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I- GIAI TCH TO HP
1. Giai tha : n! = 1.2...n
0! = 1
n! /(n k)! = (n k + 1).(n k + 2) ... n
2. Nguyen tac cong : Trng hp 1 co m cach chon, trng hp 2 co n cach chon; moi
cach chon eu thuoc ung mot trng hp. Khi o, tong so cach chon la : m + n.
3. Nguyen tac nhan : Hien tng 1 co m cach chon, moi cach chon nay lai co n cach
chon hien tng 2. Khi o, tong so cach chon lien tiep hai hien tng la : m x n.
4. Hoan v : Co n vat khac nhau, xep vao n cho khac nhau. So cach xep : P
n
= n !.
5. To hp : Co n vat khac nhau, chon ra k vat. So cach chon :
)! k n ( ! k
! n
C
k
n
6. Chnh hp : Co n vat khac nhau. Chon ra k vat, xep vao k cho khac nhau so cach :
k k k
n n n k
n!
A , A C .P
(n k)!
Chnh hp = to hp roi hoan v
7. Tam giac Pascal :
1
4
4
3
4
2
4
1
4
0
4
3
3
2
3
1
3
0
3
2
2
1
2
0
2
1
1
0
1
0
0
C C C C C
C C C C
C C C
C C
C
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
Tnh chat :
k
1 n
k
n
1 k
n
k n
n
k
n
n
n
0
n
C C C
C C , 1 C C
+
+
8. Nh thc Newton :
*
n 0 n
n
1 1 n 1
n
0 n 0
n
n
b a C ... b a C b a C ) b a ( + + + +
a = b = 1 : ...
0 1 n n
n n n
C C ... C 2 + + +
Vi a, b {t 1, t 2, ...}, ta chng minh c nhieu ang thc cha :
n
n
1
n
0
n
C ,..., C , C
*
n n
n
1 n 1
n
n 0
n
n
x C ... x a C a C ) x a ( + + + +
Ta chng minh c nhieu ang thc cha
n
n
1
n
0
n
C ,..., C , C
bang cach :
- ao ham 1 lan, 2 lan, cho x = t 1, t 2, ... a = t 1, t 2, ...
- Nhan vi x
k
, ao ham 1 lan, 2 lan, cho x = t 1, t 2, ... , a = t 1, t 2, ...
- Cho a = t 1, t 2, ...,
t t 2
0
1
0
... hay hay
Chu y :
* (a + b)
n
: a, b cha x. Tm so hang oc lap vi x :
k n k k m
n
C a b Kx
Giai pt : m = 0, ta c k.
* (a + b)
n
: a, b cha can . Tm so hang hu ty.
m r
k n k k p q
n
C a b Kc d
Giai he pt :
'
Z q / r
Z p / m
, tm c k
* Giai pt , bpt cha
... C , A
k
n
k
n
: at ieu kien k, n N
*
..., k n. Can biet n gian cac
giai tha, qui ong mau so, at tha so chung.
* Can phan biet : qui tac cong va qui tac nhan; hoan v (xep, khong boc), to hp
(boc, khong xep), chnh hp (boc roi xep).
* Ap dung s o nhanh e chia trng hp , tranh trung lap hoac thieu trng hp.
* Vi bai toan tm so cach chon thoa tnh chat p ma khi chia trng hp, ta thay so
cach chon khong thoa tnh chat p t trng hp hn, ta lam nh sau :
1
KUI-PRO
so cach chon thoa p.
= so cach chon tuy y - so cach chon khong thoa p.
Can viet menh e phu nh p that chnh xac.
* Ve so, so bien lai, bang so xe ... : ch so 0 co the ng au (tnh t trai sang
phai).
* Dau hieu chia het :
- Cho 2 : tan cung la 0, 2, 4, 6, 8.
- Cho 4 : tan cung la 00 hay 2 ch so cuoi hp thanh so chia het cho 4.
- Cho 8 : tan cung la 000 hay 3 ch so cuoi hp thanh so chia het cho 8.
- Cho 3 : tong cac ch so chia het cho 3.
- Cho 9 : tong cac ch so chia het cho 9.
- Cho 5 : tan cung la 0 hay 5.
- Cho 6 : chia het cho 2 va 3.
- Cho 25 : tan cung la 00, 25, 50, 75.
II- AI SO
1. Chuyen ve : a + b = c a = c b; ab = c
'
b / c a
0 b
0 c b
a/b = c
'
0 b
bc a
;
1 n 2 1 n 2
b a b a
+ +
2n
2n 2n 2n
b a
a b a b, a b
a 0
t
'
'
t
a
b b log a ,
0 a
a b
b a
'
>
<
'
<
>
>
< < < +
b / c a
0 b
b / c a
0 b
0 c , 0 b
c ab ; b c a c b a
2. Giao nghiem :
'
<
<
<
'
>
>
>
} b , a min{ x
b x
a x
; } b , a max{ x
b x
a x
'
> < < <
' '
<
'
p
x a p q a x b(neua b)
;
x b VN(neua b) q
Nhieu dau v : ve truc e giao nghiem.
3. Cong thc can nh :
a. : ch c bnh phng neu 2 ve khong am. Lam mat phai at ieu kien.
'
'
2 2
b a 0
0 b
b a ,
b a
0 b
b a
'
'
<
2
b a
0 b
0 a
0 b
b a
) 0 b , a neu ( b . a
) 0 b , a neu ( b . a
ab
<
b a b a ;
b a
0 b
b a t
'
a b b a b
b 0
a b b 0hay
a b a b
<
'
0 b a b a
2 2
c. Mu :
. 1 a 0 neu y , 1 a neu y , 0 y , R x , a y
x
< < > >
0 m/ n m m n m n n
m n m n m n m.n n n n
n n n m n
a 1; a 1/ a ; a .a a
a / a a ; (a ) a ; a / b (a/ b)
a .b (ab) ; a a (m n,0 a 1) a =1
+
<
< < >
> <
<
a
log n m
a ,
) 1 a 0 neu ( n m
) 1 a neu ( n m
a a
d. log : y = log
a
x , x > 0 , 0 < a 1, y R
y neu a > 1, y neu 0 < a < 1, = log
a
a
log
a
(MN) = log
a
M + log
a
N ( )
log
a
(M/N) = log
a
M log
a
N ( )
2
a a a
2
a
M log M log 2 , M log 2 M log ()
log
a
M
3
= 3log
a
M, log
a
c = log
a
b.log
b
c
log
b
c = log
a
c/log
a
b, M log
1
M log
a
a
log
a
(1/M) = log
a
M, log
a
M = log
a
N M = N
a a
0 M N(neua 1)
log M log N
M N 0(neu0 a 1)
< < >
<
> > < <
Khi lam toan log, neu mien xac nh ni rong : dung ieu kien chan lai, tranh dung
cong thc lam thu hep mien xac nh. Mat log phai co ieu kien.
4. oi bien :
a. n gian: R x log t , 0 a t , 0 x t , 0 x t , 0 x t , R b ax t
a
x 2
> +
Neu trong e bai co ieu kien cua x, ta chuyen sang ieu kien cua t bang cach bien
oi trc tiep bat ang thc.
b. Ham so : t = f(x) dung BBT e tm ieu kien cua t. Neu x co them ieu kien, cho vao
mien xac nh cua f.
c. Lng giac : t = sinx, cosx, tgx, cotgx. Dung phep chieu lng giac e tm ieu kien cua
t.
d. Ham so hp : tng bc lam theo cac cach tren.
5. Xet dau :
a. a thc hay phan thc hu ty, dau A/B giong dau A.B; ben phai cung dau he so
bac cao nhat; qua nghiem n (boi le) : oi dau; qua nghiem kep (boi chan) : khong
oi dau.
b. Bieu thc f(x) vo ty : giai f(x) < 0 hay f(x) > 0.
c. Bieu thc f(x) vo ty ma cach b khong lam c : xet tnh lien tuc va n ieu cua f,
nham 1 nghiem cua pt f(x) = 0, phac hoa o th cua f , suy ra dau cua f.
6. So sanh nghiem phng trnh bac 2 vi :
f(x) = ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 (a 0)
* S = x
1
+ x
2
= b/a ; P = x
1
x
2
= c/a
3
KUI-PRO
Dung S, P e tnh cac bieu thc oi xng nghiem. Vi ang thc g(x
1
,x
2
) = 0 khong
oi xng, giai he pt :
'
2 1
2 1
x . x P
x x S
0 g
Biet S, P thoa S
2
4P 0, tm x
1
, x
2
t pt : X
2
SX + P = 0
* Dung , S, P e so sanh nghiem vi 0 :
x
1
< 0 < x
2
P < 0, 0 < x
1
< x
2
'
>
>
>
0 S
0 P
0
x
1
< x
2
< 0
'
<
>
>
0 S
0 P
0
* Dung , af(), S/2 e so sanh nghiem vi : x
1
< < x
2
af() < 0
< x
1
< x
2
'
<
>
>
2 / S
0 ) ( f . a
0
; x
1
< x
2
<
'
<
>
>
2 / S
0 ) ( f . a
0
< x
1
< < x
2
a.f( ) 0
a.f( ) 0
<
>
'
<
; x
1
< < x
2
<
'
<
>
<
0 ) ( f . a
0 ) ( f . a
7. Phng trnh bac 3 :
a. Viete : ax
3
+ bx
2
+ cx + d = 0
x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
= b/a , x
1
x
2
+ x
1
x
3
+ x
2
x
3
= c/a , x
1
.x
2
.x
3
= d/a
Biet x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
= A , x
1
x
2
+ x
1
x
3
+ x
2
x
3
= B , x
1
.x
2
.x
3
= C
th x
1
, x
2
, x
3
la 3 nghiem phng trnh : x
3
Ax
2
+ Bx C = 0
b. So nghiem phng trnh bac 3 :
x = f(x) = ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 (a 0) :
3 nghiem phan biet
'
>
0 ) ( f
0
2 nghiem phan biet
'
'
>
0 ) ( f
0
0 ) ( f
0
1 nghiem
( )
'
=0
<0hay
f =0
Phng trnh bac 3 khong nham c 1 nghiem, m tach c sang 1 ve : dung s tng
giao gia (C) : y = f(x) va (d) : y = m.
Phng trnh bac 3 khong nham c 1 nghiem, m khong tach c sang 1 ve : dung s
tng giao gia (C
m
) : y = f(x, m) va (Ox) : y = 0
3 nghiem
'
<
>
0 y . y
0
CT C
' y
2 nghiem
'
>
0 y . y
0
CT C
' y
1 nghiem
y'
0
'
>
>
0 y . y
0
CT C
' y
c. Phng trnh bac 3 co 3 nghiem lap thanh CSC :
4
KUI-PRO
'
>
0 y
0
uon
' y
d. So sanh nghiem vi :
x = x
o
f(x) = ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 (a 0) : so sanh nghiem phng trnh bac 2 f(x) vi .
Khong nham c 1 nghiem, m tach c sang 1 ve : dung s tng giao cua f(x) = y:
(C) va y = m: (d) , a vao BBT.
Khong nham c 1 nghiem, m khong tach c sang 1 ve : dung s tng giao cua
(C
m
) : y = ax
3
+ bx
2
+ cx + d (co m) ,(a > 0) va (Ox)
< x
1
< x
2
< x
3
y'
C CT
C
0
y .y 0
y( ) 0
x
>
<
'
<
<
x
1
< < x
2
< x
3
'
<
>
<
>
CT
CT C
' y
x
0 ) ( y
0 y . y
0
x
1
< x
2
< < x
3
'
<
<
<
>
C
CT C
' y
x
0 ) ( y
0 y . y
0
x
1
< x
2
< x
3
<
y'
C CT
CT
0
y .y 0
y( ) 0
x
>
<
'
>
<
'
>
0
0 ) ( f
, 1 nghiem
'
'
>
0 ) ( f
0
0 ) ( f
0
Vo nghiem < 0
'
0 ) ( f
0
Neu a co tham so, xet them a = 0 vi cac trng hp 1 nghiem, VN.
9. Phng trnh bac 4 :
a. Trung phng : ax
4
+ bx
2
+ c = 0 (a 0)
'
0 ) t ( f
0 x t
2
t = x
2
x = t
t
4 nghiem
'
>
>
>
0 S
0 P
0
; 3 nghiem
'
>
0 S
0 P
5
x
1
x
2 x
3
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
1
x
2
x
3
chieu c
KUI-PRO
2 nghiem
'
>
<
0 2 / S
0
0 P
; 1 nghiem
'
'
<
0 2 / S
0
0 S
0 P
VN < 0
'
<
>
0 S
0 P
0
< 0 0
0
P
S
>
'
<
4 nghiem CSC
'
< <
1 2
2 1
t 3 t
t t 0
Giai he pt :
'
2 1
2 1
1 2
t . t P
t t S
t 9 t
b. ax
4
+ bx
3
+ cx
2
+ bx + a = 0. at t = x +
x
1
. Tm k cua t bang BBT : 2 t
c. ax
4
+ bx
3
+ cx
2
bx + a = 0. at t = x
x
1
. Tm k cua t bang BBT : t R.
d. (x + a)(x + b)(x + c)(x + d) = e vi a + b = c + d. at : t = x
2
+ (a + b)x. Tm k cua t bang
BBT.
e. (x + a)
4
+ (x + b)
4
= c. at :
2
b a
x t
+
+ , t R.
10. He phng trnh bac 1 :
'
+
+
' c y ' b x ' a
c by ax
. Tnh :
D =
' b
b
' a
a
, D
x
=
' b
b
' c
c
, D
y
=
' c
c
' a
a
D 0 : nghiem duy nhat x = D
x
/D , y = D
y
/D.
D = 0, D
x
0 D
y
0 : VN
D = D
x
= D
y
= 0 : VSN hay VN (giai he vi m a biet).
11. He phng trnh oi xng loai 1 :
Tng phng trnh oi xng theo x, y. at S = x + y, P = xy.
K : S
2
4P 0. Tm S, P. Kiem tra k S
2
4P 0;
The S, P vao pt : X
2
SX + P = 0, giai ra 2 nghiem la x va y.
(, ) la nghiem th (, ) cung la nghiem; nghiem duy nhat
= m = ?
Thay m vao he, giai xem co duy nhat nghiem khong.
12. He phng trnh oi xng loai 2 :
Phng trnh nay oi xng vi phng trnh kia. Tr 2 phng trnh, dung cac hang ang
thc a ve phng trnh tch A.B = 0.
Nghiem duy nhat lam nh he oi xng loai 1.
13. He phng trnh ang cap :
'
+ +
+ +
' d y ' c xy ' b x ' a
d cy bxy ax
2 2
2 2
Xet y = 0. Xet y 0 : at x = ty, chia 2 phng trnh e kh t. Con 1 phng trnh theo y,
giai ra y, suy ra t, suy ra x. Co the xet x = 0, xet x 0, at y = tx.
14. Bat phng trnh, bat ang thc :
* Ngoai cac bat phng trnh bac 1, bac 2, dang c ban cua . , , log, mu co the
giai trc tiep, cac dang khac can lap bang xet dau. Vi bat phng trnh dang tch AB
< 0, xet dau A, B roi AB.
* Nhan bat phng trnh vi so dng : khong oi chieu
so am : co oi chieu
Chia bat phng trnh : tng t.
6
chieu c
KUI-PRO
* Ch c nhan 2 bat pt ve theo ve , neu 2 ve khong am.
* Bat ang thc Cosi :
a, b 0 : ab
2
b a
+
Dau = xay ra ch khi a = b.
a, b, c 0 :
3
abc
3
c b a
+ +
Dau = xay ra ch khi a = b = c.
* Bat ang thc Bunhiacopxki : a, b, c, d
(ac + bd)
2
(a
2
+ b
2
).(c
2
+ d
2
); Dau = xay ra ch khi a/b = c/d
15. Bai toan tm m e phng trnh co k nghiem :
Neu tach c m, dung s tng giao cua (C) : y = f(x) va (d) : y = m. So nghiem bang
so iem chung.
Neu co ieu kien cua x I, lap BBT cua f vi x I.
16. Bai toan tm m e bat pt vo nghiem, luon luon nghiem, co nghiem x I :
Neu tach c m, dung o th, lap BBT vi x I.
f(x) m : (C) di (d) (hay cat)
f(x) m : (C) tren (d) (hay cat)
III- LNG GIAC
1. ng tron lng giac :
Tren ng tron lng giac, goc ong nhat vi cung AM, ong
nhat vi iem M. Ngc lai, 1 iem tren ng tron lng giac ng
vi vo so cac so thc x + k2.
Tren ng tron lng giac, nam vng cac goc ac biet : boi cua
6
(
3
1
cung phan t) va
4
(
2
1
cung phan t)
x = +
n
k 2
: la 1 goc ai dien, n : so iem cach eu tren ng
tron lng giac.
2. Ham so lng giac :
3. Cung lien ket :
* oi dau, khong oi ham : oi, bu, hieu (u tien khong oi dau : sin bu, cos oi,
tg cotg hieu ).
* oi ham, khong oi dau : phu
* oi dau, oi ham : hieu
2
+ k2; sin = 1 =
2
+ k2,
cos = 0 sin = 1 hay sin = 1 =
2
+ k,
cos = 1 = k2, cos = 1 = + k2
7
2 2
0
+
2
0
2
0 A
x+k2
M
cos
chieu c
sin
M cotg
chieu xuyen
tam
tg
M
KUI-PRO
sinu = sinv u = v + k2 u = v + k2
cosu = cosv u = t v + k2
tgu = tgv u = v + k
cotgu = cotgv u = v + k
6. Phng trnh bac 1 theo sin va cos : asinu + bcosu = c
* ieu kien co nghiem : a
2
+ b
2
c
2
* Chia 2 ve cho
2 2
b a +
, dung cong thc cong a ve phng trnh c ban.
(cach khac : a ve phng trnh bac 2 theo
2
u
tg t )
7. Phng trnh oi xng theo sin, cos :
a cac nhom oi xng ve sin + cos va sin.cos.
at : t = sinu + cosu =
2
t 1
2sin u , 2 t 2,sinu.cosu
4 2
_
+
,
8. Phng trnh cha |sinu + cosu| va sinu.cosu :
at :
2
1
2 0 2
4 2
t
t sinu cos u sin u , t ,sinu.cos u
_
+ +
,
9. Phng trnh cha sinu cosu va sinu.cosu :
at :
_
,
2
1 t
t sinu cosu 2sin u , 2 t 2,sinu.cosu
4 2
10. Phng trnh cha |sinu cosu| va sinu.cosu :
at :
2
1
2 0 2
4 2
t
t sinu cos u sin u , t ,sinu.cos u
_
,
11. Phng trnh toan phng (bac 2 va bac 0 theo sinu va cosu) :
Xet cosu = 0; xet cosu 0, chia 2 ve cho cos
2
u, dung cong thc
1/cos
2
u = 1 + tg
2
u, a ve phng trnh bac 2 theo t = tgu.
12. Phng trnh toan phng m rong :
* Bac 3 va bac 1 theo sinu va cosu : chia 2 ve cho cos
3
u.
* Bac 1 va bac 1 : chia 2 ve cho cosu.
13. Giai phng trnh bang cach oi bien :
Neu khong a c phng trnh ve dang tch, th at :
* t = cosx : neu phng trnh khong oi khi thay x bi x.
* t = sinx : neu phng trnh khong oi khi thay x bi x.
* t = tgx : neu phng trnh khong oi khi thay x bi + x.
* t = cos2x : neu ca 3 cach tren eu ung
* t = tg
2
x
: neu ca 3 cach tren eu khong ung.
14. Phng trnh ac biet :
*
'
+
0 v
0 u
0 v u
2 2
*
'
'
C v
C u
C v
C u
v u
*
'
'
+ +
B v
A u
B A v u
B v
A u
* sinu.cosv = 1
'
'
1 v cos
1 u sin
1 v cos
1 u sin
* sinu.cosv = 1
'
'
1 v cos
1 u sin
1 v cos
1 u sin
Tng t cho : sinu.sinv = t 1, cosu.cosv = t 1.
8
KUI-PRO
15. He phng trnh : Vi F(x) la sin, cos, tg, cotg
a. Dang 1 :
'
t
t
) 2 ( n y x
) 1 ( m ) y ( F ) x ( F
. Dung cong thc oi + thanh nhan,
the (2) vao (1) a ve he phng trnh :
'
+
b y x
a y x
b. Dang 2 :
'
n y x
m ) y ( F ). x ( F
. Tng t dang 1, dung cong thc oi nhan thanh +.
c. Dang 3 :
'
n y x
m ) y ( F / ) x ( F
.
Dung t le thc :
d b
c a
d b
c a
d
c
b
a
+
+
bien oi phng trnh (1) roi dung
cong thc oi + thanh x.
d. Dang khac : tm cach phoi hp 2 phng trnh, a ve cac pt c ban.
16. Toan :
* Luon co san 1 pt theo A, B, C : A + B + C =
* A + B bu vi C, (A + B)/2 phu vi C/2.
* A, B, C (0, ) ; A/2, B/2, C/2 (0, /2)
A + B (0, ) ; (A + B)/2 (0, /2) ;
A B ( , ) , (A B)/2 ( /2, /2)
Dung cac tnh chat nay e chon k.
* oi canh ra goc (oi khi oi goc ra canh) : dung nh ly ham sin :
a = 2RsinA hay nh ly ham cos : a
2
= b
2
+ c
2
2bc.cosA
* pr
R 4
abc
C sin ab
2
1
ah
2
1
S
a
) c p )( b p )( a p ( p
* Trung tuyen :
2 2 2
a
a c 2 b 2
2
1
m +
* Phan giac :
a
=
c b
2
A
cos bc 2
+
IV- TCH PHAN
1. nh ngha, cong thc, tnh chat :
* F la 1 nguyen ham cua f f la ao ham cua F.
Ho tat ca cac nguyen ham cua f :
dx ) x ( f = F(x) + C (C R)
*
+
+ +
+
1
u
du u C; u du C
1
, 1
u u
du
lnu C; e du e C;
u
+ +
+ C a ln / a du a
u u
sinudu cos u C +
+ C gu cot u sin / du
2
;
+ C tgu u cos / du
2
*
b
b
a
a
f(x)dx F(x) F(b) F(a)
*
+
b
a
c
a
b
a
c
b
a
b
a
a
, ; 0
9
KUI-PRO
+ +
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
a
f k kf ; g f ) g f (
2. Tch phan tng phan :
udv uv vdu
Thng dung khi tnh tch phan cac ham hon hp.
a.
n n n x n
x u : x cos x ; x sin x , e x
b.
x ln u : x ln x
n
c.
dx e dv hay e u : x cos e , x sin e
x x x x
tng phan 2 lan, giai phng trnh an ham
3. Cac dang thng gap :
a.
+
x cos . x sin
1 n 2 m
: u = sinx.
+
x sin . x cos
1 n 2 m
: u = cosx.
x cos . x sin
n 2 m 2
: ha bac ve bac 1
b.
x cos / x tg
n 2 m 2
: u = tgx (n 0)
x sin / x g cot
n 2 m 2
: u = cotgx (n 0)
c.
cha a
2
u
2
: u = asint
cha u
2
a
2
: u = a/cost
cha a
2
+ u
2
: u = atgt
d.
) x cos , x (sin R , R : ham hu ty
R(sinx, cosx) = R(sinx, cosx) : u = cosx
R(sinx, cosx) = R(sinx, cosx) : u = sinx
R(sinx,cosx) = R(sinx, cosx) : u = tgx u = cotgx
R n gian :
2
x
tg u
2 /
0
x
2
u at th :
0
x u at th :
e.
+ + +
n q q / p n m
bx a u : Z n / ) 1 m ( , ) bx a ( x
f.
+ +
+
+
n n q q / p n m
bx a x u : Z
q
p
n
1 m
, ) bx a ( x
g.
u
1
k hx : c bx ax ) k hx /[( dx
2
+ + + +
h.
+ + ) d cx /( ) b ax ( , x ( R , R la ham hu ty :
) d cx /( ) b ax ( u + +
i.
cha (a + bx
k
)
m/n
: th at u
n
= a + bx
k
.
4. Tch phan ham so hu ty :
,
_
+ <
+ + + +
+
+ +
+
< + +
atgt u at : ) a u /( du ) 0 (
c bx ax
dx
c bx ax
B
c bx ax
) b ax 2 ( A
) 0 ( c bx ax
2 2
2 2 2
2
5. Tnh dien tch hnh phang :
a. D gii han bi x = a, x = b, (Ox), (C) : y = f(x) :
b
a
D
dx ) x ( f S
f(x) : phan thc hu t : lap BXD f(x) tren [a,b] e m |.|; f(x) : ham lng giac : xet
dau f(x) tren cung [a, b] cua ng tron lng giac.
b. D gii han bi x = a, x = b , (C) : y = f(x)
(C') : y = g(x) :
b
a
D
dx ) x ( g ) x ( f S
Xet dau f(x) g(x) nh trng hp a/.
c. D gii han bi (C
1
) : f
1
(x, y) = 0 , (C
2
) : f
2
(x, y) = 0
/
b
D
a
S f(x) g(x) dx
/
b
D
a
S f(y) g(y) dy
Vi trng hp ) : neu bien tren hay bien di b gay, ta cat D bang cac ng
thang ng ngay cho gay.
Vi trng hp ) : neu bien phai hay bien trai b gay, ta cat D bang cac ng
ngang ngay cho gay.
Chon tnh
b
a
2
dx ) x ( f V
b. [ ]
b
a
2
dy ) y ( f V
c.
b
a
2 2
dx )] x ( g ) x ( f [ V
11
x=b x=a
f(x)
g(x)
y=a
f(y)
y=b
g(y)
a
b
f(x)
a
b
f(y)
b
f(x)
g(x)
a
f(y)
a
g(y)
b
> 0
< 0
= 0
ab < 0 ab > 0
KUI-PRO
d.
b
a
2 2
dy )] y ( g ) y ( f [ V
e.
+
b
c
2
c
a
2
dx ) x ( g dx ) x ( f V
f.
+
b
c
2
c
a
2
dy ) y ( f dy ) y ( g V
Chu y : xoay quanh (Ox) : ...dx ; xoay quanh (Oy) : ... dy.
V- KHAO SAT HAM SO
1. Tm lim dang
0
0
, dang 1
:
a. Phan thc hu ty :
1
1
a x
1
1
a x a x
Q
P
lim
) x ( Q ) a x (
) x ( P ) a x (
lim ) 0 / 0 dang (
) x ( Q
) x ( P
lim
b. Ham lg : 1
u
u sin
lim thc cong dung ), 0 / 0 dang (
) x ( g
) x ( f
lim
0 u a x
c. Ham cha can : ) 0 / 0 dang (
) x ( g
) x ( f
lim
a x
, dung lng lien hiep :
a
2
b
2
= (a b)(a + b) e pha , a
3
b
3
= (a b)(a
2
+ ab + b
2
) e pha
3
d. Ham cha mu hay log (dang 1
2. ao ham :
a. Tm ao ham bang nh ngha :
o
o
o
x x
0
x x
) x ( f ) x ( f
lim ) x ( ' f
Tai iem x
o
ma f oi cong thc, phai tm ao ham tng pha :
. lim ) x ( f , lim ) x ( f
o
x x
o
/
o
x x
o
/
+
Neu
) x ( f ) x ( f
o
/
o
/
+
th f co ao ham tai x
o
.
b. Y ngha hnh hoc :
k = tg = f
/
(x
M
)
c. f
/
+ : f , f
/
: f
f
//
+ : f lom , f
//
: f loi
d. f at C tai M
'
<
0 ) x ( f
0 ) x ( f
M
//
M
/
f at CT tai M
'
>
0 ) x ( f
0 ) x ( f
M
//
M
/
M la iem uon cua f f
//
(x
M
) = 0 va f
//
oi dau khi qua x
M
.
e. Tnh ao ham bang cong thc : C
/
= 0, (x
)
/
= x
1
, (lnx)
/
= 1/x ,
( )
a
1
log x
xlna
, (e
x
)
/
= e
x
(a
x
)
/
= a
x
.lna, (sinx)
/
= cosx , (cosx)
/
= sinx, (tgx)
/
= 1/cos
2
x,
(cotgx)
/
= 1/sin
2
x, (ku)
/
= ku
/
, (u t v)
/
= u
/
t v
/
, (uv)
/
= u
/
v + uv
/
,
(u/v)
/
= (u
/
v uv
/
)/v
2
* Ham hp : (g
o
f)
/
= g
/
[f(x)]
. f
/
(x)
12
f(x)
g(x0
)
a
b
a b c
f(x) -g(x)
b
c
f(y)
-g(y)
a
M
f(x)
> 0
< 0
= 0
ab < 0 ab > 0
< 0
> 0
= 0
x < a
x > a
a
x = a
y < b
y > b
b
y = b
KUI-PRO
* ao ham logarit : lay log (ln : c so e) 2 ve , roi ao ham 2 ve; ap dung vi ham
[f(x)]
g(x)
hay f(x) dang tch, thng, cha
n
...
f. Vi phan : du = u
/
dx
3. Tiem can :
y lim
a x
x = a : tc
b y lim
x
y = b : tcn
0 )] b ax ( y [ lim
x
+
y = ax + b : tcx
* Ve o th co tiem can :
- t c : khi y cang tien ve t th ng cong cang gan ng t c .
- t c x :khi x va y cang tien ve t th ng cong cang gan ng t c.
- t c n :khi x cang tien ve t th ng cong cang gan ng t c.
* Xet
) x ( Q
) x ( P
y
Co tc x = a khi Q(a) = 0, P(a) 0
Co tcn khi bac P bac Q : vi x , tm lim y bang cach lay so hang bac cao nhat
cua P chia so hang bac cao nhat cua Q.
Co tcx khi P hn Q 1 bac, khi o chia a thc ta co :
) x ( Q
) x ( P
b ax ) x ( f
1
+ +
, tcx la y = ax +
b. Neu Q = x , co the chia Honer.
* Bien luan tiem can ham bac 2 / bac 1 :
c
y ax b
dx e
+ +
+
( d 0 )
a 0, c 0 : co tc, tcx
a = 0, c 0 : co tcn, tc.
c = 0 : (H) suy bien thanh t, khong co tc.
4. o th cac ham thng gap :
a/ y = ax + b :
b/ y = ax
2
+ bx + c
c/ y = ax
3
+ bx
2
+ c + d
a> 0 :
a < 0 :
d/ y = ax
4
+ bx
2
+ c
a > 0
a < 0
e/ y = (ax + b) / (cx + d) (c 0)
ad - bc > 0 ad - bc < 0
13
x a
y
x +
y b b
x +
y
a > 0
a < 0
a = 0
a > 0 a < 0
> 0
< 0
= 0
ab < 0 ab > 0
< 0
> 0
= 0
x < a
x > a
a
x = a
y < b
y > b
b
y = b
KUI-PRO
f/ y =
e dx
c bx ax
2
+
+ +
(ad 0)
ad > 0
ad < 0
5. OI XNG O TH :
g(x) = f(x) : x qua (Oy)
g(x) = f(x) : x qua (Ox)
(C
/
) : y = ) x ( f : gi nguyen phan (C) ben tren y = 0, lay phan (C) ben di y = 0 oi
xng qua (Ox).
(C
/
) : y = ) x ( f : gi nguyen phan (C) ben phai x = 0, lay phan (C) ben phai x = 0 oi
xng qua (Oy).
6. IEM AC BIET CUA (Cm) : y = f(x, m)
a/ iem co nh : M(x
o
, y
o
) (Cm), m y
o
= f(x
o
, m), m Am + B = 0, m (hay Am
2
+ Bm + C
= 0, m)
'
0 B
0 A
(hay
'
0 C
0 B
0 A
). Giai he, c M.
b/ iem (Cm) khong i qua, m : M(x
o
, y
o
) (Cm), m y
o
f(x
o
,m), m y
o
= f(x
o
, m) VN m
Am + B = 0 VN m (hay Am
2
+ Bm + C = 0 VN m)
'
0 B
0 A
(hay
'
'
<
0
0 A
0 C
0 B
0 A
). Giai he ,
c M.
Chu y : C
B
A
VN B = 0
'
VN BC A
0 B
c/ iem co n ng cong cua ho (Cm) i qua : Co n ng (Cm) qua M(x
o
, y
o
) y
o
= f(x
o
, m)
co n nghiem m. Can nam vng ieu kien co n nghiem cua cac loai phng trnh : bac
2, bac 2 co ieu kien x , bac 3, trung phng.
7. TIEP XUC, PHNG TRNH TIEP TUYEN :
a. (C) : y = f(x), tx (C
/
) : y = g(x) khi he phng trnh sau co nghiem :
'
/
C
/
C
/
/
C
C
y y
y y
. Nghiem x cua
he la hoanh o tiep iem.
b. Tm tiep tuyen vi (C) : y = f(x)
* Tai M(x
o
, y
o
) : y = f'(x
o
)(x x
o
) + y
o
.
* Qua M (x
o
, y
o
): viet phng trnh ng thang qua M : (d) : y = k(x x
o
) + y
o
. Dung ieu
kien tx tm k. So lng k = so lng tiep tuyen (neu f bac 3 hay bac 2 / bac 1 th so
nghiem x trong he phng trnh k tx = so lng tiep tuyen).
* // () : y = ax + b : (d) // () (d) : y = ax + m. Tm m nh k tx.
* () : y = ax + b (a 0) : (d) () (d) : y =
a
1
x + m. Tm m nh k tx.
c. Bai toan so lng tiep tuyen : tm M (C
/
) : g(x, y) = 0 sao cho t M ke c en (C)
ung n tiep tuyen (n = 0, 1, 2, ...), M(x
o
,y
o
) (C
/
) g(x
o
,y
o
) = 0; (d) qua M : y = k(x x
o
) + y
o
; (d)
14
> 0
x < a
x > a
a
x = a
y < b
y > b
b
y = b
KUI-PRO
tx (C) :
'
k y
y y
C
/
d C
(1). The k vao (1) c phng trnh an x, tham so x
o
hay y
o
. at k e
phng trnh nay co n nghiem x (so nghiem x = so tiep tuyen), tm c x
o
hay y
o
.
8. TNG GIAO :
* Phng trnh h iem chung cua (C) : y = f(x) va (C
/
) : y = g(x) la : f(x) = g(x). So nghiem
pt = so iem chung.
* Tm m e (C
m
) : y = f(x, m) va (C
/
m
) : y = g(x, m) co n giao iem : Viet phng trnh hoanh
o iem chung; at k e pt co n nghiem. Neu pt hoanh o iem chung tach c m
sang 1 ve : F(x) = m : at ieu kien e (C) : y = F(x) va (d) : y = m co n iem chung.
* Bien luan s tng giao cua (C
m
) va (C
/
m
) :
Neu pt h iem chung dang : F(x) = m : lap BBT cua F; so iem chung cua (C
m
) va
(C
/
m
) = so iem chung cua (C) va (d).
PTh iem chung, khong tach c m, dang f(x) = ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 (x ) hay dang bac
3 : x = f(x) = 0 : lap , xet dau , giai pt f(x) = 0 e biet m nao th la nghiem cua f,
vi m o, so nghiem b bt i 1.
9. CC TR :
* f co ung n cc tr f
/
oi dau n lan.
* f at cc ai tai x
o
'
<
0 ) x ( f
0 ) x ( f
o
//
o
/
f at cc tieu tai x
o
'
>
0 ) x ( f
0 ) x ( f
o
//
o
/
* f bac 3 (hay bac 2 / bac 1) co cc tr f co C va CT /
f
> 0
* f bac 3 (hay bac 2 / bac 1) co cc tr :
Ben phai (d) : x = y
/
= 0 co 2 nghiem < x
1
< x
2
.
Ben trai (d) : x = y
/
= 0 co 2 nghiem x
1
< x
2
< .
1 ben (Ox)
0
0
/
f
CD CT
y .y
>
'
>
2 ben (Ox)
0
0
/
f
CD CT
y .y
>
'
<
'
'
+
+ +
Z y , x
e dx
c
b ax y
M M
M
M M
'
+
+
+ +
Z
e dx
c
, x
e dx
c
b ax y
M
M
M
M M
16
KUI-PRO
'
+
+
+ +
c cua so c e dx , Z x
e dx
c
b ax y
M M
M
M M
15. Tm min, max cua ham so y = f(x)
Lap BBT, suy ra mien gia tr va min, max.
16. Giai bat phng trnh bang o th :
f < g a < x < b, f > g
<
<
x b
a x
f g a x b , f g
b x
a x
VI- HNH HOC GIAI TCH
1. Toa o , vect :
* (a,b) t (a
/
, b
/
) = (a t a
/
, b t b
/
)
k(a, b) = (ka, kb)
(a, b) = (a
/
, b
/
)
'
/
/
b b
a a
(a, b).(a
/
,b
/
) = aa
/
+ bb
/
2 2
b a ) b , a ( +
/
/
/
v.v
cos( v,v )
v . v
r r
r r
r r
AB AB ), y y , x x ( AB
A B A B
M chia AB theo t so k
MB k MA
k 1
ky y
y ,
k 1
kx x
x
B A
M
B A
M
(k 1)
M : trung iem AB
2
y y
y ,
2
x x
x
B A
M
B A
M
+
'
+ +
+ +
3
y y y
y
3
x x x
x
C B A
M
C B A
M
(tng t cho vect 3 chieu).
* Vect 3 chieu co them tch co hng va tch hon hp :
) ' c , ' b , ' a ( v ), c , b , a ( v
/
[ ]
,
_
/ / / / / /
/
b
b
a
a
,
a
a
c
c
,
c
c
b
b
v , v
/ / /
[ v,v ] v . v .sin( v,v )
r r r r r r
/ /
v , v ] v , v [
*
/
v v
/
v . v
= 0 ;
/ /
v // v [ v,v ]
r r r r
= 0 ;
// /
v , v , v
ong phang
0 v ]. v , v [
// /
[ ] AC , AB
2
1
S
ABC
[ ] AS . AC , AB
6
1
V
ABC . S
/
' D ' C ' B ' A . ABCD
AA ]. AD , AB [ V
17
a
b
f
g
KUI-PRO
A, B, C thang hang
AB // AC
uuur uuur
* trong mp : H la trc tam
'
0 AC . BH
0 BC . AH
H la chan ng cao h
a
'
BC // BH
0 BC . AH
M la chan phan giac trong
A
MC
AC
AB
MB
M la chan phan giac ngoai
A
MC
AC
AB
MB +
I la tam ng tron ngoai tiep IA = IB = IC.
I la tam ng tron noi tiep I la chan phan giac trong
B
cua ABM vi M la
chan phan giac trong
A
cua ABC.
2. ng thang trong mp :
* Xac nh bi 1 iem M(x
o
,y
o
) va 1vtcp
v
= (a,b) hay 1 phap vect (A,B) :
(d) :
'
+
+
b
y y
a
x x
: ) d ( ,
bt y y
at x x
o o
o
o
(d) : A(x x
o
) + B(y y
o
) = 0
* (d) qua A(a, 0); B(0,b) : 1
b
y
a
x
+
* (AB) :
A B
A
A B
A
y y
y y
x x
x x
* (d) : Ax + By + C = 0 co
) B , A ( n ; ) A , B ( v
* (d) // () : Ax + By + C = 0 (d) : Ax + By +
C = 0
* (d) () (d) : Bx + Ay + C
/
= 0
* (d), (d
/
) tao goc nhon th :
cos =
( )
/
/
/
d
d
d
d
d
d
n .n
cos( n ,n )
n . n
uur uuur
uur uuur
uur uuur
* d(M,(d)) =
2 2
M M
B A
C By Ax
+
+ +
* Phan giac cua (d) : Ax + By + C = 0 va (d
/
) : A
/
x + B
/
y + C
/
= 0 la :
2 / 2 /
/ / /
2 2
B A
C y B x A
B A
C By Ax
+
+ +
t
+
+ +
/
d
d
n . n > 0 : phan giac goc tu + , nhon
/
d
d
n . n < 0 : phan giac goc tu , nhon +
* Tng giao : Xet hpt toa o giao iem.
3. Mat phang trong khong gian :
* Xac nh bi 1 iem M(x
o
, y
o
, z
o
) va 1 phap vect :
n
= (A, B, C) hay 2 vtcp
' v , v
.
(P) : A(x x
o
) + B(y y
o
) + C(z z
o
) = 0
n
= [
' v , v
]
(P) : Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 co
n
= (A, B, C).
(P) qua A(a,0,0); B(0,b,0); C(0,0,c) (P) : x/a + y/b + z/c = 1
* Cho M(x
o
, y
o
, z
o
), (P) : Ax + By + Cz + D = 0
18
KUI-PRO
d(M,(P)) =
2 2 2
o o o
C B A
D Cz By Ax
+ +
+ + +
* (P) , (P
/
) tao goc nhon th : cos
= ) n , n cos(
) ' P ( ) P (
* (P) (P
/
)
) ' P ( ) P (
n n , (P) // (P
/
)
) ' P ( ) P (
n // n
4. ng thang trong khong gian :
* Xac nh bi 1 iem M (x
o
, y
o
, z
o
) va 1 vtcp
v
= (a, b, c) hay 2 phap vect :
' n , n
:
(d) :
c
z z
b
y y
a
x x
: ) d ( ,
ct z z
bt y y
at x x
o o o
o
o
o
'
+
+
+
] ' n , n [ v
* (AB) :
A A A
B A B A B A
x x y y z z
x x y y z z
* (d) = (P) (P
/
) :
0
0
Ax By Cz D
A' x B' y C' z D'
+ + +
'
+ + +