Ktthicong 0193

B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC .....
KHOA ....

Gio Trnh

K thut thi
cng cng
trnh

BI GING MN KTTC H TCCN - 5 - CHNG 1

GV: LU VN CAM TRNG CAO NG NG

CHNG 1
CNG TC T V GIA C NN MNG
************************
A. CNG TC T
I. KHI NIM. (01 tit . tit th 2)
1. Cc loi cng trnh v cng tc t.
- Xy dng bt k cng trnh no cng u c phn cng tc t.
- Khi lng cng tc t ph thuc vo qui m, tnh cht v a hnh cng
trnh. Nhng ni c a hnh v a cht phc tp, thi cng t c th gp nhiu
kh khn.
- C nhng cng trnh cng tc t chim mt khi lng ln lm nh
hng n cht lng v tin thi cng cng trnh.
1.1- Phn loi cng trnh t: C nhiu cch
- Theo mc ch s dng: c 2 loi ch yu:
+ Cc cng trnh bng t: mng mng, ng s, bi cha ....
+ Cc cng trnh phc v cng trnh khc: h mng, rnh t ng ng .....
- Theo thi gian s dng: c 2 loi:
+ Cc cng trnh s dng lu di: , p, ng s ....
+ Cc cng trnh s dng ngn hn: quai, h mng, rnh thot nc .....
- Theo hnh dng cng trnh: c 2 loi:
+ Cc cng trnh tp trung: h mng, san i mt bng ...
+ Cc cng trnh chy di: , ng s, mng mng....
1.2- Cc dng cng tc t:
- o t: l h cao mt t t nhin xung bng cao thit k (nh
o mng, o mng....). Th tch t o thng c k hiu l V
+

- p t: l nng cao mt t t nhin ln bng cao thit k (nh
p nn nh, p ... ). Th tch t p thng c k hiu l V
-

- San t: l lm bng phng mt din tch no ca mt t. Trong san
t bao gm c cng tc o v cng tc p. Lng t trong khu vc san c
th vn c gi nguyn, c th o b i hoc c th p thm vo.... t
n mt cao trnh no (nh san mt bng, san nn ng ....)
- Ht (bc) : l bc b lp t pha trn khng s dng nh: lp thc vt,
lp t phn ho... Lp ny khng c kh nng chu lc. Thc cht y l cng
tc o nhng khng theo mt cao trnh c th no c m ph thuc vo chiu
dy lp t cn bc b.
- Lp t: l lm cho nhng ch trng cao bng khu vc xung quanh. Thc
cht y l cng tc p, khi lng p ph thuc vo cao t nhin ca khu
vc xung quanh hoc su ca vng t yu cu x l.
Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com

- m t: l m nn cc lp t mi cho c chc.

2. Cc tnh cht k thut ca t v nh hng ca n n kt thi cng
t.
2.1- Trng lng ring ca t ( ): L trng lng ca mt n v th tch
t, c xc nh bng cng thc:
=
V
G
[g/cm
3
] hoc [t/m
3
]

Trong : G - trng lng ca khi t c th tch l V.
Trng lng ring ca t th hin s c chc ca t. Thng thng, t
c trong lng ring cng ln th cng c chc.
2.2- m ca t (W): L t l phn trm ca nc c trong t.

0
0
G
G G
W
= x 100 (%)

Trong : G
0
- l trng lng kh ca t
Mun thi cng d dng th cn phi c m thch hp cho tng loi t.
Thng thng theo m ca t, ngi ta phn t ra lm 3 loi:
t c: - W 5% : t kh
- W 30% : t m
- W 30% : t t.
Theo kinh nghim, ngoi hin trng thi cng, ngi cn b ch huy c
th xc nh tng i chnh xc m ca t bng cch bc mt nm t bp
cht li ri th ra, nu nm t v ri ra l t kh, nu nm t gi nguyn hnh
dng l t m, nu nm t dnh bt trn tay l t qu t.
2.3- dc ca mi t (i): L gc ln nht ca mi dc khi o t (vi
t nguyn th) hoc khi ta ng hay p t m t khng b st l.
+ dc ca mi t ph thuc vo gc ma st trong ca t (), dnh
ca t (C), m ca t (W), ti trng tc dng ln mt t v chiu su ca
h o (H).
+ Xc nh dc (i):
T hnh v 1-1 ta c: i = tg =
B
H

Trong :
i - l dc t nhin ca t;
- l gc ca mt trt;
H - chiu cao h o (mi dc);
B - chiu rng ca h o (mi dc).
Thng thng ngi ta cho soi m ca mi dc:
Hnh 1-1 : dc ca mi t

m =
i
1
=
H
B
= cotg
m - cn gi l h s mi dc.
Vic xc nh chnh xc dc ca mi t c ngha quan trng ti s
m bo an ton cho cng trnh trong qu trnh thi cng v gim ti mc ti
thiu khi lng o.
2.4- ti xp ca t ( ): l tnh cht bin thin th tch ca t trc v
sau khi o. ti xp c xc nh theo cng thc:
(%) 100
0
0
x
V
V V
=
Trong : V
0
- th tch t nguyn th.
V - th tch t sau khi o ln.
C 2 h s ti xp: ti xp ban u
0
l ti xp khi t va o ln
cha m nn; v ti xp cui cng l ti xp khi t c m
cht. t cng rn chc th ti xp cng ln, t xp rng c ti xp nh,
c trng hp c gi tr m.
2.5- chng xi mn ca t: l tnh khng b dng nc cun tri khi
c dng nc chy qua.
Mun khng xi l th lu tc ca dng nc trn mt t khng vt qu
lu tc cho php.
Lu tc cho php l tr s lu tc m y ht t bt u b cun i. t c
lu tc cho php cng ln th kh nng chng xi l cng cao.
Lu tc cho php ca mt s loi t thng thng nh sau:
- i vi t ct: lu tc cho php: v = 0,15 - 0,80 m/s
- i vi t st chc : v = 0,80 - 1,80 m/s
- i vi t : v = 2,00 - 3,50 m/s
Nhng cng trnh bng t c tip xc vi dng chy cn lu n tnh cht
ny khi chn t thi cng.
3. Phn cp t.
Trong cc cng tc thi cng t, ngi ta da vo mc kh d khi thi
cng phn cp. Cp t cng cao th cng kh thi cng, mc chi ph nhn
cng v chi ph my cng ln.
3.1- Phn cp t theo phng php thi cng th cng: Phn t thnh 9
cp, mc kh cho thi cng tng dn t cp 1 n cp 9. (xem bng, trang 9,
GT-KTTC)
3.2- Phn cp t theo phng php thi cng c gii: Phn loi t thnh
11 cp. T cp 1 n cp 4 l t, t cp 5 n cp 11 l . Phn cp ca t
da vo chi ph lao ng o 1m
3
t, cn phn cp da vo thi gian
khoan 1m di l khoan.(xem bng, trang 10, GT KTTC)

Vic phn cp t gip ta chn c loi my thi cng v phng php
thi cng hp l.

II . TNH TON KHI LNG CNG TC T (2 tit. tit th 3,4)
- Mc ch: Hu ht cc cng trnh xy dng u c lin quan n cng tc
t. Vic xc nh khi lng cng tc t lm c s lp phng n thi cng,
lp d ton hp l. Do , vic tnh ton xc nh cng tc t phi tin hnh
cn thn v chnh xc.
- Nguyn tc tnh ton:
+ i vi nhng cng trnh c a hnh n gin: Dng cc cng thc hnh
hc n gin tnh ton.
+ i vi nhng cng trnh c hnh dng khng r rng : th ta qui i thnh
cc hnh n gin ri p dng cc cng thc nh trn.
1. Tnh khi lng cng tc t theo hnh khi:
- i vi hnh ng ct :
V=
6
h
[ab + (a+c)(b+d) + dc]
- i vi khi lp phng :
V= a
3

- i vi khi hp ch nht :
V= a.b.h
- i vi hnh nn : V=
3
h
R
2

2. Tnh khi lng cng tc t ca cng trnh chy di:
Vi cc cng trnh chy di thng gp nh mng bng, ng, mng
mng,... thng c kch thc theo chiu di ln hn nhiu ln so vi kch thc
hai phng cn li. Do mt t t nhin khng bng phng nn chiu cao tnh
ton h ca cng trnh lun thay i. khi lng tnh ton chnh xc, thng
thng ngi ta chia cng trnh thnh nhiu on sao cho trong mi on, chiu
cao ca cng trnh thay i khng ng k. Cng trnh cng chia nh lm nhiu
on th s liu tnh ton cng chnh xc nhng ng thi khi lng tnh ton
s tng ln. Sau khi chia ra tng on, ta xc nh cc thng s hnh hc ca
cc tit din hai u on.
Th tch ca hnh chy di tnh gn ng theo cng thc sau:
V
1
=
2
2 1
F F +
.L (1-1)
hoc V
2
= F
tb
.L (1-2)
Trong : F
1
- din tch ca tit din trc;
F
2
- din tch ca tit din sau;
L - chiu di ca on cng trnh cn tnh;
Hnh 1- 2

F
tb
- din tch ca tit din trung bnh m chiu cao ca
tit din bng trung bnh cng ca chiu cao hai tit din trc v sau.
Th tch thc V ca on cng trnh lun nh hn V
1
v ln hn V
2
.
V
1
> V > V
2

V vy cc cng thc trn ch nn p dng cho cc cng trnh c chiu di
L<50m v s chnh lch chiu cao tit din khng qu 0,5m : h
1
- h
2
0,5 m.
Vi cc cng trnh khc, ngi ta thng s dng cng thc ca Winkler.
Cch thnh lp cng thc nh sau:
Cho trt tit din b theo trc cng trnh n khi chng ln tit din ln.
Cc im A, B, C, D s trng ln cc im A, B, C, D ca tit din ln. T
Hnh 1-3 : S tnh khi lng cng tc t ca cng trnh chy di

Hnh 1-4 : S tnh ton theo phng php Winkler


hai ng CC v DD ta k hai mt phng thng gc xung mt y cng trnh
(CDEF) chia on cng trnh ra lm ba khi. Mt khi (V
1
) nm gia hai mt
phng thng ng v hai khi chp (V
1
, V
2
) nm ngoi hai mt phng .
Th tch ca on cng trnh c tnh theo cng thc:
V = V
1
+ V
1
+ V
2
(1-3)
Theo (1-1) ta c:
V
1
=
2
) (
2 2 1 1
F F +
.L (1-4)
Trong :
1
,
2
- din tch y tam gic ca cc khi hnh chp;
F
1
, F
2
- din tch cc tit din 2 u on cng trnh;
L - chiu di on cng trnh.
V: V
1
=
3
1
1
L ; V
2
=
3
1
2
L (1-5)
Thay (1-4), (1-5) vo (1-3) ta c:
V =
2
). (
2 2 1 1
L F F +
+
3
1
1
L +
3
1
2
L
V =
2
2 1
F F +
.L -
6
1
L (
1
+
2
) (1-6)
Vi mt on cng trnh, nghing ca y cng trnh khng ln v h s
mi dc ca hai bn sn cng trnh bng nhau, ta c th chp nhn mt sai s
c
1
=
2
. Nh vy:

1
=
2
=
2
1
(h - h)
2
m (1-7)
Trong : h =
2
2 1
h h +
; h =
2
4 3
h h +
;
m - soi ca mi dc hai bn sn xem nh bng nhau. Nu hai bn sn
c soi khc nhau th khi ly: m =
2
2 1
m m +
; vi m
1
, m
2
ln lt l soi
ca mi dc 2 bn.
Thay (1-7) vo (1-6) ta c cng thc Winkler:
V = [
2
2 1
F F +
-
6
1
(h - h)
2
m ] . L

III . CNG TC CHUN B THI CNG NN T (3 tit . tit th 5,6,7)
1. Gii phng mt bng thi cng :
Gii phng mt bng bao gm mt s cng vic sau: p ph cng trnh c
khng s dng n, di chuyn m m hoc nhng cng trnh c sn trn mt
bng thi cng, tho d bom mn ( nu c ), o b cy v r cy, ph m ci

trn mt bng (nu cn thit), x l thm thc vt thp, dn sch chng ngi
vt to thun li cho thi cng.
Trc khi thi cng cn phi thng bo trn cc phng tin thng tin i
chng nhng ngi c cng trnh ngm ni trong khu vc thi cng (m m,
ng in, ng nc....) bit c k hoch di chuyn. Sau mt thi gian
qui nh, ch u t phi lm cc th tc di chuyn. i vi vic di chuyn
m m phi theo ng phong tc v qui nh v v sinh.
Nu khu vc c bom mn cha n phi thu cng binh d mn v kp thi v
hiu ho bom mn.
i vi cc cng trnh c nh nh ca, cng trnh xy dng phi c thit k
ph d bo m an ton v v sinh mi trng; tn thu vt liu cn s dng
c.
Nu trong mt bng thi cng c cy to th phi cht h hoc di chuyn, r
cy phi c o b ht trnh mi mc lm h v yu nn t sau ny.
Nu c m ci th c th gii phng bng vic nh mn. Hn no cn
li phi do kin trc s quyt nh.
Nhng lp t c hoc t mu nn ht b thu gom vo mt ch sau ny
s dng vo vic trng c v cy trn mt bng.
Nhng ni lp t nu c bn phi tt nc vt bn trnh nn t sau ny
khng n nh.
2. Tiu nc mt - H nc ngm:
2.1 Tiu nc mt: L hn ch nc chy vo mt bng thi cng. Thng
dng mt s bin php sau:
- o rnh thot nc: cho nc khng trn vo mt bng cng trnh mi
khi c ma, pha cao ca khu t thi cng ta o cc rnh thot nc dn
nc i hng khc. Cn pha thp cng trnh c th o h thng rnh xng
c dn nc t cng trnh ra ngoi. Tit din ca rnh ph thuc vo iu
kin a cht, lu lng dng chy. Nu khng c iu kin thot nc t chy
phi b tr h thng bm tiu nc. dc ca rnh thot nc theo chiu nc
chy phi 0.003.
- Dng quai: Trng hp ma ln rnh khng th thot nc kp th
pha thp ca rnh ngi ta thng p thm quai.
2.2. H nc ngm: Khi o mng m ct y mng thp hn mc nc
ngm th cn phi lp bin php h mc nc ngm. Mun xc nh mc nc
ngm c th da vo kt qu khoan thm d a cht hoc c th o mt ging
thm.
H mc nc ngm l lm cho nc ngm h thp cc b mt vng no
bng cch nhn to nhm bo m thng sut qu trnh thi cng trong khu
vc.
C my cch h mc nc ngm nh sau:

a) o rnh l thin: thng p dng khi h mng rng v su, v mc
nc ngm kh cao. Ngi ta o cc rnh chn h mng su hn y mng
khong 0,81m. Theo chiu di rnh c 10m li o mt h ga tch nc v
t bm vo cc h ga ny bm nc ra ngoi.(hnh 1-5b)
Nu lu lng nc ngm ln m ta bm nh trn th t y h mng
v b vch s b tri theo nc lm hng vch t h mng. Khi ngi ta
khng dng loi h mng vi mi dc nghing c m dng h thng tng c
vch t.(hnh 1-5a).
my bm hot ng tt, thnh h tch nc khng b st l v t
khng chy theo nc, ta thng s dng ng snh hoc btng c k t 40 n
60cm v cao 1m lm thnh.
Trng hp h mng o ni t ct ht va v nh th phn di ca
h tch nc thng ri mt lp si nh.
b) Rnh ngm: Xung quanh h
mng chng 5 - 10m ngi ta o mt
h thng rnh su hn y mng khong
1-2m ri lp bng nhng cun vt liu
thm nc hoc bng cc ng thm (ng
snh c kha l) xung quanh bc bng
cc tm thm nc dng nc tiu
chy c d dng. d thot nc,
y rnh thng phi c dc khong
0.03-0.04. Ming rnh lp bng t st
khng thm nc dy khong 50cm
cho nc c trn mt khng mang
nhng ht mn thm vo tng lc bn
di. H thng rnh ny c dn n cc h thu nc ri t dng my bm
y nc ra ngoi.
c) Dng ging thm: p dng khi mc nc ngm khng su lm, t c lu
lng nc ngm nh, h s thm ln, chiu su h mng khng ln. H thng
Hnh 1- 6 : Rnh ngm
h mc nc ngm

a) Khi MNN ln b) Khi MNN nh
Hnh 1- 5 : Rnh l thin h mc nc ngm


ging thm c t ngoi phm vi h mng. Khi bm nc trong ging thm,
nc ngm trong t s h xung theo hnh phu nn mi ging ch h mc
nc ngm trong mt phm vi nht nh. V vy, phi cn c vo lu lng
nc ngm, cng sut ca my bm b tr cc ging thm sao cho h mng
lc no cng kh.
Dng ging thm c cc nhc im l: thi cng ging tn nhiu cng, lp
rp ging phc tp v c ct ln trong nc khi my bm ht nc lm my
bm mau hng.
d) Dng ng kim lc: ng kim lc dng h nc ngm trong t ct,
t ct ln si, c h s thm k = 1m n 100m/ngy m. Thit b ny l mt h
thng ging lc c ng knh nh b tr st nhau theo ng thng xung
quanh h mng. Cc ging lc nh ny c ni vi my bm chung bng cc
ng tp trung nc.
Kim lc l mt ng thp nh c k 50-68mm, di ti 10m v c 3 phn
chnh:
- on trn l ng thp u ht nc (1). di on ny tu theo
h mc nc ngm ti v tr ht.
- on lc gm 2 ng lng vo nhau c khong h gia. ng bn trong
l ng thu nc khng c l (2), ni lin vi ng ht trn. ng bn ngoi l
ng thm nc c khoan l (3), ng knh ln hn ng on trn mt cht.
Bn ngoi ng thm
c qun bng dy
thp un kiu l xo (4).
Bn ngoi cun dy
thp l li lc. Bn
ngoi na b tr thm
mt li cng v th
hn (5) bo v li
lc khi b h hng khi
h xung v rt ln
khi l.
- on cui gm
c van hnh khuyn (6),
van hnh vnh cu (7)
v b phn xi t hnh
rng ca (8).
*Nguyn l hot
ng ca kim lc:
Khi a kim lc vo
ng v tr cn h, dng
ba g nh cho phn
u ca kim cm vo
t. Sau ni ming ng ht vi bm cao p ri bm nc vo trong ng vi
Hnh 1- 7 : S cu to v hot ng ca kim lc
a) Khi h ng kim lc vo t b) Khi ht nc ngm ln


Hnh 1- 8 : S b tr h thng kim lc
a) i vi h o hp b) i vi cng trnh rng
(1) - kim lc (2) - ng gom nc (3) - my bm
(4) - mc nc ngm (5) - mc nc h
p lc cao (6-8 atm). Nc trong ng b nn, n y van hnh khuyn ng li
v m van hnh cu. Nc theo cc l cc rng nhn phun ra ngoi. Vi p
sut ln trong ng, cc tia nc phun ra xung quanh lm cho t khu vc u
kim lc b xi l ko theo bn t phun ln mt t. Do trng lng bn thn v
sc nn ca ngi, ng kim lc c t t h xung n su cn h (hnh 1-
7a).
n khi t su, ngi ta ngng bm. Sau vo xung quanh phn
lc ca ng mt lp ct v si to to thm mng lc. Trn ming l ta chn
thm mt lp t st gi cho khng kh khng lt vo ng kim lc.
Tip n giai on hot ng ca kim lc. ng ht nc ca kim lc
c ni vi ng gom nc v bm ht nc. Khi bm ht hot ng, nc
c ht ln, nc ngm s ngm qua h thng lc vo v y van hnh khuyn
m ra trn vo ng ht. ng thi do p sut ca nc ngm y van hnh
cu ng li khng cho nc ln bn t chui vo ng kim lc(hnh 1-7b).
H thng kim lc c u im l thi cng gn nh, hiu qu cao, kt cu ca
nn t khng b ph hu nh cc bin php khc.
S b tr h thng kim lc tu thuc vo MNN v din tch khu vc cn
h.
H thng kim lc c th b tr theo chui hoc theo vng khp kn tu thuc
vo khu vc cn h mc nc ngm. Nu h o hp nn b tr mt hng chy
dc cng trnh(hnh 1-8a). Nu h o rng th b tr hai hng hai bn(hnh 1-
8b).

3. nh v cng trnh v chng st l
3.1- nh v cng trnh: L xc nh v tr ca cng trnh s xy dng trn
thc a. Trc khi thi cng, cc bn lin quan tin hnh hp bn giao mc
chun cho n v thi cng. Mc chun thng c lm bng btng ct thp v
c t v tr khng vng vo cng trnh v c bo v cn thn.
Ni dung nh v cng trnh l dng h thng cc ph xc nh tim ct
ca cng trnh (mng, ct ....) v cc s liu lin quan khc. nh v cng trnh
c th tin hnh bng cc loi my trc c hin i nh my kinh v, my thu
bnh... hoc c th dng cc bin php th cng n gin (nh cn dy nc,
thc dy...), nhng phi m bo s liu chnh xc.
3.2- Gic mng cng trnh :
Mun c nh v tr mng cng trnh trn mt t sau khi nh v, ta tin
hnh lm cc cc nga, bi v sau khi nh v (rc vi hoc vch du trn t) th
cc kch thc mng s c thi cng v o i mt. kim tra li tim mng
v cc kch thc mng th cc gi nga ng vai tr quan trng. im t gi
nga cch mp trn h mng khong 1,5-2m. Mi gc cng trnh t mt gi
nga kp v mi u trc tim t mt gi nga n.
Gi nga kp gm 3 cc nm
3 nh ca mt tam gic vung cn.
ng vo 3 cc 2 ming vn sao cho
cc cnh trn ca ming vn to
thnh mt mt phng ngang. Trn
mt trn ca vn ta ng cc inh
nh du tim mng hay kch thc
mng. Mun kim tra hay xc nh
tim hoc kch thc mng ta ch
vic cng dy v di xung h mng l xc nh c ngay. c nh chc
chn cc cc ta c th ng cc thanh ging ngang v cho.
cc trc gia ca cng trnh thng t cc gi nga n. Khi ch cn 2
cc v 1 ming vn.
3.3- Gic mt ct h o:
a. Nu mt bng pha trn h o
bng phng: th khong cch t tm h
o n mp h o l: l = b/2 + m.H
Trong :
b - chiu rng ca y h o,
H - chiu su ca h o,
m - h s mi dc h o.
b. Nu mt bng pha trn h o c dc: gi s mt t c dc u
vi h s mi dc l n th chiu rng ca h o tnh t tim h v hai bn l:
- V pha thp:

l
1
=
|
\
|
+
+
H m
b
m n
n
.
2

- V pha cao:
l
2
=
|
\
|
+
H m
b
m n
n
.
2

Trng hp khng xc nh
c dc ca mt t th c th
dng my thu bnh v thc o gc
gic v tr h o.
3.4- Gic mt ct nn p:
a. Nu mt bng nn p bng phng: th khong cch t tm khi p n
chn mi dc l:
l = b/2 + m.H
Trong :
b - chiu rng ca nh nn
p,
H - chiu cao ca nn,
m - h s mi dc khi p.

b. Nu mt bng nn p c dc: gi s mt t c dc u vi h s
mi dc l n th khong cch t tm khi
p n chn mi dc khi p v hai
pha l:
- V pha thp:
l
1
=
|
\
|
+
H m
b
m n
n
.
2

- V pha cao:
l
2
=
|
\
|
+
+
H m
b
m n
n
.
2

Trng hp dc ca mt t khng u th c th dng my kinh v v
my thu bnh gic mt ct nn p.
3.5. Cc bin php chng st l t khi o:
Khi thi cng o t, ta phi gi cho tng t ca chng n nh, vng
chc v khng b st l, an ton trong sut qu trnh thi cng. Mun vy ta phi
o theo mi dc hoc phi dng cc bin php chng vch t ca tng h
o.
Chng vch t rt cn thit trong cc trng hp sau:

- t c dnh nh, nu o theo bin php mi dc th khi lng o s
rt ln.
- C nhng trng hp khng th o theo mi dc v a hnh hoc mt
bng khng cho php.
- Mc nc ngm cao hn ct y mng.
Khi o t, nu chiu su h o khng ln, t c dnh tt, ct y
mng trn mc nc ngm v thi gian ng h mng ngn hn th cho php
o thng ng m m khng cn chng theo phm vi gii hn cho bng
sau y:
Bng cho chiu su h o theo vch thng ng
m khng cn chng i vi mt s loi t.
Th
t
Tn cc loi t Chiu su cho php
(m)
1
2
3
4
t ct, t si p.
t ct pha st, t st pha ct.
t tht v t st.
Cc loi t rn chc
khng qu 1,00m
khng qu 1,25m
khng qu 1,50m
khng qu 2,00m
Hoc chiu su h o khi o vch thng ng c th tnh theo cng thc
sau:
h
td
=
(
(
(
(
\
|

q
tg K
c
2
45 .
2 1
0

Trong :
h
td
: chiu su cho php o thng ng;
,c,: trng lng ring, dnh n v v gc ni ma st ca t.
K: h s an ton, thng ly K=1,5 - 2,5
q: ph ti ln mt t.
Cc gi tr , c hay ph thuc vo m W ca t cho nn h
td
cng phi
thay i khi t kh hoc t.
Khi chiu su h mng o ln hn, ta phi o theo mi dc khng b
st l, nhng khi pht sinh cc vn nh: khi lng thi cng o t tng
ln, mt bng thi cng khng cho php o mi dc....Khi ta cng o thng
ng nhng phi dng cc bin php chng st l cho vch h o. C cc bin
php sau:
a. Chng bng vn ngang: S dng khi h o c su tng i ln (3
- 5m) m dnh ca t nh, nhng vng khng c hoc c nc ngm rt t.
Cc tm vn dy 4-5
cm
c ghp vi nhau thnh nhng mng vn rng 0,5
n 1m. Sau khi o xung mt qung bng hoc ln hn b rng mng vn th

Hnh 1-9a : Chng st l vch h
o bng vn ngang vi h mng hp.
1. Vn ngang, 2. Thanh chng,
3. Thanh vng, 4. Np .
Hnh 1 - 9b : Dng thanh chng cho tng cng cho thanh chng ng
Hnh 1 - 9c : Dng thanh ging gia c thnh h o.

tin hnh chng vch t bng
cch t cc mng vn p st vo hai
bn vch t ri dng nhng thanh
chng ngang (thanh vng g 8x10
hoc g trn 12 n 18cm) t ln
cc np ng 5x25x50mm. Thanh
vng phi ct di hn khong cch
gia hai np ng 2-3cm. Khi vng
dng ba g chnh thanh vng
vung gc vi np. Nu thanh vng
ht th dng nm chn cho cht.
Mng vn trn cng t cao hn mt
t mt t t khng ln vo
h mng v ri vo u ngi.
Tip tc o su tng t v p
vn chng vch nh trn cho n
khi t ct thit k. Khi o ht
su th t mt np ng di sut
t ming n y h o bn cnh cc np ph. Ri li dng thanh vng t vo
cc np ng chy sut chng v lin kt cc mng vn vi nhau.
Nu t c dnh tt nh t st v t chc m su h o khng
su qu 3m th c th t nhng mng vn tha vi khe h 10 - 20 cm tn
vn.
Nu hai vch h o cch xa nhau th thng dng thanh chng cho chng
vo thanh chng ng ( hnh 1- 9b). Chng kiu ny n gin, d thc hin
nhng cc thanh chng xin lm cn tr n cng tc thi cng t.
Khi chiu su h o t 2m tr ln, chiu rng h o qu ln v mt bng
thi cng cho php th thng dng thanh ging (hnh 1 - 9c). Khong cch on
ging B phi m bo: B > H/tg


Hnh 1-10 : Chng st l vch
h o bng vn dc vi h mng hp.
1. Vn dc, 2. Np ngang,
3. Thanh vng, 4. Np .
Hnh 1-11 : Ni ghp vn c g.
a) Ni kiu ui n vi vn dy 10cm
b) Ni kiu mng vung vi vn dy hn 10cm
Trong :
H - chiu su h o c tnh bng mt.
- gc ni ma st ca t.
b. Chng bng vn dc:
S dng khi t c dnh nh
hoc t ri rc, trong vng t t
hoc t chy vi chiu su h o
t 3 - 4 m. Dng cc tm vn dy
5cm vt nhn mt u ng xung
c hai bn mp h o, ng thi
vi vic mc t cho n khi t
su yu cu. Sau dng cc
thanh np ngang 5x25cm lin kt
cc tm vn dc li vi nhau ri
dng cc thanh vng ngang kt hp
vi g t to thnh mt h
thng chng vch t. i vi
nhng h su th phi dng nhiu
tng chng bng vn dc.
c. Chng bng vn c: S dng khi mc nc ngm cao, t yu v
khng n nh. Vn c c th sn xut bng g hoc bng thp. Bc tng chn
t do vn c to nn gi l tng c. Vic o t s c tin hnh sau khi
ng xong vn c.
*Vn c g: S dng khi chiu su h o khng ln, vn c c ng su
xung di y mng t 0,5-0,75m. Nu chiu su ng vn c 2,5m th dng
vn dy t 5-7cm. Nu chiu su ng vn c t 3-4m th dng vn dy t 8-
12cm. Cch ni ghp vn c g nh sau:
o n su 1m th bt u dng cc thanh np ngang v cc thanh vng
gi n nh cho cc tm vn c. Khong cch gia cc thanh np ngang theo
chiu su t 0,8-1,2m.
*Vn c bng thp: p dng khi h o c chiu su ln hn 3m, p lc ca
t v nc ln. Dng vn c thp c nhiu u im v s gim s thanh chng

Hnh 1 - 12 : Cc dng mt ct ca vn c thp.
Hnh 1 - 13 : Ni ghp vn c thp.
a) Ghp vn c khum b) Ghp vn c lacsen

ngang, gim ti a lng nc vo h v s dng c nhiu ln. Tuy nhin chi
ph mua ban u ln.
Theo hnh dng tit din, c 3 loi vn c thp ph bin l: vn c phng,
vn c khum v vn c lacsen.
Chiu di vn c thp t 8-15 m, dy t 12-16 ly, khong cch gia hai mp
vn c t 320-450. Vi vn c khum v vn c lacsen th hai thanh lin nhau
c ghp mt p mt nga (hnh 1-13).
Trnh t thi cng: Dng my ng cc hoc p cc ng (p) vn c su
xung di y mng t 0,5 n 1m, sau tin hnh o t, o n su
1m th bt u dng cc thanh np ngang v cc thanh vng gi n nh cho
cc tm vn c.

IV . CNG TC O V VN CHUYN T (4 tit. tit th 8, 9, 10, 11)
1. o v vn chuyn t bng th cng: (1 tit)
1.1- Dng c o t: Thng dng mt s loi dng c truyn thng nh:
cuc, xng, x beng, quang gnh ....
1.2- T chc o t: Vic o t bng th cng phi s dng nhiu nhn
cng, v vy phi phn cng cc t i theo cc tuyn lm vic, trnh tp trung

Hnh 1-14 : o h mng rng theo kiu bc thang.

Hnh 1-15 : o h mng hp v su theo kiu bc thang.

Hnh 1-16 : o t ni c nc ngm.
a) H o rng b) H o hp

nhiu ngi vo mt ch. mt bng phi bng phng thun tin cho vic vn
chuyn. Bin php thi cng c th cho mt s trng hp nh sau:
- o cc h mng hp v su 1,5m: thng dng cuc bng, xng v x
beng o v ht t ln khi ming h.
- o cc h mng su hn 1,5m v rng, hoc nhng h mng hp su
nhng ko di th phi o kiu bc thang theo tng lp mt, mi lp su t 20
n 30cm, rng t 2 n 3m, 2 n 3 cng nhn o mt bc.

- o nhng h mng c nc ngm hoc trong ma ma, phng
nc chy trn lan trn mt bng; mi lt o ta nn o trc mt rnh su
thu nc vo mt ch bm thot i (hnh 1-16).

Trc tin ta o mt rnh tiu nc (1) xung mt su no ri mi
o lan ra pha nng hn. Nu h mng c chiu di ln th nn o t hai u
vo gia tng tuyn v s dng cng lc c nhiu ngi.
1.3 Vn chuyn t: C th dng bng chuyn hoc rng rc chuyn t
ln cao, dng xe ra vn chuyn gn v dng xe ci tin hoc xe gong
vn chuyn t i xa.
Thi im tt nht thi cng t l ma kh, t ma. Nu phi thi cng t
vo ma ma th phi c bin php x l thch hp.
2. o v vn chuyn t bng c gii: (2.5 tit)
2.1- o t bng my o gu thun:


Hnh 1-17 : My o gu thun o t theo kiu o dc bn.

Hnh 1-18 : My o gu thun
o t theo kiu o dc sau.

a. c im: My o gu thun c tay cn v tay gu kh ngn nn rn
chc v kho, o c t t nhm I n nhm IV vi khi lng ln, h o
su v rng. My ch lm vic tt nhng ni t kh ro. S dng thun tin
trong trng hp va o va t ln xe vn chuyn i xa. Nhc im
ca loi ny l phi o thm nhng ng ln xung cho my v xe vn
chuyn, v vy khi lng o t tng ln, xe ti phi ln xung h nhiu ln.
b. Cc kiu o: C hai kiu o l o dc v o ngang
* o dc: My v t chy dc theo khoang o, o thnh khoang di.
Kiu ny p dng khi o cc h mng
ln nh knh mng hay lng ng, khi
khai thc t hay vn chuyn vt liu.
Trong o dc cn chia lm hai loi sau:
- o dc bn: Xe t ng
ngang v chy song song vi ng di
chuyn ca my o. Cch ny ph hp
khi khoang o rng, v tr ng ca t
khng hn ch.
- o dc sau: Xe t ng sau
my o, lc vo ly t xe t phi li
theo rnh o. Cch ny s dng khi
khoang o hp v su.
*o ngang: Phng o vung gc
vi vi phng di chuyn ca my o
hoc vung gc vi khoang o. Kiu
ny p dng khi khoang o rt rng.


2.2- o t bng my o gu nghch:
My o gu nghch ch o c nhng h mng nng, su nht l khong
5,5m. Thng dng o nhng mng rnh nh, chy di (phc v cho vic
o ng ng cp thot nc, cp in, mng bng ca cc cng trnh xy
dng). My loi ny o c t nhm I - II vi loi c dung tch gu n 0.15
m
3
; o c t cp III vi loi c dung tch gu ch n 0,5 m
3
.
My ny c nng sut thp hn my o gu thun cng dung tch gu
nhng n li o c nhng ni c mch nc ngm, khng cn o thm
ng ln xung cho bn thn n v cho t vn chuyn t. Vi nhng cng
trnh nh, ng ring l hay cc h mng tr c lp ...c su khng ln th
nn dng loi my ny.
Vi my o ny cng c hai kiu o nh my o gu thun.
2.3- o t bng my o gu dy:
My o gu dy c cn di li c thm gu ni vi cn bng h thng dy
cp v rng rc c th vng ra xa nn c phm vi hot ng ln. My ny o
c nhng h mng su (ti 20m). S dng thch hp cho t mm v nhng
ni c nc.Thng dng khi phi o t ti nhng ni lin h mng hoc
t vo ni cn p.
2.4- o t bng my o gu ngom:
My o gu ngom ng cao v o su.Thng dng o nhng h
thng ng, o ging, o h su c thnh l vn chn, nhng ni ngp
nc.Cng c th t my trn mt s lan o cc knh mng vng ng
bng nhiu nc.
2.5- Nng sut ca my o mt gu:
Cc my o mt gu lm vic theo chu k nn nng sut ca my xc nh
theo cng thc:
P
KT
=
0
. .
3600
s
ck
K
q
T

Hnh 1-20 : Cc s o t bng my o gu nghch.
a) o ngang b)o dc

Trong : P
KT
: nng sut k thut ca my (m
3
/h)
T
ck
: chu k hot ng ca my (s)
q : dung tch ca gu (m
3
)
K
s
: h s xc t .

0
: h s ti xp ban u ca t.
Nng sut thc dng ca my:
P
TD
= P
KT
.Z.K
t

Trong : Z: s gi my lm vic trong 1 ca.
P
TD
: nng sut thc dng ca my (m
3
/ca)
K
t
: h s s dng thi gian, thng ly K
t
= 0,8 - 0,85.
T cc cng thc ta thy, mun nng cao nng sut ca my xc ta phi
gim T
ck
v nng cao h s xc t K
s
v lm sao cho h s s dng thi gian l
ti a (K
t
=max).
2.6- My o nhiu gu: L nhng my o c nhiu gu gn vo h thng
chuyn ng dng xch hay dng rto.
2.7- o t bng my i:
a. c im: My i t thng l mt my ko c lp thit b i o v
vn chuyn t. My c th lm vic c lp hoc kt hp vi cc my khc.
My i thng c s dng cho nhng cng vic sau:
- Chun b hin trng nh nh gc cy, san t, gt t, gt cc bi rm.
- San mt bng cng trnh, cng trng hoc san nn ng vn chuyn
(ng tm).
- Bc lp t thc vt hoc lp t phong ho trn b mt cng trnh.
- o h mng hoc rnh rng, chiu su khng ln ng thi vn chuyn
t (n t cp III) i p hoc i .
- Lp t nhng ch trng, ho, rnh h mng.
- p nn t cao t 1 n 1.5m t cc bi t xung quanh.
b. Cc s di chuyn ca my i:
- o thng v li:
Li
Tin
o t Vn chuyn t
My i chy thng va o va vn chuyn t n ni . Sau chy git
li v v tr o. S dng s ny khi vn chuyn lp cc h rnh c ly 10 n
50m.
- o kiu tin quay: My i o t chy dc gn n ni t th quay
sang bn . Sau khi xong th my chy git li v. Thng dng kiu ny

Hnh 1-21 : S o kiu tin quay.
Hnh 1-22 : S o theo kiu bc.
khi tin hnh bt sn i, lm ng, lp vng. Hoc san mt t khi mt bng
cht hp.

- o theo kiu
bc: My i o t
vn chuyn n ni ,
sau i git li v ni
o mi. Ap dng cch
o ny khi thi cng
nhng cng trnh c
mt bng rng.

*Nng sut ca my i:
K hiu T
CK
l thi gian lm vic ca mt chu k lm vic ca my, ta c:
T
ck
=
0
0
t
V
L L
V
L
V
L
vc d
vc
vc
d
d
+
+
+ +
Trong : L
d
, L
vc
: qung ng o t v qung ng vn chuyn t (m)
V
d
, V
vc
: tc my chy khi o , khi vn chuyn t (m/s)
V
0
: tc my chy v (chy khng ti) (m/s)
t
0
: tng thi gian quay, ci s, nng h bn gt (s)
Khi nng sut thc dng ca my i c tnh theo cng thc:
P
TD
=
CK
t i s
T
K K K q Z . . . . . 3600

Trong :P
TD
: nng sut thc dng ca my ( m
3
/ca)
Z : s gi my lm vic trong 1 ca.
q : lng t tnh ton cha trc bn gt ( m
3
)
K
s
: h s xc t (ri, vi), my chy cng xa cng ri vi
nhiu
K
i
: h s ph thuc dc mt t.

Hnh 1-23 : o kiu rnh.
K
t
: h s s dng thi gian.
*Cc bin php nng cao nng sut my i:
1- o theo kiu rnh trnh vng vi t sang hai bn bn gt, sau
my s gt nt phn b rnh ( rng t 40-60 cm) (hnh 1-23)
2- Lp thm hai cnh vo ben trnh vi t sang hai bn.
3- ng i ca my phi bng phng gim lng t ri vi v gim lc
cn tc dng vo my.
4- Sau khi o xong nn cho my chy git li trnh quay u xe.
5- Li dng a hnh cho my gt t xung dc.
6- Chn s lm vic sao cho my c ng i ngn nht.
2.8- o t bng my cp chuyn: Bin php ny thng c s dng
khi khi lng thi cng kh ln trn mt bng thi cng c din tch ln.
(Phng php ny tham kho gio trnh).
2.9- Mt s phng php khc:
- Dng mn n ph t .
- S dng sc nc lm xi l t.
3. Cc s c thng gp khi thi cng t v cch x l: (0.5 tit)
a. Khi ta ang o t, cha kp gia c vch o th b ma to lm st hoc
sp vch o, th khi tri tnh ma phi ly lng t st xung h ov trn
khai lm mi dc xung quanh h o. Khi vt lng t sp l th nn li
150-200mm t di y h o so vi ct thit k khi hon chnh xong
vch h o s vt nt lp t li . Khi vt n u th b tng lt n
.

b. Khi o ta gia c vch bng vn v cc, gp tri ma phi nhanh chng
bm tho nc trong h o, ng thi o rnh v p quai xung ming h
ngn nc mt trn xung h o.
c. Nu gp ti bn trong h o phi vt sch ht phn bn trong h. Dng
tng c khng cho lp bn ngoi phn mng n vo bn trong. Phn bn
trong h vt i phi c thay bng t tt tng ng (c th do c quan thit
k ch nh).
d. Khi o h gp phi m ci nm chm hoc khi rn nm li khng
ht y mng th phi ph v ly b v thay bng t tt tng ng. Khng c
li bng cch lm phng y mng s rt nguy him v gy ra hin tng chu
ti khng u ca nn.
e. Khi o h cc vng ng bng ven sng ven bin, di lng t c
nhng lp ct to thnh cc mch ngm. Khi o t qua mch ngm hoc rt
nc i th ct s theo dng nc n vo trong h lm t xung quanh h b
rng, gy nguy him cho cc cng trnh ln cn. Hin tng ny gi l hin
tng lu sa. Khi gp trng hp ny cn dng kim lc h mc nc ngm
khu vc thi cng, khn trng thi cng phn mng khu vc .
g. Khi o t gp cc ng ng cp thot nc hay ng in, hoc bom
mn cn nhanh chng chuyn v tr cng tc, bo cho c quan qun l lin quan
tm bin php x l.
h. Khi o t gp di tch c th phi ngng ngay v bo cho c quan vn
ho a phng bit. Nu gp m m phi thu dn theo ng qui nh v v
sinh phng dch v phong tc tp qun ca a phng.
k. Khi o ho, rnh hoc mng st cng trnh c m su hn mng cng
trnh ny th phi c bin php bo m cho nhng cng trnh ny khng b ln
nt hoc gy. Thng thng ngi ta dung h thng vn c bao bc khu vc
o.
V . CNG TC P V M T (3 tit. tit th 12,13,14 )
Mun s dng cng trnh bng t p c lu bn, khng c s c, khi
p t phi chn t tt v phi p ng qui trnh k thut.
1. X l nn t trc khi p:
Nn cng trnh, nn t ni chung trc khi p phi c x l v nghim
thu. Cc cng vic phi lm bao gm:
- Cht cy, nh gc r, pht bi, bc ht lp t hu c.
- Nu nn t bng phng hoc c dc nh th ch cn nh xm b mt.
- Nu dc ca nn t 1:5 n 1:3 th phi nh git cp kiu bc thang, b
rng mi bc t 24m v chiu cao khong 2m. Mi bc phi c dc nghing
v pha thp t 0,010,02.
- Nu nn thin nhin l t ct hoc t ln nhiu th khng cn lm git
cp.

Hnh 1-24 : Biu quan h s ln m,
chiu dy lp t ri v khi lng th tch.

- i vi nn thin nhin c dc ln hn 1:3 th cng tc x l nn phi
nn phi tin hnh theo ch dn ca thit k.
- Khi p t trn nn t t, bn hoc c nc th phi tiu nc, vt bn
ri mi t ln.
2. La chn t p:
+ t dng p phi m bo cng , n nh lu di vi ln nh
nht ca cng trnh. Mt vi loi t tho mn c iu kin ny t st, t st
pha ct, t ct pha st. Tu theo yu cu s dng ca cng trnh m chn loi
t cho ph hp.
+ Khng nn dng cc loi t sau p:
- t ph sa, ct chy, t bn, t c nhiu bn, t bi, t ln nhiu bi,
t mn ... v khi b t cc loi t ny khng chu c lc nn, hoc chu lc
km.
- t tht v t st t, v chng kh thot nc.
- t cha hn 5% thch cao (theo th tch), v loi ny d ht nc.
- t thm nc mn, v chng lun m t.
- t cha nhiu r cy, rm rc, t trng trt, v mt thi gian sau cc tp
cht ny s mc nt lm t b rng, gim chu nn gy nguy him cho cng
trnh.
- Cc loi t di nhm VI.
3. Cc phng php p t:
a. Trc khi vn chuyn t n ni p, ta phi kim tra m ca t.
Nu t qu kh th
phi ti cho m,
nu qu t th phi
hong cho kh.
b. Trc khi p
t cn phi m th
im ti hin trng
nh ra cc ch
tiu ph hp vi cc
my m s s dng:
- Xc nh chiu
dy mi lp t p,
- Xc nh s
lt m trn mt
din tch,
- m ti u
ca t p khi m
nn.

Hnh 1-25 : a) Lp t d thot nc p trn
b) Lp t kh thot nc p trn.
1. Lp t d thot nc. 2. Lp t kh thot nc.
c. t p phi c ri hoc thnh tng lp ngang c chiu dy ph
hp vi loi t v loi m s s dng. Mun quyt nh chiu dy v s ln
m nn ca mi lp l bao nhiu, ta phi dng biu quan h gia khi lng
th tch (g/cm
3
), s ln m v chiu dy lp t ri (cm).(xem hnh 1-24). Ch
t thp p trc, ch cao p sau. Trong khi p t phi c bin php
phng nc trn b mt hoc nc ngm nh hng ti m ca t.

d. xong lp t no phi tin hnh m ngay v m cht lp m
bo s n nh ca nn t p. Mun t c cht theo qui nh trong vic
p v m t ta phi khng ch m ca t. m l yu t quan trng nh
hng n qu trnh m t. Mi loi t u c mt m ring thch hp vi
vic m nn. V d:
- t ct ht to: W = 8 10%
- t ct ht nh, t ct pha st: W = 12 15%
- t st pha ct xp: W = 15 18%
- t st pha ct chc: W = 18 20%
e. Nu ly t nhiu a im gm nhiu loi khc nhau th khi p vo
cng trnh cn phi p ring theo tng lp v m bo thot c nc trong
khi p. Nu t kh thot nc p di, cn t d thot nc p trn
th b mt mi lp t cho php san phng ngang (hnh 1-25a). Ngc li, nu
t kh thot nc p trn th b mt mi lp t phi c dc t gia ra
hai bn (hnh 1-25b). c php p bng t hn hp thin nhin m thnh
phn gm t tht 6-14%, t ct 70-75% v si (phn cn li l nhng ht nh
c kch thc khc nhau).
4. Cc phng php m t:
Sau khi t, san thnh tng lp c chiu dy theo yu cu th tin hnh
m t. Ty theo qui m cng trnh, a hnh thi cng v yu cu k thut ca
cng trnh m chn phng php m v loi m cho ph hp. C hai phng
php m t l m th cng v m bng my.

a. m t bng th cng: p dng i vi cng trnh nh, yu cu k thut
khng cao lm. Dng c m th cng c cc loi sau:
+ m g: thng c cu to c hnh lng tr trn, c 2 loi ph bin:
- Loi dng cho 2 ngi: trng lng t 20-25kg, ng knh mt y t 25-
30cm, thn m di 50-60cm v c 4 tay cn di khong 60cm gn dc theo
thn.
- Loi dng cho 4 ngi: trng lng t 60-70kg, ng knh mt y t 30-
35cm, thn m di 60-70cm v c 4 cn ngang gn vo thn m bng inh
hoc bng buc dy thp.
+ m gang: c trng lng t 5-8 kg, thng ch cho mt ngi s
dng. m ny dng m nhng ch tip gip, cc gc, cc khe h m cc
loi m ln hay m my khng m ti c.
+ m btng ct thp: c hnh dng tng t nh m g v c c
bng b tng ct thp. Trng lng t 80-140kg, ng knh mt y t 35-
40cm, thn m di 40-50cm v c 4 cn g gn vo thn m bng bu lng,
dng cho 4-8 ngi.
b. m t bng my: p dng i vi cng trnh ln hoc yu cu k thut
cao. C mt s loi m sau y:
+ m ln: dng m nhng bi t rng, chiu di t 100m tr ln, lc
m tc dng t t qua sc nn ca cc bnh ln. Bnh ln c th l loi nhn
mt, chn cu hay bnh lp.
- m ln nhn mt: Nh xe lu, hoc my ko ko qu m. c im
ca loi m ny l khi m, lp t trn mau to thnh mt lp v cng lm
gim tc dng truyn lc m xung di, do chiu dy lp t ri khng
nn dy qu (t 10-30cm tu theo trng lng m) v s ln m t 8-16 lt.
B mt t p sau khi m d tr nn nhn mn lm cho lp t trn kh dnh
kt vi lp di. Loi ny thch hp m t ri v t t dnh.
- m ln chn cu: Trn b mt m c hn nhng vu thp hnh nn ct
(ging bn chn con cu) vi s lng v trnh t nht nh. m ny thch hp
m t dnh, t tht pha ct hoc t st pha ct. m chn cu c th lm
vic vi lp ri khng phng, t cc v chc.
- m ln bnh lp: c din tch tip xc vi t ln hn, ng sut truyn
su vo lng t nn cho php lp t ri dy hn (25-50cm). m ny c th
dng m c t dnh v t ri. S lt m t 4-8 lt.
+ m chy: L loi m s dng ng nng ca vt ri tc dng ln mt
t. Qu m bng thp hoc bng BTCT, nng t 1,5 n 4 tn c treo vo
cn trc t hnh hoc my ng cc a ln cao t 3-5m ri th xung nn t
m. m ny thng c s dng m t ri, t dnh v t p.
Lp t ri dy t 1-2m v s lt m t 3-5 ln trn 1 ch.
+ m rung: Nguyn tc ca m ny l dng ng c in lm cho bnh
xe lch tm quay, gy ra lc li tm lm c bn m rung ln, gy chn ng lm
cho cc ht t, ht ct rung ln, lc ma st gia chng gim v chng s dch

chuyn vo cc ch rng trong khi t, lm t cht li. m rung s dng hiu
qu i vi t ct v t ri.
+ m cc: L loi m c gii chy bng ng c t trong, do 1 cng
nhn iu khin. m cc dng m nhng nn mng nh hp hoc cc nn
t p bng t c ln nhiu .
5. Nhng yu t nh hng n cng tc m t.
- Dung trng ca t.
- Chiu dy lp t ri m.
- m ca t.
6. Kim tra cht ca t sau khi m:
a. Kim tra cht lng t p: Phi tin hnh hai ni:
+ ni khai thc t: Trc khi khai thc t phi ly mu th nghim
kim tra mt s tnh cht c l v cc thng s ch yu ca vt liu i chiu
vi yu cu ca thit k.
+ cng trnh: Tin hnh kim tra thng xuyn nhm m bo m, loi
t.
b. Theo di qu trnh thi cng: Phi theo di kim tra thng xuyn m
bo trnh t p, chiu dy lp t ri, s lt m, tc di chuyn ca my
m, b rng bao ph ca vt m, cao nn p ... i vi nhng cng trnh
c yu cu chng thm, chu p lc nc (nh , p...) th phi kim tra mt
tip xc gia hai lp t, phi nh xm k chng hin tng mt nhn
gy thm.
c. Kim tra cht ca t sau khi m: Thng thng ngi ta ly mu
t m nn xc nh trng lng ring ca t v so snh vi thit k.
Ngoi ra cn c th dng chu xuyn hoc dng my, dng sng v tuyn hay
siu m ....
7 . An ton v v sinh lao ng trong cng tc thi cng t
Mun s dng cng trnh bng t p c lu bn, khng c s c, khi
p t phi chn t tt v phi p ng qui trnh k thut.
7.1. Nguyn nhn gy tai nn:
+ Do vch h o b st l: vch h o b sp s gy tai nn cho ngi
ang thi cng bn di. C cc nguyn nhn gy sp l vch nh:
- Vch h o cao qu gii hn cho php i vi tng loi t.
- Mi dc qu cao gy mt cn bng lc nn gy ra trt.
- C trng hp trong qu trnh o vch t cn n nh nhng qua thi
gian t b m t do ma hay nc ngm lm lc dnh v lc ma st trong t
gim , n khi lc chng trt khng thng ni lc trt th vch t s st l.
- Vch t cn c th sp do t o ln cht ng gn h, xp vt liu gn
h, h o gn ng giao thng nn c chn ng do tu xe gy ra.
- Tho d kt cu chng vch khng ng qui nhlm t st l.

- Do o t kiu hm ch gy ra sp l.
+ Ngi b ng do ln xung h o khng c thang hoc bc vch.
+ Ngi b ng khi ng lm vic trn mi dc ln hoc trn m khng eo
dy an ton.
+ Ngi b ng xung h do h o gn ng m khng c cu, vn bc
qua, khng c hng ro ngn, ban m khng c n bo hiu.
+ t gn ming h khi b va chm s ri xung h v ri vo u
ngi lm vic di h.
+ Ngi b ngt hi, kh c khi o cc ging su, ng hm, h khoan
thm d ...
+ o phi bom n, ng cp in, ng ng dn ga, du ...
+ Tai nn khi khoan o t bng n mn.
7.2. Bin php an ton lao ng v v sinh lao ng:
a. Bin php chng vch t b st l:
+ o vch c mi dc theo ng qui nh. Nu o h su qu qui nh m
o vch ng phi c bin php chng vch h o.
+ Tuyt i khng c o t kiu hm ch.
+ o t ni b xo trn, ni c mc nc ngm cao cn lu chng
vch.
+ Thng xuyn kim tra vch t trong sut qu trnh thi cng, nu thy c
hin tng rn nt c th dn ti st l th phi ngng thi cng ngay, a cng
nhn ln khi h v kp thi chng vch t.
b. Bin php phng nga ngi ng xung h:
+ Khi o h su cng nhn phi dng thang bc chc chn ln xung
hoc to bc vch h o. Khng c nhy khi xung h, khng c u khi
ln hoc leo ln cc kt cu chng vch o ln.
+ Khi ng lm vic trn mi dc ln hn 45
0
m chiu su h o trn 3m
hoc khi mi dc nh hn 45
0
m trn t th cng nhn phi eo dy an ton.
+ Khi h (ho) o gn ni c nhiu ngi qua li nh ng i, sn bi ...
th cch mp h (ho) 1 mt ta phi lm hng ro ngn chc chn cao t nht 1m
v phi c bin bo, ban m phi c n bo hiu nguy him.
+ Khi i qua li h (ho) bng cu th cu phi rng t nht 0,8m khi i li
mt chiu v 1,5m khi i li hai chiu. Cu phi c lan can chc chn cao 1m.
Ban m phi c n thp sng khu vc cu.
c. Bin php phng nga t ri xung h:
+ t trn mt bng phi cch mp h (ho) t nht 0,5m. ng t
trn mp h c dc khng qu 45
0
.
+ Khi o nu c tng nh ra khi vch h phi ph b i.
+ Khi gii lao cm cng nhn khng c ngi di h.

+ H (ho) gn ng i hoc vn chuyn vt liu cn dng vn xung
quanh cao hn mp h o 15cm ngn t ri xung h.
+ Khi o bng my, trong lc my ang hot ng cm cng nhn ng
ngi trong phm vi quay ca cn my o.
+ Khng b tr ngi va lm vic di h va lm vic trn cao cng
mt v tr.
d. Bin php phng nga ngi b ngt do hi kh c hoc bom mn:
+ Khi o h (ho) nu pht hin thy khng kh c mi kh ngi hoc
ngi lm vic c hin tng chng mt, nhc u, kh th ... th phi
ngng thi cng khu vc , trnh xa v ln b ngay ch x l xong mi tip
tc lm vic.
+ Nu lm vic trong mi trng kh c hoc ym kh th ngi lao ng
phi eo mt n chng kh c hoc bnh xy th.
+ Trc khi xung lm vic h su, ng hm ... phi kim tra c
kh c hay kh d chy n hay khng (c th dng sc vt kim tra kh c).
Khi c kh c phi tm ngun pht sinh x l trit .
+ Khi gp cc cng trnh ngm (ng ng, cp in ...) phi ngng thi cng
v bo cho bn ch qun bit x l.
+ Khi gp bom mn khng c t tho g m phi bo cho cng binh x
l.

** . BI TP S 1 (PHN THI CNG T) (4 tit. tit th 15, 16,
17, 18)
1. bi: Thi cng lp t knh dn nc ti c mt on knh xuyn qua
bi ct phi cu to knh bng cng hp BTCT c cu to mt ct ngang knh
nh hnh v.
Hy tnh ton thi
cng t theo cc
phng n o theo
mi dc v o theo
vch thng ng.
Cc s liu bit
gm:
- Chiu di on
knh xuyn qua bi
ct l L (km); mt t
t nhin ca bi ct
ly ct qui c l
+0.00 v c dc,
li lm thay i
khng ng k (xem

nh bng phng); t trong bi thuc loi t cp 2 c dc t nhin i (%); h
s ti xp ban u
0
=X .
- y knh BTCT c chiu rng l A(m); chiu cao thn knh (k c np
mi) l B(m); dc y knh i=0,05%. Ct y knh (k t chn lp btng
lt) on xuyn qua i ct ch cao nht l: -4m. khong h thi cng mi bn
(k t mp ngoi ca lp btng lt) c ly ty theo phng n thi cng: nu
o theo mi dc th ly 30cm, nu o theo vch thng ng bng bin php
chng vch th ly 50cm.
- Khi lng t o bao gm c khi lng o bng my v khi lng
o th cng. Nu o theo mi dc th ly t l: o bng my 95% v o bng
th cng 5%. Nu o theo vch thng ng th ly theo t l: o bng my
98% v o bng th cng 2%. nh mc nhn cng o t th cng l: 0.6
cng/1m
3
.
- n v thi cng ch c my o gu nghch loi c dung tch gu
q=0,8m
3
; chu k lm vic T
CK
=40 (s); h s xc t ly K
s
=1.1; K
t
=0.85
- Dng phng php chng vch bng vn c, n v thi cng ch c vn
c thp dng vn c khum, b rng tnh ton mi tm l 0,30m (b qua chiu
dy vn). Nu dng my o gu nghch nh trn ng vn c th my va
treo vn va ng c 20 tm /gi.
- t o ln c c dng lp li va mt bng nh ban u vi
ti xp cui cng = Y(%); phn d cn li c ch i ht. Phng tin vn
chuyn t dng t 12 tn vi nh mc: 0.465 ca/100m
3
. Khi lp t s dng
2 loi my l my o gu nghch v my i vi t l: my o lp 70% lng
t cn my i lp 30% lng t. My o s dng loi nh trn. My i s
dng loi c cc thng s s dng trong trng hp ny l: T
ck
=150(s);
q=3.2m
3
; K
s
=0.8; K
i
=1; K
t
=0.85.
- B qua phng n h mc nc ngm.
Vi mi phng n thi cng, yu cu tnh:
- S ca my cn thit.
- S lng nhn cng cn thit.
- Thi gian cn thit thi cng xong phn thi cng t ca hng mc (vi
s lng my mc v s nhn cng trn mi ngy c php chn cho
ph hp).
- V mt bng thi cng minh ha.
S liu bi:
L=.......................(km) i =..................... (%)
A=...................... (m). B =.................... (m)
X =.................... Y =.................... (%)
2. Hng dn lm bi:

PHN I: NI DUNG BI LM.
T yu cu ca bi, ta cn phn bit hai phng n thi cng t: phng
n o t theo mi dc v phng n o t theo vch thng ng c s dng
bin php chng st l.
1. Phng n o t theo mi dc:
1.1. Tnh ton o t:
- Vi phng n ny cn lu chn mi dc ca vch t sao cho va
tha mn n nh trong qu trnh thi cng, va gim thiu khi lng cng tc
o t.
- Chn h s mi dc ca vch h cn o. (m)
- Tnh chiu su h o ti hai mt ct u v cui ca on knh xuyn
qua bi ct. (h
1
v h
2
)
- Da vo kch thc ca mt ct ngang knh (A v B) v cc yu cu
khong h khi thi cng, tnh c kch thc chiu rng ca y h o (k hiu
a) v ming h o ti hai v tr u v cui ca on knh (k hiu b
1
v b
2
); t
xc nh c din tch tit din ca hai mt ct h o ny. (F
1
v F
2
)
- Tnh th tch khi t cn o theo cng thc Winkler (K hiu V
+
).
- Da vo kch thc ca mt ct ngang knh, tnh c th tch tng
cng phn chim ch khi p li t do knh v btng lt (K hiu V
c
).
- Theo t l gia o th cng v o bng my, tnh c khi lng o
th cng (V
tc
) v o bng my (V
m
).
- Da vo cc c tnh ca my, tnh c nng sut my o trong 1 ca
(P
TD
), t tnh c s ca my cn thit o ht khi lng t trn (M
).
Da vo nh mc nhn cng o th cng tnh c lng nhn cng cn thit
(TC).
- Chn s ca my trong 1 ngy sao cho s ngy thi cng o t ph
hp. T chn s nhn cng th cng trong 1 ca lm vic sao cho s ngy thi
cng th cng tng ng vi s ngy thi cng bng my. Xc nh thi gian
hon thnh cng tc o t.
- T s nhn cng th cng v s ca my lm vic trong 1 ngy nh trn,
tnh d tr cc trang thit b, my mc thi cng.... m bo khi cng v thi
cng ng tin .
- V s mt bng knh, s thi cng o t (cho bn knh o t
ln nht ca my o R
+
max
= 8m v bn knh t ln nht ca my o R
-
max

= 5,5m) trong ch r v tr my ng o t ln xe, v tr t ng ly
t, hng o ca my o, hng di chuyn ca t, v tr lng t li
lp h sau khi thi cng xong phn knh....
1.2. Tnh ton p t:
- Th tch khi t lp vo (V
-
) bng th tch khi t o (V
+
) tr i th
tch chim ch do phn knh v phn btng lt (V
c
).

- Lng t lp vo (tnh theo th tch - k hiu V
l
) bng th tch khi t
lp vo (V
-
) tr i phn tha ra do ti xp cui cng (k hiu V
t
). Cn lu
rng khi tnh ton lng t lp vo phi k n phn th tch t tng ln do
ti xp ban u.
- Theo t l gia lp t bng my o v bng my i, tnh c khi
lng t lp theo tng lai my.
- Da vo cc c tnh ca my i, tnh c nng sut ca my i trong 1
ca (P
TDU
), t tnh c s ca my (my o (M
L
) v my i (M
UL
)) cn thit
lp ht khi lng t trn.
- Chn s ca my thi cng trong 1 ngy sao cho s ngy thi cng ca my
o v my i tng ng nhau. T tnh c thi gian hon thnh cng tc
lp t.
- V s minh ha cng tc thi cng lp t ca my i (s di
chuyn, hng di chuyn ...).
1.3. Tnh ton vn chuyn t:
- Lng t cn vn chuyn i bng th tch t tha do ti xp cui
cng (V
t
) v do th tch chim ch ca knh v btng lt (V
c
). Lu phi k
n ti xp ban u.
- Da vo nh mc s dng t vn chuyn t, tnh c s ca my vn
chuyn cn thit thi cng ht khi lng trn.
- Tnh ton chn s ca my vn chuyn s dng trong 1 ngy cho ph
hp vi s ca my o sao cho hp l c 2 loi my.
2. Phng n o t theo vch thng ng c s dng bin php
chng st l:
Bin php chng st l y l dng vn c chng vch vi loi vn
c khum nh bi.
1.1. Tnh ton ng v nh vn c:
- Da vo kch thc on knh v kch thc vn c, tnh c s lng
vn c khum cn thit cho cng tc thi cng chng vch.
- Da vo nh mc cho cng tc ng vn c bng my o gu nghch
nh trn, tnh c s ca my cn thit thi cng ht cng tc ng vn c.
( y ly h s s dng thi gian khi ng vn c l K
t
= 85%)
- Cng tc nh vn c thc hin sau khi lp t xong. Cng s dng my
o gu nghch nh trn nh vn c vi nh mc nhanh gp 1,4 ln so vi
khi ng. T tnh c s ca my cn thit hon thnh cng tc nh vn c.
- Chn s ca my thi cng trong 1 ngy, t tnh c s ngy hon thnh
cng tc ng v nh vn c.
- V s minh ha cng tc ng v nh vn c, trong ch r v tr tp
kt vn c trn mt bng thi cng, s my treo vn c a vo v tr ng, v
tr my ng ng vn c ...

1.2. Tnh ton o t:
- Vi phng n ny khng cn lu n h s mi dc. Chiu su h
o ti cc v tr tit din u v cui on knh tng t nh tng hp 1.
- Da vo kch thc ca mt ct ngang knh (A v B) v cc yu cu
khong h khi thi cng, tnh c kch thc chiu rng ca y h o (k hiu
a), t xc nh c din tch tit din ca hai mt ct h o ny. (F
1
v F
2
)
- Tnh V
+
v V
c
nh trng hp 1.
- Theo t l gia o th cng v o bng my, tnh c khi lng o
th cng (V
tc
) v o bng my (V
m
).
- Cc phn khc thao tc tng t nh trng hp 1.
1.3. Tnh ton p t: Tnh tng t nh trng hp 1.
1.4. Tnh ton vn chuyn t: Tnh tng t nh trng hp 1.

PHN II: HNH THC TH HIN.
- Bi tp c th vit tay hoc nh my trn giy kh A4, c ng
thnh quyn c ba giy (khng dng ba giy gng). Hnh thc ba c th thc
hin trn my hoc k bng tay.
- Nu th hin bng vit tay: Phi vit cn thn, r rng, c k l tri rng
30mm, cha bin phi rng 20mm, bin trn v bin di rng 20mm, bin
di c nh s th t trang v tr chnh gia trang.
- Nu th hin bng cch nh my: Ch s dng phng ch Time new
roman (Bng m Unicode), canh l tri rng 30mm, l phi rng 20mm, l trn
v l di rng 20mm, bin di c nh s th t trang v tr chnh gia
trang.
- Cc hnh v minh ha: th hin trn kh giy A4, bng ch vi cc yu
cu th hin ng nh bn v k thut.
PHN III: THI GIAN.
- Bi tp ny c thit k lm ti nh, vi thi gian yu cu tng ng
15 tit.
- Hc sinh np bi tp trong thi hn 01 tun k t ngy nhn bi tp v
c hng dn.
- Np bi tp trung ti lp trng, k vo danh sch np bi xc nhn
vic np bi.
- Lp trng khng nhn cc bi tp c hnh thc th hin khng ng
theo cc yu cu trn./.
Thng qua b mn GV ging dy


B. CNG TC GIA C NN MNG
I. KHI NIM V NN MNG. (0,5 tit. tit th 19)
1. nh ngha: Nn mng l tng th cc lp t nm di chn mt
cng trnh m n s sn ra mt phn lc chng li tc dng do tt c cc ti
trng tnh v ng ca cng trnh gy ra.
2. Nhim v ca nn mng:
+ S n nh ca nn mng c nh hng quan trong n s n nh ca
cng trnh bn trn.
+ Nn mng mt tp hp nhiu lp t khc nhau. Mi lp, mi loi hay
mi nhm t th hin mt tnh cht khc nhau khi chu ti trng. Nn khi
kho st nn mng ta phi ch n vn ny, nu khng cng trnh xy dng
c th s b ln khng u gy ra cc vt nt, thm ch b nghing hay sp
hon ton.
+ S ch khng ch gii hn phm vi di cng trnh m tu theo
loi cng trnh ta cn phi ch n cc lp t nm di su hn v nm
ngoi cnh cng trnh.
+ V vy vic nghin cu t m nhng tc nhn nh hng n nn mng v
x l nhng khim khuyt ca nn mng m bo cho cng trnh xy dng s
dng lu dil mt vn k thut quan trng.
+ Khi kt cu ca nn mng khng m bo kh nng chu c cc tc
ng bn trn th ta phi tm bin php gia c cho n.
II. CC BIN PHP GIA C NN MNG. (3 tit. tit th 19,20,21)
1. Phng php thay t:
Khi nn mng to lc trn nhng vng gp ti bn hay nhng ao h th
thng gia c bng phng php thay t. Khi ta tt ht nc, vt sch bn
ri p li bng t tt.
2. Gia c nn mng bng cc tre:
+ y l phng php gia c nn mng mang tnh truyn thng t xa xa
nhng n nay vn cn c s dng rt nhiu.
+ Phng php ny c s dng cho cng trnh loi nh trn nn t yu
lun lun c nc ngm.
+ Tre lm cc phi l tre gi (trn 2 nm tui) khng b su kin, ct ngn,
phi thng ( cong cho php l 1%l). Dng tre ti, chiu dy tht t 11,5cm;
ng knh nh nht l 6cm (ph bin l 8-10cm). on cc di 2-3m, u cc
trn ca phng cch t 4-5cm, u cc di cch t 20cm v c vt nhn
hnh mng ln. Khng c o nhn mt v rc tinh tre.
+ S lng cc dng thng t 20-25 cc/1m
2
. Nu t yu c th t 25-
35cc/1m
2
.
+ Dng c ng cc l mt ci v bng g cng nng 8-10kg. Khi ng cc
khng c v u cc, mun vy ngi ta thng s dng mt ci chp

hnh nn ct c k ming 10-12cm, k y 6cm v cao t 6-10cm lm bng tn
dy 4-5 ly. Khi ng cc ta chp n ln u cc, phng ng phi thng ng.
+ Cc tre c tc dng ln p t nn phi ng t ngoi vo theo hnh xon
c. Vi nhng mng di v rng phi phn ra tng on ng v trong mi
on cng ng theo kiu xon c.
Hnh 1-26 : S ng cc tre
a). Mng ct. b) Mng bng
+ Khi ng s cc theo thit k th dng ca ct phng u cc theo
mt ct nht nh (khng dng dao ra cht u cc). Nu cc no cha
xung su m b v u th nh cc ln v thay bng cc mi. Nu thc s
cc b chi th dng ca ct phng b phn tha.
3. Gia c nn bng cc g:
+ Phng php ny c s dng nhng vng lun lun c nc nh
vng c nc ngm, ao, h, sng ngi ....
+ Hin nay phng php ny hu nh khng c s dng v khng kinh t.
4. Gia c nn bng cc ng thp:
Bin php ny hin nay t s dng v khng kinh t.
(Tham kho gio trnh)
5. Gia c nn bng cc ct:
Bin php ny hin nay t s dng v kh nng chu lc khng cao nhng thi
cng vn phc tp.
(Tham kho gio trnh)
6. Gia c nn bng cc btng ct thp:
+ Phng php ny hin nay c s dng rng ri do c nhiu u im l
chu lc tt, lin kt vi mng cng trnh chc chn, ph hp vi nhiu loi nn
v tit din a dng.
+ Cc c th c ch to ti nh my hay c ti cng trng. Mc b tng
cc t 200
#
n 400
#
. Tit din cc thng thng l hnh vung, ngoi ra cn c
tit din hnh tam gic, trn hoc a gic u. Tit din cc hnh vung c cnh
t 20cm n 40cm. Chiu di cc ph bin t 3-25m, khi cc di thng c
ch to thnh nhiu on, chiu di mi on b gii hn bi thit b vn chuyn
v my ng (p) cc.

Nhng thp dc chu lc ca cc c tnh ton chu nhng ng sut pht
sinh trong cc khi vn chuyn, dng cc, ng cc v s lm vic ca cc trong
cng trnh. Cc ct ai v thp cu to dng gi cc ct dc ng v tr thit
k v chu lc ct.
Mi cc tip xc trc tip vi t cng, chu lc va p ln nn ngoi vic
cu to mi cc bng ai thp dy 10ly bc cht cc thanh thp dc v thp dn,
ngi ta cn tng cng cc li thp chng va p k 4-6mm c t dy
cch khong 10cm trong on di 1m tnh t mi cc.
u cc chu trc tip lc va p ca ba hoc kch thu lc, v vy cn gia
cng thp bng cch t cc li thp c mt li 50x50mm, cch nhau 50mm,
trong on di 30cm (4-6 li). Trong on di 1m tnh t u cc gia cng
thm ct ai dy 10cm. Tuy gia cng nhng chng nt cho u cc, khi
ng (p) ngi ta trang b thm mt m u cc bng g hay bng thp bn
trong ng mt lp ct rt mn ngn cch ba vi u cc.
Trn thn cc cn b tr 1 hay 2 mc cu cu to bng thp fi 10 hay 12. V
tr t mc cu c tnh ton sao cho mmen m v mmen dng xut hin
trn cc c gi tr gn bng nhau. Nu b tr 2 mc cu th khong cch t u
(hay mi) cc n v tr t mc cu l 0,21l; cn nu t 1 mc cu th khong
cch l 0,3l; vi l l chiu di cc.
Hnh 1-26 : B tr mc cu trn cc.
a). B tr hai mc cu. b) B tr mt mc cu.


* Phn bit cc chng v cc ma st (cc treo):
Hnh 1-27 : Phn bit cc chng v cc ma st.
a). Cc chng. b) Cc ma st.
1. Mng cng trnh 2. Cc 3. Lp t yu 4. Lp t tt
+ Cc chng: Khi lp t yu cn gia cng c chiu dy khng ln v ngay
di lp t yu l lp t tt cc ta vo . Cc chng lm vic vi lc nn
tc dng t u cc.
+ Cc ma st (cc treo): Khi lp t yu c chiu dy ln, lp t tt kh
su. Cc ma st lm vic trn nguyn tc da vo lc ma st gia thn cc v
t m c s cn bng gia ti trng ca cng trnh truyn xung v phn lc
ca t nn.

III. CNG TC NG (P) CC BTCT C SN. (3 tit. tit th
22,23,24)
1. Cc loi my ng (p) cc: (1 tit)
1.1. Phn loi:
a. Phn loi theo lc tc dng ln u cc:
- My ng cc nh lc va p.
- My ng cc nh lc rung ng.
- Ngoi ra cn loi va rung v my ng cc thy lc.
b. Phn loi theo kh nng di chuyn:
- My ng cc di chuyn trn ray.
- My ng cc di chuyn bng bnh xch.
- My ng cc di chuyn bng phao.
Cu to chung ca thit b ng cc bao gm my c s, gi ba v ba
ng cc.

Hnh 1-28: Cu to chung
my ng cc.
1. My c s,
2. Thanh ging ngang,
3. Cp nng ba,
4. Thanh nh hng.
5.u ba
6. Cc.
* My c s: thng dng cn trc bnh xch, my xc mt gu hoc my
ko.
* Gi ba ng cc:
Gi ba ng cc c tc
dng treo ba, dng cc,
gi cc khi ng v ch
hng chuyn ng ca ba
trong qu trnh ng cc.
* u ba: l b phn
trc tip gy ra lc ng
cc.
1.2. Mt s loi ba
ng cc thng dng:
+ Ba ri: c kt cu
n gin, dng mt vt
nng (t 500-2000kg) nng
ln mt cao nht nh
(bng ti tay hoc ti in)
ri th xung ng cc.
Loi ny cho nng sut thp
nn hin nay t dng, ch
dng khi s lng cc ng
nh.
+ Ba hi nc: lm
vic theo nguyn tc dng
hi nc hay kh p
nng ba ln ri cho ba ri
t do hoc p u ba
xung ng cc. Loi
ny c tn s ng cc cao
(200-300 ln/pht), u cc
t b v. Song n c nhc
im l thit b i theo qu cng knh
(thit b cung cp hi nc) nn hin nay
cng t c dng.
+ Ba izen: lm vic theo nguyn
l ng c n hai th. C u im gn
nh, c ng, ng c c lp, hiu qu
ng cc cao. Tuy nhin loi ny dng
nhin liu t, lc ng cc ln d v
u cc v ting n to lm nh hng
n xung quanh.

+ Ba rung (ba chn ng): lc ng cc sinh ra do ng c lch tm gy
rung lm cho lc ma st gia cc v t gim, cng thm vi lc do trng lng
bn thn cc v lc do ba sn sinh ra lm cho cc ln xung t. Loi ny c
u im l kt cu n gin, kch thc nh, tnh c ng cao, iu khin v
cc t v. Tuy nhin lc rung lm nh hng n cng trnh ln cn.
+ Ba ng cc thu lc: lm vic di tc dng ca cht lng cng tc c
p sut ln ti 100-160 kG/cm2. Trng lng u ba t 210-7500kg, s ln va
p 50-70 ln/pht. Loi ny khng gy nhim mi trng, d khi ng nn
hin nay c s dng nhiu.
2. Tnh ton chn ba ng cc: (0,5 tit)
Cc thng s k thut ca vic chn ba ng v cng tc ng cc tc ng
trc tip n hiu qu ca n.
- Tr s ng nng ca my:
Ta gi E l tr s ng nng phn chy ca ba (cn gi l nng lng xung
kch ca mt nht ba) c xc nh theo cng thc:

g
v Q
E
2
.
2
= (1)
Trong : Q: l trng lng ton b ca ba (kg).
E: nng lng ca 1 nht ba, tnh bng n v kg/m.
v: vn tc ri (m/s)
g: gia tc trng trng (gia tc ri t do).
(g=9,8 m/s
2
10 m/s
2
)
ng nng ca ba ch tiu hao mt phn vo vic h cc, cn mt phn tiu
hao v ch vo bin dng n hi ca cc, lm nt u cc, lm nt n cc v
vo nhng bin dng khc khi cc chu lc xung kch.
- Nng lng ca nht ba:
Ngi ta cn chn ba ng cc theo nng lng nht ba bng cng thc
khc na l:
E 0,025P. (2)
Trong P l kh nng chu ti ca cc (kg).
Sau khi chn c ba ng cc theo cng thc (1) ngi ta phi th li
xem ba c thch ng vi trng lng ca cc hay khng bng cng thc:

E
q Q
K
+
= (3)
Trong : Q: l trng lng ton b ca ba (kg).
q: trng lng ca cc (tnh c phn m v m cc) (kg).
Nu h s K theo tnh ton trn khng vt qu (ch xp x) tr s ca h s
thch dng K ca ba th ba chn coi nh ph hp.


3. Cc qu trnh thi cng ng (p) cc: (1 tit)
3.1. Vn chuyn v sp xp cc trn mt bng:
Cc c th c c ti nh my hoc ti cng trng. Nu sn xut t nh
my th cc c vn chuyn ra cng trng trc khi ng cc. Khi xp cc
ln xe vn chuyn cc phi c k trn nhng thanh g t ng vo v tr t
mc cu.
cng trng, khu vc xp cc phi ngoi khu vc ng cc. Nu cc
c xp thnh ng th cng c k nh khi xp ln xe. ng t bi xp n
ni ng phi bng phng v thong.
Lp trnh t ng cc ph hp vi tng mng. C hai s ng cc chnh
(xem hnh 1-29)

Hnh 1-29 : S ng cc BTCT c sn.
a). S khm cc. b) S rung cc
3.2. Lp cc vo gi ba:
+ Vi cc ngn: dng dy cp treo cc ca gi mc vo mc cu pha u
cc, sau ko t t cho cc dn dn v tr thng ng v lp vo gi ba.
+ Vi cc di v nng: dng mc treo cc ca gi mc vo mc cu pha u
cc, dng mc treo ba ca gi mc vo mc cu pha mi cc. Nng ng thi
hai mc cu ln t t. Khi nng cao khi mt t khong 1m, rt mc cu pha
u cc ln cao cc dn tr v v tr thng ng, sau ghp vo gi ba.
3.3. K thut ng cc:
+ Trc khi ng cc phi nh v cc hng cc trn mt t theo ng bn
v thit k.
+ Sau khi dng cc vo gi ba, tin hnh chnh cc vo ng v tr thit k
bng my kinh v, kim tra phng hng ca thit b gi cc, c nh v tr ca
thit b ny trnh di ng trong khi ng cc.
+ Trong qu trnh ng cc phi dng 2 my kinh v t vung gc vi hai
trc ngang v dc ca hng cc theo di v kp thi iu chnh sai st. Lun
theo di tnh hnh xung ca cc. Cc khng xung qu nhanh nhng cng
khng b vng mc. Cc b lch phi chnh ngay, nu khng chnh c phi
nh ln ng li. Khi ng th nhng nht u nn ng nh, khi cc nm
ng v tr mi ng mnh. Vi nhng ni t yu v cc nng th lc u phi
treo cc cc xung dn dn v ng hng.

+ Khi ng gn xong, phi o ln theo tng t xc nh chi ca
cc. i vi cc chng th phi ng ti ct thit k, cn vi cc ma st th phi
ng ti khi t chi thit k. ( chi ca cc l khong ln su ca cc
vo t sau mt nht ba). chi ca cc di nhng nht ba cui cng cho
bit kh nng chu lc ca mi cc v tr ca n trong t.
chi thit k ca cc c tnh theo cng thc:
e =
q Q
Q
F n
m
P
P
H Q F n m
+
+
|
\
|
+
29 , 0
.
.
. . . .

Trong :
e - chi ca cc di mi nht ba,
m - h s an ton ly t 0,5-0,7 (vi cng trnh vnh cu ly 0,5;
cn vi cng trnh tm ly 0,7),
n - h s ph thuc vt liu lm cc (vi cc BTCT ly n=150
T/m
2
),
F - din tch tit din ngang ca cc (m
2
),
Q - trng lng chy ca ba ng cc (T),
H - chiu cao ba ri (m).
o chi bng my thu bnh hoc my chuyn dng, sau so snh vi
chi thit k.
3.4. K thut p cc:
a. Thi im p cc:
Thi im p cc tu thuc vo s tha thun gia ch u t, bn thit k
v bn thi cng. Nu cc p sau th bn thit k phi qui nh thi im p.
Trnh t p cc nh sau:
+ Vn chuyn v lp thit b p vo v tr c cc p. Gi my c k vng
chc v thng bng khng b ln v nghing. Chnh my cho cc ng trc
ca khung my, ca h thng kch v ca trc cc phi thng ng v nm trong
cng mt mt phng.
+ Lin kt chc chn thit b p vi h thng gi kch v neo hoc i trng.
Kim tra cc mt ln na.
+ Dng cn trc a cc vo v tr p. Khi p on mi cc phi nh v
chnh xc thng ng v v tr. Nu xc nh cc b nghing phi ngng ngay
chnh li. Nhng giy u tin nn tng p lc du chm v u, tc
khng nn vt qu 1cm/s. Nu cc phi ni th khi ni phi kim tra k
thng ng, m bo hai on ni phi trng trc nhau, ng hn phi m bo
yu cu k thut. Tc p on sau tng ln nhanh hn nhng khng nn
nhanh qu 2cm/s.
+ Cc dng p khi tho mn iu kin:
- t chiu su xp x do thit k qui nh

- Lc p vo thi im cui cng at tr s thit k qui nh trn sut chiu
su xuyn ln hn 3 ln ng knh hoc cnh cc. Trong khong tc
xuyn khng qu 1cm/s.
b. Ghi chp trong qu trnh p cc:
Trong qu trnh thi cng p cc phi ghi chp nht k thi cng cc on cc
theo ng qui nh ca tiu chun xy dng do B Xy dng ban hnh.
c. Thi cng i cc:
Sau khi p s lng cc cho mng, tin hnh thi cng i cc lin
kt cc cc vi nhau. Bao gm cc vic:
+ Sa u cc cho ng cao thit k,
+ Dn v sinh v lm phng y mng cho n ct thit k,
+ b tng lt v t thp i cc,
+ Un thp neo cc vo i cho ng k thut,
+ btng i mng kho u cc.
4. Cc s c thng gp khi ng (p) cc v cch gii quyt: (0,4 tit)
+ Khi ng cc:
- Cc ang xung bnh thng bng nhin xung chm hn, cc rung mnh
di mi nht ba hoc khng xung na, l biu hin cc gp chng
ngi vt mi cc. Khi phi ngng ng cc, nh cc ln, ng mnh cc
thp mi nhn xung ph vt cn. Nu khng ph c th ph bng cch cho
mn xung ph hoc o t ln ph th cng (nu chng ngi vt cn).
- Khi cc cha xung ti su thit k m t chi thit k, khi
lu c th l chi gi to do tc ng qu nhanh, t b ln p qu cht.
khc phc hin tng ny cn cho cc ngh vi ngy ri ng tip.
- ng nhng cc gn nhau trong t dnh v n hi thng xy ra hin
tng cc ng trc ni dn ln khi ng cc cc sau. Trng hp ny nn s
dng ba hi song ng c tn s ln, ng nhanh.
- ng cc khng xung m b v: c th do chn lc ba qu nh so vi
sc chu ti ca cc. Khi cn thay u ba khc c lc ng ln hn.
+ Khi p cc:
- Khi cc b nghing v lch khi v tr thit k th phi dng p, tm hiu
nguyn nhn; nu gp vt cn th phi rt cc ln, o v ph b vt cn, cn
chnh li v tr cc v p tip,
- Khi lc p va t tr s thit k m cc khng xung na, trong khi lc
p tc dng ln cc tip tc tng vt qu tr s qui nh th trc khi dng p
cc phi nn p tip ti su khong 3-5 ln na vi lc p bng lc p ln
nht nh thit k qui nh.
- Khi cc t su thit k m lc p cha t ti tr s qui nh th phi
ni thm mt on cc na ri p tip.

- Trng hp cc gp cc lp t cng xen kp th phi khoan dn trc khi
p. H khoan dn trong ct nn c bin php bo v thnh h khoan bng dung
dch st hoc bentonite.
5. Ct v nh cc: : (0,1 tit)
+ Ct cc: Vi cc BTCT thng ph b tng bng th cng hoc dng my
khoan ct b tng, cn phn thp thng c ca th cng (khi s lng t)
hoc dng my hn hi hay my ct thp ct.
+ Nh cc: nu cn nng th dng ti v rng rc ca gi ba hoc dng cn
trc nh; nu ng su hoc cc ln th dng kch thu lc nh.
IV. AN TON LAO NG TRONG THI CNG GIA C NN
MNG. (0.5 tit. tit th 25)
Trong cng tc gia c nn mng, hu ht cc khu thi cng u c c gii
ho, v vy khu an ton thi cng ch yu ch i vi cc loi my mc v
nhng ngui iu khin my mc. Cc im cn lu :
+ Tt c cc my mc, thit b c hay mi , trc khi a vo s dng u
phi kim tra k lng tnh trng k thut ca my, c bit l cc c cu an
ton nh: phanh, c cu t hm, c cu hn ch hnh trnh v..v...
+ Ch cho php nhng cng nhn qua trng lp o to c bng cp
mi c iu khin my mc thit b.
+ Cc b phn chuyn ng ca my mc thit b phi c chn bo him,
+ Phi iu khin my mc theo ng trnh t v tuyn thi cng theo yu cu
ca thit k k thut v thit k thi cng.
+ Ch t my thi cng phi chc chn, kh ro v nh sng, k c ban
m.
+ Nhng thit b chu p lc cao nh van chu p lc, ng ng ... phi c
phiu kim nh ca c quan ng kim nh nc mi c s dng.
* Kim tra nh k bi s 1. (01 tit. tit th 26)
bi: (Chn 1 trong cc cu sau).
Cu 1: Phn tch cc tnh cht ca t v nh hng ca chng n k thut thi
cng t.
Cu 2: Phn tch bin php h mc nc ngm bng kim lc.
Cu 3: So snh c im lm vic ca my o gu thun v my o gu
nghch. Nng sut my o mt gu.
Cu 4: c im lm vic ca i. Nng sut my i. Nhng bin php nng cao
nng sut my i.
Cu 5: Phn tch bin php m t bng my.
Cu 6: Phn tch bin php gia c nn mng bng cc tre. Phn bit cc chng
v cc ma st.
Cu 7: Bin php gia c nn mng bng cc BTCT c sn.
CHNG 2
CNG TC BTNG V BTNG CT THP
************************
I. KHI NIM (01 tit . Tit th 27)
1. c im ca btng v btng ct thp.
+ Btng l loi nhn to, c to thnh bi hn hp ca ximng v ct liu (ct, dm
hoc si), khi trn vi nc to thnh h xi mng bao quanh ct liu v gn kt cc ht ct liu li
vi nhau; sau khi ng cng n to thnh mt loi vt liu ng nht c kh nng chu nn tt
nhng chu ko km.
+ Ct thp l mt hp kim c kh nng chu nn v chu ko u tt.
+ Btng ct thp l loi vt liu kt hp hai loi vt liu trn.S lm vic chung gia btng
v ct thp lm cho BTCT tr thnh loi vt liu hn hp pht huy c cc u im v hn ch
c mt s nhc im ca hai loi vt liu thnh phn. S lm vic chung ny c gii thch
nh sau:
- B tng v ct thp c h s gin di tng ng nhau (h s gin di ca b tng l 10.10
-6
-
14.10
-6
, ct thp l 12.10
-6
) nn khi nhit thay i, khng v gin n khc nhau m ph v s
lin kt gia chng.
- Khi b tng ng kt n bm cht vo ct thp nn khi lm vic, b tng v ct thp khng
trt tng i vi nhau. V vy kh nng chu ko ca ct thp c tc dng chng nt cho b tng.
- Ct thp chu la km trong khi b tng dn nhit km nn b tng bo v ct thp khng b
nung nng nhanh khi nhit tng.
- Khi btng cha c khe nt ln, n bo v ct thp trc cc yu t xm thc ca mi trng.
2. u nhc im ca btng v btng ct thp.
2.1. u im:
+ C cng cao, chu c ph ti ln, bin dng nh; ng thi c th to c cc kt cu
c cng theo yu cu bng cch thay i thnh phn cp phi vt liu trong hn hp va.
+ C kh nng s dng cc vt liu a phng (ct, , si ...) vi s lng ln v gi thnh r,
tit kim c thp.
+ Kh nng chng cc tc nhn xm thc ca mi trng cao.
+ C th to c cc kt cu c hnh dng v kch thc linh ng theo yu cu
+ Chu la tt, dn nhit km, s dng bn v t tn cng bo dng trong s dng.
2.2. Nhc im:
+ Trng lng bn thn ln.
+ Sau khi b tng phi tn thi gian bo dng.
+ Tn vt liu lm vn khun nn vn u t ban u ln.
+ Sa cha v gia c phc tp, khng tn thu c khi cng trnh b h hng.
+ Thi cng btng ton khi phc tp v chu nh hng ca thi tit, vic kim tra cht lng
kh khn.
II. CNG TC VN KHUN (7 tit . Tit th 28,29,30,31,32,33,34)
1. Phn loi vn khun (1 tit . Tit th 28)
+ Vn khun l khun mu tm thi c gia cng bng g, kim loi hay cc loi vt liu khc,
nhm to hnh dng cho kt cu btng, gi nc v va btng khi chy khi v m btng,
bo v b tng khi cn t, hn ch nc bc hi nhanh. Trong khun, hn hp btng cng dn.
Sau khi btng t ti cng cho php, vn khun c tho ra em i c kt cu khc.
+ Thng thng vn khun c chng mt cao nht nh nh h thng gio.
+ Vn khun c 3 thnh phn chnh l: vn mt, sn cng v cc ph kin lin kt.
- Vn mt l phn tip xc trc tip vi b tng, quyt nh hnh dng kch thc v cht lng
b mt kt cu.
- Sn cng lin kt vi vn mt tng cng cho vn khun.
- Cc ph kin lin kt: dng lin kt cc tm vn khun vi nhau v lin kt vn khun vi
h thng chng.
1.1- Phn loi theo vt liu:
* Vn khun g: thng c lm bng g x thuc nhm 7 hoc 8, g dn chu nc hay g
p bn nc. u im ca loi ny l d ch to, gi thnh h nhng khng c bn lu.
* Vn khun tre: tre c an thnh cc tm ct lm vn khun. Loi ny ch to lu, chng
hng; s dng gii quyt kh khn khi thiu g.
* Vn khun kim loi: vn mt c gia cng t thp tm hoc nhm cng. Sn c lm
bng thp bn hoc thp hnh. Loi ny c lun chuyn cao nhng gi thnh t.
* Vn khun cao su hoc cht do: l nhng ti hi bng cao su hoc nhng tm vn khun
c ch to bng nha.
1.2- Phn loi theo s dng:
* Vn khun c nh: gm nhng tm vn ng thnh khun theo hnh dng, kch thc tng
b phn kt cu ca cng trnh b tng; sau khi btng ng cng th tho ra thnh vn. Khi
dng cho b phn kt cu khc phi gia cng li.
Loi vn khun ny tn g v phi ct vn thch hp vi cc chi tit ca kt cu cng trnh.
* Vn khun lun lu: l loi vn khun c ch to thnh cc tm hoc cc b tiu chun.
Khi em n cng trnh cng nhn ch vic lp dng v lin kt vi nhau bng cc ph kin thnh
hnh dng chun xc lm khun b tng. Khi tho d, vn khun gi nguyn hnh dng em
i thi cng cng trnh khc. Loi ny s dng c nhiu ln.
* Vn khun di ng: l loi vn khun khng tho ri tng b phn sau mi chu k hot ng
m nguyn di chuyn sang v tr s dng ca chu k tip theo.
Cn c vo phng chuyn ng, ngi ta chia ra vn khun di ng theo phng ngang v
vn khun di ng theo phng ng.
+ Vn khun di ng theo phng ngang: c di chuyn theo tng chu k theo phng
ngang. Thng s dng thi cng cc cng trnh chy di nh ng hm, mng dn nc ...
Ton b h vn khun ny c b tr trn h thng ray hay bnh xe, c dch chuyn bng ti
hoc kch.
+ Vn khun di ng theo phng ng: gm c hai loi:
- Vn khun trt: Ton b vn khun c di chuyn ln cao mt cch lin tc v ng u
trong qu trnh btng. Loi ny thng c dng thi cng cc cng trnh cao nh ng khi,
xil, i nc, nh cao tng ...
- Vn khun leo: ton b vn khun hay mt on vn khun c nng ln theo tng chu k,
tu thuc vo thi gian k t khi btng n khi btng cng cho php tho vn khun
a ln t trn. Loi ny c dng thi cng cc bc tng nh cao tng, p nc, tng
chn t ...
* Vn khun p mt: l loi vn khun c li lm b mt ca kt cu, c th chu c cc
ti trng trong thi cng v ti trng nn un ca kt cu. Loi vn khun ny thng c lm
bng BTCT hoc kim loi, dng nhng cng trnh c bit nh cng trnh cch nhit, chng
phng x ...
2. Nhng yu cu k thut i vi vn khun (1 tit . Tit th 29)
2.1 Yu cu v gia cng v kt cu vn khun:
Hnh 2-1 Vn khun mng ct
1. Vn thnh 2. Np
ng
3. Thanh gnh 4. Dy neo
5. Cc c
a. Yu cu v vt liu:
+ S dng g lm vn khun th dng g nhm 7 hoc 8 cn tt, c m thch hp (18% -
23% khi trn kh, 23% - 45% khi di nc), dy t nht l 2cm v b rng mi tm khng qu
20cm.
+ chng bng g: s dng g nhm 6 tr xung, khi ct chng cao th s dng g nhm 5.
C th dng tre, trm, dng lm ct chng
+ Vn khun v gio bng kim loi nn s dng sao cho ph hp vi kh nng lun chuyn
nhiu ln.
b. Yu cu v cu to:
+ Vn khun gio phi c cu to n gin, d tho lp, khng gy kh khn cho vic t
ct thp, v m btng, khng lm nh hng kt cu btng khi tho vn khun.
+ Ghp vn khun phi kn kht khng lm mt nc ximng khi v m btng, ng
thi bo v c btng mi di tc ng ca thi tit.
+ B mt vn khun phi to c mt btng theo thit k, v cn c chng dnh.
+ Khi s dng vn khun c phi co sch lp btng c bm vo vn khun.
c. Yu cu v bn, cng:
+ Vn khun gio phi vng chc, an ton khi s dng, khng b bin dng khi m
btng, phi bn, cng, n nh, khng cong, vnh.
+ Kch thc vn khun gio cho cc kt cu ln phi c tnh ton cn thn.
+ Vn khun vm v dm vi khu ln hn 4m phi c b tr c vng thi cng. Tr s
vng c xc nh theo cng thc: f = 3L/1000 trong L l khu ca vm hoc dm.
2.2. Yu cu v lp dng:
+ Vn khun gio phi c gia cng lp dng m bo ng hnh dng, kch thc v v tr
ca kt cu theo qui nh ca thit k. Sai lch phi nh hn hoc bng tr s cho php theo tiu
chun.
+ S gim kch thc mt ct ngang ca vn khun so vi kch thc thit k phi m bo:
- Vi kt cu chu un: . Chiu rng: khng c qu 5%,
. Chiu cao: khng c php gim.
- Vi kt cu chu ko nn: Din tch mt ct ngang khng qu 5%.
3. Cu to v lp dng vn khun g cho mt s kt cu (2 tit . Tit th 30,31)
3.1. Vn khun mng:
a - Vn khun mng ct:
Mng ct BTCT ti ch thng c dng git cp, vn khun mi cp gm 4 mng ghp li vi
nhau thnh mt hp khng y theo kch thc tng bc. Hp di t trn lp btng lt, dng
cc np v cc chng c nh xung btng lt. Hp trn c t chng ln hp di bi
hai thanh gnh hai bn gc ln thnh vn khun bc di. Hp bc trn thng c gi n nh
bi cc dy neo cu to bng thp f4-6.
Phng php lp t:
+ Cng dy xc nh tim ct trn mt bng (theo c hai phng);
+ Xc nh v nh v v tr tim ct trn hp vn khun ca bc di cng;
+ a hp vn khun bc di cng xung mng ri iu chnh sao cho v tr tim ct trn hp
trng vi qu di th t v tr tim ct xc nh theo dy cng.
+ Dng cc thanh np v cc c c nh hp vn khun.
b - Vn khun mng bng: Mng bng thng c hai loi tit din l tit din n gin (HCN
hoc hnh thang) v tit dn phc tp (thng c hnh ch T ngc).
* Mng
bng c tit din n gin: khi chiu cao mng h 500, vn thnh gm hai mng vn khun lun
lu nh hnh, chn vn khun c c nh bng thanh vng mt u t vo np ngang chn vn
khun, u kia t vo cc ng xung t. Mp trn thnh vn khun c nh bng thanh chng
xin. Khi chiu cao mng h<200, c nh thnh mng bng cc ng xung nn t.
Hnh 2-2 : Vn khun mng bng tit din n gin
1.Vn thnh; 2.Np ng; 3. Thanh chng xin
4. Thanh vng; 5. Cc gi
* Mng bng c tit din phc tp: Vn khun thnh mng ( cnh) c cu to nh vn
khun mng bng c tit din n gin. Vn khun phn dm c c nh bng gng kp, thanh
c tm thi. Gi chn ca vn khun thnh bng cc chng tm. Khi btng n cao chn
vn thnh th tho b thanh chng tm, t chn vn trc tip ln btng.

Hnh 2-3 : Vn khun mng bng tit din phc tp
1.Vn thnh; 2.Cc chng tm; 3. Thanh vng
4. Gng; 5. Cc gi; 6. Thanh chng xin
Phng php lp t:
+ Xc nh ng trc trn y h mng,
+ ng cc c hoc lp thanh nh v xc nh v tr hai mp mng (v tr vn khun);
Hnh 2-5. Vn khun ct
1. VK ct; 2. Np lin kt;
3. Gng; 4.Ca n
dm
5. Ca lm v sinh;6. G nh v ct;
7. m g (t sn kt cu).
+ Lp vn khun theo nhng v tr xc nh;
+ C nh vn khun bng gng mt, vng tm, thanh chng.
**Lu : Khi thi cng mng c tit din hnh thang th y nh ca hnh thang c chiu di
bng chiu di ca cnh ct tng ng cng thm 100 (mi bn rng thm 50mm) t vn
khun ct.
3.2. Vn khun ct:
Vi ct c tit din vung hay HCN, vn khun gm 2 tm khun (hoc mng) trong v 2 tm
khun (hoc mng) ngoi. Cc tm vn khun lin kt vi nhau bng gng. Gng c th c lm
bng g hoc thp. Cc gng ny cng chu p lc ngang ca btng, khong cch cc gng
khong 0,4-0,6m.
Chn vn khun ct c cha mt ca dn v sinh (ti tm ngoi). Vi ct cao trn 2,5m th
b tr thm ca b tng on gia ct. u ct ni vi dm phi ng cc np ng, np
ngang v cha ca gc vn khun dm. gi n nh cho vn khun ct c th dng thanh
chng xin hoc dy neo. Khi ct cao hn 6m th dng h gin gio gi n nh.
Phng php lp t:
+ Xc nh tim ngang v dc ca ct, vch mt ct ct ln mt nn hoc sn.
+ Ghim khung c nh chn ct vi nhng m g ( t sn trong khi mng hoc mt sn)
Hnh 2-4. Mt ct ngang vn khun ct
1. Tm (mng) trong
2. Tm (mng) ngoi
3. Gng
lm c dng vn khun ct.
+ Lp cc tm vn khun thnh hp. Nu dng lp bng th cng th ghp 3 mt (gm 2 tm
trong v 1 tm ngoi), ti hin trng dng hp khun 3 mt theo khung c nh ghim. Khi cha
lp ct thp ct th phi th ch lp xong mi lp tip tm khun cn li. Sau dng gng lin kt
cht cc mng vn khun li vi nhau. Nu lp dng bng c gii th lp hp khun c 4 mt v
tin hnh gng cng hp khun, ri dng cn trc nng hp khun ln cao hn ct thp ct, sau
t t h hp khun xung ng vi khung nh v.
+ Kim tra v tr v thng ng ca vn khun ct (bng dy di).
+ Dng thanh chng xin hoc dy neo gi cho vn khun ct thng ng v n nh.
3.3. Vn khun dm:
Vn khun dm c dng hp di, c ghp bi 2 mng vn thnh v 1 mng vn y, vn y t
lt gia hai vn thnh. Chiu dy vn y t 3-4cm, vn thnh t 2-3cm. Vn thnh c chng
gi bng gng mt, thanh chng xin bn ngoi, thanh vng tm bn trong v np gi chn vn
thnh. Nu chiu cao dm ln th cn dng cc dy neo chng phnh vn khi btng.
Vi dm chnh nu c cc dm ph gc ln th quanh ca n dm ph phi c gia cng bng
cc thanh np.
H vn khun dm c t trn h thng chng. m bo cy chng n nh, khng b
ln; phi t cy chng trn nhng tm vn lt dy 4-5cm, nhng tm vn ny phi t trn nn
phng n nh. Gia vn lt (hoc sn) v chn cy chng c nm iu chnh iu chnh cao.
Phng php lp t:
+ Xc nh tim dm (dm chnh trc, dm ph sau).
+ Ri vn lt chn ct.
+ t cy chng ch T: t 2 cy chng st tng (hay st ct) trc v c nh 2 ct chng
ny. t thm mt s ct chng chnh theo ng tim dm, t nm v nh v tam thi cc ct
chng.
+ t vn y dm trn ct chng ch T v c nh hai u bng ging.
+ t tip ct chng ch T cho theo thit k.
+ t cc tm vn khun thnh, ng inh lin kt vi vn y dm. C nh mp trn vn
Hnh 2-6. Vn khun dm lin sn

1. Vn y
2. Vn thnh
3. Vn dim.
4. Vn sn
5. sn
6. Np .
7. Np lin kt vn thnh
8. Np ng np (6)
9. Cy chng ch T
thnh bng thanh chng xin, gng, ...
+ Kim tra tim dm v iu chnh nm y dm ng cao .
3.4. Vn khun sn:
Vn khun sn bng g thng gm nhng tm vn khun c kch thc rng 0.4-0.8m, di t
1.5-2.5m v dy khong 20-25mm t trc tip ln nhng dm .
d tho vn khun sn, theo chu vi sn t vn dim ngn cch tm vn khun thnh dm v
vn khun sn.
4. Kim tra v nghim thu vn khun (0,5 tit . Tit th 32)
4.1. Kim tra khi gia cng tng tm vn khun ri:
+ Gia cc tm g ghp khng c k h.
+ cng ca tm phi m bo yu cu.
+ Mt vn khun tip xc vi btng phi bng phng, lng.
+ Khng b cong vnh, nt tch.
4.2. Kim tra khi lp t:
+ Kim tra cc k h gia cc tm (mng) vn khun.
+ Kim tra tim ct v v tr ca kt cu.
+ Kim tra kch thc mt trong ca cu kin theo thit k.
+ Kim tra mt phng ca vn khun.
+ Kim tra khong cch gia mt vn khun v ct thp.
+ Kim tra vng chc v n nh ca h thng chng vn khun.
+ Kim tra h thng gin gio thi cng, k thut an ton lao ng, trnh t thi cng m bo d
dng v thun tin.
5. Nhng sai phm thng gp trong cng tc vn khun (0,5 tit . Tit th 32)
+ Vn khun gia cng v lp t khng ng tim ct.
+ Vn khun b x lch, bin dng trong qu trnh thi cng..
+ Vn khun khng m bo hnh dng, kch thc.
6. Tho d vn khun. (1 tit . Tit th 33)
1. Vn y
2. Vn thnh
3. Vng tm.
4. Np lin kt vn thnh
5. Chng xin
6. Np dc.
7. Cy chng ch T
8. inh a
Hnh 2-6. Vn khun dm c lp
6.1. Thi gian tho d vn khun: Vic tho d vn khun c tin hnh sau khi btng t
cng cn thit tng ng:
+ Vi vn khun thnh ng khng chu lc c tho d khi cng btng m bo cc
gc v b mt khng b st m hay st l, tc l khi R
bt
25 kG/cm
2
(trong vng t 1-3 ngy tu
theo mc btng, loi ximng v ma kh hu).
+ Vi vn khun chu lc nh vn y dm sn, ct chng vn y ... ch c php tho d
khi btng t cng ti thiu cho php (ghi bng sau).
+ Cc kt cu vng, cng xn, sn ch c tho d vn y v ct chng khi btng t
mc thit k v c i trng chng lt.

(Gi tr trong bng p dng khi cha cht ti)
6.2. Yu cu k thut khi tho d vn khun:
a. Trnh t tho d:
+ Khi tho vn khun cn nghin cu s truyn lc trong h vn khun tho d c an
ton. Thng thng tho d vn khun theo nguyn tc ci no lp trc th tho sau, lp sau th
tho trc. Vn khun khng chu lc tho trc, vn khun chu lc tho sau.
+ Tho d ct chng dm sn theo trnh t sao cho khng lm thay i tnh cht chu lc ca
kt cu.
+ Khi tho d vn khun mi vm, cc phu cha nc trc ht tho cc tr chng gia, sau
tho dn cc tr chng xung quanh theo hng t trung tm ra ngoi.
+ Tho d vn khun dm sn nh nhiu tng nn thc hin nh sau: gi li ton b vn khun
v ct chng ca sn nm k di sn sp btng. Vi sn di na cho php tho d nhng
cng nn gi li cc ct chng an ton cch nhau 3m trong cc dm c nhp ln hn 4m.
b. K thut khi tho d vn khun:
+ Khi tho phi c bin php trnh va chm hoc gy chn ng mnh lm hng mt ngoi
hoc st m gc cnh btng.
+ d tho d nhng b phn t tm thi trong btng to thnh nhng l hng nh: cht
g, ng tre ... th phi c bin php chng dnh khi btng nh bi du thc vt hoc xoay mt
vi ln trc khi btng ng cng.
+ Trc khi tho d gio chng cc vn khun chu lc th phi tho d vn khun mt
bn v kim tra cht lng ca btng, nu cht lng btng qu xu nh nt n, r mt, nhiu l
hng ... th ch c tho d khi btng c x l v cng c vng chc.
+ Khi tho d vn khun gio khng c th ri t do m phi h tng b phn mt, b
phn cn li phi n nh.
+ Vn khun gio tho d xong phi co sch va, nh ht inh, sa cha, phn loi v xp
vo ni qui nh.
7. An ton trong cng tc vn khun. (1 tit . Tit th 34)
7.1. An ton khi ch to vn khun:
Loi kt cu
Cng btng ti thiu
cn t tho vn khun
(%R
28
)
Thi gian btng t
cng tho
vn khun (ngy)
Bn, dm, vm c
khu <2m
50 7
Bn, dm, vm c
khu 2-8m
70 10
Bn, dm, vm c
khu >8m
90 23
+ Khng nn b tr phn xng ch to vn khun cnh cc phn xng hn, rn v nhng kho
nhin liu d chy. Thng xuyn qut dn, phng chy nghim ngt, mng in ph hp v m
bo an ton chng chy.
+ phng tai nn khi ca x g.
+ Cc dng c gia cng nh chng, c ... phi gn gng, khng l vi v bo, rc bn
li i li gy nguy him tim tng.
7.2. An ton khi lp dng vn khun:
+ Khi lp dng gin gio cn san phng v m cht t nn chng ln v bo m thot
nc tt, ct hoc khung gin gio phi thng ng, ging gi theo yu cu ca thit k, chn ct
phi c vn chng ln, chng trt, cm k chn ct bng gch hay mu g vn.
+ Vn lt sn cng tc phi dy ti thiu l 3cm, khng mc mt, nt gy, cc tm phi
kht v bng phng, khe h gia cc tm vn 1cm. Khi dng vn ri t theo phng dc ca cc
tm vn, chng phi di gc trc tip ln hai u , mi u vn phi vn ra ngoi mt
on 20cm v c buc hay ng inh chc chn vo thanh , c np bn di vn khng
b trt.
+ phng b ng v dng c ri t trn cao xung, khi lp nhng tm vn cao 8m tr
ln so vi mt t, phi c sn cng tc b rng t nht l 0,7m v c lan can bo v chc chn. Vn
khun sn lp t phi c lan can bao quanh ton b chu vi.
+ Khi lp vn khun tm ln theo nhiu tng th vn khun tng trn ch c lp t sau khi
vn khun tng di c c nh chc chn.
+ Khi lp t vn khun ct, dm chiu cao di 5,5m c th dng thang di ng pha trn
sn cng tc vi kch thc ti thiu l 0,7m x 0,7m, c lan can bo v. Nu lp t cao trn
5,5m phi dng gin gio chc chn.
+ Cm ta thang nghing so vi mt phng nm ngang ln hn 70
0
v nh hn 45
0
, trng hp
t ngoi qui nh ny phi c ngi gi thang v chn thang c chn gi chc chn. Tng chiu
di thang ta khng qu 5m.
+ Cng nhn phi c trang b cc phng tin bo v c nhn khi lm vic trn cao nh giy
vi, dy an ton, ti ng dng c...
7.3. An ton khi s dng vn khun:
+ Tin hnh lp bin bn nghim thu sau khi lp dng xong gin gio. Trong qu trnh s dng
phi lin tc kim tra tnh trng an ton ca gin gio.
+ Ti trng t trn sn cng tc khng c vt qu ti trng tnh ton , khng vt liu,
thit b v ngi tp trung mt ch . Trng hp phi t cc thit b cu chuyn trn sn cng tc
th phi tnh ton, kim tra kh nng chu lc ca cc b phn kt cu chu lc trong phm vi nh
hng v c bin php gia c.
+ Khi gin gio cao >6m phi c t nht 2 tng sn, sn thao tc bn trn v sn bo v pha
di, cm khng c lm vic ng thi trn 2 sn m khng c li bo v gia 2 sn.
+ Ht ca lm vic phi thu dn nhng vt liu tha, ngh, dng c trn sn cng tc.
7.4. An ton khi tho d vn khun:
+ Ch tin hnh tho d khi btng m bo cng chu ti trng bn thn v cc ti
trng tnh gy ra. Khi tho d gio, vn khun ca cc kt cu btng ct thp phc tp nh
dm, vm khu trn 6m ... phi tun theo mt trnh t nghim ngt.
+ phng vn khun nng ri t trn cao xung gy tai nn, lm hng vn v gy cc gin
gio.
+ Khng c tho d vn khun nhiu tng khc nhau trn cng mt trc thng ng, trong
khi tho d vn khun cm ngi khng phn s i li pha di, cc tm vn khun d ra phi
chuyn ngay xung t, khng xp ng trn gin gio. Khng lao vn khun t trn cao xung d
di t khng c ngi, khng vn khun ri vo ng dy in.
+ Vn khun c tho ra phi c phn loi, xp ng gn gng, khng tr ngi cho giao
thng. Trnh dm phi inh tri ra vn khun.
III. CNG TC CT THP. (7 tit . Tit th 35,36,37,38,39,40,41)
1. Thp dng trong btng (1.5 tit . Tit th 35,36)
1.1. Tc dng ca ct thp trong btng ct thp:
+ Tc dng chu lc chnh ca ct thp trong BTCT l chu ko.
+ Ngoi ra, trong mt s trng hp, ct thp c t theo cu to lin kt cc phn btng
li vi nhau.
1.2. Thp dng trong b tng: Thp dng trong cc kt cu btng ct thp c nhiu loi khc
nhau. C nhiu cch phan loi thp:
* Theo cng ngh ch to: ct thp c phn lm 2 nhm: thp cn nng v thp cn ngui;
* Theo hnh thc ng kin vn chuyn c:
+ Thp dng cun c D 10mm i vi thp cn nng v D 8mm i vi thp ko ngui.
+ Thp dng thanh c D 10mm, chiu di mi thanh t 6-12m (thng thng l 11,7m/1
thanh).
* Theo hnh dng tit din c:
+ Thp trn: C k t 4-40mm, c lu thng trn th trng di 2 dng thp cun v thp
thanh.
+ Thp hnh: gm c cc loi tit din: thp gc L, thp ch I, ch U, ch C.
* Theo hnh thc bn ngoi: c loi thp trn trn v thp trn c g. Theo tiu chun ca Lin
X (c), thp thanh chia thnh 4 nhm:
+ Thp nhm A
I
l thp trn trn cn nng;

+ Thp nhm A
II
l thp trn c g xon c, cn nng;

+ Thp nhm A
III
l thp trn c g xng c, cn nng;

+ Thp nhm A
IV
l thp trn c g xng c, cn ngui.

phn bit nhm ct thp, ta c th xem b ngoi (trn hoc c g) hay xem mu sn on
u thanh thp.
* Theo bn ca thp: da theo cng tnh ton ta c:
+ Thp nhm A
I
c R
a
= 2100 kG/cm
2
;

+ Thp nhm A
II
c R
a
= 2700 kG/cm
2
;

+ Thp nhm A
III
c R
a
= 3600 kG/cm
2
;

* Cn c theo chc nng v trng thi lm vic ca thp trong kt cu, ct thp cn phn bit
ra thp chu lc, thp cu to, thp phn b.
1.3. Yu cu k thut i vi ct thp:
+ Ct thp s dng phi ph hp vi qui nh ca thit k v loi thp, s hiu, ng knh ....
Khi thay th loi, s hiu ca ct thp ny bi loi, s hiu ct thp khc th phi da vo cng
tnh ton trong ti liu thit k v cng ct thp thc t thay i ph hp. Khi thay i k
nhng cng s hiu th phm vi thay i k khng qu 2mm i vi ct thp c D = 8-16mm v
khng qu 4mm i vi ct thp c D>16mm.
+ Trc khi s dng, ct thp phi c th nghim ko, un, mi hn ...Nu ct thp khng r
s hiu th phi qua th nghim xc nh cc gii hn bn, gii hn chy ca thp mi c s
dng.
+ Trc khi gia cng v trc khi btng, ct thp phi m bo b mt sch, khng dnh
bn t, du m; khng c vy st v cc lp g.
+ Cc thanh thp b bp hay gim tit din do lm sch hoc do cc nguyn nhn khc khng
c vt qu gii hn cho php l 2% k. Nu vt qu gii hn th thanh thp c s
dng theo din tch thc t.
+ Ct thp ly cng trnh c c th dng li nu trc khi gia cng c un thng, cong
vnh cn li ph hp qui nh v c gii hn chy m bo.
1.4. Bo qun thp sau khi gia cng: Ct thp sau khi gia cng phi c bo qun cn thn
khi b cong vnh, bin dng so vi yu cu thit k, khng han g. Phng php bo qun nh
sau:
+ Ct thp phi c xp thnh tng ngtheo tng loi ring bit thun tin cho s dng.
Cc ng thp phi c k cao hn mt t t nht 30cm, mi ng cao khng qu 1,2m v rng
khng qu 2m.
+ Kho cha ct thp phi c nn cao ro, khng nc ma chy vo, mi v tng khng b
dt, khng b nc ma ht v c kh nng chng m cao.
+ Trng hp phi ct thp ngoi tri th phi k mt u cao mt u thp trn nn cao t
cng, d thot nc, khng xp trc tip trn mt t.
2. Gia cng ct thp (3 tit . Tit th 37,38,39)
2.1. Nn thng ct thp: Trong khi vn chuyn hay bo qun, cc thanh thp thng c un
cong, vi ct thp c k nh thng dng cun. V vy chng phi c lm thng trc khi ct
un vic gia cng ct, un, ni, buc c chnh xc v ct thp chu lc tt trong kt cu
BTCT.
+ Vi ct thp c k nh c th lm thng bng cch dng ba p thng hoc dng vam khuy
nn.
+ Vam khuy dng nn ct thp c D 10. Vam c lm bng ct thp trn c k ln hn
k ct thp cn nn mt cp. V d nn thp f 6 th dng vam f 8.
+ Vam cn nn thp c k 10. Vam cn c nhiu kch c v c lm bng thp c cng
cao, thng l thp hp kim. Vam cn thng c dng kt hp vi bn nn bng thp gc
hoc bn nn ba cht thp. Khi dng vam cn nn ct thp to c th lp thm mt on ng tng
chiu di tay vam nn cho nh.
+ Vi thp dng cun, tin li nht khi cn lm thng l dng ti. Sn ko ct thp nn c
chiu di t 30-40m; chiu rng t nht l 1,5m b tr ngay cnh xng; sn phi phng, mt sn ri
x nh; xung quanh sn c ro chn bo v v bin bo cm ngi qua li.
2.2. Co g ct thp: Ct thp c co sch g s lm tng dnh kt gia btng v ct thp.
C cc phng php:
+ Dng bn chi st: t ct thp ln gi, dng bn chi st c xt vo b mt ct thp sao cho
ma st gia bn chi vi mt ngoi ct thp va lp vy g bong ra, co ht g trn b mt,
sau dng gi lau sch.
+ Vi ct thp thanh c th dng sc ngi tut i tut li qua ng ct ht to, ma st gia cc
ht ct v ct thp s lm lp vy g bong ra v ct thp c lm sch.
2.3. Ct ct thp:
a. Tnh chiu di ct: Trc khi ct ct thp phi ngin cu bn v thit k xc nh chng
loi, nhm thp, hnh dng, kch thc, ng knh, s lng thanh v phi tnh ton chiu di ca
on thp cn ct. Cn lu l ct thp s b gin di khi b un nn khi ct thp un phi tr
on gin di.
Tr s gin di ph thuc vo gc un, c th tnh nh sau:
+ Khi gc un 45
0
ct thp s gin di on 0,5d.

+ Khi gc un 90
0
ct thp s gin di on 1 d.

+ Khi gc un 135
0
hay 180
0
ct thp s gin di on 1,5d.

b. Phng php ct: Sau khi tnh ton c chiu di thanh ct thp cn ct, ta tin hnh ct
ct thp. C th tin hnh ct bng th cng hay bng my.
+ Ct th cng: thng dng dao ct na c kh, xn hoc chm kt hp e, ba. Dng xn ct
c ct thp n 12mm, dng chm hay dao ct na c kh c th ct thp n 20mm. Ct bng
th cng c nng sut thp, ch p dng cng trng nh, c khi lng thp t.
+ Ct bng my chy bng ng c in: dng ct nhng thanh thp c k ti 40mm. Vi
thp c k nh c th chp nhiu thanh ct cng mt lc tn dng cng sut my.
2.4. Un ct thp:
Ct thp sau khi ct xong phi un to ra thanh thp c hnh dng v kch thc theo yu
cu thit k. Mt thanh thp sau khi un ngoi yu cu v hnh dng v kch thc cn yu cu
phi thng v phng. Cc loi ct thp trn trn th hai u phi un mc m bo neo trong
btng.
Thng gp cc loi un sau:
+ Un mc, gc un 180
0
: thp trn,

+ Un vai b, gc un 45
0
,

+ Un ct ai, gc un 90
0
.

Ct thp c th c un bng th cng hay bng my.
a) Un bng th cng:
+ Dng c un: Dng vam v bn un un. PP ny thng dng un thp c ng knh
D 12mm. Nu dng thp ng di ni vo ui vam c th un c thp c k n 25mm.
+ Thao tc un:
- Trc khi un ct thp cn cn c vo hnh dng v kch thc thanh ct thp cn un xc
nh trnh t cc gc un.
- Ly du un: Vi ct thp to v hnh dng phc tp nn ly du trn thanh thp, vi ct thp
nh v n gin th ly du ln bn un. Khi ly du cn cn c cc gc un khc nhau tr bt
on gin di khi un v tnh thm chiu di mc un u thanh thp.
- Un th: Trc khi un hng lot cn un th trc mt thanh cho tng loi, sau kim tra
hnh dng, kch thc xem c ph hp vi yu cu thit k khng, ng thi i chiu vi vch
du, khong cch gia v tr t vam v cc ta c ph hp khng, iu chnh trc khi un hng
lot.
+ m bo cong chnh xc v khi thao tc vam khng chm vo cc tm th gia vam v
cc tm phi c khong cch ph hp tng ng vi tng gc un, c th nh sau:

trong d l ng knh thanh thp
+ V tr ca vch du im un trn thanh thp cng c quan h vi cc tm tu thuc gc un:
- Gc un 90
0
: Vch du im un nm ngang vi mp ngoi cc tm.

- Gc un 135
0
- 180
0
: vch du im un cch mp ngoi cc tm mt khong bng ng
knh thp un.
b) Un bng my:
Dng my un ct thp khng nhng gim nh cng lao ng m cn cho nng sut cao.
Cc my un ct thp thng dng cc cng trng c th un c cc gc khc nhau, vi
ng knh D = 6-40mm.
Gc un Khong cch gia vam v cc tm
45
0

(1,5 - 2)d
90
0

(2,5 - 3)d
135
0

(3 - 3,5)d
180
0

(3,5 - 4)d
Nguyn l lm vic ca my un: Thanh thp cn un c t gia 3 trc (trc ta 1, trc tm
4 v trc un 5). Trc tm v trc un t trn cng mt a quay 2. a c th quay theo chiu kim
ng h hoc ngc li. Trc ta t c nh trn bn my un gn a quay. Khi my chy, a
quay v thanh thp 3 c un quanh trc tm, trc ta gi cho thanh thp khng quay theo.
Khi un bng my, v trc tm v trc un ng thi chyn ng, do s ko ct thp chuyn
ng v pha trc, v vy cch vch du un khng khc vi un th cng, nhng khi thao tc,
v tr t ct thp trn mm khc nhau, do trc khi un thp nn un th tm ra v tr vch
du ph hp.
2.5. Ni ct thp:
Ni ct thp phi m bo truyn lc t thanh ny sang thanh khc nh thanh lin tc, cng
chu lc ca kt cu ti mi ni phi tng ng vi ch khng ni. C nhiu kiu ni ct
thp:
a) Ni buc:
+ Vic ni buc thc hin theo ch dn ca thit k. Khng ni buc nhng ch cong, ch
chu lc ln. Ct thp c k ln hn 16mm khng nn ni buc.
+ Trong mt mt ct ngang ca tit din kt cu khng nn ni qu 25% din tch tng cng
ca ct thp chu lc vi ct thp trn trn v khng qu 50% i vi thp c g.
+ Chiu di chng nhau ca cc thanh ni ly theo gi tr bng bn di nhng khng nh
hn 250mm vi ct thp vng chu ko v khng nh hn 200mm vi ct thp vng chu nn.

+ Khi ni ct thp trn trn khu vc chu ko bt buc phi un mc.
+ Dy buc dng loi dy thp mm c k 1mm, mi mi ni buc t nht ti 3 im.
b) Ni hn ct thp:
Dng phng php ni hn s tit kim thp v nng cao cht lng cng trnh. Thng dng 2
phng php ni hn l hn i u v hn h quang.
* Hn i u: Hai thanh thp cn ni c t vo my, hai u i nhau, khi ng mch in
th u hai thanh thp b nng (do hin tng in tr tip xc), my c c cu p cht u ca
hai thanh thp lm chng dnh vo nhau.
++Ch :
+ i vi thp ko ngui th hn trc khi ko v nhit cao, cc tnh cht ca thp c
hnh thnh khi gia cng ngui d b mt i.
+ S mi ni trn cng mt mt ct ca kt cu khng qu 25% din tch tng cng ca ct
thp chu lc, khong cch cc mi ni phi ln hn 45d (d l k thp).
+ Hn i u ch p dng vi thp chu nn c k ln hn 12mm.
* Hn h quang in: l li dng nhit do h quang in sinh ra lm nng chy mt u ct
thp v u cui que hn lm cho kim loi trong que hn chy vo mch hn nng chy to
thnh mi hn.
Loi ct thp
Chiu di ni buc
Vng chu ko Vng chu nn
Dm hoc
tng
Kt cu
khc
u ni c
un mc
u ni
khng un
mc
Ct thp trn cn
nng
40d 30d 20d 30d
Ct thp c g cn
nng
40d 30d - 20d
Ct thp ko ngui 45d 35d 20d 30d
Hn h quang c dng hn ni di cc thanh thp cn nng c k >8mm, v hn tt c cc
chi tit t sn, cc b phn cu to v lin kt cc mi ni trong lp ghp. C cc kiu ni h
quang thng dng sau:
+ Hn chp (hn chng m): u ni ca hai thanh thp c un i mt gc sao cho khi hn
xong th hai thanh phi ng trc. Chiu di on chng ghp ln nhau chnh l chiu di ng
hn, ph thuc vo ng hn mt bn hay 2 bn.
+ Hn np (p): hai thanh thp cn ni thng trc, i u nhau v cch nhau mt on a
(2cm a 0,5d), dng hai thanh thp c cng ng knh. Chiu di on p chnh l chiu di
ng hn, ph thuc vo ng hn mt bn hay 2 bn.
+ Hn mng lt: Cng tng t nh hn np nhng thay cc thanh np bng mt mng tn
(hay thp gc) v chiu di ng hn phi 10d, dng hn ct thp c k ln t 20-40mm.
Cc qui nh v cc kiu ni hn: c ghi trong bng sau.

Mi hn phi p ng cc yu cu sau:
+ Mt ngoi mi hn phi nhn, hoc c vy nh u, khng chy, khng t qung, khng thu
hp cc b v khng c bt.
+ m bo chiu di v chiu cao ng hn theo yu cu ca thit k.
3. Lp dng ct thp. (1.5 tit . Tit th 40)
3.1. Nhng qui nh v lp dng ct thp:
S TT Tn mi ni Cu to mi ni Nhm thp k (mm)
1
Hn thanh thp vi
cc thanh np khi c
4 ng hn
A
I

A
II

A
III

8 - 40
10 - 80
8 - 40
2

Hn thanh thp vi
cc thanh np khi c
2 ng hn
A
I

A
II

A
III

A
IV

8 - 40
10 - 80
8 - 40
10 - 32
3
Hn ni ghp thanh
thp khi c hai
ng hn bn
A
I

8 - 40
4
Hn ni ghp thanh
thp khi c hai
ng hn bn
A
I

A
II

A
III

6 - 28
10 - 28
6 - 28
5
Hn cc thanh thp
vi tm lt hnh
mng bng nhiu
lp ng hn
A
I

A
II

A
III

20 - 40
20 - 80
20 - 40
6
Hn cc thanh thp
vi tm lt hnh
mng bng cc
ng hn p
A
I

A
II

A
III

20 - 32
20 - 32
20 - 32
a. Vn chuyn ct thp: Vic vn chuyn ct thp gia cng cn m bo cc yu cu sau:
+ Khng lm h hng v bin dng sn phm ct thp. Ct thp tng thanh nn buc thnh
tng l theo chng loi v s lng trnh nhm ln khi s dng.
+ Cc khung li ct thp ln nn c bin php phn chia thnh tng b phn nh ph hp vi
phng tin vn chuyn.
b. Lp dng ct thp: Vic lp dng ct thp hin trng c th c tin hnh sau, trc
hoc xen k vi cng tc vn khun tu theo loi kt cu. Thng thng ct thp c lp t sau
hoc xen k vi cng tc vn khun. V vy trc khi lp dng ct thp phi kim tra vn khun
theo yu cu k thut.
b1) Phng php lp dng:
C th tin hnh lp t ct thp thnh khung, li ct thp ti xng sau em dng t
hoc lp t tng thanh hin trng.
Lp thnh khung li ct thp ti xng sau vn chuyn a ln t vo vn khun, cch
ny c u im l nng sut cao, gim lao ng hin trng ti mc ti thiu, gim c s nguy
him khi lm cc cng vic trn cao nhng i hi phi c phng tin vn chuyn, my mc lp
t tng ng.
Lp t tng thanh ti hin trng: ct thp c a vo khun vo thanh sau mi hn
buc to thnh khung li ct thp. Phng php ny p dng khi iu kin vn chuyn khng
p ng c hoc khi kt cu phc tp (dm, sn, tng...)
b2) Cc yu cu khi lp dng ct thp:
+ Phi t ct thp theo ng bn v thit k (v chng loi, ng knh, kch thc, s
lng ...). Trong mi trng hp vic thay i ct thp phi c s ng ca thit k.
+ lin kt cc thanh ct tho khi lp dng ta buc hoc hn v phi m bo:
- i vi li ct thp: s lng mi buc hoc hn phi ln hn 50% s im giao nhau theo
th t xen k. Cc nt theo chu vi phi buc hoc hn ht, sn chu lc hai chiu cc im giao
nhau phi buc hoc hn ht.
- i vi khung, ct, dm: cc im giao nhau ca ai thp vi thp chu lc phi buc hoc
hn ht.
+ m bo khong cch gia cc lp ct thp (bn, mng...) bng cch dngcc thanh chng
bng ct thp (inh v bng hn im) hoc cc tr bng btng c sn.
+ Phi m bo chiu dy lp bo v ct thp. Mun vy phi dng cc con k, con k c chiu
dy bng lp btng bo v ct thpv lm bng vt liu khng n mn ct thp v khng ph hy
btng nh lm bng va ximng, hoc bng nha.
+ Ct thp ch phi c nh chc chn, khng lm sai lch v tr, khong b cong i lm tnh
nng ca thp gim hoc rn nt btng chn ct thp.
+ Cc u dy buc phi sao cho khng h ra ngoi btng.
3.2. Lp t ct thp cho mt s cu kin thng gp:
a) Dng buc ct thp mng c lp:
Lp thp mng:
+ Xc nh trc mng, tm mng v cao t li thp mng.
+ t li thp mng. C th gia cng sn hay lp t ti h mng, li thp c t trn
nhng ming k bng btng m bo lp bo v.
+ Xc nh cao btng mng.
Lp thp c mng:
+ Cc thanh thp c mng c un theo hnh c chai, ly du ti v tr cch chn ct thp
10cm (v tr ct ai u tin), sau o t v tr ly du n im un hnh c chai, cn c vo
khong cch ct ai ta xc nh c s ct ai cho c mng.
+ Lng ct ai vo cc thanh thp ng, cc mi ni ct ai phi so le; buc ct ai vi ct dc
v buc chn ct dc vo li thp y mng.
+ Dng thanh g t ngang qua h mng gi n nh cho thp ng.
b) Dng buc ct thp ct:
Ct thp ct thng c gia cng thnh khung sn ri a vo v tr ct. Lu trc khi buc
thp ct thnh khung th phi un u trn ca thp thnh hnh c chai nu ct cn tip tc cao ln
tng trn. t thp vo ng v tr ri ni bng phng php buc hay hn. Thp ct c gi n
nh bng h gin gio hoc cc thanh chng xin. Khi lp h vn khun cn lu chiu dy lp
btng bo v.
c) Dng buc ct thp dm:
Ct thp dm c th c gia cng sn thnh khung ri t vo vn khun hoc c th lp t
ngay ti ch bng phng php buc hay hn theo cc trnh t sau:
+ Dn sch vn khun, chn mt s g k ngang vn khun ct thp, t ct thp chu
lc ln g k, nu dm c chiu di ln yu cu cn phi ni ct thp th phi ni nhng ni c
m men nh.
+ Dng thc vch du v tr ct ai, sau lun ct ai vo ct dc chu lc. Nng hai thanh
thp dc ln cho chm kht vo hai gc ct ai, ri buc ct ai vo ct dc, buc t hai u vo
gia. Xong li i hai thanh thp di ln v buc tip.
+ Sau khi buc xong th h khung ct thp vo vn khun bng cch rt dn tng thanh g k
v h t t, ch t cc con k lp btng bo v vo vn khun..
+ Khi h dm c c dm ph v dm chnh th ct thp dc dm ph c lng vo ct thp dc
dm chnh.
d) Dng buc ct thp bn v tng:
Lp t ct thp bn v tng u c dng li ct thp gm ct thp dc (hoc ng) v ct
thp ngang t chng ln nhau. Nu thit k khng qui nh r th buc 1 b 1 so le nhau, ring cc
nt ngoi bin th buc ht. Mi buc cho nhau ct thp khng b x dch. Khi bn hoc tng
c 2 li thp th gia hai lp thp cn t ct thp lm c, ct thp c c th c b tr kiu bn
c hoc kiu hoa mai.
4. Kim tra v ngim thu ct thp. (1 tit . Tit th 41)
4.1. Kim tra v nghim thu ct thp sau khi gia cng:
+ Kim tra mc thp v ng knh thp ph hp vi yu cu thit k.
+ Kim tra hnh dng v kch thc cc sn phm ct thp sau khi gia cng.
+ Kim tra v tr, cht lng cc mi ni buc.
+ Kim tra cng v cht lng mi ni hn
4.2. Kim tra v nghim thu ct thp sau khi lp t:
+ Kim tra kch thc ca ct thp, s lng v khong cch gia cc lp ct thp, nhng ch
giao nhau buc hoc hn cha.
+ Kim tra chiu dy lp btng bo v v khong h gia cc thanh ct thp.
+ V tr cc chi tit chn sn v ct thp ch.
4.3. Nhng sai phm thng gp trong cng tc ct thp:
+ Dng nhm ng knh v mc thp
+ Khng m bo lp btng bo v.
+ Ct thp t khng ng v tr.
+ Ct thp b han g.
IV. CNG TC B TNG. (9 tit . Tit th 42 50)
1. Vt liu dng trong btng (1 tit . Tit th 42)
1.1. Xi mng: Ximng l cht kt dnh trong btng. Khi btng, ximng kt hp vi nc
to thnh va bao bc quanh cc ht ct liu v lp y l rng gia cc l . Sau khi ng cng,
va xi mng gn cht cc ht ct liu to thnh khi lin tc v rn chc. Khi s dng cn lu
: Ximng a v cng trng phi ng s hiu, ng mc thit k, mi t u phi c giy
chng nhn phm cht ximng, cn ly mu kim tra tnh ng u khi gin n th tch, xac nh
do tiu chun v thi hn ng kt ca ximng theo tiu chun hin hnh. Trong nhng trng
hp sau nht thit phi kim tra cng ca ximng cng trng.
+ Khi l ximng c bo qun qu 3 thng k t ngy sn xut.
+ Nu nghi ng v cng ximng khng ph hp vi chng nhn ca nh my sn xut
ximng.
+ s dng cng ximng tng ng vi cng sn xut ca n.
1.2. Ct liu:
a) Ct liu nh: Ct liu nh dng cho btng thng l ct c ng knh di 5mm, l hn
hp thin nhin ca cc loi nham thch rn v chc (thch anh, trng thch) hay ct nhn to
c nghin t nhng loi nham thchh rn v chc.
Ct dng ch to btng l ct vng sch, t ln tp cht, ng cp phi v phi m bo
nhng yu cu sau:
+ Khng ln nhng ht si, dm c kch thc ln hn 1 mm, nhng ht c kch thc t 5-
10 mm ln trong ct khng qu 5% trng lng (trng hp c bit c th ln n 10%).
+ Khng ln nhiu bi, bn v t st hm lng ny khng vt qu 3% trng lng, nu vt
qu qui nh phi sng hoc ra loi bt.
+ Hm lng mica trong ct khng vt qu 1% trng lng.
+ C th dng ct ht mn (ct trin sng, ven bin) ch to btng nhng phi tun th
nhng yu cu ring i vi loi vt liu ny.
+ Bi cha ct phi kh ro, thnh tng ng tin s dng, ng ct ngoi tri phi che
y trnh gi bay, ma tri v ln t.
b) Ct liu ln: Ct liu ln thng dng l si hoc dm, trong trng hp c bit c th
dng si ln ct c trong thin nhin m khng cn sng ring ct vi .
ch to btng l dm nghin p t thin nhin, si dm nghin p t si v si
cui thin nhin, khng c dng si b phong ha. Si, phi ng cp phi v ng cc yu
cu sau:
+ Si, phi sch, khng ln bn, t, rc, l cy g mc.
+ T l nhng hn dt, hn thoi khng qu 15%.
+ T l t st, ph sa khng qu 2% khi dng cho btng c mc trn 150, khng qu 3% cho
btng mc 100-150.
+ T l cc cht lu hunh khng qu 1% (tnh theo trng lng).
+ Lng nham thch xu trong si khng qu 10% (tnh theo trng lng). Ring btng
vng nc thay i th khng vt qu 5%. Trong si, khng c ln t st cc.
1.3. Nc: Nc dng ra ct liu, trn btng v bo dng btng phi l nc sch,
khng nh hng xu n thi gian ninh kt v rn chc ca btng v khng gy n mn ct thp.
Thng thng cc ngun nc ung c u c th dng cho btng c. Khng dng nc thi
t cc nh my, nc bn t h thng thot nc sinh hot, nc h ao c nhiu bn, rong to,
nc c vng du m, nc sng c nhiu ph sa trn btng. V mt k thut nc phi t
cc yu cu sau:
+ pH: 4 pH 12,5. Nu pH <4 tc l axt qu ln s nh hng n ng cng ca
ximng v s lin kt gia va ximng v cc ct liu.
+ Lng SO
4
ca cc hp cht sunfat 2,7 gam/1 lt nc, cc cht mui 5 gam/1 lt nc.
Nu lng SO
4
v mui nhiu qu qui nh th btng c th b n mn v dn b ph hoi.
+ Nc bin khng dng trn btng c. Tuy nhin i vi cc cng trnh tip xc vi
nc bin th c th dng nc bin trn btng nhng lng mui 35 gam/1 lt nc
1.4. Ph gia: tit kim ximng v ci thin cc c tnh k thut ca hn hp btng ngi
ta cho thm vo btng cc cht ph gia lm tng nhanh hay lm chm i qu trnh ng cng ca
btng, cc cht ha do hoc cc cht gia kh. Cc loi ph gia s dng phi c chng ch k thut
c cc c quan qun l nh nc cng nhn. Khi s dng ph gia cn tun theo cc ch dn ca
nh sn xut.
2. Thi cng btng. (8 tit . Tit th 43 50)
2.1. Cng tc chun b trc khi thi cng btng: (0.5 tit . Tit th 43)
a) Chun b vt liu: Trc khi tin hnh btng, vt liu cn c chun b tt, s lng
v m bo cht lng, s lng vt liu cha c ti ch phi c k hoch cung ng kp thi
m bo thi cng lin tc.
b) Dn sch :
Trng hp btng trc tip vo (nh mng, nn ...) th trc ht cn kim tra tim, ct,
i chiu kch thc cc b phn v dn sch rc bn v t bn, nu c ch khng bng phng
phi sa li. i vi nhng rnh, h o su phi kim tra kh nng n nh ca thnh t
phng st l trong qu trnh thi cng.
c) Kim tra vn khun: Kim tra cc ni dung sau:
+ Kim tra v tr, tim ct, kch thc, hnh dng vn khun.
+ Kim tra gin gio chng .
+ Dn sch bn t v rc bn trong vn khun.
+ Vi vn khun bng g cn phi ti m.
+ Sau khi ti nc, nu cn khe h no cha n kht th phi trm kn.
+ Nu btng trn b mt btng ng cng th phi ty sch mng mng ximng v lp
t ri rc cng nh lp btng xu trn b mt, ri dng nc xi ra v lm t y .
d) Kim tra ct thp.
+ Kim tra v tr, qui cch v s lng ct thp so vi thit k.
+ Kim tra v sinh thanh thp: du bn, bn t, g ...
+ Kim tra cc con k lp btng bo v.
+ Kim tra s lng v v tr thp chn sn hoc nhng l cha sn.
e) Chun b my mc, nhn lc, dng c v phng tin vn chuyn: gm ng vn chuyn,
in nc thi cng v nhng vn khc c lin quan.
g) Xc nh thnh phn cp phi:
Cp phi l thnh phn vt liu theo t l trong mt n v sn phm btng (1m
3
hay 1 m
trn).
Phng php xc nh nh sau: Da vo mc btng, loi ximng, mc ximng, loi ct liu
(si, dm, ct), hnh dng kch thc kt cu, mt ct thp trong kt cu.... t dng cng
thc tnh c thnh phn vt liu cho mt n v sn phm btng, sau dng th nghim
kim tra v iu chnh li thnh phn vt liu c kt qu ph hp vi yu cu thit k. Phng
php ny thng p dng khi thi cng cc cng trnh quan trng, cc cng trnh c khi lng
btng ln. Vi nhng cng trnh c khi lng btng khng ln, hoc nhng cng trnh c mc
quan trng khng cao th thng xc nh cp phi trn theo nh mc nh nc (dng bng tra
sn). Da vo mc btng, mc ximng, kch thc dm, loi ct vng m tra bng nh mc
cp phi va btng (nh mc d ton xy dng c bn) s xc nh c thnh phn vt liu cho
1m
3
va btng.

2.2. Trn v vn chuyn va btng (0.5 tit . Tit th 43)
a) Nhng yu cu i vi va btng:
Hn hp va btng phi m bo nhng yu cu sau:
+ Va btng phi m bo t cng thit k.
+ Va btng phi c trn u ng cp phi.
+ Thi gian trn, vn chuyn, , m ngn nht (nh hn thi gian ninh kt ca ximng
khong 2 gi).
+ Va btng phi c st thch hp. st ca va btng ph thuc vo tnh cht ca cng
trnh c hm lng ct thp, phng php vn chuyn, iu kin thi tit v phng php m (
st tham kho bng 2.1).

Bng 2.1: st v cng ca hn hp btng ti v tr .
b) Cn ong vt liu:
m bo liu lng pha trn ca btng; ximng, ct, dm, si v cc cht ph gia ch
to btng c cn ong theo khi lng, nc v ph gia c cn ong theo th tch.
tin cho vic thi cng, trn cng trng vic cn ong vt liu tin hnh nh sau:
- Ximng, ph gia: theo khi lng (kg)
- Ct liu: ct, a, si: theo th tch (ong bng cc loi hc c th tch 50; 150; 200 lt).
- Nc tnh bng lt (o bng thng x).
Sai s cho php khi cn, ong khng vt qu cc tr s ghi trong bng 2.2
Bng 2.2
Ch : Lng nc cho vo btng phi k c lng nc trong ph gia v lng nc trong
ct liu m.
c) Cc phng php trn btng:
* Trn btng bng th cng:
+ Cng tc chun b:
- Lm sn trn: kch thc sn 5-7m
2
, sn phi lm bng phng, cng, khng thm nc,
thng lm bng gch lt, tn hoc g vn ghp. Sn c mi che ma nng. Trc khi trn cn ti
m sn.
- Dng c trn: Xng, co st 3-7 rng, thng ti nc hoa sen, x, hc ong vt liu.
- Cc vt liu: ct, , ximng, nc c chun b cnh sn.
+ K thut trn:
Loi v tnh cht ca kt cu
st (mm)
Ch s cng
m my m tay
- Lp lt di mng hoc nn nh,
nn ng v nn ng bng
0-10 50-40
- Mt ng v ng bng, nn
nh, kt cu khi ln khng v t ct
thp
0-20 20-40 35-25
- Kt cu khi ln c tit din ln v
trung bnh
20-40 40-60 25-15
- Kt cu btng ct thp c mt
thp dy t, tng mng ct dm
bn tit din b
50-80 80-120 12-10
- Cc kt cu bng btng bn 120-200
- Loi vt liu Sai s cho php % theo khi lng
- Ximng v ph gia dng bt
- Ct, dm hoc si
- Nc v ph gia lng
1
3
1
- Trn kh ct vi ximng: ct ong thnh lp mng trng gia, ximng ri u ln
ng ct, sau dng xng trn u, n khi hn hp ct v ximng u mu l c.
- Trn hn hp ct + ximng vi : hoc si ( ong) ri thnh lp 10-15 cm trn sn, ri
hn hp ct, xmng ln trn sau trn u thnh hn hp kh.
- Cui cng cho nc v trn u n khi hn hp ng mu v c st nh qui nh.
+ Thi gian trn mt m btng k t lc trn t khng c qu 20 pht.
Trn btng bng th cng nng sut thp, cht lng thng khng u, cng btng
khng cao bng trn my vi mc btng tng ng thng phi thm 5-15% ximng hoc h
thp t l N/XM mt cch thch hp th cng mi m bo nh trn bng my. V vy ch trn
btng bng th cng khi khng c my trn hoc khi lng btng t.
* Trn btng bng my:
+ My trn btng thng c 2 loi: loi c thng trn nghing c, dung tch t 100-
150 lt, v loi c thng trn khng nghing c, c dung tch 300, 400 n 1200 lt.
+ Nng sut ca my trn btng tnh theo cng thc:
N = (m
3
/h)

Trong : N: nng sut ca my trn (m
3
/h).

e: dung tch thng trn
n: s ci trn trong 1 gi
K
1
: h s thnh phm, K
1
= 0,65-0,72, thng ly K
1
= 0,67

K
2
: h s s dng thi gian cho my, K
2
= 0,9-0,95

Thi gian chu k lm vic ca mt ci trn ph thuc vo dung tch ca my, st ca va,
chu k lm vic ca my trn bao gm:
- ct liu v ximng vo ci.
- Quay ci trn.
- Quay nghing ci trt va btng ra.
- Trt hn hp va.
- Quay tr v v tr c.
+ Cch trn:
- Th tch vt liu a vo thng trn phi ph hp vi dung tch qui nh ca my, khng nn
qu 10% dung tch qui nh.
- u tin cho my chy khng ti mt vi vng ri 15-20% lng nc vo thng, sau
vt liu vo thng trn (bng thng tip liu) ng thi dn v lin tc phn nc cn li v
trn n khi xong.
vt liu kh vo thng tip liu theo th t: mt phn , ct, ximng cui cng
nt lng cn li ln trn.
- Thi gian t nht trn u mt m btng my trn (k t lc ton b vt liu vo my
n lc bt u btng ra) c xc nh theo c trng k thut ca thit b dng trn.
Trng hp khng c cc thng s k thut th thi gian t nht trn u mt m btng c th
tham kho bng 2.3
Bng 2.3: Thi gian trn hn hp btng (pht)
1000
K . K . n . e
2 1
st btng
Dung tch my trn (lt)
< 500 500 - 1000 > 1000
< 10
10 - 50
2
1,5
2,5
2
3
2,5
Theo kinh nghim: btng t c cc tnh cht cn thit thng cho my trn quay
khong 20 vng.
- Thi gian trn btng kh ko di hn btng do nhng khng qu 5 pht.
- Trong qu trnh trn trnh va ximng bm dnh vo thnh trn, c sau 2 gi lm vic cn
vo thng trn ton b ct liu ln v nc ca mt m trn v quay my trn khong 5 pht.
Sau cho ct v ximng vo trn tip theo thi gian qui nh.
- Khi trn btng hin trng cn lu : Nu dng ct m th lng ct tng ln, nu m
ct tng ln 3% th lng ct tng ln 25-30% v lng nc gim i. Vic hiu chnh thnh phn
btng ti hin trng theo nguyn tc khng lm thay i t l N/X ca thnh phn btng thit
k.
d) Vn chuyn hn hp btng:
Sau khi btng c trn xong, phi c vn chuyn ngay n ni bng cc phng tin
vn chuyn th cng, c gii hoc na c gii.
* Cc yu cu v vn chuyn hn hp va btng:
Vn chuyn hn hp btng t ni trn n ni cn m bo cc yu cu sau:
- S dng cc dng c v phng tin vn chuyn hp l, m bo hn hp btng khng b
phn tng. Phng tin vn chuyn phi kn kht khng b chy nc ximng v b mt nc do
gi, nng.
- S dng thit b, nhn lc v phng tin vn chuyn cn b tr ph hp vi khi lng, tc
trn, v m btng.
- Cc phng tin vn chuyn btng phi c hnh dng thch hp khi btng vo khun
khng b ri vi v d ty ra.
- ng vn chuyn phi bng phng m bo cho xe di chuyn d dng.
- Thi gian vn chuyn cng t cng tt, nu ko di s nh hng n cht lng ca btng.
Thi gian vn chuyn c xc nh bng th nghim trn c s thi tit, loi ximng v ph gia s
dng. Nu khng c cc s liu th nghim c th tham kho bng 2.4.

Bng 2.4: Thi gian lu hn hp btng khng c ph gia.
* Cc phng tin vn chuyn:
+ Vn chuyn bng xe y tay: xe ct kt, xe ci tin ch nn dng vn chuyn btng vi c ly
100 mt (nu ln hn nng sut gim nhiu so vi vn chuyn c gii) ng vn chuyn phi
bng phng v cng. Xe ct kt v xe ci tin vn chuyn btng kt hp cc phng tin vn
chuyn ln cao nh: cn trc, my thng ti, cn trc thiu nhi vn chuyn va btng ln cao.
+ Vn chuyn bng dy v thng treo: s dng khi cao gia ming thng treo v mt
btng khong 1,5m, cao khng qu 3m, btng vo thng khng c y qu 90- 95% dung
tch thng, np thng c ng khng chy nc va, khi m btng thot ra d dng.
+ Vn chuyn bng t: khong cch vn chuyn hp l nht l t 1-1,5 km, nn dng loi t
c thng t c th thng btng vo cng trnh (mng), hoc vo thng cha ri dng
cn trc chuyn n v tr cn btng. Hin nay dng ph bin loi t c my trn, phng tin
ny c u im l btng khng b phn tng, khc phc c nhc im v ng s, c li vn
chuyn v thi tit.
> 50 1,0 1,5 2
Nhit (
0
C )

Thi gian vn chuyn cho php ( pht )
> 30
20-30
10-20
5-10
30
45
60
90
+ Vn chuyn bng bng chuyn: dng vn chuyn v btng cho nhng cng trnh c
khi lng btng ln 100-150 m
3
/ca trc tip xung kt cu. C th vn chuyn btng i xa
ti 2 km bng cch ni ghp cc bng chuyn li vi nhau. Yu cu i vi bng chuyn khi vn
chuyn hn hp va btng l:
- Cu to mt lm vic ca bng dng hnh nn, bng chuyn bng cao su, mt bng phi
nghing u khng gp gy t ngt.
- Tc vn chuyn ca bng 1m/s.
- btng vo bng chuyn thc hin qua phu hoc mng btng c ri u. btng
t bng chuyn vo vn khun hoc sang bng chuyn khc nn qua phu hng btng
ri thng ng. Gc nghing ca bng chuyn khng vt qu cc tr s bng 2.5.

Bng 2.5: Gc nghing gii hn ca bng chuyn ()
+ Vn chuyn bng cn trc: Cn trc t, thp hoc cc cn trc khc. Hn hp btng c
cha trong cc thng cha va chuyn dng trc tip vo kt cu hoc cc xe ci tin nh
cc cn trc nng ln v tr . Phng php ny gim c cng vn chuyn trung gian, hiu qu
thi cng cao.
+ Vn chuyn bng my bm btng: my bm btng va vn chuyn btng, va btng
lin tc, di p lc ca my bm lin tc btng c vn chuyn t thng cha ti ni trong
nhng ng thp c ng knh thng thy t 150-283, my bm c th vn chuyn btng theo
ng nm ngang t 200-250m, theo phng thng ng t 30-40m.
Hin nay trong thi cng btng thng dng mt t hp my phc v vn chuyn v
btng gm: my bm btng nm hin trng, cc xe t ch thng trn va ly btng kh
x nghip hoc trm trn sau vn chuyn v ch my bm, trn ng i cho thng trn hot
ng, ti ni trc tip vo my bm.
2.3. btng: (4 tit . Tit th 44-47)
a) Ch dn chung:
+ Trc khi btng cn kim tra ln cui cng vn khun, h thng gio, sn thao tc, ct
thp, chiu dy lp btng bo v, cc b phn chn sn, dn v sinh, sa cha cc khuyt tt, ti
nc mt vn khun (nu l vn khun g)
Khi btng ln lp btng kh trc th phi lm sch btng, ti ln trn mt lp
h ximng ri mi btng mi vo.
Phi c k hoch cung ng va btng lin tc trong mt ca, mt kp.
+ Khi btng phi m bo khng lm sai lch v tr ct thp, vn khun v chiu dy lp
btng bo v ct thp.
+ Khng c t cc vt khc ln ct thp, mun i li trong vng btng phi bc cu ,
cu khng c chm vo ct thp. Trnh btng va chm vo vn khun v ct thp.
b) Chiu cao btng: trnh hin tng phn tng, khi phi gi hng ri thng ng
v gim chiu cao ri t do. Thng thng chiu cao ri t do khng c qu 1,5 n 2m. Trng
hp qu cao phi c mng dn hoc ng vi voi cho btng tun xung u.
c) Chiu dy btng: Chiu dy lp btng ph thuc vo nng sut trm trn, khong
cch vn chuyn, kh nng m, iu kin kh hu, kch thc ca kt cu....

Bng 2.6: Chiu dy ln nht cho php ca mi lp btng.
st
( mm )
Khi vn chuyn btng ln cao
Khi vn chuyn btng
xung thp
< 40
40 - 80
15
15
12
10
Chiu dy btng phi m bo cho khu m btng c tt, lm cho btng c chc.
Nu chiu dy qu ln, nhiu ch khng c m ti hay b st, btng s b rng, r, khng t
cng v khng ng nht. V vy khi btng thnh ng cao, cn phi san ra ri mi m,
ni chung chiu dy ca lp btng khng c qu nhng tr s ghi trong bng 2.6.
d) Mch ngng thi cng: Btng phi lin tc cho n khi hon thnh mt kt cu. Khong
thi gian tm ngng cho php trong khi btng m khng nh hng n cht lng btng c
th tham kho bng sau:
Bng 2.7: Thi gian tm ngng cho php khi btng khng c ph gia (pht).
Trng hp v l do k thut kt cu khng cho php lin tc, hoc v l do t chc khng
diu kin btng lin tc, ngi ta phi btng c mch ngng, ngha l lp btng
sau khi lp btng trc ng cng (i vi btng khng ct thp th phi sau 12 gi mi
c tip, i vi btng c ct thp th phi i btng t cng 1225 kg/cm
2
mi c
tip tc , theo kinh nghim th ma ng l sau 35 ngy, ma h sau 12 ngy). Nhng ch
ngng c b tr nht nh gi l mch ngng thi cng.
Mch ngng thi cng phi t v tr m lc ct v m men un tng i nh, ng thi phi
vung gc vi phng truyn lc nn vo kt cu, hoc nhng ni b bt buc dng do t chc thi
cng. C th trn cc kt cu, v tr mach ngng c b tr nh sau:
+ Ct: b tr mt trn mng, chn dm, chn vai dm cu trc, mt trn dm cu trc .....
+ Tr chng v x cho: b tr mt di hay mt trn ca b phn gi nm gc gia
trchng v x cho.
+ Dm: cch mt di bn 2-3cm, mt di ca gi .
+ Bn: b tr bt k v tr no sao cho hng mch ngng song song vi cnh nh ca bn.
+ Sn sn:
- Nu hng btng song song dm ph th b tr trong khong 1/3 n 2/3 nhp dm ph.
- Nu hng btng song song dm chnh th b tr trong khong 1/3 n 2/3 nhp dm
chnh.
+ Cc kt cu phc tp: v tr mch dng phi c thit k qui nh.
e) X l mch ngng thi cng: Khi btng c mch ngng thi cng th phi x l sao cho
lp btng mi bm cht vo lp btng c m bo tnh lin khi ca kt cu, tin hnh nh
sau:
+ i btng t cng 25 kg/cm
2
mi tip.

+ Trc khi btng phi v sinh mch ngng, dng bn chi st chi sch nhng mng va
trn mt, lm nhm mt btng c, ty sch nhng vt bn, du m, bn t ....sau dng nc
xi ra v ti m ton b mt btng c, ti mc ximng tng s dnh kt.
+ Khi btng phi tin hnh m k m bo tnh lin khi ca kt cu. Sau 3 n 4 gi,
Phng php m Chiu dy ln nht (cm)
1. m trong (m di) 1,25 chiu di phn cng tc ca m
2. m mt (m bn)
- Kt cu khng c ct thp v kt cu c
ct thp n
- Kt cu c ct thp kp

20

12
3. m th cng 20
Nhit trong khi btng Ximng Pooclng Ximng Puzlan
> 30
20 - 30
10 - 20
60
90
135
90
120
180
khi btng se mt th bt u ti nc v gi cho btng m thng xuyn, trnh co ngt
v nt tch gia lp btng c v mi.
g) m btng: m btng l lm cho hn hp btng c c chc, bn trong khng c l
rng.
Yu cu khi m l phi m k, khng b st v m bo thi gian. Nu m khng thi
gian th btng khng c ln cht, c th b rng r; ngc li nu m nhiu qu th btng b
nho ra, xy ra hin tng phn tng.
m btng c th tin hnh bng tay hay bng my.
* m btng bng tay:
+ Dng c m tay thng dngm gang nng t 8 n 10 kg, kt hp vi que st ng knh
12mm; m g, x beng, gy chc bng tre c.
+ Trc khi m phi san bng lp va mi ri m, m u tay, khng m mnh qu s
nh hng n vn khun v ct thp.
+ Khi btng phi lm nhiu lp th phi chc que m su xung lp di 5cm m bo
cc lp lin kt vi nhau. xung quanh vn khun nn dng bn xoa hay que tre xm st vn
khun v g nh bn ngoi vn khun trnh b r mt. m n khi mt btng bt u ni ln
mt lp ximng th dng.
Phng php m tay ch dng cho nhng cng trnh nh v khng c m my.
* m btng bng my:
+ My m btng lm vic theo nguyn l chn ng, khi my gy chn ng lm cho lc ma
st (hay lc dnh) gia cc ht ct liu gim i, do chng c lng xung v ln cht ln nhau,
tao nn c chc cho hn hp btng. ng thi cng do chn ng, va ximng ct s ni ln
b mt hoc dn ra mt vn khun to thnh mt lp bc chc chn trnh c s xm nhp ca
mi trng lm g ct thp.
+ Phng php m bng chn ng c cc u im:
- S dng c cc loi va btng kh nn tit kim c lng ximng t 10 n 15%, t
co ngt ca btng gim, cng , tnh chng thm v kh nng chng xm thc u tng.
- Gim cng lao ng so vi m tay ti 2 ln.
- Btng nhanh t cng nn rt ngn c thi gian tho d vn khun.
+ Cc loi m chn ng thng dng: m chn ng trong (m di), m chn ng ngoi
(m cnh) v m chn ng mt (m bn). Ty theo kch thc, hnh dng kt cu, dy ca
ct thp m chn loi m ph hp.
+ Khi m btng bng my phi tun theo cc qui nh sau:
- Chiu dy mi lp btng m khng c vt qu tr s quy nh.
- Khi m cc kt cu c chiu dy ln hn 20cm, hoc ni c din btng hp th dng
m di. Mi bc ca m a 1,5r; vi r l bn knh nh hng ca m (r = 20 60cm). Dng
m khi thy btng trn b mt m phng, va ximng ni u, cc gc kn, nu thy c nhiu
gn nc c vng trn ng tm quanh m di hoc nc ng thnh vng th hn hp btng
b phn tng. Thi gian m mt ch l 20 40 giy. Khi di chuyn m t v tr ny sang v tr
khc phi rt t t, khng c tt ng c trnh li cc l rng trong btng m.
- Khi m cc kt cu phng c dy nh hn 20cm nn dng m mt. Khi m phi ko t
t, vt m ny ln vt m kia t 5 10cm, m theo hai chiu vung gc vi nhau. Thi gian
m mt ch l 30 50 giy.
- Khi m cc tng v ct th dng m cnh. Vi tng dy di 25cm hoc cc ct c kch
thc nh hn 50x50cm c th t 2 mt i din v rung ng thi. Vi tng dy di 15cm
hoc cc ct c kch thc nh hn 40x40cm th t so le nhau.
h) Bo dng btng:
Btng sau khi v m th bt u ng cng bi tc dng thy ha ca ximng, m tc
dng ny ch c th c tin hnh c nhit v m thch hp. Do vy, m bo
btng c c iu kin ng cng thch hp, ta phi c bin php dng h btng, nht l
trong giai on u th ht sc quan trng m bo cho btng ng cng bnh thng, ngn nga
hin tng thot nc v co ngt.
cng trng thng thng dng phng php dng h t nhin. Phng php ny c tin
hnh trong iu kin nhit bnh thng.
Sau khi btng xong khong 2-3 gi (i vi khi kh hu nng, c gi) hoc 10-20 gi (i
vi khi thi tit lnh di 20
0
C) phi che y mt btng v bt u ti nc. Khi che y mt
btng c th dng rm r, bao ti, mt ca hay ct. Khi ti nc tt nht l dng cch phun,
khng c ti nc trc tip ln mt btng khi btng mi ng cng.
Thi gian ti nc dng h khng c t hn qui nh bng sau y:
Bng 2.8: Thi gian ti nc dng h btng theo TCVN 5529 - 1991
Trong : R
th
BD - Cng bo dng ti hn

T
CT
BD - Thi gian bo dng cn thit

Vng A: T Din Chu - Ngh An tr ra
Vng B: Pha ng Trng Sn t Din Chu n Bnh Thun.
Vng C: Ty Nguyn v Nam b
S ln ti nc sao cho b mt btng lun m t, c th ly nh sau:
+ Vi ximng pooclng: Trong iu kin kh hu bnh thng, khi nhit trn 15
0
C th trong
7 ngy u phi ti nc thng xuyn gi m, ban ngy t nht 3 gi ti mt ln, ban
m t nht l 2 ln, nhng ngy sau th mi ngy ti 3 ln, nu kh hu hanh kh phi tng s
ln ti nc.
+ Vi ximng Puzlan: Trong 7 ngy u phi ti nc thng xuyn gi m, sau 7
ngy th ban ngy c 3 gi ti 1 ln, ban m t nht 2 ln cho n ngy th 14, sau mi
ngy m ti t nht 3 ln cho n ngy th 28.
Khi dng h cn ch :
- Trong mi trng hp phi khng cho btng trng mt.
- Nc dng ti phi tha mn cc yu cu k thut nh nc trn btng;
- Khi dng ct, bao ti ph th thi gian cch qung gia 2 ln ti c th di hn, c th ly
bng 1,5 ln thi gian qui nh trn.
- Cc mt btng c din tch nm ngang ln c th xy be b xung quanh v mt lp nc
vo ngm.
- Trong qu trnh dng h khng c va chm mnh vo vn khun v gin gio.
2.4. b tng cc b phn cng trnh thng gp : (0.5 tit . Tit th 48)
- b tng mng
- b tng ct, dm, sn.
- b tng b nc
2.5. Nghim thu sn phm btng: (0.5 tit . Tit th 48)
+ Khi nghim thu cc kt cu btng v btng ct thp ti ch, cn kim tra qua tt c cc
Vng kh hu bo
dng btng
Tn ma Thng R
th
BD (%R28)

T
CT
BD (ngy
m)
Vng A
H 4 - 9 50-55 3
ng 10 - 3 45-50 4
Vng B
Kh 2 - 7 55-60 4
Ma 8 - 1 35-40 2
Vng C
Kh 12 - 4 70 6
Ma 5 - 11 30 1
khu t khi chun b vt liu, ch to hn hp, to hnh n vic dng h btng.
- Kim tra cht lng vt liu sn xut btng, cht lng ct thp v cc iu kin bo qun
vt liu .
- Kim tra s chun b cc b phn ca cng trnh (nn mng, vn khun, gin gio, t ct
thp v cc chi tit ch sn....).
- Kim tra cht lng ca btng trong cc giai on: ch to hn hp, vn chuyn hn hp, to
hnh sn phm, bo dng sn phm, thi hn tho d vn khun, thi hn cho kt cu chu lc
tng phn v ton phn.
- Kim tra cng ca btng phi ly mu th nghim, mi nhm th nghim gm 3 mu ly
cng mt lc, cng mt ch, s lng nhm mu qui nh nh sau:
. Vi mng ln ca cng trnh c 100m
3
btng ly mt nhm mu nhng khng t hn
mt nhm mu cho mt khi mng.
. Vi mng ln ca thit b c th tch ln hn 50m
3
, th c 50m
3
b tng ly mt nhm
mu, nhng vn phi ly mt nhm mu cho mt khi mng c th tch nh hn 50m
3
.

+ nghim thu cc kt cu hon thnh cn phi kim tra cc mt sau:
- Cht lng btng theo yu cu cng , khi cn thit phi xc minh theo chng thm v
cc ch tiu khc.
- Cht lng b mt btng.
- Cc l rnh cn cha theo thit k.
- S lng v chnh xc cc v tr ca nhng b phn t sn theo thit k.
- S lng v cht lng cc mi ni bin dng.
- Hnh dng b ngoi v kch thc hnh hc ca cc cu kin.
- V tr ca kt cu (k c tim v cao).
- Sai lch cho php v kch thc v v tr ca cc kt cu btng v btng ct thp khng
c vt qu tr s bng sau:
Bng 2.9. Sai lch cho php ca kt cu ti ch
Tn sai lch Tr s cho php
(mm)
1. lch ca cc mt phng v cc ng ct nhau ca cc
mt phng so vi ng thng ng hoc so vi nghing
thit k:
a. Trn 1m chiu cao kt cu
b. Trn ton b chiu cao thit k
- Mng
- Tng cp pha c nh v ct lin vi sn
- Kt cu khung ct
- Cc kt cu thi cng bng cp pha trt hoc cp pha leo

5

20
15
10
1/500 chiu cao
cng trnh v
khng vt qu
100mm
2. lch ca b tng so vi mt phng ngang:
a. Tnh cho 1m mt phng v bt c hng no
b. Trn ton b mt cng trnh

5
20
3. Sai lch ca mt phng btng trn cng so vi thit k khi
kim tra bng thc di 2m p st mt b tng
8
4. Sai lch theo chiu di hoc nhp ca cc kt cu 20

2.6 Nhng sai phm thng gp v cch sa cha (1 tit . Tit th 49)
a. Nhng sai phm thng gp
+ Trn btng khng ng liu lng: Thng xy ra khi cn ong cc thnh phn vt liu. Do
vy, cn cn ong bng cc dng c ng qui nh, khng nn ty tin thm bt vt liu nu khng
c s ng ca thit k.
+ btng qu thi gian cho php v khng lin tc: Xy ra khi b tr dy chuyn sn xut
khng tt (trn btng qu nhiu, v m khng kp), do mt in hoc do h hng vn khun,
ct thp bt ng phi dng li sa cha. Khi btng b dng t ngt phi nh xm b mt
lp trc m bo lin kt tt vi lp sau.
+ Cng khng t mc thit k: Do khng m bo ng liu lng cp phi, trn khng
u, m khng k, dng h khng ng qui nh.
+ Khng m bo chiu dy ca lp btng: Hin tng ny thng xy ra khi btng mng
v sn, v khng c bin php kim tra v khng ch chiu dy. Khi kch thc tng ln khng ch
gy lng ph vt liu m cn lm tng ti trng cho cng trnh.
+ Btng b r hoc b xp: Sai phm ny rt ph bin trn cc cng trnh. Btng b r mt
ngoi l ct thp ra, hoc b xp su vo trong. Ct thp b h s d b han g, kt cu c th b
nt. S dnh kt gia btng v ct thp gim. Btng xp s khng m bo c chc, lm
gim kh nng chu lc v nc d thm qua.
Nguyn nhn lm btng b r hoc b xp c th l: m khng k, va ximng cha bao
quanh si, vn khun khng kn kht, nc ximng b chy i, ct thp dy nhng khng ch m
chc k, hoc dng si qu to, m st hay chiu cao ln gy nn hin tng phn tng.
+ Kt cu btng b rn nt: Hin tng ny thng xy ra b mt btng c din tch ln,
cc khe nt lm gim kh nng chng thm ca cng trnh v to iu kin hi nc xm nhp
lm h hi ct thp. Nguyn nhn ch yu l do s co ngt qu ln ca btng, do khng m bo
ng nhng qui nh v dng h btng, hoc khng ch nhit khi btng khng tt, ngoi
ra cn c th do t sai v tr ct thp.
b. Cch sa cha nhng h hng ca kt cu btng ct thp
Khi sa cha, cn xc nh r tnh trng, nguyn nhn h hng, xc nh phm vi v mc h
hng, t chn nhng phng php thch hp.
+ X l ch hng trc khi sa cha:
Trc khi sa cha, nht thit phi c b phn btng b h hng, nhng trnh gy h hng
phn btng ln cn.
Khi c btng, phi c thnh mch nhm hnh rng ca, c nhng gc nhn gn vi
btng mi c chc chn. Vng c i phi c vch thng gc (nu trn mt bng phi hnh
thnh nhng h c vch thng ng), ng thi mp vch phi tng i thng, trnh nhp nh.
Khi c xong cn phi ra sch v ti t b mt c, thng thng khong 2-3 gi trc
khi , phi ti nc lin tc cho ch lun t, nu ch h hng c ct thp l ra, phi ty
g cho ct thp (tt nht l dng cch phun ct ). Nu sa cha btng mi do b r, hng ...th
phi sa cha ngay trong vng 24 gi sau khi d vn khun m bo dnh chc vi nhau gia
lp btng mi v c.
+ Cc phng php sa cha: Ty theo din tch, kch thc v b su h hng m chn
phng php sa cha thch hp, cc phng php thng dng nh:
Sa cha bng cch btng: S dng khi ch h hng c dng hnh hang hc chy sut
mt ct hoc n su vo ct thp, khi lng p v tng i ln, vng btng mi b r ln.
Trc ht c phn btng b h hng, dng bn chi st ch xt hoc dng vi phun ct thi
5. Sai lch tit din ngang ca cc b phn kt cu 8
6. Sai lch v tr v cao ca cc chi tit lm gi ta cho cc
kt cu thp hoc kt cu btng ct thp lp ghep
5
sch ri xi nc ra sch. Ri mt lp va ximng ct mng di 3cm, sau btng v
li.
Sa cha bng btng p va: Phm vi s dng cng ging nh cch btng. Sau khi c
b phn btng h hng, ta nhi y ct liu ln c cp phi nht nh vo v tr, p mt lt nc
sch lm t ct liu v khai thng ng p va, sau p va ximng ct vo to thnh
btng.
Phng php ny c u im l s dnh kt gia btng c v btng mi rt tt, lng co ngt
gim. Trong qu trnh p, thnh phn va khng thay i, p lc phi m bo p y vo cc khe
rng ca ct liu trong thi gian tng i ngn, qu trnh p va phi lin tc, kt hp vi m
cnh nng cao cht lng v ci thin b mt ca btng. Sau khi p xong cn duy tr p lc
nht nh trc khi va ng kt s b.
Sa cha bng btng phun va: S dng khi lp btng h hng rt mng.
Dng dng kh p lc cao v tc ln phun va ximng ct ln b mt btng b hng sau
khi c ht phn btng long l v xi ra bng nc cao p.
Sau khi phun xong phi dng h cn thn. Nhng ngy u khng nn ti nc qu nhiu
trnh lm tri va va mi phun.
Sa cha bng phng php trt va c: Dng sa btng mi nh l bulng, bt
nhng hang hc nh nhng su.
Phng php ny c u im l dng c n gin, cng phn v sa cao v khng sinh co
ngt.
Khi trt phi trt theo tng lp mit nn c cht, chiu dy mi lp khong 1cm, mi lp
trt cn c nn bng v v thanh g cng. C th v lin tc t lp ny sang lp khc, nu thy
c hin tng nho th dng li ch khong 30 40 pht sau v tip. Khi v y cn ly mt
thanh g cng y ln mt ri dng v g ln thanh g cho mt va phng nhn.
Khng c p v li ln, khng dng st hoc dng nc lng mt.
Sa cha mt btng b rn nt: Trc khi sa cha phi ty sch vt bn xung quanh ch h
hng. Nu ch bt kn khe nt th cch lm v sa cha nh i vi khe co gin., vt liu gm nha
ng, cao su...Khi sa cha c th dng vt liu tng i long hoc tm cch c l rng khe
nt ra mt cht ri trt kn. Nu phi khi phc tnh cht lin khi ca kt cu th c th p va hay
dng keo epoxit trt vo khe nt.
c. Gia c v sa cha cc kt cu b h hng
+ Nhng nguyn nhn c bn gy ra h hng:
- Do nhng hot ng ca chin tranh, cc cng trnh c th b h hng ton b hoc tng phn.
- Do cc tai bin ca thin nhin nh gi bo, ng t...
- Do s dng khng ng chc nng ca thit k, cng trnh b vt ti.
- Do c nhiu l nhng bc tng chu lc trong qu trnh s dng.
- Do nhng sai st trong qu trnh thit k v thi cng.
Mun s dng cng trnh ta phi tin hnh kim tra mc h hng, kh nng chu ti ca kt
cu ra phng php sa cha, khc phc.
+ Cc phng php gia cng: Vic la chn phng php gia cng ph thuc vo:
- Loi kt cu cn gia cng.
- Mc h hng ca kt cu.
- S lng kt cu cn c gia cng.
- V tr kt cu cn c gia cng.
- Loi vt liu dng gia cng.
- Ti trng s dng v vic khai thc khng gian m c cc kt cu cn c gia cng.
- iu kin kin trc v nhng i hi v khng gian.
Phng php gia cng c th chia ra thnh 2 nhm:
Nhm 1: Gia cng bng cch lm cc kt cu mi hot ng c lp, khng c s tham gia
ca cc kt cu c.
Phng php ny tin hnh n gin khi thit k v sa cha nhng t v khng tn dng
c kt cu c, mt khc lm gim khng gian s dng.
Nhm 2: Gia cng bng cch tng cng kh nng chu ti trng ca kt cu c, c th tin
hnh theo 2 hng:
- Khng thay i s lm vic ca kt cu c: lm cc v bc bng btng li thp, b sung
thp chu lc, gn v...(ty theo loi kt cu v mc h hng ca n).
- Thay i s lm vic ca kt cu: Tng thm cc gi cng nh ct, cc gi tam gic
kiu chng xin, cc gi hnh thang kiu ging xin, gia cng cc kt cu btng ct thp bng
cch thm cc gi n hi (dm btng ct thp t pha di hoc t pha trn
treo...).
+ Nhng nguyn tc gia cng v sa cha kt cu:
Nu kt cu btng ct thp b h hng do thiu ct thp hoc ct thp b h hng cn phi b
sung ct thp hoc hn thm ct thp vo ct thp c.
Ct thp c b sung khng kt hp vi ct thp c bng cc ng hn, th ch c th cng
lm vic khi btng mi v c lin kt vi nhau (v d nh v bc ct h hng bng btng li
thp).
Ct thp mi hn vo ct thp c v nm lp btng mi bo m s lm vic khng nhng
nh s dnh kt tt gia lp lt btng mi v c, m trc ht nh ng hn chu lc gia ct
thp mi v c.
S kt hp lm vic gia lp btng gia cng v kt cu c (c gia cng) cn phi bo
m cho s lm vic ca kt cu nh l mt kt cu ton khi, s kt hp ny hon ton thc hin
c nu tin hnh ng qui trnh k thut.
Nhiu th nghim v thc t chng minh rng, kt cu btng ct thp c sa cha c th
phc hi y chc nng vi iu kin c y s lng ct thp tnh ton v phn btng b
thiu ht hay b h hng c b sung.
m bo kh nng chu ti ca kt cu sau khi gia cng v sa cha, khi tin hnh cn phi
tha mn nhng iu kin sau:
- Mc btng mi gia cng cao hn mc btng c ca kt cu cn c gia cng.
- V tr tip gip gia btng mi v btng c phi c chn ng.
- Phi c bin php tng cng kh nng dnh kt gia btng mi v c.
- Tng tit din btng trong vng chu nn v tr c m men un ln nht.
Ch :
. V tr tip gip gia btng mi v c cn phi c chun b chu o, nh nhm bng ba
c rng, chi sch bng bn chi st, trc khi btng phi dng nc ra sch, sau ph ln
mt lp va ximng ct vng mc cao ri mi btng.
. Sau khi , btng phi c bo dng theo ng qui phm k thut btng t cng
thit k.
- Khi tin hnh sa cha phi c h thng chng m bo an ton v trnh hin tng
chuyn v ca kt cu.
2.7. An ton trong cng tc thi cng btng. (1 tit . Tit th 50)
a. An ton khu vc lm vic
+ Ni lm vic phi kh ro, ng i li vn chuyn thun tin khng b vng, khi dng vn
lm cu ln xung th chiu dy vn 4cm, ng g ngang lm bc, khng c phng v dng
vn mc.
+ Khi lm vic vo ban m phi nh sng treo cao ng i li, cu thang ln xung v
ni btng, nhng ni cm cn phi c n bo hiu nguy him.
+ Khng c leo theo gio ln xung ni lm vic, phi c cu thang ring chc chn v
cch v t lm vic t nht l 80cm. Cm khng c ht thuc khi lm vic v ngh ngi trn gin
gio.
+ Khng c ly gch hoc nhng dng c khng m bo k lt di gio.
+ Nhng ni btng cao hn 2m phi lm gin gio c lan can.
+ Khi btng sn phi lm chn nga thp lt vn lm ng i li v vn chuyn btng
n ni , chn nga phi chc chn, khng dng gch thay chn nga. Nu ko btng bng
l cha sn trn sn hoc trn nh th khi ngh phi dng vn y li v khng c ngi ngh ti
, ngi ng nhn vt liu ti phi eo dy an ton, khng ng trn sn vng tho vt
chng di btng. Khng c ngi trn hai mp vn khun m btng, m phi
ng trn sn cng tc v phi c dy an ton.
+ Khi ang btng th khng c i li pha di, phi c bin bo cm.
+ Khi btng ni c dc trn 300 phi c dy an ton.
+ Khng c gnh btng i trn ng, nu dng rng rc vn chuyn va ln cao th khi
x ang th xung khng c gnh btng vo.
b. An ton khi s dng dng c, vt liu:
+ Phi kim tra dng c k cng, nu c hin tng h hng th khng c dng, khng c
vt dng c hay nhng trang b t trn cao xung m phi chuyn theo dy hoc chuyn tay mang
xung. Sau khi btng xong phi thu xp dng c gn gng v ra sch, khng c vt ba bi
hay btng kh cng trn nhng c .
Bao ximng khng c chng cao qu 2m, ch c chng 10 bao, khng c da vo
tng, phi cch tng t 0,6 - 1m lm li i li.
c. An ton khi vn chuyn btng.
Cc ng vn chuyn btng trn cao cho cc xe th s u phi c che chn cn thn. Khi
vn chuyn bng bng ti th gc nghing ca bng ti khng qu 20
0
, lp btng trn bng phi c
dy t nht l 10cm, vic lm sch nhng ng lm bng cao su v cc b phn khc ch c
tin hanh khi my ngng lm vic.
Ch vn chuyn va btng trn bng ti t di ln trn, ht sc hn ch vn chuyn ngc
chiu t trn xung.
Khi bng ti chuyn ln hoc xung phi tun theo tnh hiu qui nh.
Vn chuyn va ln cao thng dng thng c y ng m, ng btng ri dng cn trc
a ln cao, thng vn chuyn phi bn chc, khng d nc, d ng m. Khi a thng n phu
, khng c a qua u cng nhn btng. Tc quay ngang v a ln cao phi chm
va phi sao cho lc no dy treo thng cng gn nh thng ng. Ch khi no thng btng
trong t th n nh v cch ming phu mt khong 1m mi c m y thng. Nu dng cn
trc hay lvat vn chuyn va btng ln cao th khu vc lm vic phi ro li trong phm vi
3m
2
, c bng cm khng cho ngi khng c nhim v qua li, ban m phi c n bo ngay trn
bng cm.
d. An ton khi v m btng.
Khi btng theo cc mng nghing hoc theo ng vi voi cn phi kp cht my v thng
cha vo vn khun, gio hoc ct thp trnh b dt t khi va chuyn ng.
Khi va btng cao trn 3m khng c che chn, phi eo dy an ton. Thi cng ban
m phi c n chiu sng.
Cng nhn san m btng phi i ng cao su cch nc, cch in, mc qun o phng h,
eo gng tay i m cng.
e. An ton khi dng h btng.
Cng nhn phi c sc khe, quen tro cao, khng c b tr nhng ngi thiu mu, au thn
kinh v ph n c thai lm vic ny.
Khi ti btng ngoi tri nng phi i m nn, i dy dp, khi ti btng trn cao m khng
c gin gio th eo dy an ton.
**. Bi tp . (4 tit . Tit th 51,52,53,54)
bi tp v cch hng dn: xem tp bi tp thc hnh.
**. Kim tra bi nh k s 2 . (1 tit . Tit th 55)
(Chn 01 trong cc cu hi sau)
1. Cu 1: Phn tch cc yu cu v gia cng, kt cu v lp dng vn khun.
2. Cu 2: Phn tch phng php lp dng vn khun dm (c v hnh)
3. Cu 3: Phn tch cc ni dung v tho d vn khun.
4. Cu 4: Phn tc tc dng ca thp trong BTCT.
5. Cu 5: Phn tch cc ni dung gia cng ct thp.
6. Cu 6: Phn tch cng tc trn v vn chuyn va btng.
7. Cu 7: Phn tch s lc cc ni dung khi btng.
CHNG 3
CNG TC XY
************************
I. VT LIU DNG TRONG CNG TC XY (1 tit . Tit th 56)
Vt liu dng trong cng tc xy gm c gch, v va. Khi xy gch l mt
loi kt cu to thnh do vic lin kt cc vin gch li vi nhau bng cc loi va.
Sau khi va ng cng, cc vin gch hoc lin kt li vi nhau to thnh mt khi
thng nht.
1. thin nhin:
+ thin nhin l nhng khi bao gm mt hay nhiu loi khong vt khc nhau
cu to nn.
+ Vt liu thin nhin c khai thc t thin nhin v c gia cng bng tay
hoc bng my (nh: p v, ca x, mi...) hoc khng qua gia cng m trc tip xy
dng cc cng trnh.
+ Ngy nay, tuy d c b tng v thp nhng vn c s dng rng ri v a
thch v:
- Cng chu nn ca tng i cao.
- Bn vng trong mi trng thin nhin.
- p, trang tr tt, r m li c nhiu trong thin nhin
2. Gch:
Gch dng xy bao gm cc loi sau:
+ Gch t st nung: c sn xut bng cch nho trn vi nc c va t st
do sau p khun thnh gch mc, phi kh, cho vo l nung nhit cao. Sau
khi nung ta c sn phm gch. Thng c hai loi gch l gch c v gch rng.
- Gch c: Gch c thng dng c gch my v gch gia cng bng th cng.
Kch thc tiu chun ca vin gch l: 220x105x60, gch thng c mc t 50200.
Gch my thng c mc 75, gch th cng c mc cao nht l 100. Gch c c
ht nc Hp<5%. Gch c thng c dng xy cc b phn ch yu ca cng
trnh.
- Gch rng: Thng c loi 2 l, 4 l hoc 6 l dc. Mc gch c th t t 75100
kg/cm
2
. Gch rng c u im l trng lng bn thn nh, tnh cch m, cch nhit
tt.
* Gch nung c u im l cng chu nn kh cao, n nh di tc dng ca
thi tit, nguyn liu d kim, d to hnh, gi thnh r...
+ Gch khng nung: gm gch ximng ct, ximng vi x ct (gch x). Gch c
kch thc bng t 16 vin gch ch. thng dng xy tng ngn v cng trnh
tm, cng chu nn khng cao, kh nng chu xm thc ca mi trung km.
+ Gch c bit: l loi gch c tnh cht v cng dng c bit nh: gch chu la,
gch chu axit. Loi gch ny c sn xut dng xy dng nhng cng trnh c
bit.
3. Cht kt dnh:
Thng l nhng cht bt khi trn vi nc to thnh h do, di tc dng ca
cc qu trnh l ha phc tp xy ra, dn dn mt tnh do v tr thnh mt khi rn
chc nh .
Da vo tnh cht v kh nng rn chc ca n, ngi ta chia cht kt dnh ra lm
hai loi chnh: loi rn trong nc v loi rn trong khng kh.
- Loi rn trong nc l cht kt dnh v c khi trn vi nc n c th rn chc,
pht trin v duy tr cng khng ch trong khng kh m ngay c trong nc.
V d: Vi nc, xi mng Poc-lng, xi mng Pu z lan, xi mng Aluminat...
- Loi rn trong khng kh l cht kt dnh v c sau khi trn vi nc ch c th
rn chc, pht trin v duy tr cng trong khng kh.
V d: Thch cao, vi, ximng Manhht, thy tinh nc...
4. Va xy dng:
4.1.Tc dng ca va:
Va l thnh phn quan trng trong khi xy gch , va c tc dng gn kt cc
vin gch vi nhau thnh mt khi theo hnh dng, kch thc thit k, lm cho lc
phn b gia cc vin gch mt cch u n, va chn kn mch gia cc vin gch
lm cho gi khng la qua khi xy.
4.2. Cc loi va xy: trong khi xy gch thng dng cc loi va: va vi,
va ximng, va tam hp...
- Va vi: Thnh phn gm c: Vi + ct + nc, va vi c cng thp,
thng ch to va vi c cng 2; 4.Va vi thng c xy ni kh ro, yu
cu chu lc thp.
- Va tam hp: Thnh phn gm c: Vi + ct + ximng + nc, c do cao
nhng chu m km. thng c mc 10; 25; 50; 75; 100. Va tam hp dng xy
nhng ni kh ro, xy tng.
- Va ximng: Thnh phn gm c: Ct + ximng + nc. Va ximng c cng
cao hn c, chu c nc v ni m t, nhng do km hn. Thng c mc
25; 50; 75; 100; 125; 150. Va ximng dng xy mng, xy tng tr, xy cun
vm.
4.3. Nhng yu cu c bn i vi va xy: Khi sn xut va xy phi m bo:
- Mc va phi theo yu cu thit k.
- Sai lch khi ong lng phi liu so vi thnh phn va khng ln hn 1% i
vi nc v ximng, khng ln hn 5% i vi ct.
- do theo qui nh thit k.
- ng u theo thnh phn v mu sc.
nng cao do v kh nng gi nc ca va, trong thnh phn ca va cho
thm cc cht ph gia do theo ch dn ca th nghim v ch dn ca thit k.
4.4. Trn va xy:
+ Trn hn hp va bng th cng: Va c trn trn sn trn bng phng,
khng thm nc, sn phi rng cng nhn thao tc d dng. Dng c trn gm hc
ong vt liu, thng cha nc, thng ti doa, co, xng, cuc...dng c phi sch
khng bm t v va c.
Cch trn:Trn u ximng vi ct ri nh thnh hc ( trng gia). Ha h
vi vi nc thnh nc vi. nc vi (hoc nc nu trn va ximng ct) vo
hc v trn u cho n khi hn hp va ng mu. Trn xong nh gn thnh ng,
nu c s dng ph gia ha do th phi ha ph gia vo nc.
+ Trn hn hp va bng my: Tin hnh theo trnh t sau: u tin cho my quay
khng, sau nc vo thng trn, ri ct liu, cht kt dnh, ph gia vo my.
Ch ngng trn sau khi hn hp va ng nht. Thi gian trn khng nh hn 2 pht.
Khi va c ph gia ha do hu c, th trc ht phi trn ph gia vi nc khong
30-45 giy, sau mi cho cc loi vt liu khc vo my.
* Ch :
- Th tch vt liu a vo my khng vt qu th tch cho php ca mi loi
thng trn.
- Phi thng xuyn kim tra my trn, khng va kh cng bm trong thng.
II. CC PHNG PHP XY (3 tit . Tit th 57,58,59)
1. Nguyn tc xy:
m bo khi xy n nh, khi xy cn m bo cc nguyn tc k thut sau:
+ Lc tc dng ln khi xy phi vung gc vi mt phng chu lc phng cc
lp gch xy trt ln nhau. Tc l vin gch phi t nm vung gc vi lc tc dng,
nhng khi ti trng thng ng th mt lp xy phi nm ngang.
Nu c mt lc P tc dng ln mt lp xy di mt gc a (hnh 3.1), thnh phn
nm ngang P.sina ca lc s lm dch chuyn cc vin gch. chng li lc trt ny
ta phi c:
P.sina f.P.cosa (3-1)
Trong : f - l h s ma st
T (3-1) ta c tga f, tc l gc nghing ca lc tc dng phi khng ln hn h s
ma st th vin gch xy mi n nh.
+ Mch va khng c trng nhau. nu b trng mch khi xy s b nt, b ln
khng u, v s xy ra hin tngc phn tng b nghing so vi phn khc do lc
tc dng ln bc tng khng u nhau.
+ Ngoi ra khi xy cn phi m bo:
- Chiu ngang phi tht bng phng.
P
P.cosa
P.sina
a
Hnh 3.1
- Chiu ng phi thng ng.
- Mt khi xy phi phng, khng li lm, khng nghing lch.
- Gc xy phi vung, sc cnh (tr cc cc trng hp gc xy l gc t hay gc
nhn theo thit k).
- Khi xy phi c chc.
C th tm tt nh sau: Khi xy phi ngang bng - thng ng - mt phng - gc
vung - mch khng trng - thnh mt khi c chc.
2. Cc yu cu k thut khi xy:
+ Trc khi xy, nu gch kh qu phi ti nc m bo gch khng ht
nc ca va v lin kt tt.
+ Khi xy phi bt m, cng dy v xy theo dy m bo khi xy ngang bng.
Khi xy ch c php m git, khng m nanh.
+ Trong khi xy khng c g mnh vo gch, v g mnh gch v phi nhc ra
xy li. Xy vin sau khng c g iu chnh vin trc. Lp di cn iu chnh
phi nhc ra xy li.
+ Khi pht hin ra tng xy khng ngang bng th phi iu chnh dn bng cch
tng mch va pha thp, khng n tng mch va qu dy hoc mch va nghing.
+ Khi xy cc bc tng mng v cao, cn xy lm nhiu t lp va cc lp
di t cng nht nh mi chu c sc nng ca tng pha trn.
+ Nu xy tip ln tng c, phi lm sch tng c trc khi xy nh: co sch
ru mc, ra sch v ti nc ri mi xy.
+ Sau khi xy xong: Khng c va chm, i li hoc vt liu ln tng mi
xy.
3. Cch xp gch trong khi xy:
3.1. K thut xy tng gch: Khi xy tng thng c mt s kiu xp gch nh
sau:
+ Xp 1 dc - 1 ngang: C xp mt lp gch theo hng dc th li xp mt lp gch
theo hng ngang, k tip nhau nh vy. Cch ny c u im l khng b trng mch,
cht lng khi xy cao nhng c nhc im l xp gch phc tp, thao tc ca th
phi thay i thng xuyn nn nng sut thp. Phng php ny t dng.
+ Xp 3 dc - 1 ngang hoc 5 dc - 1 ngang: thng gp khi xy tng thng c b
dy t 220 tr ln. Cch xp ny n gin, t thay i thao tc nn va m bo cht
lng khi xy va nng sut cao. Nhc im l mch va dc trng 3 n 5 hng
gch.
Trong khi xy, cc hng gch t nm ngang phi l nhng vin gch nguyn v
phi m bo xy hng di cng v hng trn cng, xy trong cc b phn nh ra
ca kt cu khi xy (g, ai).
+ Xp gch ton dc: Gp trong trng hp xy tng 110.
+ Xp gch ton ngang: xy cc kt cu c dng hnh trn nh ng khi, ging
nc.. ..
3.2. K thut xy ct tr bng gch: Ni chung c hai loi tr l tr c lp v tr
lin tng, thng thng c sau 2 hng gch xy, cch xp gch li c lp li
+ Xp gch khi xy tr c lp:

+ Xp gch khi xy tr lin tng: Tng t nh tr c lp
3.3. Mt s sai s cho php trong khi xy tng v tr: Khi xy tng v tr c
th do nguyn nhn no dn n sai lch so vi quy nh ca thit k. Nhng sai
lch d nhin l khng ln lm, ngha l khng phi ph i lm li. Ty theo tnh
cht ca cng trnh m sai s cho php c khc nhau.
+ Bc tng cao 3 n 4 mt th nghing khng qu 10mm.
+ Ct gch v cc gc tng (khng k cao thp) nghing 8mm.
+ Cc l cha li trong tng (nh ca s, ca i) nghing 10mm.
3.4. K thut xy mt s b phn cng trnh khc bng gch.
a. Xy lanh t:
Lanh t gch thng c dng: Lanh t bng, lanh t va (va ng, va hnh qut,
va hnh nm ..). lanh t xy cun (cun trn, cun bn nguyt ). Lanh t ni chung lm
vic nh mt cu kin chu un, xy va hc xy cun u nhm chuyn trng thi chu
lc t un sang nn. Vt liu dng xy lanh t gm gch v va; gch phi chn k,
xy bng gch nguyn, gch phi m bo tiu chun k thut. Va xy c mc theo
ch dn ca thit k nhng khng nh hn mc 25. Khi xy thc hin theo trnh t sau:
+ Lm khun chng: khi xy n chiu cao t lanh t th dng li lp vn khun
v chng. i vi lanh t cun, vn khun phi m bo to ng cong theo thit
k.
+ Cch xy:
- Lanh t xy bng: trn vn khun chng dnh ri mt lp va xi mng dy 23
cm, n su vo mi bn tng 25 30 cm, ri t ct thp c ng knh 6mm, hai
u un mc k gi vo tng mt on 25 cm, s lng thp theo thit k nhng
khng t hn 3 thanh. t ct thp xong th tri mt lp va xi mng mng ln, sau
tin hnh xy lanh t. Chiu cao lanh t tng ng 56 hng gch xy, hai u n
su vo mng tng 2 bn t nht 0,2 m.
- Lanh t xy va: i vi lanh t xy va phi c mch va hnh nm, u di
mch va c chiu dy t nht 5mm, u trn khng dy hn 25mm, phi xy ng thi
t 2 u dn vo gia, vin gch kha phi nm chnh gia lanh t (trc chnh gia
lanh t chia i vin gch kha).
Lp 1 Lp 2 Lp 1 Lp 2
Lp 2 Lp 1
a) Tr 220x220 b) Tr 220x330
c) Tr 450x450
Lp 1 Lp 2
e) Tr 330x450
Lp 1 Lp 2
d) Tr 330x330
- Lanh t xy cun: Xy bng gch hnh nm th mch va thng, nu xy bng
gch thng th phi xy mch va hnh nm, chiu dy ca mch va nm trong mt
gii hn nht nh, vnh ngoi chiu dy ca mch va khng ln hn 20mm, vnh
trong khng nh hn 5mm. Trc vin gch v trc mch va hng vo tm cun. Khi
xy, phi xy t hai u dn vo gia.Khi xy lanh t cun nhp ln, nu khng xy
xong mt t, c php b tr mch ngng cch 2 u ca lanh t 1 cung chn gc
tm 30
0
. Phn vnh cung chn cn li phi xy ht trong t tip theo.

+ Tho vn khun: Thi gian tho vn khun lanh t ph thuc vo mc va v
nhit mi trng, thi gian tho khng nh hn tr s ghi trong bng (3-1)
Bng 3.1 Thi gian gi lanh t trong vn khun
b. Xy vm, v mng
Ngi ta c th lm sn, mi nh bng cch xy vm, v mng. Thng c loi
vm, v cong mt chiu hoc hai chiu.
Vt liu xy vm v: Phi dng gch c kch thc tiu chun v la chn k,
gch khng b nt, v, cong vnh. Va xy c th dng va xi mng v va tam hp,
mc theo yu cu thit k nhng khng nh hn mc 25 (v ch nn dng va ximng
poclng). Trnh t tin hnh nh sau:
+ Lm khun chng: Sau khi xy xong phn tng chn vm, v, th dng li
tin hnh lp vn khun v chng . H thng vn khun phi c kt cu vng chc,
chu ti trng u nhau. Ct chng phi t trn cc nm g, hay hp ct kh, hoc
dng ct thp ng c chn chng iu chnh c trnh by vn khun xy vm mt
chiu.
+ Cch xy: Khi xy xong phn tng chn vm: t nht 7 ngy sau mi bt u
xy vm v v mng. Trc khi xy phi kim tra ln cui cng chnh xc ca vn
khun. Gch xy phi ngm nc k, da vo c gch chia trc ln vn khun (t
nh xung chn) v iu chnh cho chn vin gch.Tin hnh xy t 2 bin vm ln
nh (nu xy gch thng th mch va hnh nm), chiu dy mch va pha trn
khng ln qu 25, pha di khng nh hn 5, cc mch va phi ng u v c
chc. Trc vin gch xy v trc mch va phi hng vo tm vm, v. Nu xy bng
va ximng th phi bo dng trong 3 ngy u sau khi xy xong.
mt s vm, v cong mt chiu v hai chiu c khu ln thng c thm dy
cng chng lc p. Vic cng dy ko tin hnh ngay sau khi xy xong khi xy v
trc khi tho d vn khun.
+ Tho d vn khun: Sau khi xy xong vm, v mng thi hn gi vn khun 7
ngy khi nhit > 10
0
. Khi nhit bng: 510
0
C th thi hn trn ko di 1,5 ln.
Kt cu lanh t Mc va
Nhit khng kh (
0
C)
Thi gian gi lanh t
trong vn khun (ngy)
Xy bng 25 Trn 5 10
Trn 10 15
Trn 15 20
Trn 20
18
12
8
5
Xy va
Xy cun
25 Trn 5 10
Trn 10
8
5
Khi tho d vn khun phi nh nhng theo trnh t i xng trn ton din vm,
v mng; trc tin tho nm, iu chnh chn chng h ton b vn khun xung t
10-15cm, sau khi kim tra khng thy cc hin tng nt, v, sp mi c tho d
hn vn khun.
III. PHNG PHP XY (1 tit . Tit th 60)
1. Phng php xy hc:
- Khi xy hc xy bng nhng vin va khai thc cha gia cng
- hc thng dng xy mng cng rnh, xy hm l.
- Mi vin trong khi xy phi t theo phng php t n gi cn bng m
khng cn chn nh.
- phi t trn b mt ln nht ca n.
- Ton b khi xy phi ng nht chu ti trng phn b u.
- Trong mi trng hp, cch xp v v tr ca mi vin khng lm nh hng
n s lm vic ca nhng vin khc.
- Do hnh dng khng n nh ca hc nn trong khi xy tng khng th
m bo tt c cc nguyn tc xy song trong phm vi nht nh vn phi da vo cc
nguyn tc .
- Khi xy nn xy tng lp, tt nht l tng lp c chiu dy bng chiu dy ca
nhng vin xy lp .
- B dy ca bc tng t nht l 40cm. Thnh thong trong 1 lp t mt vin
cu sut b dy ca tng
- Nhng vin to xy ngoi, nhng vin nh t bn trong khi xy. Nhng
hc khng nn chn va khng m phi chn nh vo tng chu lc tt v tit
kim va xy.
- Khi xy phi xy 2 mp cao hn lng tng mt cht m bo khi xy vng
chc, nu xy mp ngoi thp hn trong lng th khi xy d b trt.
- Tng phi xy u cao bng nhau, xy ht lp ny mi xy lp khc.
2. Phng php xy o:
- o l nhng vin t nhin sau khi khai thc c o thnh vung vc ri
mi em xy. Mt o s c xy ph ra ngoi.
- Khng dng o di 5 mt xy.
- Phi xy xen k ln, nh mt cch hp l, p mamt, khng xy tp trung
thnh nhng m ln nh ring bit.
- Khng dng nhng vin lm mt xy.
3. Phng php xp khan: Dng bo v k, p chn t trn sn ni.
Khi xp khan phi m bo cc yu cu:
- Cc mch phi kn bng cch chn m cht bng cc hn nh.
- Khng xp kiu h mm hoc kiu tai mo.
- Mt nn xp phi phng, nu dc th phi dc u.
- Khng t ty tin gy ra hin tng trng mch.
- xp phi ng, t chiu di vin vung gc vi mt nn ri chn cht cc
Hnh 3.2 Biu quan h gia nng sut
v chiu cao xy
20 50 60 80 100 150
chiu cao
(cm)
n
%
54
66
87
100
92
75
17
khe h.
- xp khan lm k, p chn phi xp t chn mi dc dn ln. Nhng hn
ln xp di, cn nhng hn nh xp trn, xp chng 2-3m mt t, dng t
ngy t ln ri mi xp tip.
- Hin ti ngi ta c th s dng cc li mt co lm bao che hoc lm thnh ci
ri xp khan vo bn trong. Nh vy c th xp nhng bc vung gc vi mt
t t nhin.
IV. DN GIO XY (1.5 tit . Tit th 61)
Nng sut lao ng ca th xy ph thuc rt nhiu vo v tr v chiu cao ca cc
t xy. Mi quan h gia nng sut v chiu cao xy c th hin qua biu (hnh
3.2). Nng sut lao ng ca ngi th xy t cao nht cao t 60~70cm so vi
mt sn cng tc. i vi chiu cao xy 20cm so vi mt sn th nng sut t 54% so
vi mc cao nht. Khi ngi th xy phi vi tay t cc lp gch chiu cao 1,5m
th nng sut ch t 17%.
m bo c sn cng tc tc tt th khi xy ln cao, ngi ta cn phi bc gin gio
lm sn cng tc. Mt bc tng xy thng c chiu cao trung bnh t 3 - 3,6m;
nh vy mun t c nng sut cao ngi ta thng phi chia lm 3 t cng tc:
t th nht t mt sn n 1 - 1,2m;
t th hai t cao 2,0 - 2,4;
t th ba ht chiu cao bc tng (chiu cao tng nh).
1. Yu cu chung v dn gio:
Dn gio xy cn m bo cc yu cu sau:
- Dn gio phi m bo n nh, bn vng chu c tc dng do ngi, do t vt
liu gch v di chuyn cc thng va trn dn gio khi xy.
- Dn gio khng c gy tr ngi cho qu trnh xy dng.
- Dn gio phi c cu to n gin tho lp d dng, di chuyn khng cng knh
kh khn.
2. Cc loi dn gio xy
Thng chia hai loi dn gio xy l gio trong v gio ngoi.
+ Gio trong: bc trong cng trnh, xy, trt cc bc tng c chiu cao mt
tng, nh nhiu tng th xy xong tng di li a ln sn tng trn bc xy. Loi
ny thng c trng lng bn thn nh, cu tao n gin, tho lp d dng. Vt liu
lm gio thng bng tre, g, thp trn, thp hnh, thp ng. Cc loi gio c bng thp
thng s dng rng ri. Hai chn gio t cch nhau 1,5~2m, dng vn dy 4cm ng
sn thnh mng bc lm sn cng tc. Ty theo ti trng m quyt nh khong cch
hai chn gio v chiu di vn sn.
+ Gio ngoi: L cc loi gio c t pha ngoi cng trnh, dng xy v hon
thin mt ngoi cng trnh. Vt liu lm gio bng tre, lung, g cy, g x hoc ng
thp. C th bc gio n hoc gio kp.
Bc gio n: l dng mt hng ct chng cch chn tng khong 80cm, cc
thanh ngang sn cng tc mt u buc vo ct chng. Theo chiu cao, cc thanh
ngang cch nhau 1,2m. Khong cch cc ct theo hng dc khong 1,5m. Gio n c
cu to n gin, bc nhanh, nhng khng chc chn, khng bc cao c v phi cha
l tng cc thanh ngang nn yu tng. Loi ny thng dng khi xy nh
mt tng.
Bc gio kp: phi dng hai hng ct chng, hng ct trong cch tng khong
40cm, hai hng ct cch nhau 1,2m; khong cch cc ct theo hng dc thng ly
1,5m; ct chn su xung t 0,5m. Theo chiu cao c cch 1,2m li buc mt
thanh ngang sn cng tc. Sn thng lm bng vn dy 3~4cm ng thnh
mng tin vn chuyn v lp t, khong cch gia sn cng tc v mt ngoi tng
khng nn vt qu 15cm. Gia cc hng ct c h thng ging dc, ging cho, cy
chng xin m bo n nh cho dn gio.
V. T CHC XY (1 tit . Tit th 62)
1. Nguyn tc t chc trong cng tc xy
T chc lao ng trong cng tc xy hp l khoa hc l yu t quan trng ngi
th xy t nng sut lao dng cao, gim nh cng lao ng v khi xy m bo
cht lng. Trong t chc nhn lc v b tr dy chuyn xy cn tun theo cc nguyn
tc sau:
- Phn cng lao ng hp l: V cng vic xy do mt nhm th chnh v th ph
lm vic, trong th chnh lm nhng cng vic i hi k thut cao, th ph lm
nhng cng vic cn li.
- T chc hp l v tr lm vic v mt bng xp vt liu. Nu v tr lm vic ca
th khng hp l, vt liu xp khng theo mt trt t cn thit s gy kh khn trong
thao tc, lm nng sut lao ng khng cao, c khi lm cht lng cng trnh gim v
khng m bo an ton cho ngi th.
- Chiu cao ca mi t xy phi thch hp ngi cng nhn c iu kin lm
vic tt nht, khng ci qu v cng khng phi vi khi t gch.
- Trang b dng c lao ng v bo h lao ng ng b to iu kin cho ngi
cng nhn thc hin cng vic c hiu qu nht m s dng sc lao ng t nht.
- S dng cc loi dn gio thch hp, tho lp d dng
- Cung cp gch va kp thi ti v tr ca ngi th xy cng vic khng b
gin on do thiu vt liu.
- T chc thi cng theo phng php dy chuyn.
2. Phng php phn on, phn t, b tr mt bng, b tr dy chuyn sn
xut v t chc lao ng trong cng tc xy.
a) Phn on dy chuyn:
Qu trnh lm vic trong cng tc xy thng gm: Qu trnh chun b vt liu, qu
trnh xy v qu trnh dng dn gio xy. V vy cng c ba loi th kt hp vi nhau
lm vic: th chun b vt liu, vn chuyn, th xy, th bc gio. V vy cng trnh
thng chia ra lm 3 on dy chuyn, mi th chuyn mn lm vic trong on dy
chuyn mnh.
Phn on dy chuyn cn m bo cc nguyn tc sau:
- Khi lng cng vic trong cc on phi ph hp vi thi gian thi cng c
th hon thnh cng vic ng thi hn.
- Khi lng cng vic trong cc on dy chuyn phi bng nhau hoc gn bng
nhau b tr nhn lc d dng, n nh.
- ng ranh gii gia cc phn on tt nht l cc khe co gin ca cng trnh.
b) Phn t xy: Cng vi vic phn on ta cn phi chia t xy trong
phm vi mt tng nh. Khi phn t cn ch :
- t xy tt nht cao t 1m1,2m
- Khi lng mi t tng ng nhau hon thnh cng vic trong thi gian
bng nhau vi s lng cng nhn khng thay i.
- Khi chia t xy cn phi hp cc cng vic khc nh lp khung ca. t xy th
nht nn chia n mp di khung ca trong lc lp khung ca khng nh hng
n cng vic xy tng v c th li dng dn gio xy lp.
c) Phn chia khu vc lm vic (b tr mt bng trong cng tc xy)
B tr mt bng thi cng hp l to iu kin cho cng nhn t nng sut lao ng
cao. Mt bng t chc xy gm cc khu vc:
- Khu vc lm vic
- Khu vc vt liu
- Khu vc vn chuyn
Cc khu vc ny lin quan cht ch vi nhau, nu b tr hp l cc khu vc ny s
c yu t quyt nh nng cao nng sut lao ng ca cc loi th, c bit l i vi
th xy
d) T chc lao ng trong cng tc xy
Qu trnh xy gm mt s cng vic khc nhau, i hi trnh chuyn mn v k
thut khc nhau ca cc loi th. V vy cn phi c s phn cng gia th chnh v
th ph; s phi hp gia cc b phn vi nhau mt cch hp l tn dng ht kh
nng ca mi ngi v nng cao nng sut lao ng.
Qu trnh xy gm cc cng vic sau:
- Vn chuyn vt liu;
- Bc dn gio;
- Cng dy mc;
- Chuyn v t gch ln tng;
- Chuyn va v ri va ln ch xy;
- Cht, o gch;
- Mit mch;
- Kim tra kch thc v chnh xc ca khi xy.
Trong cc cng vic , vic cng dy mc xy gch mp trong v ngoi tng,
kim tra chnh xc ca khi xy do th chnh m nhim, cn cc cng vic khc do
th ph m nhn.
Nng sut lao ng ca th xy ph thuc vo vic t chc lao ng. Th chnh
phi hng dn th ph s dng cc thit b, dng c mt cch thnh tho, linh hot,
trnh cc ng tc tha. Trong sut thi gian lm vic khng nn thay i cng
vic ca th ph, tr trng hp c bit.

VI. KIM TRA, NGHIM THU V SA CHA KHI XY (1 tit . Tit th
63)
1. Kim tra v nghim thu khi xy
Cng tc kim tra, nghim thu khi xy phi cn c vo cc ti liu (bn v thit
k, bin bn th nghim vt liu v va, nht k cng trnh..) v cc tiu chun, quy
phm thi cng v nghim thu khi xy gch .
Khi nghim thu cn phi kim tra nhng vic sau:
- Cht lng ca vt liu: Gch, ximng phi m bo cht lng, c chng ch xc
nhn mc gch, mc ximng. Cht lng ca ct, nc thi cng phi c bin bn xc
nhn v cht lng, cht lng ca va yu cu m bo mc thit k (cn c vo kt
qu ly mu ti hin trng).
- Bo m cc nguyn tc xy cc mt ng, mt ngang cc gc ca khi xy
(mch khng trng, chiu dy, c ca mch va, thng ng v nm ngang,
phng v thng gc);
- Vic t ng v cc b phn ging neo;
- Vic thi cng chnh xc cc khe ln, khe co dn;
- Vic thi cng ng cc ng ng thng hi, v tr cc l cha sn t ng
ng, ng dy sau ny;
- V tr, kch thc ca khi xy; sai lch v kch thc v tr khng c ln
hn tr s cho trong bng 3.3.
Bng 3.3. Tr s sai lch cho php i vi kt cu bng gch,
o c hnh dng u n, blc, tm ln
Tn sai lch
Tr s sai lch cho php
Mng Tng Ct
1.Sai lch so vi kch thc thit k
- B dy
- Cao ca cc khi xy v cc tng
- Chiu rng tng gia cc ca
- Chiu rng cc ca s cnh nhau
- X dch trc cc kt cu

15
15
-
-
10
+15
-10
15
-20
20
10

15
15
-
-
10
2. Sai lch mt phng v goc gia hai mt
phng ca khi xy so vi phng thng
ng
- Mt tng
- Ton chiu cao nh

-

10

10
3. lch hng khi xy trn chiu di 10m
so vi phng ngang
10 30 30
4. g gh trn b mt thng ng khi
xy (pht hin khi kim tra bng thc 2m)

sai lch ca trc kt cu v sai lch cao theo chiu cao ca tng phi c
iu chnh li cc tng tip theo. Sai lch v tr gi ta di dm v dm cu chy
trong mt bng so vi v tr thit k khng c ln hn 5mm.
i vi xy gch khng trt phi m bo: Mt ngoi cc tng phi c mu sc
ng u, yu cu v mch xy v mit mch, cc ng nt trang tr phi theo ng
thit k.
2. Mt s sai phm thng gp trong thi cng phn xy
Mt s cng trnh sau khi xy xong b rn nt. Nguyn nhn c th do mng cng
trnh ln khng u, do qu trnh thi cng khng m bo k thut, quy phm, vt liu
khng m bo cht lng.
C th nh sau:
Vi ti cha nhuyn, va trn khng u, khi xy khng ng nht.
Ct xy c nhiu tp cht, cp phi khng ng.
Xy mch h, mch va khng u lm cho khng kh m t, nc thm nhp
vo bn trong khi tng lm cho tng xy b hi.
Va trn khng m bo do quy nh.
Trong khi xy b tr nu tng xy mt loi va, tr xy mt loi va khc cng
xy ra hin tung tng v tr c vt nt.
Trong ma nng hay hanh kh khng nhng gch vo nc, va b ht ht nc
lm khi xy khng lin kt tt sinh ra nt.
Xy tng m nanh, mch va ch tip gip vi khi xy mi li khng c
chn y, tng hay b nt gia phn c v phn mi.
Xy gch v nhiu trong mt khi xy m li tp trung gch v mt ch.
Mch va khng m bo dy quy nh - hoc mch va xy ch dy ch
mng, co gin khng u gia cc vng trong mt khi xy lm cho tng b nt.
Tng va xy xong trt ngay, lp trt s b nt do s co ngt khng u gia
khi xy v b mt trt. Mt trt ngoi d kh nn kh trc to thnh mt lp v
bc ngn cn qu trnh lin kt ca va bn trong vi khi xy.
3. Sa cha mt s h hng trong cng trnh xy:
Ngoi nhng nguyn nhn k trn, cng trnh xy cng c th b h hng do cc
nguyn nhn khch quan nh: ng t, n mn, ging bo, do xy dng gn ng
giao thng st, b
Trong khun kh ca chng trnh chng ta ch nghin cu sa cha nhng vt
nt. Phng php tin hnh nh sau:
Tm hiu nguyn nhn gy nt, theo di tin trnh ca vt nt, ch sa cha khi
tin trnh ca vt nt dng hn.
Nu nhng vt nt chn chim trn lp va trt khng nh hng n kh nng
chu lc ca khi xy th c th qut vi cho lp i hoc co lp trt i ri trt li.
Nu lp nt ln hn (do cc mch va b nt) m khng thy pht trin na th
- Trn b mt khng trt
- Trn b mt c trt
-
5
10
5
5
5
tin hnh nh sau:
- Vt nt nh th c m rng sang hai bn vt nt, ra sch ri dng va ximng
trt li v xoa phng.
- Vt nt ln v di th phi c rng ra hai bn v su vo thn tng, c 0,8-1m
li c mt rnh ngang. Trn mi rnh ngang u c t ct thp v sau dng
btng si nh lp y nhng rnh , lm nh vy hai phn tng s c ging li
vi nhau m bo cho kt cu chu lc tt.
Nu vt nt xy ra nhng ch giao nhau gia tng dc v tng ngang th sa
cha nh sau:
c ly ra mt lp gch, ra sch ch c, b i vin gch theo chiu dc v t
vo v tr ly gch ra, trn vin gch t li thp gia cng sn va vi din tch
vt c ri dng va ximng mc 50 ln cht, khong cch cc li thp cch nhau t
50-100cm.

VII. AN TON, V SINH LAO NG TRONG CNG TC XY V S
DNG DN GIO . (0,5 tit - Tit th 64)
1. Nguyn nhn gy tai nn trong cng tc xy
+ Khi xy b : do va xy khng m bo cht lng v dnh v cng
chu lc; vi phm nguyn tc k thut xy: t gch sai, trng mch nhiu, mch va
khng no, tng xy b thu hoc l, xy qu chiu cao t xy, xy tng 110 qu di
m khng b tr; tng mi xy b ma to tri ht va.
+ Ngi ng t trn cao: do khi vn chuyn vt liu, lm vic trn cao m khng
c thit b an ton nh gio ngoi, sn thao tc khng c lan can.
+ Vi phm qui tc an ton khi chuyn vt liu n ch lm vic nh: tung gch ln
cao, vt liu o t t trn cao xung ...
+ Vt liu, dng c t trn cao ri xung do pha trn ch lm vic hoc li ngi
qua li pha di khng c sn hoc li .
+ Cng nhn vi phm ni qui an ton lao ng v k thut lao ng: i ng, lm
vic trn nh tng, lm vic trn ch cao nguy him khng eo dy an ton, cht qu
nhiu vt liu trn sn thao tc ....
2. Bin php an ton lao ng trong cng tc xy
* Khi xy mng:
Trc khi xy mng phi kim tra tnh trng vch t, h thng chng vch t
(nu c), xem c du hiu g mt an ton phi khc phc ngay. c bit ch h o
ni t ti xp, t m t, gn ng giao thng chu lc tc ng t xe c. Kim tra
khi lng vt liu xy v thit b thi cng trn mp b h mng c th lm st l vch
t.
Dc theo h mng phi cha mt di t trng rng t nht 50cm, trn khng
c cht vt liu hay my mc thi cng.
a gch xung h mng bng vn trt, a va bng vn nghing.
Khi thi cng nu h mng b ngp nc do ma hoc nc ngm phi c bin php
thot nc, khi cn nc mi thi cng tip.
Khi lp t h mng phi lp y 2 bn, lp n u m n .
* Khi xy tng:
Trc khi xy tng phi kim tra xem xt tnh trng ca mng hoc phn tng
xy trc cng nh tnh trng cc phng tin lm vic trn cao nh: gin gio,
kim tra vic sp xp b tr vt liu v v tr ngi cng nhn lm vic trn sn thao tc
c nh hng khng.
Khi xy tng cao di 7m phi lm ro ngn pha ngoi dc theo chu vi cng
trnh cch tng 1,5m phng nga vt liu ri xung u ngi.
Phi che chn nhng l tng t tng 2 tr ln nu l ngi chui qua c.
Khng ng trn mt tng xy, khng da thang vo tng mi xy ln
xung.
Khi a vt liu ln cao.

CHNG 4
CNG TC LP GHP
(05 tit LT + 00 tit BT + 00 tit KT )

I. KHI NIM. ( 1 tit . Tit th 65)
Lp ghp cc cng trnh xy dng l mt trong cc qu trnh cng ngh xy dng bng
phng php c gii ho ng b cc qu trnh lp ghp trn c s cc b phn cu thnh
cng trnh c ch to sn theo ca ngi thit k.
1. S lc lch s pht trin.
Cng vi s tin b khoa hc k thut ca ngnh xy dng ni chung, lnh vc lp ghp
cc cng trnh xy dng ni ring cng khng ngng pht trin v ngy cng hon thin.
- S pht trin cng ngh lp ghp xy dng ph thuc vo:
+ S tin b v pht trin ca cng ngh sn xut vt liu xy dng;
+ S tin b ca cc phng php v cng c tnh ton kt cu cng trnh;
+ Yu cu ca s pht trin mnh m cc ngnh sn xut.
- Phng hng v mc tiu pht trin ca cng ngh lp ghp xy dng l nh hnh
ho, tiu chun ho v cng nghip ho nghnh xy dng nhm thay th cc cng vic nng
nhc bng c gii v t ng ho n mc ti a.
- Cng trnh lp ghp u tin xut hin vo u th k 16 (D n thnh Loa do
Leonard De Vanhxi thit k cho vua Php nm 1516);
- Khong nm 1945, mt s cc cng ty xy dng Anh bt u chuyn sn xut cc
nh lp ghp gia nh;
- Nm 1950, ln u tin lp ghp nh cao 4 tng ti Ha-no-v Php;
- Nm 1956, nh lp ghp nh hnh c sn xut hng lot ti M;
- Nhng nm 1959-1960, ti cc thnh ph thuc Lin X (c), nh lp ghp chim 60
- 70%, cn cc th ti c, t l ny l 90%;
- Vit Nam, cng ngh lp ghp c p dng vo nhng nm 60 ca th k 20, v
pht trin mnh min Bc vo nhng nm 70, 80. Cui nhng nm 80, nh lp ghp gim
hn.
2. Mc ch, ngha.
- Lp ghp cc kt cu xy dng l 1 trong cc qu trnh cng ngh xy dng. Cng
ngh lp ghp thc y vic m rng mng li cc nh my, x nghip sn xut cc cu kin
c sn bng BTCT, bng thp.
- Lp ghp cc kt cu xy dng l c gii ha ng b cc qu trnh lp ghp trn c
s cc b phn cu thnh cng trnh c ch to sn theo ca ngi thit k.
- Trc khi bt u cng tc lp ghp cn phi thc hin ton b cc cng vic ca
phn nh di mt t, ngha l phi vn chuyn cu kin c sn, tp kt hp l theo bin
php lp chn trn mt bng lp. Khi lp ghp cn phi m bo n nh ca cc kt cu
hoc cc b phn va lp.
- Trnh t lp ghp cn phi th hin trc c kh nng chuyn giao tng phn ng
thi hn, kp lp t thit b cng ngh, hoc chuyn giao tng phn a vo s dng.
3. Cc qu trnh lp ghp mt cng trnh.
3.1- Qu trnh vn chuyn: Bao gm: bc xp, vn chuyn cu kin t ni sn xut hoc
ni gia cng n cng trng.
3.2- Qu trnh chun b: bao gm cc qu trnh:
- Chun b mt bng v khng gian thi cng,
- Kim tra cht lng, kch thc, s ng b v s lng cu kin, khuch i v gia
cng (nu cn),
- D tr cc thit b treo buc, cu lp, n treo, thang phc v lp, cc thit b v
dng c iu chnh, kim tra, c nh tm kt cu, sn chng g cho kt cu,
- Chun b v tr lp hoc gi ta t cu kin vo v tr thit k.
3.3- Qu trnh lp t kt cu: bao gm : treo buc, nng t kt cu vo v tr thit k,
iu chnh, c nh tm thi v lin kt vnh vin kt cu.
4. Thit k thi cng lp ghp.
Thnh phn ca thit k thi cng lp ghp gm:
- Cc s cng ngh.
- Cc s di cuyn cu my
- Cch b tr cu kin trn mt bng.
- Nhng bn v v thit b ph (cu to) nh: thit b c nh tm, chi tit treo bu
lng, thang, sn cng tc phc v cho lp ghp.
- Tnh ton lng lao ng v cc bin php v ch dn v an ton lao ng.
- Lp tin thi cng cc qu trnh lp ghp
II . THIT B V MY DNG TRONG LP GHP (3 tit . Tit th 66,67,68)
1. Thit b dy: (Dy thng). (0,25 tit)
Trong cng tc vn chuyn v lp ghp, dy thng ch c dng trong cc cng vic ph
tr nh ko cc cu kin khi quay khi ang treo, ko cu kin trong khong ngn. C th
dng dy thng cu nhng vt nh nhng ng lc pht sinh trong dy khng c qu 25
kG/cm
2
.

2. Dy cp: (0,25 tit)
L loi thng dng nht trong treo buc v cu lp cho cc my trc v cc thit b dy
treo.
2.1- Cu to: Cp c mt li bng ay (hoc bng aming), xung quanh c qun bng
nhiu si dy thp hoc nhiu b si dy thp. Mi si dy thp c ng knh t 0,5 n 3
mm v c ng sut ko t 140 - 190 kg/cm
2
. Ta thng gp nht l loi dy cp c mt li
vi su nhm dy qun quanh (hnh v)
2.2-Phn loi: ngi ta thng chia loi theo cc cch sau:
* Chia theo c tnh: da theo th t cu to theo li, b v si. C cc loi sau:
- Dy 1 + 6x19 (mi si c f = 1-2mm): l loi cp cng kh un nn thng ch dng
lm dy cng hoc dy ko.
- Dy 1 + 6x37 (mi si c f = 0,5-1,5mm): l loi cp kh mm, d un hn loi trn nn
Li
Nhm
Hnh 4 - 1: Dy cp
s dng thch hp cho dy ti cc my ti, cn trc, vn thng.
- Dy 1 + 6x61 (mi si c f = 0,2-1mm): l loi cp mm, d s dng, rt ph hp cho
vic neo buc cc cu kin. Ngi ta cn gi l dy cp la, c gi thnh cao.
* Chia theo cch qun: c hai cch qun: cng chiu v ngc chiu.
nc ta thng sn xut cc loi cp c ng knh t 3,7 n 65mm vi cc loi chiu
di l: 250, 500 hoc 1000m.
2.3-Tnh sc ko: khi lm vic, dy cp b ko, un v xon; nhng khi tnh bn,
n gin, ta ch tnh ti lc ko c xc nh theo cng thc: S = m trong : S (kG) l
lc ko cho php treo dy cp; R (kG) l lc ko lm t dy cp, cn gi l lc ph hoi; k
l h s an ton c ly theo bng sau:
Mun cho dy cp lm vic c tt th quan h gia ng knh ca trng ti hay ca
rng rc (D) vi ng knh ca dy cp (d) tnh theo cng thc:
D d (e-1)
Trong e l h s iu kin lm vic ph thuc vo cc loi my v ch lm vic ly
theo bng sau y:

k
R
Cch
lm vic
Cch s dng k
Cp ko Dng trong dy neo 3,5
Cp un Dng trong cu chuyn ng bng tay
Dng trong cu chy bng ng
c vi cc ch lm vic
{

nh
va
nng
4,5
5
5,5
6
Cp treo Dng lm dy treo vi P 50T
Dng lm dy buc vng qua cu kin c P < 50T
6
8
Loi my trc
Cch chuyn ng ca my trc
Bng my ng vi ch lm vic
**Mt s lu :
- Trc khi s dng cp phi kim tra t m, khi dy cp c cc si thp b t th phi lu
c bit.
- Khi s dng phi lu khng cp ch st vo kt cu cng trnh (nht l nhng
mp, cnh, g thp), khng cp b un gy hay dp bp hy c xt vo nhau.
- C sau t 80 n 100 gi lm vic phi kim tra cp mt ln.
2.4. Dy cp cu: (hay cn gi l dy treo) l on dy cp c gia cng sn treo
buc cu kin, thng c lm bng dy cp mm. C hai loi:
+ Dy treo kp : l vng dy khp kn, on ni hai u dy (a) di ti thiu l 40d (d l
ng knh cp) hoc kp bng cc kp vi t nht l 6 chic. Chiu di ca dy treo kp ph
thuc vo ng knh dy cp. C cc loi thng dng sau :
- d = 19,5mm th l = 5 - 10mm,
- d = 22mm v d = 25 th l = 8 - 12mm,
- d = 30mm th l = 10 - 15mm.
Dy treo kp c u im l dng treo buc cc cu kin c nhng hnh dng v kch
thc khc nhau nhng li c nhc im l vic tho lp kh khn (nht l cc cu kin c
nt treo buc trn cao nh ct, dm cu chy, dm ko....) nn tc thi cng b nh hng.
Bng tay nh va nng
Mi loi my khng cn 18 20 25 30
My trc c cn 16 16 18 20
Palng chy bng in 20 20
Ti tay 16
Ti 15m
a=40d
d
Hnh 4 - 2: Dy treo kp
P
Hnh 4 - 4: Ni lc trong mi nhnh dy cu.
S
S
S
S
b
b
b
b
m
P
m
P
m
P

m
P
+ Dy treo n: l on cp thng di t 6 - 12m v c ng knh t 12 n 20mm. Hai
u dy c trang b vng cu vi loi m c nh hoc loi cht tho m hay l mc cu.
Trn mi dy treo n c th c b tr kt hp c vng cu ln mc cu hai u khc
nhau.
Hnh 4 - 3: Ni lc trong dy khi cu vt.
+ Chm dy treo: dng nng nhng tm c b mt ln. Lc S trong mi nhnh dy ph
thuc vo gc dc ca dy i vi ng nm ngang, gc dc cng ln th lc trong cc
nhnh dy cng nh (xem hnh v 4-3).
T hnh v ta thy, khng nn buc cc nhnh dy c gc nh hn 30
o
, v khng nhng
lc trong mi nhnh dy ln m cn gy ra lc nn ph trong cu kin khi cu.
Trong trng hp treo vt t th nm ngang bng chm dy cu, lc trong mi nhnh
dy c xc nh theo cng thc:
S =

Trong :
- P: trng lng ca vt cu (tn);
- m: s nhnh dy;
- b: l gc dc ca nhnh dy vi ng thng ng ( y b khng qu 60
o
);

- a = l h s ph thuc vo gc dc ca dy, c tnh sn thnh bng nh
sau:

3 Puli : (0,25 tit)
Puli l thit b treo trc n gin nht, n gm c mt hoc nhiu bnh xe, dy cp cun
quanh vnh bnh xe, trc bnh xe c nh vo hai m puli v thanh ko, u trn thanh ko c
quai treo v u di thanh ko c mc cu (hnh v 4-5).

m
P
a
m
P
. .
cos
1
=
cos
1
Gc dc b (
o
)

0 15 30 45 60
H s a 1 1.03 1.15 1.42 2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
6
7
8
9
2
8
5
4
3
2
1
1
5
Hnh 4 - 5. Puli cu
1. Quai treo, 2. Thanh ko, 3. Bulng lin kt, 4. M puli, 5. Mc cu
6. Cc bnh xe, 7. Trc puli, 8. ng vng ngang, 9. Trc treo
4. Rng rc: (0,25 tit)
L thit b treo trc gm hai puli, ni vi nhau bng dy cp, puli trn bt ng, puli di
di ng, dy cp ln lt lun qua tt c cc bnh xe ca cc puli, mt u dy c nh vo
mt puli (trn hoc di) cn u kia chy ra cc puli hng ng n ti, puli di ca rng
rc c mc cu treo vt.
S dng rng rc th c li v lc
5. Ti: (0,5 tit)
Ti l thit b ko trc lm vic c lp, hoc l b phn truyn chuyn ng khng th
thiu c ca my cu.
Trong cng tc lp ghp, ti s dng vo vic bc d v li ko cu kin, ko cng v
iu chnh cc dy ging, dy neo, di chuyn v lp rp cc my mc, thit b nng, gip vic
dng lp cn trc v lp cng trnh cao.
5.1. Ti tay:
Ti tay c trng ti 0,5-10 tn, nhng thng dng nht l nhng ti 3-5 tn. Chiu di dy
cp cun y trng ti 100-300m, trng lng 200-1500. Ti hot ng bng sc ngi quay
tay.
5.2. Ti my:
Loi ny thng dng hn ti tay v n tin nghi hn v nng sut cao hn. Trong thi cng
lp ghp thng dng ti in bnh rng v iu khin d, chc chn v an ton. Loi ti in
ma st thng dng ko vt di chuyn theo phng ngang, ko cng dy cp ....
Ti in thng c sc ko t 0,5 n 50 tn.
6.Thit b neo gi: (0,5 tit)
Khi cn c nh cc my ti, cc cn trc c dy vng (thng ti, cn trc tr....), cc
thanh ging.....th ta phi dng n cc thit b neo.
C 2 loi neo cn tnh ton khi s dng l neo cc c nh ti v neo ngm.
6.1.
Hnh 4 - 7. Trng hp dng cc gi ti khi lc S nghing gc a
Neo
cc c nh ti: Nu ti t trn mt t th khung ca ti c c nh bng cc c kt
hp vi i trng chng lt. Cc thng dng loi di 2m v ng su xung mt t 1,5m.
Trng lng cn thit ca i trng c rt ra t biu thc cn bng mmen i vi
im A, thnh cng thc sau:
Q.b + G.c = k.S.a Q =

vi k l h s an ton ly bng 1,5.
Nu lc tc dng vo ti theo mt gc nghing a so vi mt nm ngang th ngoi lc thnh
phn lc nm ngang c xu hng lm lt ti quanh im A cn c thnh phn lc thng
ng c xu hng lt ti quanh im B nh hnh v 4-7.

Lc
ny ta cn phi t thm i trng Q
1
pha trc. T biu thc cn bng mmen i vi
im B, ta c:
k.S
1
.b = S
2
.a + Q
1
.c + G.b + Q.d

Thay S
1
= S.sina v S
2
=S.cosa v biu thc trn, ta c:

Q
1
=

b
c G a S k . . .
Hnh 4 - 6. Trng hp dng cc qi ti khi lc S nm ngang
Hnh 4 - 8. Tnh ton h th khng gia cng
6.2-Tnh ton h th (Neo ngm):
Neo ngm cng c tc dng ging nh neo cc l c th dng c nh ti hoc c nh
dy vng.
a. Tnh ton h th khng gia cng (hnh 4-8): s dng khi lc ko t 3 n 20 tn.
n nh ca h th di tc dng ca ti trng thng ng xc nh theo h thc:
Q + T > k.S
1

Trong :
Q - trng lng khi t trn neo;
T - lc ma st gia g v t , T=f
1
.S
2
;

S
1
- thnh phn lc thng ng ca lc S tc dng vo neo;

S
2
- thnh phn lc nm ngang ca lc S tc dng vo neo;

k - h s n nh, ly bng 3;
f
1
- h s ma st gia g v t, ly bng 0,5.

Trng lng khi t Q xc nh theo cng thc:
Q = (tn)

Trong :
b
1
- kch thc y di h o;

d
l H
b b
. . .
2
1
+
b

- kch thc y trn h o, b = b
1
+ H.tgj
H- su thanh neo ngang;
l - chiu di thanh g dng lm neo;
g
d
- dung trng ca t.

Kim tra li p sut cho php ca t [s
d
] khi c lc ngang S
2
tc dng vo thnh t
su H bng cng thc: [s
d
].m

Trong :
m - h s gim p do nn khng u, ly bng 0,25;
h- chiu dy ca b g lm neo ngang;
*Tit din thanh neo c mt dy ko xc nh theo iu kin chng un l:
M
max
=

Trong :
M
max
- m men un cc i trong thanh ngang;

q = (l - chiu di b g lm neo ngang)

*Tit din thanh neo ngang buc hai im c xc nh theo iu kin chng un v
chng nn.
Lc nn cc i trong thanh neo ngang: N= .cosb vi b l gc gia hai nhnh ko v
thanh ngang trong mt phng ca hai nhnh dy.
ng sut trong thanh neo ngang bng: s =

Trong : W - mmen khng un ca thanh neo ngang (cm
3
);

F - tit din ngang ca thanh neo (cm
2
);

M - mmen un trong thanh neo ngang, c tnh nh dm n gin vi gi l
im buc dy v ti trng l p lc t.
b. Tnh ton h th c gia
l h
S
.
2
8
.
2
l q
l
S
2
S
F
N
W
M
+
Hnh 4 - 9. Tnh ton h th c gia cng
cng (hnh 4-9): s dng
khi lc ko kh ln. iu kin n nh ca h th di tc dng ca ti trng thng ng
cng xc nh theo h thc:
Q + T > k.S
1

Trong :
Q - trng lng khi gia cng trn neo,
Q = b.H.l.g (tn)
T - lc ma st gia g v g , T=f
2
.S
2
;

S
1
- thnh phn lc thng ng ca lc S tc dng vo neo;

S
2
- thnh phn lc nm ngang ca lc S tc dng vo neo;

k - h s n nh, ly bng 1.5 - 2;
f
2
- h s ma st gia g v g, ly bng 0,4.

Kim tra li p sut cho php ca t [s
d
] khi c lc ngang S
2
tc dng

[s
d
].m

Trong : - h
1
: phn chiu cao ca tm gia cng trn thanh ngang;

- h
2
: phn chiu cao ca tm gia cng di thanh ngang;

* Mt s loi neo khc:
+Neo cc c nh dy vng: Cc neo c lm bng g cy c ng knh t 18
n 33cm v c ng thnh t 1 n 3 hng su xung mt t su hn 1,5m tu
thuc vo lc ko trong dy vng v sc chu ca nn t.
+Neo btng: c t ni trn mt t hoc t chm di mt t mt cht (na
l h h
S
). (
2 1
2
+
ni na chm) gm nhiu khi btng c sn lin kt vi nhau.
+Neo inh c: l loi neo ngm c lm bng thp c cu to ging chic inh vt
c th vn xung c mi loi nn t tr nn .
Loi ny c u im l khng tn cng o p, c cu t hu nh khng b ph hoi,
khi dng xong c th nh neo i s dng ni khc m vn chuyn vn nh nhng.
Thng thng ngi ta dng thanh n di x vo tai khuyn ca inh neo ri vi sc
ca khong 4 ngi y thanh n vn neo xung.
7. Mt s loi cn trc thng dng trong lp ghp: (1 tit)
7.1. Cn trc thiu nhi: l loi cn trc thng dng trong cng tc xy dng vn
chuyn vt liu. ng lc quay cn v di chuyn v tr u bng sc ngi. ng tc nng
h vt c thc hin bng ti in 3,2kW.
Ti trng ca loi cn trc ny khong 0,5 tn, cao cng tc n 4,5m v vn xa
ca tay cn t 4 n 5m. Cn trc thiu nhi dng lp nh c pa-nen hp s kinh t hn
so vi cc loi cn trc khc.
7.2. Cn trc t hnh: l loi cn trc c tnh linh ng cao trong lp ghp xy dng.
a-u nhc im ca cn trc t hnh:
* u im:
- c ng cao nn c th phc v nhiu a im lp ghp trn cng trng;
- Tn t cng v thi gian tho lp cn trc trc v sau khi s dng;
- Tc c ng cao (i t cng trng ny n cng trng khc d dng).
* Nhc im:
- n nh km, nht l cn trc bnh hi;
- Tay cn t th nghing v khp tay cn thp nn khi lp ghp kt cu, cn trc
phi ng xa cng trnh; do tn tht nhiu v vn hu ch, nn thng ngi ta trang
b thm m ph;
- V tr ngi iu khin thp so vi v tr lp t cu kin nn kh nng quan st tng
qut km, do vy cn phi c ngi iu khin qu trnh lp.
b - Cn trc bnh hi: C sc trc t 5 n 10 tn, tay cn di ti 35m, tc di
chuyn khong 15km/h. Cn trc c gn thm b chn chng ph; khi lm vic, ty theo
cng vic m xe c th m chn chng hoc khng. Mi loi cn trc c th c lp
nhiu tay cn di ngn khc nhau. Khi i xa thng phi tho d tay cn di vn
chuyn ring.
Cn trc bnh hi thng c s dng lp ghp cc nh c khu ln.
c-Cn trc bnh xch: C sc trc t 3 n 100 tn, tay cn di ti 40m.
Cn trc bnh xch c c ng cao v n c th i li d dng trn mt bng xy
dng m khng phi sa ng hoc lm ng nh cn trc bnh hi. Tc di chuyn
3 - 4km/h. Cn trc bnh xch khng c chn ph. Mt cn trc bnh xch c th c nhiu
tay cn. Khi di chuyn xa phi tho d tay cn v mt phn cn trc.
Cn trc bnh xch thng c s dng lp ghp cc cng trnh thp tng, khu
ln, kt cu nng phn tn trn mt bng.
7.3. Cn trc thp: Cn trc thp l loi cn trc thng dng dng trong xy dng dn
dng v cng nghip, lp ghp cc cng trnh cao v chy di.
Thn thp v tay cn c cu to bi nhiu on ghp li vi nhau, mi on di 5
n 10m. Nhng cn trc thp c chiu cao ln hn 25m th thn thp c tit din thay
i, c loi kt cu bng ng thp lng vo nhau tng on, c th ko di hoc thu ngn
thn thp thay i chiu cao nng h vt.
a-u nhc im ca cn trc thp:
* u im:
- Khc phc c hu ht cc hn ch ca cn trc t hnh;
- Ngi iu khin trn cao nn tm nhn bao qut tt, do cc thao tc iu khin
c chnh xc;
- Trong qu trnh thi cng t gy cn tr nhng cng vic khc trn mt bng;
- Dng cn trc thp lp ghp cc cng trnh theo tuyn chy di v lin tc th tc
xy dng nhanh v ph hp v kinh t.
* Nhc im:
- Tn cng vn chuyn v lp t trc khi s dng;
- Phi lm ng ray di chuyn;
- Khng kinh t i vi nhng cng trnh n l.
b-Phn loi cn trc thp:
* Phn loi theo sc trc: c 2 loi
- Cn trc loi nh: c sc trc ln nht l 10T dng lp ghp nh cng cng, nh
cng nghip nhiu tng v nh dn dng theo dy chy di.
- Cn trc loi nng: c sc trc ln hn 10T dng lp ghp cc cng trnh cng
nghip ln.
* Phn loi theo tnh cht lm vic: c 2 loi
- Loi tay cn nghing nng h c.
- Loi tay cn nm ngang (khng nghing c).
* Phn loi theo v tr i trng ca cn trc: c 2 loi
- Loi c i trng trn cao;
- Loi c i trng di thp.

III . NHNG CNG VIC CN THC HIN TRC KHI TIN HNH LP
GHP (0,5 tit . Tit th 69)
Cng tc lp ghp c chia lm hai qu trnh chnh l qu trnh chun b v qu trnh
lp t. Cc qu trnh ny c lin quan cht ch vi nhau. Qu trnh lp ghp quyt nh
phng hng ca qu trnh chun b. Ngc li qu trnh chun b quyt nh nng sut v
hiu qu ca qu trnh lp ghp. Do vy, m bo nng sut, an ton v cht lng, cng
tc chun b phi ph hp hon ton vi qu trnh lp ghp. Cng tc chun b c phn chia
thnh cc cng on sau:
1. Vn chuyn cu kin: l a cu kin t ni sn xut v ni s dng, bao gm cc cng
tc: bc xp cu kin, vn chuyn, tp kt chng trn mt bng lp. m bo trong qu
trnh vn chuyn, cc cu kin khng b h hng, d bc xp v an ton trong giao thng,
cng nh cung cp cu kin m bo tin lp thit k, phi tun th mt s nguyn tc
sau y:
- Cng cu kin phi t cng vn chuyn (R
VC
) ca cu kin. i vi b
tng c sn, R
VC
phi ln hn hoc bng 70% cng thit k (R
TK
).

- Trng thi cu kin khi vn chuyn cng gn vi trng thi lm vic khi thit k n cng
tt trong qu trnh vn chuyn khng pht sinh ng sut khc vi ng sut trong s
tnh ton.
- Cu kin phi c k bng nhng khc g trn sn xe ng v tr tht k.
- Khi xp nhiu lp cu kin, cc im k ca cc cu kin trn v di phi trng nhau
chng khng chu ti trng thm ngoi trng lng bn thn.
- Khi cu kin di phi dng xe ko c r-moc th cu kin phi c k trn mm quay
khi xe chy.
- Chiu cao ca cu kin trn thng xe khng qu 3,8m; chiu di phi m bo cho xe
chy qua ng t v cc on ng cong.
- Cu kin phi c c nh chc chn vo phng tin vn chuyn chng x dch, va
p gia cc cu kin.
2. Xp cu kin: Cu kin vn chuyn t ni sn xut v cng trng phi c b tr
trn mt bng theo cc nguyn tc sau:
- Cu kin b tr trn mt bng phi nm trong tm hot ng ca cn trc c
tnh ton. Trnh nhng vn chuyn ph v cn trc di chuyn nhiu.
- Cc cu kin dt trn cc con k g thng bng trn mt mt phng, v tr k cu kin
cng gn vi trng thi lm vic cng tt.
- V tr t cu kin phi ph hp vi cc thao tc ca cn trc trong qu trnh lp. Cc cu
kin nng nn t gn, cc cu kin nh th t xa, cc cu kin c s lng nhiu v tr
m gc quay tay cn l nh nht, tp kt cc cu kin sao cho cn trc ng mt v tr c th
lp c nhiu cu kin nht.
3. Khuych i cu kin: Vic vn chuyn cc cu kin c kch thc v trng lng ln
nh dn, ct ... rt kh, nhiu khi khng thc hin c. Do , cc cu kin ln thng c
c thnh nhiu thnh phn nh d vn chuyn n cng trng. Vic lp cc thnh phn
cu kin li thnh mt cu kin hon chnh ti cng trng lp ghp gi l khuych i cu
kin.
u im ca khuych i cu kin:
- Vn chuyn n gin;
- Tn dng c sc trc;
- tn cng to gin gio;
- Gim cc thit b c nh tm;
- D ch to;
- Mi ni c thc hin ngay trn mt bng lp ghp nn thun li hn nhiu so vi
vic thc hin trn cao.
4. Gia cng cu kin: Trong qu trnh vn chuyn v cu lp, trong cu kin pht sinh
nhiu ni lc khng ng vi ni lc lm vic tht (ni lc thit k). Gia cng cu kin l
lm tng cng cc b ti mt s v tr cn thit chu c cc ni lc pht sinh .
5. Chn cn trc lp ghp: C nhiu loi cn trc c s dng trong cng tc lp ghp
(cn trc thiu nhi, cn trc thp, cn trc cng ... ). Song cn trc t hnh s dng ph bin
nht lp ghp nh dn dng cao tng (t 4-5 tng) v nh cng nghip mt tng bi v n
c mt s u im chnh sau y:
- Sc trc ln;
- cao nng mc ln;
- vn mc cu tng i xa;
- Tnh c ng trn cng trng cao.
5.1-Nhng yu t c bn chn cn trc:
- Hnh dng , kch thc cng trnh;
- Trng lng, kch thc, quy m khuych i v v tr cc kt cu trong cng trnh;
- Khi lng, c im ca cng tc lp ghp - thi gian yu cu hon thnh;
- Tnh trng mt bng lp ghp, cht hp, c im ca phn ngm di t (ng
ng ngm, b cha, hm, mng my...);
- Tnh trng mt bng cng trng, dc mt t, kh nng cung cp nhin liu,
ngun in ca cng trng.

* Cn trc chn cho mt phng n lp ghp phi tho mn cc yu t sau y:
Q
max
[Q]

H
max
[H] tra bng c tnh ca cn trc

R
max
[R]

Trong : + Q
max
- tng trng lng ln nht khi cu (tn);

+ H
max
- cao bt li nht ca kt cu ph thuc vo c.trnh (m);

+ R
max
- vn bt li nht ca cu kin trong cng trnh (m);

+ [Q], [H], [R]- sc trc, chiu cao v vn cho php ca cn trc (cc s liu
ny tra bng c tnh ca cn trc).
5.2-Tnh ton v chn cn trc:
a. Tnh sc trc Q
max

Q
max
= Q
0
+ q
1
+ q
2

Vi : Q
0
l trng lng bn thn cu kin nng nht trong cng trnh;

q
1
l trng lng cc vt gia cng (nu c);

q
2
l trng lng cc thit b treo buc.

b. Xc nh chiu di tay cn ti thiu : xc nh theo phng php gii tch. T hnh v
4-10 ta c :

- Chiu cao
}
Hnh 4 - 10. Thng s chn cn trc khng m theo gii tch
nng mc
cu H
m
:

H
m
= H
L
+ h
1
+ h
2
+ h
3

Vi : H
m
- chiu cao nng mc cu (m);

H
L
- chiu cao t cao trnh my ng n im t cu kin (m);

h
1
- chiu cao nng cu kin cao hn v tr lp (h
1
=0,5 - 1m);

h
2
- chiu cao ca cu kin (m);

h
3
- chiu cao ca thit b treo buc (m);

h
4
- chiu di on cp t mc cu n puli u cn (h
4
1,5m);

h
c
- chiu cao ca khp quay tay cn so vi cao trnh my ng

(h
c
= 1,5 - 1,7m);

r - khong cch t khp quay ca tay cn n trc quay ca my
(r = 1 - 1,5m);
L - chiu di tay cn phi tnh ton;
a - gc nghing ca tay cn phi tnh ton;
e - khong cch an ton tay cn khng va p vo mp ngoi ca cng trnh
(im I) (e = 1 - 1,5m);
Chiu di tay cn c tnh bng cng thc:
L = l
1
+ l
2
L = (1)

cos sin
e a h H
c L
+
+

Trong : a - l khong cch t ng trng tm vt cu n im va chm I.
T cng thc trn ta nhn thy rng L l mt hm s ca gc nghing a.
Ly o hm L theo a (tc gii phng trnh = 0 ), ta c:

tga = (2)

T cng thc (2) ta xc nh c tr s gc a ti thiu. Bit gi tr a ta thay vo cng thc
(1) tm chiu di tay cn ti thiu.
IV. AN TON LAO NG TRONG CNG TC LP GHP (0,5 tit .Tit th 69)
1 . Nhng nguyn nhn ch yu gy tai nn trong cng tc lp ghp:
- S dng cn trc khng p ng cc yu cu theo tnh ton;
- S dng dng c v phng php treo buc khng ng k thut;
- Do s khi iu chnh v c nh cu kin vo v tr thit k;
- Do sn thao tc khng n nh;
- Lp ghp khng ng theo trnh t thit k ch dn, khng m bo s n nh ca
tng cu kin hay ca b phn cng trnh lp ghp;
- Mi ni khng m bo;
- Cng nhn phc v cng tc lp ghp vi phm ni quy k lut v an ton lao ng.
2 . Cc bin php phng nga lao ng trong cng tc lp ghp:
2.1. Cc bin php k thut an ton phi c ch r trong thit k v cng nhn
phi c hc tp: bao gm cc thng tin:
- Loi my trc s dng lp ghp;
- V tr v phng php xp t cc cu kin trn mt bng lp ghp;
- Cch b tr v khu vc hot ng ca my trc cu lp;
- Cc dng c ph tng v phng php treo buc cc cu kin;
- Phng php khuych i v gia cng cu kin trc khi cu lp (nu c);
- Trnh t lp ghp cc cu kin ca cng trnh
2.2. Phng nga s c tai nn khi s dng my trc:
d
dL
3
e a
h H
c L
+

- S dng my trc p ng cc thng s k thut theo thit k;
- Khng cu cc cu kin b vi lp hay b cu kin khc ln;
- Khng cu cu kin nm ngoi tm hot ng ca cn trc.
2.3. Phng php b tr v xp t cu kin trn mt bng:
- Cu kin phi c xp trong tm hot ng ca cn trc;
- Cu kin c xp ng phi c chiu cao v khong cch ph hp theo tiu chun,
c th nh sau:
+ Panen sn xp t 10 n 20 lp vi chiu cao khng qu 2.5m;
+ Dm v ct xp cao khng qu 2m;
+ Panen tng phi xp trong cc khung ch A theo phng ng;
+ Gia cc lp cu kin xp chng phi k cc con k;
+ Gia cc chng cu kin phi cha cc khong cch an ton ti thiu l 1m.
2.4. Phng nga cu kin b ri khi treo buc: Cn lu cc vn nh:
- ng knh cp ph hp vi trng lng vt cu;
- Cc nt buc phi m bo cht v chc chn;
- V tr mc cu phi c b phn chn cp khng tut khi mc cu;
- Kim tra dy treo buc thng xuyn.
2.5. Phng nga tai nn khi cu chuyn.
2.6. Phng nga cu kin ri trong lc h t v iu chnh.
2.7. Phng nga cng nhn lp ghp ng t trn cao.

CHNG 5
CNG TC HON THIN
************************

Cng tc hon thin bao gm nhng cng vic ch yu: trt, lng, p, sn, qut
vi.
Cng tc hon thin c vai tr quan trng i vi cht lng ca cng trnh: chng
c tc hi ca thi tit, tng tui th ca cng trnh, bo m mc tin nghi ca
cng trnh thch hp vi yu cu s dng v tng m quan cho cng trnh. Cng tc
hon thin c th thc hin bng c gii ha hoc bng th cng.
I. CNG TC TRT (1,5 tit tit th 70-71)
1. Tc dng v cu to lp trt
1.1. Tc dng:
- Chng nh hng ca thi tit: lp va trt ngoi nh mt lp o bo v khi
xy, lm tng tui th v bn ca cng trnh.
- Chng s ph hoi ca m, nc: lp trt ngn nga s xm nhp ca hi m,
nc vo khi xy, ng thi lm tng s kt dnh ca cc phn t b mt khi xy.
- Chng s ph hoi ca nhit : vi nhng cng trnh tip xc vi nhit cao
(khong 1100
0
C tr ln), lp va trt cch nhit c tc dng gi cho khi xy khng
b bin dng, nng chy.
- Tng cng m quan cho cng trnh, khc phc c nhng khuyt tt ca qu
trnh thi cng.
1.2. Cu to lp trt:
Chiu dy ca lp trt theo quy nh ca thit k thng t 1020mm, nu lp trt
qu dy d b tt, phng, rn nt, do vy phi chia thnh nhiu lp trt mng, mi lp
khng mng hn 5mm v dy hn 10mm.
Trt trn 3 lp th lp trong cng gi l lp lt, lp gia l lp m, lp ngoi gi
l lp mt.
+ Lp lt: c tc dng lin kt chc vi tng, ng thi lm nn trt lp m.
Nu mt lp lt nhn th phi to nhm, chiu dy lp lt thng t 6-8mm.
+ Lp m: c tc dng bm cht vo lp lt v lm nn cho lp mt. Chiu dy
thng 610mm, khng xoa nhn mt lin kt vi lp mt.
+ Lp mt: mt phng ca lp mt phi trng vi b mt ca cc di mc va, lp
mt phi nhn, phng, ng nht, va trt phi m bo do quy nh.
2. K thut trt:
2.1.Trt tng:
+ Yu cu k thut:
- Trc khi trt, mt trt phi c lm sch, c ht ru mc, bi bn, du mv
ti m.
- Vi nhng mt trt nhn phi to nhm bng bn chi st, nh xm hoc vy
va mc cao.
- Vi nhng mt trt xp, d ht nc th trt mt lp va mng mc cao bt
kn nhng l rng.
- Khi lp va trt trc se mt th mi trt lp sau, nu lp trc qu kh th phi
ti nc cho m.
- Khi ngng trt khng mch ngng thng m phi vt hnh rng ca trt
tip d dng v bm chc.
Nu mt trt lm bng hai loi vt liu khc nhau th mi ni khng c b tr
trng vi mi tip gip gia 2 loi vt liu.
Ln va n u th cn cn phng, xoa nhn n . Khi ch va trt b phng,
bong l phi ph rng ch ra, mit cht mp xung quanh v i n khi va se mt
mi trt li.
+ Phng php ly mc trt tng:
Vi nhng tng rng, m bo yu cu k thut v nng sut, nht thit phi
t mc.
Mc va l nhng m inh, cc ming va, di va, nhng ng g bng kim
loi hay g t c nh hay tm thi. Mc va t phi chnh xc, bo m mt ca tt
c cc mc phi nm trong mt mt phng.
Phng php t mc thng thng:
- Trn mt tng trt, v tr 2 gc trn xc nh 2 im cch mt tng bn v
trn mt khong 1520cm, ng inh vo 2 v tr xc nh, mt m inh cch tng
mt khong cch bng chiu dy lp trt theo thit k.
- Cn c vo mt m inh 2 gc, cng dy ngang v c cch nhau mt on 2m
li ng mt inh sao cho mt m inh va chm dy.
- Theo tng m inh hng ngang trn cng, th di theo mt m inh v c 2m
li ng mt inh sao cho m inh va chm dy di.
- Dng va p thnh nhng ming mc vung 1010cm ri ni cc mc theo
chiu ng to thnh di mc. n gin c th thay nhng ming mc va bng
cc thp trn f6 u c m 1530mm, sau khi ng xong cc cc thp th to nhng
di mc, sau nh cc cc thp, ra sch dng cho ln sau.
K thut trt:
Trt lp lt: phi quan st b mt ca tng, nhng ch li th c, ch lm th
p va cho tng i phng, c th vy va ln mt trt nhng phi m bo cho va
bm thnh mt lp mng (t 68mm). Lp lt trt khng cn cn phng v thng
dng ct c c ht ln hoc trung bnh, st ca va t 610cm.
Trt lp m: tin hnh khi lp lt se mt, phng php trt ging nh lp lt,
nhng phi m bo mt lp m va cao bng mt cc di mc, nu ln va bng
bn xoa hay t lt th ln va t di ln v trt tng on lin nhau. Dng thc cn
phng va t di ln trn (2 u thc da vo 2 di mc va) nhng ch lm phi
dng bay, bn xoa trt b vo ri cn li.
Khi cn xong, mt va tng i phng nhng khng nhn, nu nhn phi dng
bay gch cho ln mt lp m su t 23mm cch nhau 810cm, ct dng cho lp
m c c ht trung bnh, va c do theo cn tiu chun 812cm nu trn th
cng, 610cm nu trn bng my.
Trt lp mt: khi va lp m bt u ng cng (dng tay n cng nhng cn
vt) th trt lp mt, nu kh qu phi ti nc thm u ch se mt ri trt. Lp
trt dy t 58mm, khng qu 10mm, ct dng loi ht mn.
Phng php ln va v cn phng tng t nh trt lp m. Khi cn xong ch
cho mt va se th dng bn xoa g xoa nhn. Xoa t trn xung di, lc u xoa
rng vng, nng tay. Khi b mt hi phng th xoa vng hp v nh tay. Cui cng
va xoa, va nh nhng nhc bn xoa ra khi mt trt. Nu va kh qu, khi xoa s
ni ct th dng chi t dp nc qut nh ln ch va kh, va qut nc va xoa
n khi ct ln vo tng, mt mn, nhng ch gip lai phi qut nh nc vo ch
va kh, ng thi dng bn xoa, xoa rng vng c ch c v mi, xoa n khi lin
mt th dng.
Mun cho mt tng phng, nhn, bng th sau khi xoa nhn phi i cho se mt
ri dng bn xoa st mit cho n khi mt tng khng cn l ct nh.
2.2. Trt gc:
- Ti mt mt tng, ng mt inh cch gc t 58cm, cch trn 20cm, treo qu
di, dy di chm mt inh, cch nn hay sn nh 20cm ng mt inh, trn ng
di c cch 1 tm thc ng 1 inh, cc m inh n theo mp dy di.
- t nhng ming va kch thc 1010cm bng mp inh.
- Mt gc tng kia cng tin hnh tng t.
- Kim tra vung mt mc.
- Dng bay ln va ni lin cc ming va to thnh di va, ly thc cn lao
theo chiu dc thc, cn va bng mt mc, va s n vo gc li hay gc lm.
- Dng thc gc, t nhe nhng vo gc, lao thc u tay t trn xung, s to
thnh mt ng gc thng, nu ch no non va th dng bay ln va cho phng ri
dng thc gc lao li cho tht thng.
2.3. Trt tr:
Tr gm 2 loi: tr vung, ch nht hay tr trn hoc c dng ng cong. Cch
trt 2 loi tr ny cng khc nhau.
* Trt tr vung hay ch nht:
Cch ly mc ca tr vung hay ch nht ging nh trt gc li, ch khc l phi
ly 4 gc ca tr. Tt c cc mc cnh 4 tr u phi theo ng dy di. dy
ca mt mc bng dy lp m, khong cch 2 hng mc ngn hn chiu di ca
thc.
Trt tr tin hnh t nh xung chn, lp m trt bng tay v bn xoa. Chiu dy
bng chiu dy mc va. C th da vo cc mc, dng thc cn cho mt lp m
tng i phng. Dng 2 thc tm p vo 2 mt ct, c nh thc, dng bay v bn
xoa ln va bng mp thc tm, dng bn xoa, xoa nhn mt ct theo 2 cnh thc
tm, ln lt chuyn thc trt 4 mt tr.
Sau khi trt xong phi kim tra vung 4 gc, mt phi phng, cnh phng, gc sc.
B tr v dm cng tin hnh tng t.
* Trt tr trn:
Mc ly theo 4 im nm trn 2 ng knh vung gc. ng inh vo 4 im .
cao ca m inh bng chiu dy lp trt v n vi thc th trn, p thnh
nhng ming va kch thc1010cm, mt va bng m inh. Ri ni cc ming va
thnh mt di va theo ng trn. Qu trnh p v ni mc phi th bng thc th
trn.
Khong cch 2 di va ngn hn chiu di ca thc.
Trt t trn xung, trt trong tng khoang gia 2 di va, dng thc tm t trn 2
di va mc, cn dc thc to thnh mt cong trn. Khi va se, dng bay nh
cho xi mng ni ln lp kn cc l rng gia cc ht ct.
2.4. Trt trn b tng:
Trn panen hay btng ton khi thng c trt lm 2 lp: lp m v lp
mt.
Trc khi t mc cn phi kim tra phng ca trn bng cch da vo cao
cho tng xy, ly ln cch tng 1,5cm (mt mt tng ly t 35 im). Ri
dng dy mnh cng gia 2 im i din, o t mp dy ln trn, xc nh chiu dy
lp trt m.
gia trn t mt ming mc va 55cm c chiu dy bng chiu dy lp trt
chn. Dng mt thc tm c gn niv (cnh ca niv song song vi cnh thc tm)
t thc tm vo mc va. Gi cho thng bng (da vo bt nc) ri trt mi u
thc mt mc va, quay thc 90
0
xc nh 2 mc va. Tin hnh tng t ta s
c mt li vung nhng mc va trn trn. Ni thnh nhng di va song song vi
nhau.
Phng php ln va tt nht l vy va, vy theo tng di, ht di ny sang di
khc, vy u mt trn v iu chnh cho cc vt va thp hn mc 58mm, i cho
lp m se mt th trt lp mt.
Trt lp mt t gc ra, trt ht di ny sang di khc, trt dy t 58mm v trt
bng lp va mc.
Trt lp mt xong phi cn phng, nu ch no lm th ly va b vo cn li cho
tht phng, i cho lp va se mt th tin hnh xoa nhn. Cn ch xoa k ch tip
gip gia mc va v di va, xoa xong dng bay mit li cho ximng v vi ni ln
lp kn cc khe gia cc ht ct.
II. CNG TC LNG (1,0 tit tit th 71-72)
Theo cu to ca nn lng ta c th chia ra:
- Lng trn nn t c va m;
- Lng trn nn cng (trn tm sn b tng ct thp, panen hp....);
- Lng chng thm (y b, thnh b....).
1. Cng tc chun b
- Chun b dng c: niv, bn xoa, bay, hc va, thc tm, bn p, qu ln gai
- Chun b vt liu: v m bo quy cch cht lng.
- Chun b b mt lng:
Kim tra li cao mt nn, nu mt nn lng rng cn phi chia v kim tra cao
theo , nhng ch no cao phi c bt, nhng ch no thp phi lng th bng lp
va xi mng mc cao.
Qut sch cc mn rc, c b nhng ch dnh du m v ti m.
2. K thut lng
- Lm mc:
Cn c vo cao trn tng, dc thit k, dng niv, dy cng xc nh cc
mc cao nhng v tr thay i, cc gc nh.
To thnh mng li cc mc cao ph hp vi chiu di ca thc tm.
- Bt m:
Xc va ln nn thnh nhng di rng 10cm ni lin cc mc, dng bn p
va bm chc vi nn, dng thc cn phng bng mt mc, cc ng m song song
vi nhau v cch nhau mt khong bng hoc nh hn chiu di ca thc tm. C
th dng nhng thanh g la-ti rng 45cm v chiu dy ph hp, bo nhn mt, t
trn cc mc va lm ng m.
- Lng th:
va vo gia 2 ng m, san u ri dng bn p, p nh va bm chc
vo nn, sau ri mt lp va khc ln trn v dng thc cn phng bng mt m.
Khi cn xong mt khong th dng bn xoa to xoa, xoa t trong li ra v xoa nhng
ch ht nc nhanh trc, nhng ch chn tng phi xoa cho vung gc v sch,
nn lng cch vic i li c d dng. Trng hp mt lng rng, khng thi
cng lin tc c phi ngng th dng rng ca, gn chn, trc khi lng tip phi
ti nc xi mng.
- nh mu:
C 2 phng php nh mu l phng php t v phng php kh.
Phng php t l rc u bt xi mng hoc bt xi mng trn mu ln mt lng
kh khi cn t, ri dng bay mit nh cho mt lng nhn, bay nh lc u nng tay.
Khi thy mt lng mn th lia nh bay cho bng. Phng php ny thng tit kim
c 40% xi mng so vi phng php kh.
Phng php kh l khi mt lng kh (bc i nh khng li vt) ti nc
ln mt lng cho m, bt xi mng c trn thnh h do ri dng bn xoa, xoa phng
v nhn u, xoa xong tng khong khi mt nn va se mt th dng bay nh cho
nhn bng, ch nhng ch tip gip gia nhng ln xoa.
- Ln gai (ln bu-sc)
Vi nhng li i li thng khng nh mu, m ln gai. Sau khi lng va ximng
xoa nhn, bt u se mt th tin hnh ln gai, ko qu ln thnh tng ng thng, ln
ch t th nng nh tay, ch kh th nng tay gai in u trn mt nn. Ln
xong phi c ra qu ln sch s, lau kh v bi du.
- K mch:
Tin hnh sau khi mt lng c xoa nhn va kh (i nh khng li vt), nu
nn qu kh th k mch kh v ng mch khng nhn bng.
Trc khi k mch phi kim tra kch thc cc cnh ca nn, sn chia u cc
k v nh du v tr k. Cng dy p thc v dng c mch k. K xong tng
ng th dng chi qut cho sch va ri li p thc, xp nc m c mit li
cho nhn.
K ht cc ng mch theo mt chiu sau k cc ng mch theo chiu
vung gc thao tc d dng.
3. Bo v, dng h mt lng
Lng nh mu, lng nn ln gai, k mch u phi ti nc dng h chng
rn nt, c bit l cc nn lng bng va mc cao, thi tit hanh kh. Khng nn
dng vi nc m nn dn nc chy trn mt. Vi nhng nn lng nh nn c bin
php che ma che nng. Trnh i li, gy va chm trn mt nn lng khi cha t
cng quy nh.
III. CNG TC P (0,5 tit tit th 72)
Trong cc cng trinh xy dng, do yu cu trang tr, v sinh v kt hp vi vic
bo v cc kt cu chu lc ngi ta tin hnh cng tc p.
Vt liu p thng l: gch nung, gch hoa, gch men mu, hoa, gch granit
(gii hn chng trnh ch nghin cu phng php p gch men s).
1. Mt s yu cu ch yu
Trong mi trng hp cng tc p c tin hnh trc khi lt nn.
Mt p phi c lm sch khng rc bn, du lm gim s kt dnh va p
hoc lm hoen mt p sau ny.
Gch p phi c la chn cn thn, khng dng nhng vin nt n, st m gc
cnh, gch p phi sch s v c ngm nc t nht l 1 gi trc khi tin hnh p.
Mt p phi m bo vn sc ng nht, hi ha, khng c nhng vt va, va
di cc tm p phi c, khng c khong rng, g trn mt tm p khng c hin
tng bp.
Va dng p c mc 100, c th pha trn 5% h vi so vi th tch ca xi mng
tng do ca va p.
B rng mch va phi m bo quy nh, cc mch va c chn xm bng va
cng mu vi mt p, mch p theo 2 phng ng v ngang phi thng, mt p phi
phng v thng ng.
Chiu dy mch p ly nh sau:
- Vi gch men s, gch gm, nhn to mch va ly theo tnh cht ca phng
v kch thc ca tm p.
- Vi tm p c kch thc ln hn 200200mm b rng mch p khng vt qu
3mm.
Vi tm p c kch thc nh hn 200200mm mch p khng vt qu 2mm.
2. K thut p
- Chun b vt liu:
Vt liu p phi m bo kch thc, ng mu, loi b nhng vin cong vnh, st
cnh hay gc
- t mc:
pha trn ca bc tng p, t mi gc mt vin gch mc, gn trc tip ln
tng bng va thch cao hay xi mng.
T 2 mt ca 2 vin gch mc th di to thnh mt phng cn p, sau c nh
2 vin n theo ng dy di di chn tng, 2 vin gch chn tng c iu
chnh ng cao .
Da vo 2 vin gch mc di chn tng cng dy chun nm ngang v p
hng gch chun, hng chun c mp trn n theo dy, mp di bng mt nn hay
sn. Khi p th p t tri sang phi, khi p n 2 gc th sa li v dng thc tm sa
phng li hng chun. C th thay hng gch chun bng mt thanh g c kch thc
bng mt hng gch p, trn thanh g chia sn kch thc ca vin gch p.
Vi nhng tng rng c th trt ton b lp va lt, trt xong kha mt theo
hnh qu trm to nhm, sau t cc thanh g c theo 2 phng. Cc thanh g c
chiu rng bng mt hng gch p, khong cch gia cc vin thanh g phi tnh ton
cho ph hp vi s gch p trong v cch nhau khng qu 23mm.
- Tin hnh p:
Trt mt lp va mng ln tng lm lp va chn, mit va n u t gch n
va khi kh, mt tay cm gach, mt tay dng bay pht ln lng gch mt lp
va dy 2030mm, sau t gch ln tng, iu chnh cho phng da vo dy lm
chun v kim tra mch nm ngang, dng cn bay g nh c nh vin gch vo v
tr. p xong mt hng th di chuyn ln hang trn, sau khi p xong 34 hng th dng
thc di kim tra ngay iu chnh kp thi, hng trn cng phi dng nhng vin
gch cnh trn, gc tng dng nhng vin gch gc.
p xong dng xi mng trng hoc xi mng mu trn vi nc lp y cc mch,
dng bay mit i mit li cho xi mng chn knh mch, dng gi lau sch va trn mt
gch p.
IV. CNG TC LT (0,5 tit tit th 73)
1. Khi nim v phn loi
Thng thng nn nh c cu to 2 phn chnh:
- Phn nn chu lc: c th l nn t, nn gch, nn b tng hay sn b tng ct
thp.
- Phn mt sn: l phn lt trn nn chu lc to iu kin tt cho vic s dng
v c tc dng trang tr.
- Phn loi mt lt: c th theo vt liu lt hoc theo cu to nn:
+ Theo vt liu: lt gch ch, gch l da, gch b tng, gch granit, gch l nem,
gch men
+ Theo cu to: lt trn nn t, nn ct c hoc khng c va m, lt trn nn b
tng hay nn b tng ct thp, lt chng thm mi
Lt trn nn t, ct c hoc khng c va m thng dng cc tm lt dy nh
gch ch gch b tng.
Lt trn nn b tng hoc nn btng ct thp thng phi c va m v dng
cc tm lt mng nh gch granit, gch l nem, gch men
Lt chng thm thng dng cc tm lt trn bng c thm nc thp.
2. K thut lt
2.1. Cng tc chun b:
- Chun b vt liu:
+ Tt c nhng tm lt u phi ra sch v nhng nc;
+ Nhng tm lt c chiu dy ng k phi ra sch b mt v cc cnh mp, v
thng thng loi tm lt ny khng c va m.
+ Vi nhng tm lt mng, c bit vi cc loi gch men s, men hoa thng lt
nhng v tr c yu cu m thut cao nn sai s v kch thc mch va kht khe,
cho nn phi loi b nhng vin khng cng kch thc, cong vnh, st mp, st gc
cnh v b mt phi khng c khuyt tt.
+ Vi tm lt dng chng thm cn kim tra mi mn, thm thp, loi b
nhng vin non c ht nc ln.
- Chun b v x l nn:
+ Trng hp nn t c lp m ct:
* Nu l t nguyn th, c cht m bo th ch cn san phng.
* Nu nn l t p th phi m cht v san phng.
* Lp m ct c th dng ct en hay ct vng ri thnh lp c chiu dy
510cm, ti nc m bo m quy nh, m cht v bo m dc thit k.
* Trng hp mt lt rng phi chia 22m;
* Sa cha nhng ch c sai lch ln;
+ Trng hp nn lt l b tng gch v:
Sau khi , m b ng gch v phi ng cc cc mc cao theo li22m.
Kim tra, sa cha nhng ch c sai st ln.
+ Trng hp nn lt l b tng ct thp:
Sau khi btng t 48h, dng vi nc c p lc ln phun ln b mt to
nhm v ph hy cc lp vng ca va ximng.
Nhng ch c sai st ln phi x l bng cch c bt i hoc ri thm mt lp
va ximng to mt phng tng i.
* Trng hp nn lt l btng ct thp c gch xy ch hoc gch xy rng:
Cc hng gch xy phi m bo lin tc t mi n sang mi kia to l thng
hi, xy gch ch c th xy gch nm 2 lp hoc xay ng ty theo chiu cao l
thng hi thit k, va xy thng dng va ximng mc cao c kh nng dnh kt v
chu phong ha tt, mch va phi mit gn m bo s lu thng ca khng kh
v kh nng thot nhit, sau khi va xy t 100% cng mi tin hnh lt cc lp
ph.
2.2.K thut lt :
- Lm mc, bt m:
Cn c vo cao cho trn tng v dc thit k xc nh cao cc v tr
cn thit (gc nh, cc v tr chuyn tip dc), c th dng cc cc, mc va hoc
cc vin gch m xc nh cao .
Khi bt m xong phi kim tra li vung gc ca nn, sn.
Sau khi lt 2 hng gch cnh nn hay sn song song vi nhau th tin hnh lt
cc hng gch gia theo hng vung gcvi 2 hng gch trc. Lt theo hng li
dn v pha sau, lt t phi sang tri.
Va phi ri trc mt on vi b rng bng b rng hng gch lt, phi t cc
vin gch sao cho cnh ngoi n dy, cnh trong n m.
Lt xp c t 57 vin li p thc dng ba hoc chui bay g nh cho phng.
Va lt phi u v dy 1cm vi gch l nem, dy 1,5cm vi gch ximng.
Chiu dy mch va vi gch l nem ln nht l 5mm, vi gch ximng , gch
granit l 12mm.
Trng hp lt gch hoa, phi m bo ng hoa quy nh ca thit k.
Ti v tr gip tng hay ca, khi yu cu m quan khng caoc th lt gch ri
(gch v p mnh nh).
Sau khi lt xong ton b nn, va lt kh cng th lt vn chn hoc trng
mch.
Chn mch: Dng bay co ht va trn mt gch, vt mch va su xung t nht
1cm, ly chi qut sch, ti nc m ri va ximng chn y mch, chn n
u dng bay mit n . Trc khi dch vn sang v tr khc th dng chi rm qut
sch va ri v dng chi t qut cho nhn mt.
Trng mch: Trc khi trng mch phi qut sch mt nn, ti m u ri xi
mng lng ln nn v dng b g gt i gt li nhiu ln cho h ximng lt y cc
mch. Sau dng ximng bt mn rc vo cc mch cho ht kh nc v dng b g
gt sch. Cui cng dng gi sch thm nc lau mt nn, dng chi t qut ht bi
ximng v gi mt nn khng cho ngi qua li trong 48h (k t khi trng mch
xong).
Vi lt gch nem chng thm tin hnh tng t, nhng cn ch :
- Chun b vt liu che ma, che nng bo v mt lt.
- Do din thi cng rng, nn phi chia khu vc v hon chnh tng khu vc.
- Va dng trt phi m bo chng thm v chng phong ha, thng dng
va xi mng mc 50, phi m lp trc v sau khng trng mch.
V. CNG TC SN VI (0,5 tit tit th 73)
1. Qut vi
Cc b phn cng trnh nh tng, trn, ct v.v..sau khi trt xong thng c
ph ln mt lp vi trng hocvi mu lm cho cng trnh sch s v tng m quan
cho cng trnh. Nu qut lp vi trng th dng sa vi.
Nu qut lp vi mu th dng nc sa vi pha vi mt lng bt mu.
Nc vi trng c ch to nh sau:
C 2,5kg vi nhuyn cng vi 0,1kg mui n th ch to c 10l nc vi
qut. Trc ht nh lng vi trong 5l nc cho tht nhuyn thnh sa vi, mui
n hoc phn chua ha tan ring vo v quy cho u, cui cng nt lng nc
cn li v lc qua sng 225mt/cm
2
.

Nc vi mu c ch to nh sau:
C 2,53,5kg vi nhuyn cng vi 0,1kg mui n pha c 10l nc vi sa,
phng php ch to nh trn. Bt mu cho vo t t, mi ln cho phi cn o, v sau
mi ln phi qut th, khi m bo mu sc theo thit k th ghi liliu lng pha trn
khng phi th khi trn m khc. Sau cng c lc qua sng 255 mt/cm
2
.
Nu pha vi phn chua th c 1kg vi cc pha vi 0,12kg bt mu v 0,02kg phn
chua.
Nc vi phi pha sao cho khng c qu hoc long qu, bi v nu c qu th
qut kh u v thng li vt chi, nu long qu th b chay, khng p.
Phng php qut:
Khi lm xong nhng cng vic v xy dng v lp t nhng thit b th tin
hnh qut vi. Trc khi qut vi phi co ra, lm sch mt qut, khng c qut
vi ln b mt trt cn t, b mt trt kh qut vi mi u, ng mu.
Qut vi bng chi t b trn v cht bng u, qut nhiu lp: lp lt v lp
mt.
Lp lt qut bng sa vi pha long hn so vi lp mt, qut lp lt c th qut 1
hay 2 lt, lt trc kh mi c qut lp sau v phi qut lin tc thnh mt lt
mng.
Qut tng th a chi theo chiu ngangv qut t trn xung, qut trn th a
chi song song vi ca.
Qut lp mt: khi lp lt kh, lp mt phi qut 2 hoc 3 lt, lt trc kh
mi c qut lp sau, lp mt chi a vung gc vi lp lt, ngha l khi qut
tng chi a ln xung theo chiu thng ng, khi qut trn chi a theo chiu
vung gc vi ca. Nu qut vi mu th lp lt qut bng vi trng, lp mt qut
bng vi mu.
2. Qut sn
Sn qut ln b mt cc b phn cng trnh c tc dng bo v cc b phn
chng li tc ng ca thi tit. Lp sn cn lm tng bn c hc ca kt cu v c
tc dng trang tr.
2.1. Phn loi sn:
Sn c pha ch bng bt mu trn vi mt th tho dc hay nha tng hp.
Sn cung cp cho cc cng trng thng c pha ch sn, ng trong hp kn. Khi
pha trn phi ha thm vi cht ha tan nh benzen, du thng c long thch
hp.
Theo tc dng ca sn, ngi ta phn bit ra cc loi sn sau y:
- Sn dng cho g, chng li tc ng ca thi tit, nng ma v c mu sc
trang tr cng trnh theo yu cu thit k.
- Sn chng g, dng ph ln cc b mt bng kim loi nh khung nh, v ko,
ca st, lan can cc cng trnh ngi ta phi dng cc loi sn chng g c tc
dng chng li tc hi ca nc mn v khng kh mn.
- Sn chng axit dng cho cc b phn cng trnh chu tc dng ca axit.
2.2. Yu cu i vi mng sn:
Lp sn sau khi kh phi t yu cu ca quy phm nh nc:
- Sn phi t mu sc theo yu cu thit k.
- Mt sn phi l mng lin tc, ng nht, khng bp.
- Nu sn ln mt kim loi th mng sn khng b bc ra tng lp.
- Trn mng sn kim loi, khng c c nhng np nhn, khng c nhng git
sn, khng c nhng vt chi sn v lng chi.
2.3. Phng php qut sn:
Sau khi lm xong cng tc chun b b mt sn th tin hnh qut sn.
Khng nn qut sn vo nhng ngy lnh hoc nng qu. Nu qut sn vo nhng
ngy lnh qu mng sn s ng cng chm. Ngc li qut sn vo nhng ngy
nng qu mt ngoi sn kh nhanh, bn trong cn t lm cho lp sn khng m bo
cht lng.
Trc khi qut sn phi dn sch s khu vc ln cn bi khng bm lp sn
cn t.
Sn phi c qut lm nhiu lp, lp trc kh mi qut lp sau. Trc ht qut
lp lt sau qut lp mt (sn du).
Qut sn dng bt sn hoc chi sn. Sn phi pha c lng thch hp, trc khi
sn phi quy u.
Qut lt: cho mng sn bm cht vo b phn c sn. Nc sn lt pha
long hn nc sn mt.
Ty theo vt liu cn phi sn m lp lt c nhng yu cu khc nhau.
i vi mt tng hay trn trt va; khi lp va kh mi tin hnh qut lt. Nc
sn lt c pha ch bng du gai un si trn vi bt mu, t l 1kg du gai th trn
vi 0,05kg bt mu. Thng thng qut 1-2 nc to thnh mt lp sn mng u
trn ton b b mt cn qut.
i vi mt g: sau khi sa sang xong mt g th qut sn lt du ngm vo
cc th g.
i vi mt kim loi: sau khi lm sch b mtth dng loi sn c gc xit ch
qut lt.
Qut lp mt bng sn du: khi lp lt kh th tin hnh qut lp mt.
Vi din tch sn nh, thng sn bng phng php th cng, dng bt sn hoc
chi sn. Qut 2-3 lt, mi t to thnh mt lp sn mng, Qut lp sn sau a
bt, chi theo hng vung gc vi hng ca lp sn trc. Chn hng qut sn
sao cho lp cui cng:
- i vi tng theo hng thng ng;
- i vi trn theo hng ca nh sng t ca vo;
- i vi mt ca g xui theo chiu th g.
Trc khi mt sn kh dng bt sn rng bn v mm qut nh ln lp sn cho
n khi khng nhn thy vt bt th thi.
Nu khi lng sn nhiu th c th c gii ha bng cch dng sng phun sn,
cht lng mng sn tt hn v nng sut lao ng cao hn.
3. Ln sn
3.1. Yu cu k thut:
B mt sn phi t cc yu cu k thut sau:
- Mu sc sn phi ng vi yu cu ca thit k.
- B mt sn khng b r, khng c np nhn v git sn ng li.
- Cc ng ch, ng ranh gii cc mng mu sn phi thng nt v u.
3.2. Dng c ln sn:
a) Ru-l:
Ru-l dng ln sn, d thao tc v nng sut, sn trong 8h c th t ti 300m
2
.
- Loi ngn (10cm) dng sn ni c din tch hp.
- Loi va (20cm) hay loi di (40cm) dng sn b mt rng.
b) Khay ng sn c li.
Khay thng lm bng tn dy 1mm. Li c khung 200300mm t nghing
trong khay cha sn, c th ly ming tn c nhiu l c 35mm, khong cch l
10mm, ming tn ny t nghing trong khay, b mt sc quay xung pha di, hoc
li c khung hnh thang cn trong x.
c) Chi sn
- Chi sn dng qut sn nhng ng bin, gc tng, ni b mt hp.
- Chi dng dt: c chiu rng 100, 50, 25mm.
- Chi dng trn: c ng knh 75, 50, 25mm.
3.3. K thut ln sn:
a) Cng tc chun b: cng tc chun b ging nh i vi qut vi, b ma-tit.
- Lm sch b mt.
- Lm nhn, phng b mt bng ma-tit.
b) Trnh t ln sn:
- Bt u t trn, n cc bc tng, m ca, ri n cc ng ch v kt thc vi
sn chn tng.
- Thng sn 3 nc u mu, khi nc trc kh mi sn nc sau v cng
chiu vi nc trc, bi v ln sn d u mu, thng khng li vt ru- l.
c) Thao tc:
- sn vo khay (khong 2/3 khay).
- Nhng t t ru- l vo khay sn ngp khong 1/3 (khng qu li trc ru-l).
- Ko ru-l ln st li, y i y li con ln trn mt nc sn, sao cho v ru- l
thm u sn, ng tha sn tha gt vo li.
- a ru-l p vo tng v y cho ru-l quay ln t di ln theo ng thng
ng n ng bin (khng chm qu ng bin) ko ru-l xung theo vt c qu
im ban u, su xung ti im dng chn tng hay kt thc 1 t sn, tip tc
y ru-l ln n khi sn bm ht vo b mt.
VI. B MA-TT (0,8 tit tit th 74)
1. Khi nim
Ma-tt l hn hp gm cc vt liu thnh phn, (bt ma- tt, nc, du sn v
keo) dng lm phng b mt trt hon thin trang tr hoc lm nn cho sn.
- Bt ma-tt: thng dng mt trong nhng loi bt tan, ccbont can xi, thch
cao, u dng bt mn kh.
- Nc: nc dng dng pha ma-tt l nc sch
- Du sn, xng, cc loi keo ng vt, keo thc vt hay keo nhn to.
Nhng thng dng keo tng hp (plime) v kh nng tnh bm cao.
2. T l pha trn ma-tit.
2.1. Cng thc 1:
+ Thnh phn gm: Bt tan + xng + sn du.
+ Liu lng pha trn: 5kg bt tan+3,5kg sn du+ (0,1-0,25)kg xng
- Xng gip cho ma-tt nhanh kh v thi cng d dng.
- Nc sch pha thm ma-tt c do, d thi cng.
Theo cng thc ny th ma-tt lu kh, rn km, khng chu m t, d thi cng,
dng b tng ni kh ro.
2.2. Cng thc 2:
+ Thnh phn gm: thch cao + keo (keo tng hp tt hn) + bt phn (bt nh).
+ Liu lng pha trn: 1kg thch cao + (2-3) kg bt phn +2 lt nc keo 25%.
Theo cng thc ny th ma-tt lu kh, rn tt hn, nhng kh thi cng, thng
dng b tng tng 1, tng pha ngoi hnh lang.
2.3. Cng thc 3:
+ Thnh phn: bt phn + du sn + keo (keo ng vt hay keo thc vt).
+ Liu lng pha trn: 2,5kg bt phn + 25g du sn + 1kg nc keo 10%.
Theo cng thc ny th ma-tt bm dnh tt, d thi cng, nhng rn km, lu
kh, thng dng b tng trong nh ni kh ro.
3. Cch pha trn.
3.1. i vi loi ma-tt t pha:
- Cn ong vt liu theo t l pha trn.
- Trn kh u (nu c t 2 loi bt tr ln).
- nc pha (du hoc keo) theo t l vo bt trn trc.
- Khuy u cho nc v bt ha ln vi nhau chuyn sang dng nho do.
3.2. i vi loi ma-tt pha sn:
y l loi bt hn hp kh, c pha ch ti cng xng v ng thnh bao c
trng lng 10, 25, 40kg, khi pha trn ch cn nc sch theo ch dn, khuy cho
u cho bt tr nn dng nho do.
4. K thut b ma-tt.
4.1. Yu cu k thut
B mt sau khi b cn m bo cc yu cu sau:
- Phng, nhn, bng, khng r, khng bong rp.
- B dy lp b khng nn qu 1mm.
- B mt ma-tt khng sn ph phi u mu.
4.2. Dng c
Dng c b ma-tt gm bn b, dao b v mt s dng c khc nh x, hc
cha ma-tt
- Bn b nn c din tch ln d thao tc v nng sut cao.
- Dao b ln c th thay bn b b ma-tt ln mt trt.
- Dao b nh xc ma-tt v b nhng ch hp.
Ngoi ra cn dng ming b bng thp mng 0,10,15mm ct hnh ch nht kch
thc 1010cm dng lm nhn b mt, ming cao su ct hnh ch nht kch thc
55cm dng b ma-tt cc gc lm.
4.3. Chun b b mt
- Cc loi mt trt u c th b ma-tt, nhng tn nht l mt trt bng va tam
hp.
- Dng bay hay dao b ma-tt ty nhng cc vi, va kh bm vo b mt.
- Dng bay hay dao cy ht nhng g mc, r cy bm vo mt trt, trt v li.
- Qut sch bi bn, mng nh bm trn b mt.
- C ty lp vi c bng cch ti nc b mt, dng c hay giy rp nh k
hoc co bng dao b ma-tt.
- Ty sch nhng vt bn do du m bm vo tng.
- Nu b mt trt bng ct ht to, dng giy rp s 3 nh rng bt nhng ht to
bm trn b mt, v khi b ma-tt nhng ht ct to ny d b bt ln bm ln vi ma-tt,
kh thao tc.
Qut u ln b mt mt lp keo bng chi qut vi hoc con ln tng dnh
bm ca ma-tt vi b mt.
4.4. B ma-tt
m bo b mt ma-tt t cht lng tt, thng b 3 ln.
+ Ln 1: nhm ph kn v to phng b mt.
- Dng dao xc ma-tt ln mt bn b 1 lng va phi, a bn b p nghing
vo tng v ko ln pha trn sao choma-tt bm ht b mt, sau dng cnh ca
bn b gt i gt li dn cho ma-tt bm kn u.
- B theo tng di, b t trn xung, t goc ra, ch lm b ma-tt cho phng.
- Dng dao xc ma-tt ln daom b ln 1 lng va phi, a dao p nghing vo
tng v thao tc nh trn.
+ Ln 2: Nhm to phng v lm nhn
Sau khi ma-tt ln trc kh, dng giy rp s 0 lm phng, nhn nhng ch li,
gn ln do vt b li, giy rp phi lun a st b mt v di chuyn theo vng
xoy c.
- B ma-tt ging nh ln 1.
Lm nhn bng b mt: khi ma- tt cn t dng 2 cnh di ca bn b hay dao b
gt phng, va gt va mit nh ln b mt ln cui, nhng gc lm dng ming cao
su b.
+ Ln 3: Hon thin b mt ma-tt
- Kim tra trc tip bng mt, pht hin nhng vt xc, ch lm b dm cho
u.
- nh giy rp lm phng, nhn nhng ch li, gip ni hoc gn ln do vt b
ln trc li.
- Sa li cc cnh, giao tuyn cho thng.
VII. TRT GRANIT (0,2 tit tit th 74)
Mt trt granit l loi mt trt gi lm bng va ximng trng c trn hnh
ht lu c 310mm c nhiu mu sc. Trong va ximng cn trn thm bt lm
cho b mt c mn. Ngoi ra cn trn thm bt mu to mu sc theo yu cu
ca thit k.
lm granit l loi vi thng hay cm thch nhiu mu.
+ Thnh phn: Vt liu bt (xi mng + bt + bt mu).
+ Liu lng pha trn: 1 vt liu bt + (1,21,5) ht.
Trong vt liu bt: 1kg ximng + (0,5 1) kg bt + bt mu (khong 1,5%
trng lng ximng ).
+ Yu cu:
- Phi m bo cht lng tt.
- Xi mng khng ng cc.
- phi sch, kh. Phi sng li trc khi pha trn.
- Liu lng khi pha trn phi cn ong chnh xc.
- Ni pha trn sch s, kh ro.
+ Phng php ch to va granit:
- Trn kh ximng, bt , bt mu (vt liu bt), sau khi trn phi ry li.
- Cho vo vt liu bt c trn u v tin hnh trn, trong khi trn cho
nc t t bt ngm u. Trn n khi va ng u v m bo do thi cng.
C th th do bng cch nm va trong lng bn tay, khi m tay ra va khng ri
rc l c.
- Va trn n u s dng ngay n .
+ Phng php trt:
- Trt lp va nn bng va ximng ct theo t l 1: 3.
- Sau khi trt lp mt (va ) c 45 ngy th tin hnh mi cho mt nhn,
bng, l mu ln l c.
+ Cch mi:
Mi granit thng tin hnh 2 t:
t 1: Mi th bng mi to ct, va vy nc cho t va mi ln xung theo
tng di rng khong 3040cm, khi trn b mt l u, v phng th dng.
t 2: Sau khi mi xong t 1 th pha bt mu ph ln b mt 1 lp mng,sau
thi gian t nht l 2 ngy th tin hnh mi, mi bng ct nh, mi t trn xung
cho tht nhn. Mi xong n u th dng nc ra sch v lau kh.
Sau khi mi xong ton b b mt th dng nc ra sch, lau kh v nh xi cho
bng.
Ch : m bo cht lng b mt trt garnit th khi a va ln tng phi c
gng khi dn vo mt ch, khng c dng bn xoa xoa phng va.
**. Kim tra bi nh k s 3 . (1 tit . Tit th 75)
(Chn 01 trong cc cu hi sau)
1. Cu 1: Trnh by nguyn tc xy? Cc yu cu k thut khi xy? Cch xp gch
trong khi xy tng v tr? K thut xy tng, tr v lanh t bng gch?
2. Cu 2: Phn tch cc thit b neo gi dng trong lp ghp? Cch tnh neo c nh
ti? Cch tnh h th khng gia cng?
3. Cu 3: u nhc im ca cn trc t hnh khi dng trong cng tc lp ghp?
Cch xc nh chiu di tay cn ti thiu ca cn trc t hnh khi khng c mc ph
theo phng php gii tch.
4. Cu 4: Tc dng ca lp trt? Cu to lp trt? Trnh by phng php trt:
tng thng, tr vung, tr trn.
** n tp thi kt thc mn: theo cng n tp sau:
CNG N TP KT THC MN HC
A. L thuyt
1. Nu cc tnh cht ca t v s nh hng ca n n k thut thi cng t?
2. Trnh by cc phng php h mc nc ngm? Cc phng php nh v cng
trnh? Phn tch cc bin php chng st l khi o t?
3. Trnh by c im v phng php o t bng my o gu thun, my o
gu nghch, my i? Nng sut ca my o mt gu, my i? Cc bin php nng cao
nng sut my i?
4. V sao phi gia c nn mng? Phn tch bin php gia c nn mng bng cc tre v
bng cc BTCT c sn? Phn bit cc chng vi cc ma st?
5. Vn khun l g? Phn tch nhng yu cu k thut i vi vn khun? Cch lp t
vn khun mng, ct, dm sn? V cu to vn khun mng, ct, dm sn? Phn tch
cc vn khi tho d vn khun?
6. Tc dng ca ct thp trong b tng? Cc yu cu k thut i vi ct thp? Phn
tch cc qu trnh gia cng ct thp?
7. Phn tch c im v tnh cht cc loi vt liu dng trong btng? Trnh by
cch trn btng bng my? Phn tch tm lc cc vn khi btng?
8. Mch ngng thi cng l g? V tr mch ngng thi cng i vi mt s loi kt cu
c th? Bin php x l mch ngng thi cng?
9. Mt s sai phm thng gp khi thi cng btng? Cch sa cha nhng h hng
ca kt cu BTCT?
10. Trnh by nguyn tc xy? Cc yu cu k thut khi xy? Cch xp gch trong
khi xy tng v tr? K thut xy tng, tr v lanh t bng gch?
11. Phn tch cc thit b neo gi dng trong lp ghp? Cch tnh neo c nh ti?
Cch tnh h th khng gia cng?
12. u nhc im ca cn trc t hnh khi dng trong cng tc lp ghp? Cch
xc nh chiu di tay cn ti thiu ca cn trc t hnh khi khng c mc ph theo
phng php gii tch.
13. Tc dng ca lp trt? Cu to lp trt? Trnh by phng php trt: tng
thng, tr vung, tr trn.
B. Bi tp
Bi tp v tnh nng sut my o mt gu, nng sut my i, nng sut my trn
btng?

Lu : Thi kt thc mn hc khng cho s dng ti liu.


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