thng v lng ch b nhim c trong l cy c tm thy ln lt l 5-10g/g v 30300g/g [7]. Cc nh hng sinh hc v lng ch vt qu gii hn l lm

thay i tnh thm nc ca mng t bo, c ch enzim, nh hng ln s h hp, quang hp v thot hi nc. Hn th na cn gy ra hin tng lm sm mu l cy li [8].

b. Cc loi sinh vt

Ch gy ra ng c su sc vi cc sinh vt sng di nc khi hm lng t 0.1-40mg/l cho cc loi sinh vt nc ngt v t 2.5-500mg/l cho sinh vt bin. Cc ng vt cn th t b ng c hn cc sinh vt sng di nc.

c. Con ngi :

D nhim, kh pht hin, bin chng nguy him, do vy ng c ch c xem l mt cn bnh kh nguy him. Ch gy nn cc triu chng t vic mt cc chc nng thn kinh ti t vong, ty vo lng phi nhim v thi gian phi nhim i vi ch. tr em, mc phi nhim ch trung bnh lm mt kh nng hc tp, gim im tr thng minh IQ, v cng gy ra cc biu hin hiu ng qu v cc hnh vi bo lc. C tr em ln ngi ln c nhiu biu hin bnh khc nhau bao gm cc tn thng v h thn kinh, thn, d dy v h thng mu, Ch cng nh hng n kh nng sinh sn c nam v n. Ph tn cho x hi hng nm do vic nhim c ch tr em M l 43.3 t la. Khng c con s no cho c th gii nhng chc chn l s vt qua con s ny rt nhiuv s phi nhim ch cao hn rt nhiu cc nc ang pht trin [9].

2.2

Nc thi pin-c quy

2.2.1 Pin c quy

c quy ch-axit c cu to gm v bnh bng nha (PP, PE) v bn

trong gm nhiu hc cha cc in cc ch, cc bn cc c dng v li. Mi hc ca c quy gm cc l cc dng lm bng oxit ch PbO2 v cc l cc m lm bng ch Pb xp c hn thnh chm xen k nhau, gia chng c ngn bi l cch bng nha PVC hoc l cch BTT.
C S n
T

h u m
C

c c

d n g C o c C C a m a u t i e p c c

c c
h e d n g

u p a C u a t i e tp i e

a c a c h T h e a m L a c a c h

h u m a m

Hnh 2.1

Cu to ca c quy ch acid.

Qui trnh sn xut :


c sn: l hp kim ca ch v antimony (Pb- Sb) Trt cao: Ch nguyn cht 99.97% c nu chy rt vo khun to

thnh cc bi ch. Bi ch s c a vo ma nghin vi s c mt

ca oxi thu c bt ch oxit PbO. Bm bt ch, nc, acid, cho ph gia kh vo bn cha v bt u trn vi iu kin thch hp ta s thu c cao. Sn s c trt cao, sau sy v iu kin thch hp.
Ha thnh: Th sau s c np in, tai th dng c b vo

nhng rnh tip xc vi thanh ch mu xm v tai th m c b vo nhng rnh tip xc vi thanh ch mu nu . Chn chng trnh np t ng cho tng chng loi th... Th c ly ra cho qua cng on ra ht axit trn b mt v sy, vi mi loi th m v dng th qu trnh ra v sy l khc nhau. Sy xong th c chuyn qua cng on ct, ch tai th v lu kho chun b cho khu lp rp. Lp rp: tu vo tng chng loi th m lp rp trn cc dy chuyn c quy xe ma, t, dn dng - Nc thi s cc cng on chnh sau: V sinh khun c sn V sinh khu vc ni trt cao Ra cc th ch sau khi np in Thnh phn nc thi ch yu l ch v axit long pH t 1-3

Pb 99, 97 %

Pb hp kim (Pb-Sb)

Pb A20, ti sinh

Nghin bi

c sn

c ph kin

Trt ch Bt cao Trt cao Trn cao H2SO4 (d=1,38) H2SO4 m c H2SO4 (d=1,030) H2SO4 (d=1,250) Ct Np in

Ra, sy

Lp rp

Bnh Acquy

Hnh 2.2 S khi ton b qu trnh sn xut c quy ch axit

2.2.2 Ngun v c tnh ca nc thi

Cc ngun nc thi chnh l cc khu trt cao, khu c sn v khu ra cc th ch sau khi np in . Tt c nc thi c a vo mt h cha nc thi thu gom: nc thi ra t cc phn xng sn sut c cha acid, ch l hai thnh phn ch yu. c pH trong khong (1- 3). B lng: nhim v ch yu l lng cn s b, cc thnh phn c khi lng nng hn nc c lng xung pha dc. B trung ha: nhim v trung ha acid v kt ta s b, qu trnh hon ton l t ng. My bm ha cht hon ton t ng ng vi pH ci t trc. Khi cha t pH ci t my bm s bm Na2CO3 vo b trung ha, khi t pH ci t th bm s t ng tt. Sau khi trung ha nc tip tc qua b kt ta v qu trnh ny cng hon t ng. Ha cht s dng kt ta l Poly aluminium chloride ( khong 80 kg/ ngy). Sau khi kt ta xong th nc thi trc tip qua b lng, cn c lng xung v nc c chy trn qua b lc. Nc thi sau khi lc xong c thi ra ngoi. Lp ta c gi trong h mt mc nht nh n nh qu trnh lng ta. Nh vy ta b cui cng sau mt thi gian s c xe xc v a ra ngoi. Nc thi m ta kho st l nc thi ly b trung ha.

Nc thi thu gom B lng

Trung ha

Kt ta

Lng cn

B lc

h thng khu CN

Hnh 2.3 S x l nc thi

2.3 Tiu chun nng ch cho php trong nc thi

Theo TCVN_5945-2005 do ban k thut tiu chun TCVN/TC 147 cht lng nc bin son, Tng cc Tiu chun o lng Cht lng ngh, b Khoa hc v Cng ngh ban hnh th

- Nng cho php ca ch trong cc loi nc thi cng nghip loi A, B, C ln lt l: 0.1 ; 0.5 v 1ppm.
-

pH ca nc thi cho php x ra mi trng l 6-9 i vi loi

A, 5.5-9 loi B v 5-9 loi C.

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