Vt l 10 : thiencuongth

PHN TH NHT
BI TAP ONG LC HOC CHAT IEM
BI 1 :Hai l xo: l xo mt di thm 2 cm khi treo vt m
1
= 2kg, l xo 2 di thm 3
cm khi treo vt m
2
= 1,5kg. Tm t s k
1
/k
2
.

Bi gii:

Khi gn vt l xo di thm on l. v tr cn bng

mg l K P F
0
= A =


Vi l xo 1: k
1
l
1
= m
1
g (1)
Vi l xo 1: k
2
l
2
= m
2
g (2)
Lp t s (1), (2) ta c

2
2
3
5 , 1
2
l
l
.
m
m
K
K
1
2
2
1
2
1
= =
A
A
=



BI 2 :Mt xe ti ko mt t bng dy cp. T trng thi ng yn sau 100s t t
vn tc V = 36km/h. Khi lng t l m = 1000 kg. Lc ma st bng 0,01 trng lc
t. Tnh lc ko ca xe ti trong thi gian trn.
Vt l 10 : thiencuongth
Bi gii:

Chn hng v chiu nh hnh v
Ta c gia tc ca xe l:
) s / m ( 1 , 0
100
0 10
t
V V
a
2 0
=

=

Theo nh lut II Newtn :


= + a m f F
ms

F f
ms
= ma
F = f
ms
+ ma
= 0,01P + ma
= 0,01(1000.10 + 1000.0,1)
= 200 N

BI 3 :Hai l xo khi lng khng ng k, cng ln lt l k
1
= 100 N/m, k
2
=
150 N/m, c cng di t nhin L
0
= 20 cm c treo thng ng nh hnh v. u
di 2 l xo ni vi mt vt khi lng m = 1kg. Ly g = 10m/s
2
. Tnh chiu di l xo
khi vt cn bng.
Vt l 10 : thiencuongth

Bi gii:

Khi cn bng: F
1
+ F
2

=
Vi F
1
= K
1
l; F
2
= K
2
1
nn (K
1
+ K
2
) l = P

) m ( 04 , 0
250
10 . 1
K K
P
l
2 1
= =
+
= A

Vy chiu di ca l xo l:
L = l
0
+ l = 20 + 4 = 24 (cm)

BI 4 :Tm cng ca l xo ghp theo cch sau:

Vt l 10 : thiencuongth
Bi gii:

Hng v chiu nh hnh v:
Khi ko vt ra khi v tr cn bng mt on x th :
dn l xo 1 l x, nn l xo 2 l x
Tc dng vo vt gm 2 lc n hi

1
F
;
2 F

,


= + F F F 2 1

Chiu ln trc Ox ta c :
F = F
1
F
2
= (K
1
+ K
2
)x
Vy cng ca h ghp l xo theo cch trn l:
K = K
1
+ K
2

BI 5 :Hai vt A v B c th trt trn mt bn nm ngang v c ni vi nhau bng
dy khng dn, khi lng khng ng k. Khi lng 2 vt l m
A
= 2kg, m
B
= 1kg, ta
tc dng vo vt A mt lc F = 9N theo phng song song vi mt bn. H s ma st
gia hai vt vi mt bn l m = 0,2. Ly g = 10m/s
2
. Hy tnh gia tc chuyn ng.
Bi gii:

Vt l 10 : thiencuongth
i vi vt A ta c:


= + + + +
1 1 ms 1 1 1 1
a m F T F N P

Chiu xung Ox ta c: F T
1
F
1ms
= m
1
a
1

Chiu xung Oy ta c: m
1
g + N
1
= 0
Vi F
1ms
= kN
1

= km
1
g

F T
1
k m
1
g = m
1
a
1
(1)
* i vi vt B:


= + + + +
2 2 ms 2 2 2 2
a m F T F N P

Chiu xung Ox ta c: T
2
F
2ms
= m
2
a
2

Chiu xung Oy ta c: m
2
g + N
2
= 0
Vi F
2ms

= k N
2

= k m
2
g

T
2
k m
2
g = m
2
a
2
(2)

V T
1

= T
2
= T v a
1
= a
2
= a nn:
F - T k m
1
g = m
1
a (3)
T k m
2
g = m
2
a (4)
Cng (3) v (4) ta c F k(m
1
+ m
2
)g = (m
1
+ m
2
)a
2
2 1
2 1
s / m 1
1 2
10 ). 1 2 ( 2 , 0 9
m m
g ). m m ( F
a =
+
+
=
+
+
=

Vt l 10 : thiencuongth
BI 6 :Hai vt cng khi lng m = 1kg c ni vi nhau bng si dy khng dn
v khi lng khng ng k. Mt trong 2 vt chu tc ng ca lc ko

F
hp vi
phng ngang gc a = 30
0
. Hai vt c th trt trn mt bn nm ngang gc a = 30
0

H s ma st gia vt v bn l 0,268. Bit rng dy ch chu c lc cng ln nht l
10 N. Tnh lc ko ln nht dy khng t. Ly
3
= 1,732.

Bi gii:


Vt 1 c :

= + + + +
1 1 ms 1 1 1 1
a m F T F N P

Chiu xung Ox ta c: F.cos 30
0
T
1
F
1ms
= m
1
a
1

Chiu xung Oy : Fsin 30
0
P
1
+ N
1
= 0
V F
1ms

= k N
1
= k(mg Fsin 30
0
)

F.cos 30
0
T
1
k(mg Fsin 30
0
) = m
1
a
1
(1)
Vt 2:
Vt l 10 : thiencuongth

= + + + +
2 2 ms 2 2 2 2
a m F T F N P

Chiu xung Ox ta c: T F
2ms

= m
2
a
2

Chiu xung Oy : P
2
+ N
2
= 0
M F
2ms

= k N
2
= km
2
g
T
2
k m
2
g = m
2
a
2

Hn na v m
1
= m
2

= m; T
1
= T
2
= T ; a
1
= a
2
= a
F.cos 30
0
T k(mg Fsin 30
0
) = ma (3)
T kmg = ma (4)
T (3) v (4)
m
0 0
t
2
) 30 si n 30 (cos T
T s
+
=

20
2
1
268 , 0
2
3
10 . 2
30 si n 30 cos
T 2
F
0 0
m
=
+
=
+
s

Vy F
max
= 20 N

Bi 7:
Hai vt A v B c khi lng ln lt l m
A
= 600g, m
B
= 400g c ni vi nhau
bng si dy nh khng dn v vt qua rng rc c nh nh hnh v. B qua khi
lng ca rng rc v lc ma st gia dy vi rng rc. Ly g = 10m/s
2
. Tnh gia tc
chuyn ng ca mi vt.
Vt l 10 : thiencuongth

Bi gii:

Khi th vt A s i xung v B s i ln do m
A
> m
B
v
T
A
= T
B
= T
a
A
= a
B
= a
i vi vt A: m
A
g T = m
A
.a
i vi vt B: m
B
g + T = m
B
.a
* (m
A
m
B
).g = (m
A
+ m
B
).a
2
B A
B A
s / m 2 10 .
400 600
400 600
g .
m m
m m
a * =
+

=
+

=

Bi 8:
Ba vt c cng khi lng m = 200g c ni vi nhau bng dy ni khng dn nh
hnh v. H s ma st trt gja vt v mt bn l = 0,2. Ly g = 10m/s
2
. Tnh gia
tc khi h chuyn ng.
Vt l 10 : thiencuongth

Bi gii:

Chn chiu nh hnh v. Ta c:


= + + + + + + + + + + a M P T T N P F T T N P F
1 1 2 2 2 ms 2 3 4 3 3 3

Do vy khi chiu ln cc h trc ta c:

=
=
=
3 ms 4
2 ms 3 2
1 1
ma F T
ma F T T
ma T mg

V
a a a a
' T T T
T T T
3 2 1
4 3
2 1
= = =
= =
= =

=
=
=

ma F T
ma F T T
ma T mg
ms
'
ms
'

=
=

ma 3 mg 2 mg
ma 3 F 2 mg
ms

Vt l 10 : thiencuongth
2
s / m 2 10 .
3
2 , 0 . 2 1
g .
3
2 1
a =

=

=

Bi 9:
Mt xe trt khng vn tc u t nh mt phng nghing gc = 300. H s ma st
trt l = 0,3464. Chiu di mt phng nghing l l = 1m. ly g = 10m/s
2

v
3
= 1,732 Tnh gia tc chuyn ng ca vt.

Bi gii:

Cc lc tc dng vo vt:
1) Trng lc

P

2) Lc ma st

ms
F

3) Phn lc

N
ca mt phng nghing
4) Hp lc

= + + = a m F N P F
ms

Vt l 10 : thiencuongth
Chiu ln trc Oy: Pcox + N = 0
N = mg cox (1)
Chiu ln trc Ox : Psin F
ms
= max
mgsin N = max

(2)
t (1) v (2) mgsin mg cox = max
ax = g(sin cox)
= 10(1/2 0,3464.
3
/2) = 2 m/s
2

BI 10 :Cn tc dng ln vt m trn mt phng nghing gc mt lc F bng bao
nhiu vt nm yn, h s ma st gia vt v mt phng nghing l k , khi bit vt c
xu hng trt xung.

Bi gii:

Chn h trc Oxy nh hnh v.
p dng nh lut II Newtn ta c :
Vt l 10 : thiencuongth
0 F N P F
ms
= + + +


Chiu phng trnh ln trc Oy: N Pcox Fsin = 0
N = Pcox + F sin
F
ms
= kN = k(mgcox + F sin)
Chiu phng trnh ln trc Ox : Psin F cox F
ms
= 0
F cox = Psin F
ms
= mg sin kmg cox kF sin
o +
o
=
o + o
o o
=
ktg 1
) k tg ( mg
si n k cos
) kcox (si n mg
F

BI 11 :Xem h c lin kt nh hnh v
m
1
= 3kg; m
2
= 1kg; h s ma st gia vt v mt phng nghing l = 0,1 ; = 300;
g = 10 m/s
2

Tnh sc cng ca dy?

Bi gii:

Vt l 10 : thiencuongth
Gi thit m
1
trt xung mt phng nghing v m
2
i ln, lc h lc c chiu nh
hnh v. Vt chuyn ng nhanh dn u nn vi chiu dng chn, nu ta tnh
c a > 0 th chiu chuyn ng gi thit l ng.
i vi vt 1:

= + + +
1 1 ms 1 1
a m F T N P

Chiu h xOy ta c: m
1
gsin T N = ma
m
1
g cox + N = 0
* m
1
gsin T m
1
g cox = ma (1)
i vi vt 2:

= +
2 2 2 2
a m T P

m
2
g + T = m
2
a (2)
Cng (1) v (2) m
1
gsin m
1
g cox = (m
1
+ m
2
)a
) s / m ( 6 , 0
4
10 . 1
2
3
3 . 1 , 0
2
1
. 10 . 3
m m
g m cos m si n g m
a
2
2 1
2 1 1
~

=
+
o o
=

V a > 0, vy chiu chuyn ng chn l ng
* T = m
2
(g + a) = 1(10 + 0,6) = 10,6 N

BI 12 :Sn i c th coi l mt phng nghing, gc nghing a = 30
0
so vi trc
Ox nm ngang. T im O trn sn i ngi ta nm mt vt nng vi vn tc ban
Vt l 10 : thiencuongth
u V
0
theo phng Ox. Tnh khong cch d = OA t ch nm n im ri A ca vt
nng trn sn i, Bit V
0
= 10m/s, g = 10m/s
2
.


Bi gii:

Chn h trc nh hnh v.
Phng trnh chuyn ng v phng trnh qu o l:

=
=
2
0
gt
2
1
y
t V x

Phng trnh qu o

) 1 ( x
V
g
2
1
y
2
2
0
=

Ta c:

o = =
o = =
si n d OK y
cos d OH x
A
A

Vt l 10 : thiencuongth
V A nm trn qu o ca vt nng nn x
A
v y
A
nghim ng (1). Do :

2
2
0
) cos d (
V
g
2
1
si n d o = o

m 33 , 1
30 cos
30 si n
.
10
10 . 2
cos
si n
.
g
V 2
d
0
0 2 2
0
= =
o
o
=


BI 13 :Mt hn c nm t cao 2,1 m so vi mt t vi gc nm a = 450 so
vi mt phng nm ngang. Hn ri n t cnh ch nm theo phng ngang mt
khong 42 m. Tm vn tc ca hn khi nm ?
GIAI
Chn gc O ti mt t. Trc Ox nm ngang, trc Oy thng ng hng ln (qua im
nm). Gc thi gian lc nm hn .
Cc phng trnh ca hn
x = V
0

cos45
0
t (1)
y = H + V
0
sin 45
0
t 1/2 gt
2
(2)
V
x
= V
0
cos45
0
(3)
V
y
= V
0
sin45
0
gt (4)
T (1)
0
0
45 cos V
x
t =

Th vo (2) ta c :
Vt l 10 : thiencuongth
) 5 (
45 cos V
x
. g
2
1
x . 45 tg 4 y
0 2 2
0
2
0
+ =

Vn tc hn khi nm
Khi hn ri xung t y = 0, theo bi ra x = 42 m. Do vy
) s / m ( 20
42 1 .
2
2
9 . 4 42
H x . 45 tg 45 cos
2
g
. x
V
0
45 cos V
x
g
2
1
x 45 tg H
0 0
0
0 2 2
0
2
0
=
+
=
+
=
= +

BI 14 :Mt my bay ang bay ngang vi vn tc V
1
cao h so vi mt t mun
th bom trng mt on xe tng ang chuyn ng vi vn tc V
2
trong cng 2 mt
phng thng ng vi my bay. Hi cn cch xe tng bao xa th ct bom ( l khong
cch t ng thng ng qua my bay n xe tng) khi my bay v xe tng chuyn
ng cng chiu.
Bi gii:

Chn gc to O l im ct bom, t = 0 l lc ct bom.
Phng trnh chuyn ng l:
x = V
1
t (1)
y = 1/2gt
2
(2)
Vt l 10 : thiencuongth
Phng trnh qu o:
2
2
0
x
V
g
2
1
y =

Bom s ri theo nhnh Parabol v gp mt ng ti B. Bom s trng xe khi bom v
xe cng lc n B
v
g
h 2
g
y 2
t = =

g
h 2
V x
1 B
=

Lc t = 0 cn xe A
g
h 2
V t V AB
2 2
= =

* Khong cch khi ct bom l :
) = = =
2
V (V
g
h 2
) V V ( AB HB HA
1 2 1

BI 15 :T nh mt mt phng nghing c gc nghing so vi phng ngang,
ngi ta nm mt vt vi vn tc ban u V
0
hp vi phng ngang gc . Tm
khong cch l dc theo mt phng nghing t im nm ti im ri.


Bi gii;
Cc phng thnh to ca vt:
Vt l 10 : thiencuongth
) 2 (
gt 2
1
t si n V H y
) 1 ( t cos V x
2
0
0

o + =
o =

T (1)
o
=
cos V
x
t
0

Th vo (2) ta c:
(3)
cos V
x
g
2
1
x tg H y
2 2
0
2
o
o + =

Ta c to ca im M:

| =
| =
si n l H y
cos l x
M
M

Th x
M
, y
M
vo (3) ta c:
o
|
| o + = |
2 2
0
2 2
cos V 2
cos gl
cos l tg H si n l H

|
| + o
o =
|
| o + | o
o =
|
| + | o
o =
2
2
0
2
2
0
2
2 2
0
cos g
) si n(
cos V 2
cos g
si n cos cos si n
cos V 2
cos g
si n cos tg
. cos V 2 l

BI 16 : mt i cao h
0

= 100m ngi ta t 1 sng ci nm ngang v mun bn sao
cho qu n ri v pha bn kia ca to nh v gn bc tng AB nht. Bit to nh
cao h = 20 m v tng AB cch ng thng ng qua ch bn l l = 100m. Ly g =
10m/s
2
. Tm khong cch t ch vin n chm t n chn tng AB.
Vt l 10 : thiencuongth

Bi gii:

Chn gc to l ch t sng, t = 0 l lc bn.
Phng trnh qu o
2
2
0
x
V
g
2
1
y =

n chm t gn chn tng nht th qu o ca n i st nh A ca tng nn

2
A
2
0
A
x
V
g
2
1
y =

s / m 25 100 .
80 . 2
10 . 1
x .
y
g
2
1
V
A
A
0
= = =

Nh vy v tr chm t l C m
) m ( 8 , 11
10
100 . 2
25
g
h 2
V
g
y . 2
V x
0
C
0 C
= = = =

Vy khong cch l: BC = x
C
l = 11,8 (m)
Vt l 10 : thiencuongth
BI 17 :Mt vt c nm ln t mt t theo phng xin gc ti im cao nht ca
qu o vt c vn tc bng mt na, vn tc ban u v cao h
0
=15m. Ly g =
10m/s
2
.
Tnh ln vn tc

Bi gii:

Chn: Gc O l ch nm
* H trc to xOy
* T = 0 l lc nm
Vn tc ti 1 im
y x
V V V + =

Ti S: V
y
= 0
o = = cos V V V
o x s

M
o o
s
60
2
1
cos
2
V
V = o = o =

V
Vt l 10 : thiencuongth
( )
s / m 20
2
3
15 x 10 x 2
si n
gy 2
V
g 2
si n V
y
s
o
2
o
x
= =
o
=
o
=

BI 18 :Em b ngi di sn nh nm 1 vin bi ln bn cao h = 1m vi vn tc
V
0
=
10 2
m/s. vin bi c th ri xung mt bn B xa mp bn A nht th vn
tc
o
V
phi nghing vi phng ngang 1 gc bng bao nhiu?
Ly g = 10m/s
2
.

Bi gii:

vin bi c th ri xa mp bn A nht th qu o ca vin bi phi i st A.
Gi
1
V
l vn tc ti A v hp vi AB gc
1
m:

g
2 si n V
AB
1
2
o
=

(coi nh c nm t A vi AB l tm
AB ln nht th
Vt l 10 : thiencuongth
4
1 2 si n
1 1
t
= o = o

V thnh phn ngang ca cc vn tc
u bng nhau V
0
cos = V.cos
1


1
o
cos .
V
V
cos o = o

Vi

= o
=
2
1
cos
gh 2 V V
1
2
o

Nn
( )
2
1
10 2
1 x 10
2
1
V
gh
2
1
2
1
.
V
gh 2 V
cos
2 2
o
o
2
o
= = =

= o

o
60 = o


BI 19 :Mt bn nm ngang quay trn u vi chu k T = 2s. Trn bn t mt vt
cch trc quay R = 2,4cm. H s ma st gia vt v bn ti thiu bng bao nhiu vt
khng trt trn mt bn. Ly g = 10 m/s
2
v
2
= 10
Bi gii:

Vt l 10 : thiencuongth
Khi vt khng trt th vt chu tc dng ca 3 lc:
ngh F ; N , P
ms

Trong :
0 N P = +

Lc vt chuyn ng trn u nn
ms
F
l lc hng tm:

=
=
) 2 ( mg . F
) 1 ( R mw F
ms
2
ms

g
R w
g . R w
2
2
> s

Vi w = 2/T = .rad/s
25 , 0
10
25 , 0 .
2
=
t
>

Vy
min
= 0,25
BI 20 :Mt l xo c cng K, chiu di t nhin l
0
, 1 u gi c nh A, u kia
gn vo qu cu khi lng m c th trt khng ma st trn thanh () nm ngang.
Thanh () quay u vi vn tc gc w xung quanh trc (A) thng ng. Tnh dn
ca l xo khi l
0
= 20 cm; w = 20rad/s; m = 10 g ; k = 200 N/m

Bi gii:
Vt l 10 : thiencuongth

Cc lc tc dng vo qu cu

dh
F ; N ; P


( )
( )
2
o
2
o
2 2
o
2
mw K
l mw
l
l mw mw K l
l l mw l K

= A
= A
A + = A

vi k > mw
2

( )
( )
m 05 , 0
20 . 01 , 0 200
2 , 0 . 20 . 01 , 0
l
2
2
=
t
t
= A

BI 21 :Vng xic l mt vnh trn bn knh R = 8m, nm trong mt phng thng
ng. Mt ngi i xe p trn vng xic ny, khi lng c xe v ngi l 80 kg.
Ly g = 9,8m/s
2
tnh lc p ca xe ln vng xic ti im cao nht vi vn tc ti im
ny l v = 10 m/s.
Bi gii:
Cc lc tc dng ln xe im cao nht l
N ; P

Khi chiu ln trc hng tm ta c
Vt l 10 : thiencuongth
N 216 8 , 9
8
10
80 g
R
v
m N
R
mv
N P
2 2
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
= +

BI 22 :Mt qu cu nh c khi lng m = 100g c buc vo u 1 si dy di l =
1m khng co dn v khi lng khng ng k. u kia ca dy c gi c nh
im A trn tr quay (A) thng ng. Cho trc quay vi vn tc gc w = 3,76 rad/s.
Khi chuyn ng n nh hy tnh bn knh qu o trn ca vt. Ly g =
10m/s
2
.
Bi gii:


Cc lc tc dng vo vt
P ; T

Khi () quay u th qu cu s chuyn ng trn u trong mt phng nm ngang,
nn hp lc tc dng vo qu cu s l lc hng tm.
T P F + =

vi

R mw F
P F
2

Vt l 10 : thiencuongth
g
R w
mg
F
tg v
2
= = o

R = lsin
o
o
=
o
= o
cos
si n
g
si n l w
tg
2

V
o
2 2
45 707 , 0
1 . 76 , 3
10
l w
g
cos 0 = o = = = o = o

Vy bn knh qu o R = lsin = 0,707 (m)

BI 23 :Chu k quay ca mt bng quanh tri t l T = 27 ngy m. Bn knh tri
t l R
0
= 6400km v Tri t c vn tc v tr cp I l v
0
= 7,9 km/s. Tm bn knh
qu o ca mt trng.
Bi gii:
Mt trng cng tun theo quy lut chuyn ng ca v tinh nhn to.
Vn tc ca mt trng

R
GM
v
o
=

Trong M
0
l khi lng Tri t v R l bn knh qu o ca mt trng.
Vn tc v tr cp I ca Tri t
Vt l 10 : thiencuongth
( ) ( )
( )
km 10 . 38 R
14 , 3 . 4
9 , 7 x 24 . 3600 . 27 . 6400
4
v . T R
R
R
R
Tv
R 2
R .
T
2
v ;
R
R
v
v
R
GM
v
5
2
2 2
2
2
o o 3 o
o
o
o
o
o
o
=
=
t
= =
t

t
= =
=


BI 24 :Qu cu m = 50g treo u A ca dy OA di l = 90cm. Quay cho qu cu
chuyn ng trn trong mt phng thng ng quanh tm O. Tm lc cng ca dy khi
A v tr thp hn O. OA hp vi phng thng ng gc = 60
o
v vn tc qu
cu l 3m/s, g = 10m/s
2
.

Bi gii:

Ta c dng:

= a m P ; T

Chiu ln trc hng tm ta c
N 75 , 0
9 3
2
1
x 10 05 , 0
R
v
60 cos g m T
R
v
m maht 60 cos P T
2 2
0
2
o
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
= =

Vt l 10 : thiencuongth



PHN TH HAI
MT S BI TP VT L VN DNG SNG TO PHNG PHP TA


Phng php ta l phng php c bn trong vic gii cc bi tp vt l
phn ng lc hc. Mun nghin cu chuyn ng ca mt cht im, trc ht ta cn
chn mt vt mc, gn vo mt h ta xc nh v tr ca n v chn mt gc
thi gian cng vi mt ng h hp thnh mt h quy chiu.
Vt l THPT ch nghin cu cc chuyn ng trn mt ng thng hay chuyn
ng trong mt mt phng, nn h ta ch gm mt trc hoc mt h hai trc vung
gc tng ng.
Phng php
+ Chn h quy chiu thch hp.
+ Xc nh ta ban u, vn tc ban u, gia tc ca cht im theo cc trc
ta : x
0
, y
0
; v
0x
, v
0y
; a
x
, a
y
. ( y ch kho st cc chuyn ng thng u, bin i
u v chuyn ng ca cht im c nm ngang, nm xin).
+ Vit phng trnh chuyn ng ca cht im

+ + =
+ + =
0 0y
2
y
0 0x
2
x
y t v t a
2
1
y
x t v t a
2
1
x

Vt l 10 : thiencuongth
+ Vit phng trnh qu o (nu cn thit) y = f(x) bng cch kh t trong cc
phng trnh chuyn ng.
+ T phng trnh chuyn ng hoc phng trnh qu o, kho st chuyn
ng ca cht im:
- Xc nh v tr ca cht im ti mt thi im cho.
- nh thi im, v tr khi hai cht im gp nhau theo iu kin

=
=
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

- Kho st khong cch gia hai cht im
2
2 1
2
2 1
) y (y ) x (x d + =
Hc sinh thng ch vn dng phng php ta gii cc bi ton quen
thuc i loi nh, hai xe chuyn ng ngc chiu gp nhau, chuyn ng cng chiu
ui kp nhau,trong cc cht im cn kho st chuyn ng tng minh, ch
cn lm theo mt s bi tp mu mt cch my mc v rt d nhm chn. Trong khi
, c rt nhiu bi ton tng chng nh phc tp, nhng nu vn dng mt cch
kho lo phng php ta th chng tr nn n gin v rt th v.

Xin a ra mt s v d:

Bi ton 1

Mt vt m = 10kg treo vo trn mt bung thang my c khi lng M =
200kg. Vt cch sn 2m. Mt lc F ko bung thang my i ln vi gia tc a = 1m/s
2
.
Trong lc bung i ln, dy treo b t, lc ko F vn khng i. Tnh gia tc ngay sau
ca bung v thi gian vt ri xung sn bung. Ly g = 10m/s
2
.
Vt l 10 : thiencuongth
Nhn xt
c xong bi, ta thng nhn nhn hin tng xy ra trong thang my (chn
h quy chiu gn vi thang my), rt kh m t chuyn ng ca vt sau khi dy
treo b t. Hy ng ngoi thang my quan st (chn h quy chiu gn vi t) hai
cht im vt v sn thang ang chuyn ng trn cng mt ng thng. D dng
vn dng phng php ta xc nh c thi im hai cht im gp nhau,
l lc vt ri chm sn thang.
Gii
Chn trc Oy gn vi t, thng ng hng ln, gc O ti v
tr sn lc dy t, gc thi gian t = 0 lc dy t.
Khi dy treo cha t, lc ko F v trng lc P = (M + m)g gy ra gia
tc a cho h M + m, ta c
F - P = (M + m)a 2310N g) m)(a (M F = + + =
+ Gia tc ca bung khi dy treo t
Lc F ch tc dng ln bung, ta c
F Mg = Ma
1
, suy ra

2
1
1,55m/s
M
Mg F
a =

=
+ Thi gian vt ri xung sn bung
Vt v sn thang cng chuyn ng vi vn tc ban u v
0
.
Phng trnh chuyn ng ca sn thang v vt ln lt l
t v t a
2
1
y
0
2
1 1
+ = ;
02 0
2
2 2
y t v t a
2
1
y + + =
y
O
F

0
v

0
v

y
02
Vt l 10 : thiencuongth
Vi a
1
= 1,55m/s
2
, y
02
= 2m, vt ch cn chu tc dng ca trng lc nn c gia tc a
2
=
-g
Vy
t v 0,775t y
0
2
1
+ = v 2 t v 5t y
0
2
2
+ + =
Vt chm sn khi
Vt chm sn khi y
1
= y
2
, suy ra t = 0,6s.

Bi ton 2

Mt toa xe nh di 4m khi lng m
2
= 100kg ang chuyn ng trn ng
ray vi vn tc v
0
= 7,2km/h th mt chic vali kch thc nh khi lng m
1
= 5kg
c t nh vo mp trc ca sn xe. Sau khi trt trn sn, vali c th nm yn
trn sn chuyn ng khng? Nu c th nm u? Tnh vn tc mi ca toa xe v
vali. Cho bit h s ma st gia va li v sn l k = 0,1. B qua ma st gia toa xe v
ng ray. Ly g = 10m/s
2
.
Nhn xt
y l bi ton v h hai vt chuyn ng trt ln nhau. Nu ng trn ng
ray qua st ta cng d dng nhn ra s chuyn ng ca hai cht im vali v mp sau
ca sn xe trn cng mt phng. Vali ch trt khi sn xe sau khi ti mp sau sn
xe, tc l hai cht im gp nhau. Ta a bi ton v dng quen thuc.
Gii
Chn trc Ox hng theo chuyn
ng ca xe, gn vi ng ray, gc O ti
v tr mp cui xe khi th vali, gc thi
0
v

1 N
ms F 1 P'

2 N
1 P
2 P
ms
F'
x
O
Vt l 10 : thiencuongth
gian lc th vali.
+ Cc lc tc dng ln
Vali: Trng lc P
1
= m
1
g, phn lc N
1
v lc ma st vi sn xe F
ms
, ta c

1 1 ms 1 1
a m F N P


= + +
Chiu ln Ox v phng thng ng ta c:
F
ms
= m
1
a
1
v N
1
= P
1
= m
1
g, suy ra

2
1
1
1
ms
1
1m/s kg
m
kN
m
F
a = = = =
Xe: Trng lc P
2
= m
2
g, trng lng ca vali g m P
1
,
1
= , phn lc N
2
v lc ma st vi
vali F
ms
. Ta c

2 2 ms 2 2
'
1
a m ' F N P P


= + + +
Chiu ln trc Ox ta c
-F
ms
= m
2
a
2


2
2
1
2
ms
2
ms
2
0,05m/s
m
g km
m
F
m
F'
a =

=
Phng trnh chuyn ng ca vali v xe ln lt

2t 0,025t t v t a
2
1
x
4 0,5t x t a
2
1
x
2
0
2
2 2
2
01
2
1 1
+ = + =
+ = + =

Vali n c mp sau xe khi x
1
= x
2
, hay 0,5t
2
+ 4 = -0,025t
2
+ 2t
Vt l 10 : thiencuongth
Phng trnh ny v nghim, chng t vali nm yn i vi sn trc khi n mp sau
ca xe.
Khi vali nm yn trn sn, v
1
= v
2

Vi v
1
= a
1
t + v
01
= t , v
2
= a
2
t + v
0
= -0,05t + 2, suy ra
t = - 0,05t + 2 suy ra t = 1,9s
Khi vali cch mp sau xe mt khong 2t 0,025t 4 0,5t x x d
2 2
2 1
+ + = =
Vi t = 1,9s ta c d = 2,1m
Vn tc ca xe v vali lc v
1
= v
2
= 1,9m/s.

Bi ton 3

Mt b vc mt ct ng c dng mt phn parabol
(hnh v). T im A trn sn b vc, cao h = 20m
so vi y vc v cch im B i din trn b bn kia
(cng cao, cng nm trong mt phng ct) mt khong
l = 50m, bn mt qu n pho xin ln vi vn tc v
0
=
20m/s, theo hng hp vi phng nm ngang gc =
60
0
. B qua lc cn ca khng kh v ly g = 10m/s
2
. Hy xc nh khong cch t
im ri ca vt n v tr nm vt.
Nhn xt
Nu ta v phc ha qu o chuyn ng ca vt sau khi nm th thy im
nm vt v im vt ri l hai giao im ca hai parabol. V tr cc giao im c xc
nh khi bit phng trnh ca cc parabol.
Gii
h
l
0
v

o
A B
Vt l 10 : thiencuongth
Chn h ta xOy t trong mt phng qu o ca vt, gn vi t, gc O ti
y vc, Ox nm ngang cng chiu chuyn ng ca vt, Oy thng ng hng ln.
Gc thi gian l lc nm vt.
Hnh ct ca b vc c xem nh mt phn parabol (P1) y = ax
2
i qua im
A c ta
(x = - ) h y ;
2
=
l

Suy ra 20 = a(- 25)
2
a =
125
4

Phng trnh ca (P1):
2
x
125
4
y =

Phng trnh chuyn ng ca vt:

+ + = + + =
= =
20 t 3 10 5t h sin v gt
2
1
y
25 10t
2
cos v x
2
0
2
0
t
l
t

Kh t i ta c phng trnh qu o (P2):

9) 3 (20
4
5
x
2
5 3 2
x
20
1
y
2
+

+ =
im ri C ca vt c ta l nghim ca phng trnh:
h

0
v

o
A B
C
x(m) O
y(m)
Vt l 10 : thiencuongth

+ =
=
9) 3 (20
4
5
x
2
5 3 2
x
20
1
y
x
2000
1
y
2
2
vi 20m y 25m, x = =
Suy ra ta im ri: x
C
= 15,63m v y
C
= 7,82m
Khong cch gia im ri C v im nm A l
42,37m
2
)
B
y
A
(y
2
)
C
x
A
(x AC = + =

Mt s bi ton vn dng

Bi 1

T nh dc nghing gc so vi phng ngang, mt vt c phng i
vi vn tc v
0
c hng hp vi phng ngang gc . Hy tnh tm xa
ca vt trn mt dc.
S:
gcos
) ( sin . cos 2v
s
2
2
0
+
=
Bi 2

Trn mt nghing gc so vi phng
ngang, ngi ta gi mt lng tr khi
lng m. Mt trn ca lng tr nm ngang,
c chiu di l, c t mt vt kch thc
0
v

|
o
o
m
3m
l
M
M
Vt l 10 : thiencuongth
khng ng k, khi lng 3m, mp ngoi M lng tr (hnh v). B qua ma st gia
vt v lng tr, h s ma st gia lng tr v mt phng nghing l k. Th lng tr v
n bt u trt trn mt phng nghing. Xc nh thi gian t lc th lng tr n khi
vt nm mp trong M lng tr.


S:
cos ) cos sin ( 2
=
k g
l
t
Bi 3

Hai xe chuyn ng thng u vi cc vn tc v
1
, v
2
(v
1
<v
2
). Khi ngi li xe (2) nhn
thy xe (1) pha trc th hai xe cch nhau on d. Ngi li xe (1) hm phanh xe
chuyn ng chm dn u vi gia tc a. Tm iu kin cho a xe (2) khng m vo
xe (1).
S:
2d
) v (v
a
2
1 2

<
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Bi Quang Hn. Gii ton vt l 10. NXBGD. 1998.
[2]. V Thanh Khit, Phm Qu T. Bi tp vt l s cp. NXBGD.1999.
[3]. Nguyn Th Khi. Vt l 10 nng cao. NXBGD. 2006.



Vt l 10 : thiencuongth