I HC NNG TRNG I HC BCH KHOA ---------

NGUYN KHNH LINH

BI GING MY XY DNG

NNG, 2007

I HC NNG TRNG I HC BCH KHOA

Th.S NGUYN KHNH LINH

BI GING MY XY DNG

NNG, 2005

1. S n v hc trnh : 4 (60 tit) 2. i tng ging dy : Sinh vin h i hc cc ngnh xy dng : Dn dng v Cng nghip, Thu li - Thu in, Cu ng, Kinh t xy dng v Qun l d n. 3. Phn b thi gian : Ln lp : 60 tit Thc tp, thc hnh, bi tp ln, n : Khng 4. Cc mn hc trc cn thit : V k thut, k thut nhit, k thut in, sc bn vt liu. 5. M t vn tt ni dung mn hc : Mn hc trnh by kin thc c bn v cng dng, c im cu to, nguyn l hot ng, qu trnh lm vic, c tnh k thut, phm vi s dng, u nhc im v cc tnh ton c bn ca cc loi my v thit b xy dng thng s dng trong cng tc thi cng xy dng cng trnh nh : my vn chuyn, my nng chuyn, my lm t, my sn xut vt liu xy dng, my v thit b gia c nn mng,... 6. Nhim v ca sinh vin : D lp : c mt t nht 80% thi gian qui nh c ti liu, lm bi tp theo hng dn ca gio vin 7. Ti liu hc tp : a. Ti liu chnh : Nguyn Vn Hng (2002), My xy dng, Nxb Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni. b. Cc ti liu tham kho khc : 1. V Minh Khng (2004), My xy dng, Nxb Xy dng, H Ni. 2. Nguyn nh Thun (2001), S dng My xy dng v lm ng, Nxb Giao thng Vn ti, H Ni. 3. Trng Quc Thnh (1999), My v thit b nng, Nxb Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni. 4. Phm Hu ng (2004), My lm t, Nxb Xy dng, H Ni 5. Trn Quang Qu (2001), My sn xut vt liu xy dng, Nxb Giao thng Vn ti, H Ni. 8. Tiu chun nh gi sinh vin : Cn c vo kt qu ca cc hot ng : d lp, kim tra gia k v thi cui k 9. Thang im : 10 10. Mc ch, yu cu ca mn hc : Mn hc My xy dng cung cp nhng kin thc c bn v c kh v my xy dng cho sinh vin chuyn ngnh xy dng, nhm nng cao nng lc qun l khai thc s dng my xy dng cho

sinh vin ngnh xy dng - nhng ngi cn b k thut trong tng lai. Ngoi ra, mn hc cn h tr sinh vin lnh hi kin thc ca cc mn hc tip theo trong chng trnh o to k s xy dng nh : K thut thi cng, T chc thi cng, Xy dng cu, Xy dng ng, Thi cng thu li. Sinh vin phi nm c cng dng, c im cu to, nguyn l hot ng, qu trnh lm vic, c tnh k thut, phm vi s dng, u nhc im, cch tnh nng sut v mt s thng s c bn ca cc loi my v thit b thng gp trong cng tc thi cng xy dng cng trnh. Qua nng cao nng lc khai thc my; s dng, la chn, iu phi, u t, thanh l my mt cch hp l; nng cao c tnh hiu qu kinh t ca my, tng nng sut lao ng, tng cht lng cng trnh. Ni dung d kin Mc lc CHNG 1 : KHI NIM CHUNG 1 2 Phn loi, cu to chung, yu cu chung i vi MXD Thit b ng lc MXD 2.1 Cc loi ng c v t hp ng lc thng dng trong MXD 2.2 ng c diesel 4 th, bm thu lc v xi lanh thu lc 3 Cc chi tit, cc cm chi tit c bn 3.1 Trc v 3.2 Khp ni v ly hp 4 Truyn ng MXD 4.1 Khi nim, phn loi 4.2 Truyn ng c kh 4.3 Truyn ng thu lc 5 6 1 H thng di chuyn MXD Cc ch tiu v nng sut MXD My vn chuyn ngang 1.1 Phn loi 1.2 t v my ko 1.3 Rmooc v smi - rmooc 2 My vn chuyn lin tc 3 1 1 2 3 2 1 2 S tit Trang

CHNG 2 : MY VN CHUYN

2.1 Phn loi 2.2 Bng ti cao su 2.3 Bng ti xch 2.4 Nng sut my vn chuyn lin tc CHNG 3 : MY NNG CHUYN 1 2 Cng dng v phn loi My nng n gin 2.1 Kch 2.2 Ti 2.3 Palng 3 My nng kiu cn 3.1 Phn loi 3.2 Cn trc thp 3.3 Cn trc t hnh 4 My nng kiu cu 4.1 Cu trc 4.2 Cng trc 5 6 1 2 My nng kiu khung ct dn hng : Vn thng n nh my nng kiu cn Nhng vn chung My xc 2.1 Phn loi 2.2 My xc gu thun 2.3 My xc gu nghch 2.4 My xc gu ngom v my xc gu dy 2.5 Nng sut my xc mt gu 3 My o - chuyn t 3.1 My i 3.2 My san 3.3 My cp 3.4 Nng sut my o - chuyn t 4 My m t 3 4 1 1 2 3 2 3 1 3

CHNG 4 : MY LM T

4.1 Phn loi 4.2 My m bng lc tnh Lu bnh thp, lu bnh lp 4.3 My m bng lc rung m ln rung, m bn rung 4.4 Nng sut my m t KIM TRA CHNG 5 : MY SN XUT VT LIU XY DNG 1 My lm cng tc b tng 1.1 My trn b tng My trn t do, my trn cng bc 1.2 My m b tng m di, m bn 2 My lm 2.1 My nghin 2.2 My sng CHNG 6 : MY V THIT B GIA C NN MNG 1 2 Nhng vn chung My ng cc 3.1 Phn loi 3.2 Cu to chung ca gin ba 3.3 Ba diesel 3.4 Ba rung 3.5 Ba thu lc v ba hi 3 4 My p cc v my cm bc thm Thit b khoan cc nhi 4.1 Khi qut v thi cng cc khoan nhi 4.2 Phn loi my khoan t 4.3 Cc loi my khoan thng dng My khoan kiu xoay n My khoan kiu va p dy cp My khoan tun hon CHNG 7 : MY V THIT B CHUYN DNG 2 3 1 3 2 5 1

1. Ngnh Xy dng Dn dng v Cng nghip : Thang my, my xoa nn, kch ko ct thp d ng lc 2. Ngnh Xy dng Cu - ng : Trm trn b tng nha, my ri b tng nha, thit b lp dm cu 3. Ngnh Xy dng Thu li - Thu in : My chuyn dng lm cng tc thu li, my xc nhiu gu CHNG 8 : KHAI THC S DNG MY XY DNG 1. Tip nhn v bn giao MXD 2. Chy r MXD 3. a MXD vo s dng 4. Bo dng k thut v sa cha MXD 5. Bo qun MXD 6. Vn chuyn MXD 7. An ton lao ng trong s dng MXD N TP V GII BI TP

Hng ti liu

dn

sinh vin c

Hng ti liu

dn

sinh vin c

CHNG I. KHI NIM CHUNG V MY XY DNG Bi 1. Phn loi, cu to chung, yu cu chung i vi my xy dng I. Phn loi: My xy dng c nhiu chng loi v a dng, tin cho vic nghin cu ng dng, c th phn loi my xy dng theo cng dng, ngun ng lc, phng php iu khin hoc h thng di chuyn. 1. Da vo cng dng, my xy dng c chia thnh cc nhm nh sau: - My pht lc: cung cp ng lc cho my khc lm vic nh my pht in, my nn kh,... - My vn chuyn ngang: vn chuyn theo phng ngang nh cc phng tin vn chuyn bng ng b, ng st, ng thu, ng khng. - My vn chuyn lin tc: vn chuyn vt liu, hng ho thnh dng lin tc: bng ti, vt ti,... - My nng chuyn: vn chuyn theo phng thng ng: kch, ti, palng, cn trc, cu trc,... - My lm t: phc v cc khu thi cng t: my i, my xc, my m ,... - My lm : my nghin, my sng, my ra ct ,... - My phc v cng tc b tng: my trn, my m, my bm b tng,.. - My gia cng st thp: my hn, my ct thp, my nn thng ct thp, my un cong ct thp,... - My gia c nn mng: my ng cc, my p cc, my khoan cc nhi, my cm bc thm. - My chuyn dng cho tng ngnh: my o knh mng, my ri btng nha, my phay mt ng nha, my lao lp dm cu,... 2. Da vo ngun ng lc: - My dn ng bng ng c t trong - My dn ng bng ng c in - My dn ng bng ng c thu lc 3. Da vo h thng di chuyn: - My di chuyn bng bnh lp - My di chuyn bng bnh xch - My di chuyn bng bnh st ln trn ray - My di chuyn trn phao - My di chuyn bng c cu t bc 4. Da vo phng php iu khin - My iu khin bng c kh - My iu khin bng thu lc - My iu khin bng in - My iu khin bng kh nn II. Cu to chung: My xy dng c nhiu chng loi, cu to tng loi my khc hau, nhng nhn chung chng c cc b phn hp thnh nh sau: - Thit b pht lc - Thit b cng tc: b phn tc ng n i tng thi cng - Cc c cu: c cu quay, c cu nng h cn, c cu nng h vt, ... - H thng truyn ng - H thng iu khin: li, phanh hm,... - H thng di chuyn - Khung v b my - Cc thit b ph: chiu sng, tn hiu n ci,... Tu theo yu cu v chc nng, mt my c th c y cc b phn hp thnh nu trn hoc c th ch gm mt s b phn. III. Cc yu cu chung i vi my xy dng:

 p ng qu trnh cng ngh trong xy dng v tnh kinh t, my xy dng phi m bo cc yu cu chung sau: - Cng sut ng c hp l, tit kim nng lng, s dng ngun nng lng d tm - Kch thc nh gn, d vn chuyn, d thi cng - C bn v tui th cao, cng ngh tin tin - m bo c nng sut v cht lng thi cng, c kh nng phi hp lm vic cng vi cc loi my khc, bo dng sa cha d dng, c kh nng d tr nhin liu trong thi gian lm vic tung i di - S dng thun tin, an ton - Khng lm nh hng n mi trng xung quanh - Gi thnh n v thp Bi 2. Thit b ng lc Thit b ng lc ca my xy dng thng l ng c t trong v ng c in. I. ng c t trong: ng c t trong l loi ng c nhit hot ng theo nguyn l bin nhit nng thnh c nng, nhin liu chy trong xilanh to ra p sut y pttng dch chuyn, pttng ko y thanh truyn lm quay trc khuu. Phn loi : Da vo s th, chia lm 2 loi: ng c 4 th v ng c 2 th - ng c 4 th : chu trnh lm vic ca ng c c hon thnh sau 4 hnh trnh ca pttng tc 2 vng quay ca trc khuu. - ng c 2 th : chu trnh lm vic ca ng c c hon thnh sau 2 hnh trnh ca pttng tc 1 vng quay ca trc khuu. Da vo nhin liu, chia lm 2 loi: ng c xng v ng c diessel 1. Nguyn l kt cu v vn chuyn ca ng c diesel 4 th: Th ht : pt tng di chuyn t CT n CD, xu pp ht m, khng kh c np vo xi lanh sau khi c lc ti bu lc khng kh A. Xupp ht C. Ca ht E. Nc lm mt F. Thn my G. Ccte H. Du bi trn P. Trc khuu O. Thanh truyn N. Pttng M. Bung xilanh L. Ca thot K. Vi phun J. Xupp thot I. Trc cam Th nn : pt tng di chuyn t CD n CT, hai xu pp ng kn, khng kh c nn trong xi lanh. Vo cui th nn, p sut khng kh trong bung t t n khong 30 kG/cm2, nhit tng ln n 6000C

Th n : pt tng nn khng kh gn n CT, du izen c phun vo bung t vi p sut cao khong 150 kG/cm2 tn thnh sng, gp khng kh nng t bc chy, p sut tng vt ln khong 70 kG/cm2, to th n y pt tng n CD

Th x pt tng di chuyn t CD n CT, xu pp x m, kh chy c y ra ngoi.

Trong mt chu k, trc khuu quay hai vng, pt tng ln hai ln, xung hai ln, c mt ln n sinh cng. ng c diesel c cc u im nh hiu sut tng i cao, vn tc quay nh hn ng c xng, nhin liu diesel r hn xng, ng c tnh momen t dc hn, v vy uc s dng ph bin trong my xy dng. 2. ng c xng 2 th : Khi trc khuu quay, pt tng i t CD ln CT, ca x c pt tng y kn. Ho kh c sn trong xi lanh b nn, p sut v nhit tng dn, n khi pt tng i gn ti CT th b bc chy nh bu ri phng tia la in. . Khi pt tng i ln nn ho kh th pha di pt tng, trong cc te, p sut gim v ho kh t b ch ho kh qua ng np v c ht vo cc te qua ca np chun b cho vic thi ho kh vo xi lanh hnh trnh sau. ng c xng 2 th thng c dng trong cc loi my c cng sut nh nh my m btng (m di), my m t (m bn rung), my nai khi ng ng c diesel c cng sut ln. II. ng c in: ng c in c s dng ph bin trn cc my c nh hoc di chuyn vi c l nh. u im: Hiu sut cao, gn nh, chu vt ti tt, thay i chiu quay v khi ng nhanh, gi thnhh, lm vic tin cy, d t ng ho, t gy nhim mi trng. Nhc im: Kh thay i tc , momen khi ng nh, phi c ngun cung cp in. Bi 3. Cc chi tit my v cc cm chi tit my thng gp trong my xy dng I. Chi tit my: Chi tit my l mt n v hp thnh ca my, mi chi tit my l mt n v lin khi hon chnh v khng th tho ra thnh nhng n v n gin hn bng cc dng c tho lp thng dng. cc chi tit my thng gp nh trc, , then, bulng, ai c, bnh rng, a xch,... 1. Trc: Trc l chi tit my dng cc chi tit my c chuyn ng quay, truyn momen xon. Theo hnh dng ng tm trc, c cc loi: trc thng v trc khuu Theo c im chu ti, c cc loi: trc tm, trc truyn v trc truyn chung Theo cu to trc, c cc loi trc: trc trn, trc bc, trc c, trc rng, trc nh hnh, trc mm. Loi trc ph bin thng dng l trc c c bc, trc c kch thc ln thng l trc trn d ch to, trc rng tit kim vt liu v gim khi lng qun tnh ca trc. Trc c tit din khng l hnh trn c gi l trc nh hnh nh trc cam, trc then hoa,... Trc mm gm mt li v nhiu lp dy ng hoc day thp xon quanh li, vi cu to nh vy n c kh nng chu xon rt cao nhng chu un thp. Loi trc ny dng truyn momen xon

gia cc b phn my c v tr thay i khi lm vic, c s dng trong m di, my ct c, dy cngtmt,... *** 2. : trc dng cc trc quay hoc chi tit my quay trn trc. Nh c m trc hoc chi tit quay trn trc c v tr xc nh v quay quanh mt ng tm nh sn. Theo tnh ma st trong , c hai loi: trt v ln Theo c im chu ti, c cc loi: , chn, v chn a. ln: cn gi l vng bi, c cu to gm vng trong (cabi trong), vng ngoi, cc con ln v vng cch (r bi) *** Vng trong lp vi ngng trc, vng ngoi lp vi thn , thn my hoc chi tit quay trn trc. C th c mt hoc nhiu dy con ln, con ln c nhiu hnh dng khc nhau: hnh cu, hnh cn, hnh tr,... tu theo loi . Vng cch c tc dng lm cho cc con ln khng tip xc nhau, gim c ma st trong tng tui th ca . ln c qui c k hiu bi mt dy s, cc ch s biu th cc c im ca . Trong , hai s cui ca dy s biu th ng knh trong ca tc kch thc lp vi ngng trc, c qui uc nh sau: S hiu xx00 xx01 xx02 xx03 xxab ( ab=0499) ng knh d(mm) 10 12 15 17 d = ab x 5 ln c cc u im: h s ma st nh, chm sc v bi trn n gin, t tn vt liu bi trn, c tiu chun ho v tnh lp ln rt cao. Tuy nhin n c mt s nhc im nh: tui th thp, kch thc ng knh ln, kh lp ghp, khng dng c cho trc c ng knh ngng qu ln hoc qu nh, ng knh ngng phi tiu chun. b. trt: *** B phn lm vic ch yu ca trt l bc lt. Mt trong bc lt tip xc vi ngng trc l mt lm vic, mt ngoi lp vi thn hoc thn my. Bc lt c ch to t vt liu c h s ma st thp nh ng thanh, hp kim nhm, ng thau,... gim h hng cho ngng trc. i vi cc c trc khuu khng th dng ln, ngi ta dng trt, khi cc bc c lm thnh hai na c th lp vo c trc khuu. II. Cc cm chi tit my: thun tin cho vic lp rp my, cc chi tit my uc lp sn thnh nhng cm c nhng chc nng khc nhau nh khp ni, ly hp, hp gim tc, pttng-xilanh...theo tiu chun nht nh. Ngi dng ch cn la chn ph hp vi mc ch ca mnh. 1. Ni trc: Ni trc dng ni cc trc hoc chi tit my quay vi nhau, gim ti trng ng, ngn nga qu ti. a. Ni trc cng: cn gi l ni trc cht Trng hp trc c chiu di ln, nu ch to lin khi s gp kh khn trong ch to, vn chuyn, v lp rp, ngi ta ch to nhiu trc ngn ri ni li vi nhau bng ni trc cht kiu ng hoc kiu a. Ni trc cht dc tiu chun ho theo ng knh trc. *** b. Ni trc mm: cn gi l ni trc b Ni trc b dng ni cc trc kh iu chnh thng tm vi nhau, b nghing hoc b lch i vi nhau do ch to, lp ghp thiu cnh xc hoc do trc b bin dng n hi. Ni trc b ph bin l ni trc xch, ni trc rng, ni trc n hi, ni trc ccng. *** - Ni trc xch gm hai a xch c s rng nh nhau lp trn hai u trc, mt vng dy xch n khp vi c hai a xch, ngoi cng l v che. Ni trc xch c tiu chun cho trc c dng knh 18125 mm.

- Ni trc rng c tiu chun ho theo ng knh trc c ng knh 40560 mm. - Ni trc ccng thng dng trong t, my ko, my xy dng. Chng cho php truyn momen xon gia hai trc ct nhau mt gc n 400. - Ni trc n hi c th gim va p, chn ng, phng cng hng do dao ng xon v c th lm vic nh ni trc b. 2. Ly hp Dng ni hoc tch truyn ng gia cc trc theo s iu khin, ngn nga qu ti, o chiu quay, thay i vn tc. Theo nguyn l lm vic c cc loi nh ly hp ma st, ly hp vu, ly hp thu lc. *** Bi 4. Truyn ng my xy dng Cm truyn ng truyn chuyn ng t thit b pht lc n thit b chp hnh, qu trnh truyn chuyn ng lm thay i cc thng s nhu vn tc, momen, lc, i khi thay i c qui lut chuyn ng. Thit b pht lc thng c dng chuyn ng quay, vn tc ln v momen nh nh ng c in, ng c t trong. Thit b cng tc ca my xy dng li cn vn tc nh, momen ln, v c th chuyn ng tnh tin. V vy cn thit phi c cm truyn ng truyn chuyn ng v lm thay i cc thng s, thay i qi lut chuen ng. I. Truyn ng c kh: Theo nguyn l lm vic, truyn ng c kh c chia lm hai loi: truyn ng nh ma st v truyn ng n khp. - Truyn ng nh ma st gm truyn ng bnh ma st, truyn ng ai, truyn ng bnh ma st thanh ai. - Truyn ng n khp truyn chuyn ng nh s n khp gia cc rng hoc ren, gm cc loi nh: truyn ng bnh rng, truyn ng bnh rng thanh rng, truyn ng xch, truyn ng trc vt - ai c, truyn ng trc vt bnh vt. Cc thng s ch yu c trng cho b truyn: Cng sut trc dn ng (trc ch ng): N1, kW Cng sut trc b dn ng (trc b ng): N2, kW Hiu sut: = N2/N1 Vn tc quay ca trc ch ng: n1, v/f Vn tc quay ca trc b ng: n2, v/f T s truyn: l t s gia vn tc ca trc ch ng v vn tc ca trc b ng: i = n1/n2 Momen xon trn trc: M = 9,55.106. N/n (N.mm) 1. Truyn ng bnh ma st: Truyn ng bnh ma st c cu to gm hai bnh ma st tip xc nhau. Truyn ng bnh ma st thc hin truyn chuyn ng quay nh lc ma st sinh ra ti ch tip xc gia hai bnh. T s truyn: i = D2/D1 *** Loi truyn ng ny c u im: cu to n gin, lm vic m, c kh nng nga qu ti, iu chnh v cp tc nhng c nhc im l lc tc dng ln trc ln, d b trt nn t s truyn khng n nh. 2. Truyn ng ai: Truyn ng ai c cu to gm: bnh ai ch ng, bnh ai b ng v dy ai vt qua hai bnh ai. Truyn ng ai thc hin truyn chuyn ng quay gia cc trc xa nhau nh s tip xc gia ai v bnh ai.

Truyn ng ai thng dng trong my nn kh, my nghin . Trong truyn ng gim tc nhiu cp, truyn ng ai thng t cp u tin, ni c momen xon nh nht ngn nga qu ti. *** ai gm cc loi: ai dt, ai trn, ai thang, ai rng. i vi b truyn ai chu ti ln c th gm nhiu dy ai vt qua hai bnh ai. T s truyn: i = D2/D1 C nhiu kiu truyn ng ai: truyn ng thng, truyn ng cho, truyn ng na cho, truyn ng gc. Truyn ng ai c cc u im: c kh nng truyn ng gia cc trc kh xa nhau, lm vic m, c th nga qu ti, cu to dn gin, d chm sc bo dng. Cc nhc im: kch thc ln, t s truyn khng n nh, lc tc dng ln trc ln, nhanh h hng. 3. Truyn ng bnh rng: Truyn ng bnh rng thc hin truyn chuyn ng quay nh s n khp gia cc rng trn hai bnh rng, dng truyn ng ny dng thay i vn tc, momen v chiu quay. T s truyn: i = Z2/Z1 Tu theo v tr tng i gia cc trc, c cc loi truyn ng bnh rng sau: - Trng hp hai trc song song, dng truyn ng bnh rng tr rng thng, rng nghing hoc rng ch V. - Trng hp hai trc ct nhau, dng truyn ng bnh rng cn rng thng hoc rng cong - Trng hp hai trc cho nhau, dng truyn ng bnh rng tr cho Chn hnh truyn ng bnh rng Truyn ng bnh rng cn c cc dng c bit khc nh truyn ng bnh rng n khp trong, truyn ng bnh rng hnh tinh. Truyn ng bnh rng c dng ph bin trong cc hp s, hp gim tc, c cu quay,... 4. Truyn ng bnh rng thanh rng: Truyn ng bnh rng thanh rng c cu to gm bnh rng v thanh rng. Truyn ng bnh rng thanh rng l dng c bit ca truyn ng bnh rng, dng bin chuyn ng quay thnh chuyn ng tnh tin hoc ngc li. *** Trong my xy dng, loi truyn ng ny c ng dng trong kch thanh rng, c cu y tay gu ca my xc gu thun iu khin bng cp. 5. Truyn ng xch: Truyn ng xch thc hin truyn chuyn ng quay gia hai trc song song cch xa nhau nh s n khp gin tip gia cc rng trn hai a xch thng qua dy xch. Cu to gm a xch ch ng, a xch b ng, dy xch. T s truyn: i = Z2/Z1 *** Xch c cc loi: xch ng, xch ng con ln, xch rng Trong my xy dng v cc thit b cng nghip cn dng xch ti. Xch ti lm vic vi vn tc nh, bc xch ln, cc mc xch nh xch ng con ln hoc c cu to c bit ph hp vi iu kin lm vic nh : xch di chuyn ca my ko, bng ti xch, bng gu, ... 6. Truyn ng trc vt ai c: Truyn ng trc vt ai c c cu to gm trc vt v ai c, c s n khp gia ren trc ca trc vt v ren l ca ai c. *** Loi truyn ng ny c th bin chuyn ng quay thnh chuyn ng tnh tin, c kh nng to lc ln v t hm, c ng dng trong kch vt, tng . Tng n: dng trong chn ta ca cn trc, chn chng ca thit b lao dm cu, c cu nghing gi ca thit b ng cc.

Tng kp: dng iu chnh cc cp neo gi, thanh chng iu khin li i. 7. Truyn ng trc vt bnh vt:

Hnh. Truyn ng trc vt bnh vt: 1. Trc vt; 2. Bnh vt Truyn ng trc vt bnh vt c cu to gm trc vt v bnh vt, c s n khp gia ren ca trc vt v rng ca bnh vt, dng d truyn chuyn ng quay gia hai trc cho nhau trong khng gian. T s truyn: i = Z2/Z1 *** Loi truyn ng ny c t s truyn ln, c kh nng t hm, lm vic m, hiu sut thp, cn dng vt liu gim ma st rt t tin. Truyn ng trc vt bnh vt uc ng dng trong palng xch, kch vt, hp gim tc, tuc nng my qut, c cu ln dy n, mi hin di ng,... Ngoi cc loi truyn ng thng dng trn, my xy dng cn c cc kiu truyn ng khc nh truyn ng cp, truyn ng bnh rng cht, c cu tay quay thanh truyn. II. Truyn ng thu lc Truyn ng thu lc truyn chuyn ng nh p sut hoc ng nng ca dng cht lng. Truyn ng thu lc c chia lm hai loi, truyn ng thu ng v truyn ng thu tnh. *** i vi truyn ng thu ng, dng cht lng c p sut thp v vn tc cao. Dng truyn ng ny c dng trng ly hp thu lc v bin tc thu lc.

Hnh. Truyn ng thu ng i vi truyn ng thu tnh, dng cht lng c p sut cao, vn tc nh. Dng truyn ng ny c s dng rt ph bin trong my xy dng, nh h thng nng h thng xe ti t , nng h ben i, li san,... 1. Cc cm v b phn thu lc c bn:

a. Xilanh pttng thu lc: thung gi l xilanh thu lc, l b phn tip nhn p sut ca dng thu lc to ra chuyn ng tnh tin ca cn pt tng, hoc c dn ng tnh tin cn pttng to ra dng thu lc. *** b. Bm thu lc: l b phn tip nhn chuyn ng quay t ng c t trong, ng c in hoc t trc trch cng sut no to ra dng thu lc. Da vo cu to, bm thu lc c cc loi: bm bnh rng, bm cnh gt, bm pt tng hng trc v bm pt tng hng knh. Bm bnh rng l loi bm n gin nht, c cu to gm: bnh rng ch ng, bnh rng b ng, v bm. *** c. ng c thu lc: l b phn tip nhn p sut, ng nng ca dng thu lc to ra chuyn ng quay, ng c thu lc c cu to nh bm thu lc. d. Van mt chiu: ch cho php dng thu lc chy theo mt chiu nht nh. Cu to gm: thn van, bi v l xo e. Van an ton: cn gi l van trn, dng gii hn p sut lm vic Cu to gm: thn van, bi, l xo v vt iu chnh p ca l xo Khi p sut du tc dng vo bi ln hn lc p ca l xo th vn s m v cho php du i qua van. Trng hp cn iu chnh p sut lm vic th iu chnh p ca l xo. f. Van phn phi: l b phn iu khin cc trng thi lm vic ca h thng, b phn ny chia du i cc ng theo trang thi lm vic cn thit. C 2 loi van phn phi thng dng l van trt v van quay g. Lc du: gi li cc cn bn, cc mt vn do mi mn. V tr ca lc du trong h thng: B tr ng du v thng cha: khng lm gim p sut bm nhng nu c cn bn t cn bn i qua cc linh kin khc ri mi c gia li lc du. B tr ng du i: nu c cn bn th lc du gi li cn bn ngay nhng lc du lm gim p sut bm. 2. S cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca h thng truyn ng thu tnh

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Bm thu lc Van an ton Van phn phi Xilanh thu lc Thng cha du thu lc

3. u nhc im ca truyn ng thu lc u im: C th b tr cc linh kin thu lc hp l lm cho h thng nh gn v thm m

C kh nng to c lc ln, p sut du c th n 16Mpa(ng mm), 32Mpa(ng cng) An ton. Nhc im: i hi cc linh kin phi c ch to chnh xc cao, gi thnh cao. nhy thp, d nhim bn do r r du

Bi 4. H thng di chuyn ca my xy dng H thng di chuyn c nhim v di chuyn my trong qu trnh lm vic, di chuyn my t cng trnh ny sang cng trnh khc v ton b trng lng my ri truyn xung nn. i vi cc loi my lm t nh my m, my u, my cp, h thng di chuyn cn c tc dng nh h thng cng tc m nn t. Theo cu to, h thng di chuyn uc chia thnh cc loi sau: h thng di chuyn bng bnh lp, h thng di chuyn bng xch, h thng di chuyn trn ray, h thng di chuyn trn nc, h thng di chuyn bng c cu t bc. I. H thng di chuyn bng xch: 1. a xch ch ng 2. a xch b ng 3. Xch 4. Con ln xch 5. C cu cng xch

u im: p sut tc dng ln nn nh (0,04 0,1Mpa) v phn b tng i u nn my c th di chuyn trn nhng a hnh phc tp nh nn t mm, nn khng bng phng. bm ln, kh nng vt dc cao. Nhc im: Cng knh, lc cn di chuyn ln, vn tc di chuyn thp (13km/h), tui th thp (2000 2500h). Khi chuyn my i xa phi dng phng tin vn chuyn. My c ln nh cc my xc nhiu gu khai m l thin c n 8 di xch, 16 di xch Xch c 2 loi: xch c g v xch phng Xch c g: cc mc xch c vu lm tng bm trn nn, trnh trt nhng c nhc im l di chuyn kh khn, khi bng qua ng btng nha s lm h hng mt ng. khc phc c th lt tn cho my di chuyn hoc s dng guc g. Xch phng: di chuyn d dng nhng c vbm nh, my d b trt trn nn. i vi cc loi my cn n nh cao nh cn trc, my ng cc, ngi ta thit k c th thay i c khong cch gia hai di xch. Khi my vo ng vng, mt di xch s trt trn nn sinh ra ma st ln lm cho xch nhanh h hng. V vy cn chn cc s lm vic sao cho my t quay vng nht c th. II. H thng di chuyn bng bnh lp: u im: bn v tui th cao (30000 40000km, 2500 3000h), vn tc di chuyn ln (50 60km/h), chuyn ng m, trng lng nh. Nhc im: p sut tc dng ln nn ln (0,15 0,5Mpa), my d b ln trn nn.

 bm nh, my d b trt trn nn, kh nng vt dc km. i vi nhng loi my cn n nh cao nh cn trc, my xc mt gu, my bnh lp cn c h thng chn ta tng n nh khi lm vic.

Hnh. Cn trc di chuyn bng bnh lp c chn ta III. H thng di chuyn trn ray:

1. 2. 3. 4.

ng c Ni trc Hp gim tc Bnh st

u im: lc cn di chuyn nh, cu to n gin, gi thnh thp, tin cy v tui th cao. Nhc im: tnh c ng thp, ch di chuyn theo tuyn nht nh. Chi ph xy dng ng ray v lp t my ln, khi chuyn my n v tr lm vic khc phi tho d ng ray. H thng di chuyn trn ray thng c trang b cho nhng my lm vic theo tuyn nht nh, khi lng cng vic ln, thi gian lm vic di. V d: cn trc thp, cu trc, cng trc, my ng cc, xe gong. IV. H thng di chuyn trn phao v h thng di chuyn bc: H thng di chuyn bc ch dng cho nhng my c trng lng qu ln, cu to qu cng knh, t di chuyn nhu cc my dng trong khai thc m l thin. Nhng loi my lm vic thng xuyn trn sng bin c lp trn s lan hoc phao ni, di chuyn bng chn vt hoc dng ca n ko.

CHNG II. MY VN CHUYN Bi 1. My vn chuyn ngang Cc phng tin vn chuyn bng ng b, ng st, ng thu, ng khng c gi chung l my vn chuyn ngang. Cc loi my ny vn chuyn theo phng ngang v vn chuyn c tnh chu k. Vn chuyn bng ng b: khong 80% khi lng t , vt liu xy dng, kt cu xy dng, my mc, thit b c vn chuyn bng ng b bi cc phng tin nh t, my ko, rmooc,...Nh tnh c ng, vn tc cao, cc phng tin vn chuyn bng ng b rt ph bin. Vn chuyn bng ng st: Trng hp vn chuyn vi khi lng ln, c ly trn 200km, dng xe la l thch hp. Trong xy dng, khi cn vn chuyn cc cu kin, thit b siu trng siu trng nh cc dm cu, t hp thit b lao lp dm cu (xe lao dm), c th lp t ray vn chuyn. Vn chuyn bng ng thu: Cc phng tin vn chuyn bng ng thu nh can, slan rt hiu qu khi cng trnh c xy dng trn sng, bin hay gn cc bn bc xp. no vt cc ca sng, bn cng ngi ta dng xung nh m ch bn t ra bin. Vn chuyn bng ng khng: Vn chuyn bng ng khng ch thc hin khi cng trnh i hi thi cng gp rt (thi chin), hay a hnh qu phc tp nh ni non him tr hay hi o xa xi. Trc thng cn tham gia vn chuyn v lp rp cho cc cng trnh c cao cc ln, khng th dng cc thit b khc c nh vic lp ngtn ca cc thp truyn hnh c cao ln. I. Xe ti thng v xe ti t : 1. Xe ti thng:

Xe ti thng gm cc b phn chnh sau : ng c, khung xe, thng xe. ng c l ngun sinh ra ng lc lm t di chuyn, c t u xe phn u ti trng cho cc bnh xe v iu khin c d dng. Khung xe l c s t cc b phn khc ca xe nh cabin iu khin, h thng truyn lc, ng c, thng xe, bnh xe,... Thng xe l ni cha vt liu, hng ho cn vn chuyn. 2. Xe ti t :

Xe ti t thng c gi l xe ti t trt hay xe bnh. Xe ti t l loi xe ti c kh nng t lt nghing thng xe vt liu hng ho ra ngoi. Thng dng vn chuyn t, ct, gch, , than. Nhng loi vt liu khng s v. Xe ti t thng c thit k thng xe c kh nng lt v phia sau vt liu hng ho ra khi thng, tit kim c thi gian d ti. C loi sang mt bn thun li hn cho vic d ti. *** Thng xe lp khp vi khung xe, thng xe c nng ln nh xilanh thu lc. Gc nghing lt thng n 600, sc ch n 45 T. II. My ko v u ko 1. My ko: *** My ko dng ko cc loi my v thit b kiu khng t hnh nh rmooc, lu chn cu, thit b cy xi t,...; ko vt nng c trng lng ln trt trn nn t. Ngoi ra, my ko cn c dng lm my c s ch to cc loi my xy dng khc nh: my ko bnh xch dng lm my c s ch to my i, my ng cc; my ko bnh lp dng lm my c s ch to my xc - i, my xc xc lt, my xc lt, lu rung,... My ko c loi di chuyn bng xch v c loi di chuyn bng bnh lp. Loi bnh xch c th t ng c pha trc hoc pha sau, loi bnh lp c loi li bng xilanh thu lc, c loi li bng cch xoay bnh trc nh t, c loi dng ly hp li nh di chuyn xch. 2. u ko: u ko dng ko smi rmooc, v cc thit b kiu na ko theo nh lu bnh lp, thit b cp, thit b san, xc. III. Rmooc v smi rmooc (semi remorque): (Mc ko v na mc ko) Rmooc: t ting Php vit l remorque ngha l mc ko. S dng rmooc v smi rmooc tit kim c ngun nhn lc, tng nng sut. Mt khc c th thit k c cc mc ko chuyn dng mt cch d dng, s dng thun tin, tit kim c thit b pht lc. Cc mc ko thng dng trong xy dng nh: mc ko ch hng siu trng, siu trng, mc ko ch cngtenn, mc keo ch bitum, panel. Bi 2. My vn chuyn lin tc: My vn chuyn lin tc vn chuyn vt liu, hng ho thnh dng lin tc, qu trnh cp liu, cp hng ln my v qu trnh d liu, d hng khi my din ra trong khi my ang hot ng. My vn chuyn lin tc c th c s dng c lp vn chuyn hng ho, vt liu xy dng. My vn chuyn lin tc cn thc hin vn chuyn tng khu trong dy chuyn sn xut hoc nhng my hot ng c tnh dy chuyn. Cc loi my v thit b c s dng my vn chuyn lin tc nh: my xc nhiu gu, my ri btng nha, trm trn btng, trm nghin sng .

Phn loi: - Bng ti, c cc loi: bng ti cao su, bng xch tm, bng gt, bng gu - Vt ti, c 3 loi trc vt: vt kn, vt h, vt khng lin tc - My vn chuyn nh nng lng ca dng khng kh. - My vn chuyn nh nng lng ca dng cht lng - My vn chuyn nh rung ng 1. Bng ti cao su Cu to nh b truyn dy ai, v vy cn gi l bng ti ai. Phn loi: Bng ti cao su c chia lm 2 loi: bng ti c nh v bng di ng. S cu to: *** Bng: Bng l b phn lm vic, n vt liu v hng ho cn vn chuyn trn bng khi my hot ng. Bng c lm bng cao su hoc bng vi, tng bn v hn ch chng bng ngi ta ch to bng c li l si vi hay si thp. Nng sut l thuyt:
Tc vn chuyn vt liu trn bng c tm theo cng thc: v=

(D + 2 ).n 60

(m/s)

Trong : D l ng knh tang ch ng (m) ; l dy bng (m) ; n l s vng quay ca tang (vng/pht) n= Qlt = 3600.F.v. (t/ h) n

n ic

(vng/pht)

F: din tch tit din ca dng vt liu V: Vn tc bng : Khi lng ring ca vt liu Nng sut thc t: Q = Qlt. c. ktg C: h s nh hng do dc ca bng Ktg: h s s dng thi gian u nhc im v phm vi s dng : Bng ti cao su vn chuyn trn nn gi c th thi bay vt liu gy hao ht v lm nhim mi trng. Khng vn chuyn c vt liu c cnh sc, vt liu c nhit cao. Trong xy dng, bng ti cao su thng c dng vn chuyn ct, c c ht n 4x6 Ti cc cng trng sn xut , khai thc ct, thng dng cc bng ti di ng. 2. Bng ti xch tm, bng gt, bng gu a. Bng xch tm: Cu to gm hai b truyn xch c ln nh nhau, trn tng cp mc xch ca 2 b truyn c lp cc tm thp. Khi vn chuyn hng ho, vt liu, cc tm thp s vt liu, hng ho trong qu trnh vn chuyn. Bng xch tm thng dng khi cn vn chuyn vt liu, hng ho c cnh sc, c nhit cao. Trong xy dng, bng xch tm c dng vn chuyn c ln, t di cc phu cp liu trong cc dy chuyn sn xut btng. Bng xch tm cn c dng vn chuyn ngi ln cao lin tc ti nhng ni c lu lng ngi i li ln nh siu th, trung tm thng mi. b. Bng gt:

Bng gt gm 2 b truyn xch lp song song vi nhau, c cch nhau t 3 n 7 mc xch th c 1 tm gt c lp trn 2 mc xch tng ng vi nhau trn 2 di xch. Bn di cc tm gt c lp mng c nh ti vt liu. Bng gt thng c t di cc phu vt liu gung vt liu khi phu cp cho thit b vn chuyn khc, gung b tng nha t bun ke n v tr ri trong my ri b tng nha. 3. Bng gu Dng vn chuyn vt liu ln cao mt cch lin tc. Trong xy dng bng gu c dng trong my xc nhiu gu, vn chuyn vt liu nng nh ct sau khi sy, trm trn b tng. 3. Vt ti: C 3 loi trc vt: vt kn, vt h, vt khng lin tc Vt ti c dng vn chuyn vt liu do dnh nh t st, va b tng; vt liu dng ht nh nh xi mng, ct, c ht nh. C li vn chuyn t 30 n 40 m, nng sut t 20 n 40 m3/h, c th vn chuyn ln cao vi nghing ca vt n 200. u nhc im v phm vi s dng: Cu to n gin, nh gn, c th vn chuyn vt liu do dnh, vn chuyn trong ng nn khng b bn, khng b hao ht. C th d liu bt k v tr no trn ng bao. Trc vt v ng bao b mi mn rt nhanh, lm vn nt vt liu, yu cu cp liu phi u, nng lng tiu hao ln. Trc vt thng c s dng vn chuyn mt giai on vi c ly nh trong dy chuyn sn xut, trong cc loi my hot ng c tnh dy chuyn. Trong my ri btng nha, trc vt xon c ng dng ti vt liu t bunke n v tr ri, v 2 trc vt khc ri vt liu theo phng ngang ca my. Trong cc h thng x l bi ti cc nh my ximng, trm btng, trc vt c dng ti bi khi cc bunke lng bi. Trc vt c ng dng trong my ra ct kiu trc vt. Trc vt cn c t di cc phu cha vt liu ca cc my vn chuyn lin tc c nng sut cao, ngoi chc nng ti vt liu khi phu, trc vt cn c tc dng chng to vm y phu. Nguyn l vn chuyn ca trc vt cn c ng dng trong my n sn xut gch, my n sn xut phn. Vi cc loi my ny, to cht ca vt liu, trc vt c ch to c bc vt gim dn v pha khun. 4. My vn chuyn nh nng lng ca dng khng kh: a. Nguyn l chung My vn chuyn nh nng lng ca dng khng kh vn chuyn vt liu hng ho nh nng lng ca dng khng kh c vn tc ln.

a. H thng ht; b. H thng y

b. Phn loi: C 2 loi: h thng ht v h thng y H thng ht: p sut lm vic ca dng kh thp nn ch vn chuyn c vi khong cch nh. H thng ht c th vn chuyn vt liu t nhiu ni v mt ni. H thng y: p sut lm vic cao nn c th vn chuyn i xa n 2 km H thng y c th vn chuyn vt liu t mt ni i nhiu ni. H thng cp liu phc tp. c. u nhc im v phm vi s dng: Vn chuyn trong ng ng nn trnh c bi bn, khng tht thot, khng gy nhim mi trng. Tiu hao nhiu nng lng, nhanh h hng. My vn chuyn nh nng lng ca dng khng kh thng dng vn chuyn vt liu dng bt, dng ht nh, khng dnh nh xi mng, ct, thch cao.

CHNG III. MY NNG (MY TRC) Bi 1. Nhng vn chung I. Cng dng v phn loi: 1. Cng dng: My nng dng vn chuyn vt liu xy dng v cc cu kin ln cao, lp rp cc cu kin trong xy dng; xp d, vn chuyn hng ho ti cc kho bi sn xut, trong cc nh xng, nh ga, bn cng,....; xp d v lp rp my mc thit b. My nng cn c thit k chuyn dng vn chuyn ngi ln cao. 2. Phn loi: Trong xy dng, trng lng vt cn nng c th t vi chc kilgam n vi trm tn, cao nng t vi centimet n hng trm mt. p ng vng thng s lm vic rng nh vy, my nng c rt nhiu loi. Da vo kt cu chung ca my, c th chia my nng thnh 4 nhm nh sau: - My nng n gin - My nng kiu cn - My nng kiu cu - My nng kiu ct My nng n gin ch gm mt c cu nng, kt cu my n gin, lm vic c lp, d di di n ni lm vic mi, khi lm vic my thng ko hoc y vt theo mt phng. Nhm ny c cc loi nh: kch, palng xch, palng in, ti. My nng kiu cn cn gi l cn trc, t im chung ca nhm my ny l c b phn cn. V tr ca vt c xc nh theo h to tr (R,,z). xc nh v tr ca vt cn thay i 3 thng s: bn knh vi R, gc quay trong mt phng ngang v cao z. Nhm my ny c cc loi nh cn trc thp, cn trc t hnh, cn trc thiu nhi,... My nng kiu cu c kt cu dng mt nhp cu. V tr ca vt c xc nh theo h to cc (x,y,z) tc di chuyn vt theo 3 phng vung gc xc nh v tr. Nhm my ny c cc loi nh cu trc, cng trc, bn cng trc, thit b nng kiu dy treo. My nng kiu ct c kt cu my dng ct l gin thp hay khung thp t thng ng, vt c nng h ln xung dc theo ct. Nhm my ny c cc loi nh vn thng, thang my, xe nng hng. II. Thit b mang vt: 1. Chn i vt: cn gi l m kch, l b phn tc dng lc trc tip vo vt cn nng ca cc loi kch. 2. Mc cu: cn gi l mc cu hay mc treo. C 2 loi, mc n v mc kp.

Mc n l thit b mang vt vn nng thng dng nht, dng treo vt c trng lng n 20T. trnh hin tung cc dy cp treo vt t trt ra khi mc cu, ming mc c b phn chn cp. Mc kp: dng treo vt nng c tc dng lc i xng vo mc, treo nhiu vt cng lc. Vng treo: vng treo thng c dng nng vt c trng lng ln trn 25T. Vng treo gn nh hn so vi mc cu c cng ti trng nng, khi s dng khng c tin li do phi lun dy treo qua vng treo. 3. Bn nng: l thit b mang vt ca vn thng v xe nng hng. Vt nng c t ln bn nng khi nng chuyn vt. 4. Nam chm in: dng lc t ht cc vt bng thp v gang. 5. Thit b ht chn khng: dng ht vt nng dng tm c b mt phng nh knh, vn, tm thp, tm kim loi mu; ht cc thng hm c b mt phng.

6. Thit b cp vt: dng cp cc vt nng c trng lng, kch thc, hnh dng, tnh cht c l nh nhau vi s lng ln. 7. Thit b ngom: dng ngom rc, c ln.

8. Gu ngom: gu ngom l thit b mang ti dng ngom vt liu, hng ho dng ri, ngom t cp I, cp II. Gu ngom thng c dng ti cc cng trng khai thc ct, si, cc nh my sn xut vt liu xy dng, kho bi, bn cng. III. Cp thp v puli: 1. Cp thp: Cp thp l chi tit rt quan trng, c s dng trong hu ht cc my nng nh ti, palng in, palng cp, dng treo vt, dng lm dy treo cho thit b nng kiu dy treo; ngoi ra, cp thp cn c dng neo gi ct in, nhp cu dy vng v cc thit b c cao ln nh vn thng, cn trc ct bum.

Cp thp c bn t nhng si thp c bn cao (1400 2000N/mm2), cc si thp c ng knh t 0,2 n 5mm v c th c trng km chng r. Gia cp c th c li hoc khng c li. Phn loi: Theo s ln bn, c 3 loi: cp bn n, cp bn i v cp bn ba. Theo cch bn, c cp bn xui v cp bn ngc (bn cho). Theo s li : cp li cng, cp li mm, cp nhiu li, cp khng c li. Cp bn n: cn gi l dnh cp hay tao cp, cc si thp c bn xon li mt ln, loi cp ny thng dng treo, buc. Cp bn i: gm cc dnh cp, cc dnh cp bn li thnh cp, l loi c s dng nhiu nht trong my nng. Cp bn ba: c bn t cp bn i. Cp li mm: li mm uc lm t si thc vt nh si ay, si gai. Li mm c tc dng gi du m bi trn cp v lm cho cp c mm do d dng un cong qua cc puli, tang ti. Cp li cng v cp khng c li thng dng neo gi. Cp bn xui: Chiu bn ca cc si trong dnh cng chiu vi chiu bn ca dnh quanh li. Loi ny c tui th cao, mm do nhng d b bung ra v c xu hng t xon li khi chng. V vy, loi ny thng dng vo vic ko vt theo dn hng v cp lun c gi cng nh thang my, palng cp nng h cn ca cn trc.

Cp bn ngc: Chiu bn ca cc si trong dnh ngc chiu so vi chiu bn ca dnh quanh li. Loi ny c cng ln, tui th khng cao, kh b bung v khng t xon li nn thng dng trong trng hp cp c trng thi chng hn nh nng gu ngom, ko gu my o ko dy. 2. Puli (t ting Php l poulie): Trong ting Vit, t puli c th dng ch rng rc, bnh ai. Puli cp dng chuyn hng cp v thay i lc cng cp. Puli cp c dng a trn v c rnh vt dy cp.

IV. Ti v palng: Ti v palng l cc cm c bn ca my nng.

1. Ti: Ti l thit b ko vt c tang quay, trn tang c qun dy ko vt nng. a.Cng dng : Ti dng ko vt theo phng ngang, ko vt ln cao. Ti thung c dng kt hp vi cc puli, palng hnh thnh c cu nng h vt hay c cu ko mt b phn no trong my xy dng. b. Phn loi: Da vo ngun dn ng, ti c chia lm 2 loi: ti quay tay v ti my Da vo s tang, ti c chia lm 2 loi: ti 1 tang v ti nhiu tang c. Ti in o chiu a. S dn ng: Ti in o chiu cn gi l li in thun nghch, l loi my ti ph bin nht, c s dn ng nh hnh v: ng c in Ni trc v phanh Hp gim tc Tang ti Dy ti

b. Cc thng s c bn: Vn tc quay ca tang ti, nt: n nt = dc (v / p ) i ndc: vn tc quay ca trc ng c i: t s truyn ca hp gim tc Vn tc ko cp, Vc: [Dt + (2m 1)d c ]nt (m / s ) Vc = 60 Dt: ng knh tang, m m: S lp dy qun ln tang dc: ng knh cp, m Cng sut,N: S .V N = c c k d (W )

Sc: Lc ko cp, N c: Hiu sut chung ca b my ti kd : H s lc ng 2. Palng: Palng l thit b dng ko vt, gm dy vt qua cc puli (poulie). Cc puli gm 2 cm, mt cm c nh v mt cm di ng c. Cm puli c nh thng c t trn cao, cm puli di ng lp vi thit b mang vt, nhnh dy ra khi palng kp trn b phn ko dy. B phn ko dy c th l tang ti, cn pttng, c trng hp dng sc ngi ko. *** Bi sut palng, a: l t s gia s nhnh dy treo vt v s nhnh dy kp trn b phn ko dy.

m k m: s nhnh dy treo vt k: s nhnh dy kp trn b phn ko dy Phn loi: Da vo loi dy, palng c cc loi sau: palng dy thng, palng cp, palng xch Da vo s nhnh dy c ko, c hai loi: palng n v palng kp Da vo kh nng tng lc ko, c 2 loi: palng lc v palng vn tc Da vo v tr nhnh dy ra khi palng, c 2 loi: palng loi 1 v palng loi 2 Da vo ngun pht lc, c cc loi: palng ko tay v palng in Palng dy thng: gm dy thng vt qua cc puli, dng sc ngi ko. Dy ca palng dy thng c bn t si thc vt nh dy da, dy ay, dy gai, dng sc ngi ko dy. Palng dy thng thng uc dng nng vt c trng lng nh nh vn chuyn vt liu ln cao phc v thi cng nh dn dng cao n 3 tng, vn chuyn t khi o ging. Palng kp l palng c 2 nhnh dy c kp trn b phn ko dy. Palng lc hay cn gi l palng thun, khi s dng s li v lc Palng vn tc hay cn gi l palng nghch, lc ko ca palng nh hn lc ko dy nhng li v vn tc Palng loi 1 l palng c nhnh dy ra khi palng t cm puli c nh Palng loi 2 l palng c nhnh dy ra khi palng t cm puli di ng Palng cp: Palng cp l thit b ko vt c s dng trong hu ht cc my nng, c s in hnh nh hnh v: *** Lc ko cp,Sc: Q+q (N ) Sc = r a=

Q: Trng lng vt nng, N Q: Trng lng ca thit b mang vt, N p: Hiu sut palng : Hiu sut ca mt puli r: S puli ngoi palng i vi palng n loi 1,p c tnh theo cng thc sau: (1 n ) p = a ((1 ) n: S puli c trong palng V. Cc thng s c bn v cc ng c tnh 1. Cc thng s c bn: a. Ti trng nang danh ngha, Qdn(Tn): L trng lng ln nht m my c th nng c (k c thit b mang vt) Qdn= Qmax+q b. cao nng ti a, Hmax(m): L khong cch tnh t b mt bi lm vic n trng tm ca thit b mang vt v tr cao nht c th. c. Tm vi, R(m): Thng s tm vi ch c my nng kiu cn. Tm vi l khon cch theo phng ngang tnh t tm quay ca cn trc n tm ca thit b mang vt. d. Khu , K(m):

Thng s khu ch c my nng kiu cu. Khu l khong cch gia tim ca hai ng ray di chuyn ca my. 2. Cc ng c tnh: c tnh ti trng: c tnh ti trng l th hoc biu biu din s ph thuc ca ti trng nng v tm vi (hay khu ) c tnh cao nng: c tnh cao nng l th hoc biu biu din s ph thuc ca cao nng ln nht v tm vi (hay khu ) VI. Cc c cu chnh: 1. C cu nng h vt: C cu nng h vt xc nh v tr ca vt cn nng theo phng thng ng. Hu ht cc my nng c c cu nng h vt gm ti v palng cp hoc palng in. *** 2. Cc c cu thay i tm vi: i vi my nng kiu cn, cc c cu thay i tm vi c tc dng a vt cn nng vo gn hoc ra xa tm quay ca my. C nhiu cch thay i tm vi: thay i gc nghing cn (tc nng h cn), thay i chiu di cn, di chuyn xe con trn cn, iu khin cn ph. Cn: cn c dng ng thp, hp thp hoc gin thp khng gian tu theo loi cn trc. Mt u cn c lp khp c nh, u kia ca cn c th iu khin nng h c. i vi cn trc dng trong cng tc lp ghp, u cn cn c lp thm cn ph (cn gi l m vt) tng tm vi v vng lm vic ca my. Palng nng h vt c t u cn hoc lp trn xe con chy trn cn nm ngang. a. C cu nng h cn: C cu nng h cn dng ti v palng cp *** C cu nng h cn dng xilanh thu lc *** b. C cu di chuyn xe con trn cn: di chuyn xe con trn cn ngi ta thng dng ti ko xe con, phng php ny c th gim c ti trng tc dng ln cn, mt khc h thng cp in cho ng c ca c cu n gin hn.

3. C cu quay: C cu quay to ra chuyn ng quay vt nng trong mt phng ngang quanh tm quay ca my. C cu quay dng truyn ng bnh rng n khp trong c u im l quay c ton vng c s dng ph bin nht. *** C cu quay dng xi lanh thu lc c nhc im l khng quay c ton vng, thng dng cho nhng cn trc cng sut nh. ***

C cu quay dng cp ko: thng dng cho nhng cn trc lp t c nh nh ct trc, cn trc ct bum. *** Bi 2. My nng n gin I. Kch: Kch l loi my nng c trng lng nh, d mang vc v d s dng, khi lm vic kch thng c t di vt cn nng v y vt i ln v vy ngi ta cn gi l con i. Cc loi kch dng nng vt c trng lng ln ln cao nh. Kch thu lc c ln c th nng c vt c trng lng n 700T Kch c dng ch yu h tr sa cha, iu chnh kt cu vo ng v tr, x dch v tr ca my v thit b. C 3 loi kch: kch thanh rng, kch vt v kch thu lc. 1. Kch thanh rng:

Hnh. Kch thanh rng: 1. Thn kch; 2. Thanh rng; 3. Chn i; 4. Vu mc vt; 5. Tay quay; 6. Truyn ng bnh rng 7. Bnh rng nng; 8. Phanh cc Thanh rng 2 n khp vi bnh rng nng 7 v c lp trt trong thn kch 1; trn thanh rng c chn i 3 nh v vu mc vt 4 phn chn thanh rng. Cm dn ng gm tay quay 5, b truyn bnh rng 6 v bnh rng nng 7. Trc ca tay quay 5 c b tr phanh cc 8. Khi quay tay quay theo chiu nng (theo hnh v l cng chiu kim ng h), qua b truyn bnh rng 6 s dn ng bnh rng nng 7 quay theo chiu ngc li. Bnh rng 7 s y thanh rng 2 trt ln nng vt. Trng hp vt cn nng nm st mt t th dng vu 4 mc vt thay v dng chn i 3. Phanh cc 8 c tc dng phanh gi vt cao no theo yu cu v bo m an ton, khng cho php tay quay quay ngc li di tc dng ca trng lng vt nng. Khi mun h vt th g cc hm khi bnh cc, vt nng t h xung do trng lng bn thn, khi tay quay s quay theo chiu ngc li. Kch thanh rng c ti trng nng ln c th c thit k vi 2 cp truyn ng bnh, khi s dng c th hai ngi cng quay tng lc kch. Kch thanh rng thng dng c th nng vt nng t 2 n 6T, cao nng n 0,7m; dng nng vt, y vt; dch chuyn my ng cc, my khoan n v tr lm vic k tip. Nh c vu mc vt, kch thanh rng cn c dng nng cc thanh ray trong cng tc chn bo dng ng st.

2. Kch vt:

Kch vt c chiu cao nng nh 0,2 n 0,4 m, ti trng nng n 30 T. Kch vt ng dng b truyn trc vt ai c, ai c c lp c nh vi thn kch, khi quay trc vt theo chiu nng, trc vt s va quay va tnh tin ln nng vt. Khi h vt th quay trc vt theo chiu ngc li. thun li khi s dng, ngi ta thit k tay quay t ng nh hnh b. 3. Kch thu lc:

Kch thu lc thng dng c ti trng nng nng n 50 T c cu to nh hnh v. Kch thu lc c ti trng nng vi trm tn (c loi n 700 T) c dng sa cha cc nhp cu, tho lp cc cht xch di chuyn ca my bnh xch, ... Kch c ti trng nng ln dng my bm thu lc thay cho bm tay. II. Palng in v palng xch: 1. Palng in: *** Palng in l mt ti in c kt cu gn, cc b phn ng c in, hp gim tc v tang ti c b tr thng hng vi tang ti gia. Loi my ny thng c treo trn cao nng vt, v c th c c cu di chuyn trn mt ray hoc trn cnh di ca dm thp I t trn cao. Palng in c c th s dng c lp ko vt hoc dng lm c cu nng ca cn trc thiu nhi, cu trc.

Trng hp treo palng trn cao v dng 1 dy cp ko vt th vt nng c th xoay hoc dao ng qua li do cp ri trn b mt tang. trnh cc hin tng ny, palng in c hai dy qun ln tang v hai pha i xng nhau qua mt phng gia tang. 2. Palng xch: Pa lng xch l thit b nng c lp dng sc ngi lm ngun ng lc, dng ko vt ln cao hoc theo phng ngang, sau khi ko cng c th neo gi vt tm thi. Palng xch c kt cu nh gn, trng lng nh, vn tc nng nh, ti trng nng t 0,5 n 5T, cao nng n 3m. Trong xy dng, palng xch thng c dng nng v lp rp cu kin khi khi lng cng vic nh, khng thng xuyn; dng trong cng tc kch ko nh x dch my ng cc, my khoan cc nhi n v tr lm vic mi. Palng xch cn uc dng h tr sa cha my mc thit b. C 2 loi palng xch: palng xch dng truyn ng trc vt bnh vt v palng xch dng truyn ng bnh rng hnh tinh. Palng xch dng truyn ng trc vt bnh vt: Cu to:

Palng xch kiu dng truyn ng trc vt bnh vt: 1. Xch ti; 2. Phanh t ng c b mt ma st khng tch ri; 3. a xch ko; 4. Bnh vt; 5. Mc treo palng; 6. a xch dn ng; 7. Trc vt; 8. Xch

c im cu to: Xch dn 8 l mt vng dy xch nn gi l xch v tn. a xch 3 c cng trc vi bnh vt 4. Khi nng hoc ko vt, palng c treo c nh nh mc 5, mc 9 mc vo vt. Nguyn l hot ng: Khi ko xch v tn 8, xch ny s dn ng quay a xch 6 v lm quay trc vt 7, qua b truyn trc vt bnh vt (7,4) a xch 3 c dn ng quay theo. Trng hp a xch 3 c dn ng quay ngc chiu kim ng h, vt s c ko ln; nu dn ng a xch 3 quay theo chiu ngc li, vt s c h xung. Truyn ng trc vt bnh vt trong pa lng c kh nng t hm gi vt cao no , tng tnh an ton ngi ta thit k c phanh t ng c b mt ma st khng tch ri 2. Loi palng xch ph bin hin nay l kiu dng truyn ng bnh rng hnh tinh, s dng phanh t ng c b mt ma st tch ri. Bi 3. My nng kiu cn (Cn trc) I. Cn trc thiu nhi: 1. Cng dng: Cn trc thiu nhi l loi cn trc c ti trng nng nh, c th di chuyn c nh sc ngi. Loi cn trc ny thng dng vn chuyn vt liu xy dng v cc cu kin ln cao, phc v thi cng cc to nh cao n 5 tng, dng trong cng tc tho lp my, nng chuyn cc thng t ln b khi o h mng bng sc ngi. 2. Cu to chung:

Hnh. Cn trc thiu nhi: 1. Khung di chuyn bng bnh st; 2. ng v trc quay; 3. i trng; 4. Ti 5. B quay; 6,7. Thanh ging; 8. Cn; 9. Cng tc hnh trnh; 10. Palng nng h vt

B phn cn ca cn trc thiu nhi c dng ng thp, di t 1 n 4m, c lp khp bn l trn b 5; b c trc quay c t trong ng 2; palng nng h vt 10 b tr u cn; b my ti 4 (hoc palng in) t trn b ko cp dn ng palng nng h vt. Nh vy, cn trc ch c c cu nng h vt, khng thay i tm vi c trong qu trnh lm vic, cc hot ng khc nh quay, di chuyn th dng sc ngi. Cn trc thng c thit k vi bi sut bng 1 hoc 2, ti trng nng t 500 n 1000kG, tm vi t 1 n 4m, cao nng n 20m. Vi bi sut nh nn vn tc nng vt ln, bo m an ton ngi ta dng cng tc hn ch hnh trnh 9, khi cm puli di ng chm vo n 9 th c cu nng vt c iu khin phanh li. Khi thay i v tr lm vic c th tho ri cn trc lm nhiu phn, chuyn tng b phn n v tr lm vic mi ri lp li. II. Cn trc thp: Cn trc thp thng uc gi l cu thp, l loi my nng c b phn thn thp c chiu cao ln. 1. Cng dng: Cn trc thp dng vn chuyn vt liu xy dng v cc cu kin xy dng ln cao, lp rp cc cu kin trong cc cng trnh xy dng c cao ln, khi lng cng vic ln, thi gian thi cng di. Cn trc thp thng c s dng thi cng nh cao tng, tr cu ln, cng trnh thu in. 2. Phn loi: Da vo c im lm vic ca thn thp, cn trc thp c chia lm 2 loi: cn trc thp c thn thp quay v cn trc thp c thn thp khng quay (u thp quay) Da vo dng cn, chia 2 loi: cn trc thp c cn nng h v cn trc thp c cn t nm ngang Da vo kh nng di chuyn : cn trc thp t c nh v cn trc thp di chuyn trn ray. Da vo kh nng thay i cao, c cc loi sau: - Cn trc thp t nng, tng dn cao bng cch ni di thm thn thp. - Cn trc thp t leo, cn trc leo dn ln cao theo s pht trin cao ca cng trnh. - Cn trc thp khng thay i c cao. 3. Cu to chung: *** Hnh v m t cn trc thp lp t c nh c u thp quay, dng xe con di chuyn trn cn nm ngang thay i tm vi. Thn thp dng gin thp khng gian, gm nhiu on lp ghp li vi nhau bng mi ghp bu lng. u thp c th chuyn ng quay c trn on thp trn cng. Cn v cn t i trng c lp khp vi u thp v c neo gi nm ngang, c th h xung hoc nng ln c khi cn thit. Xe con mang vt di chuyn c trn ray nh cp ko thay i tm vi. Pa lng nng vt c cc pu li c nh lp trn xe con. Ct rp ni dng thay i chiu cao ca thn thp. Cc c cu : Cn trc thp loi ny c cc c cu nh : c cu nng h vt, c cu di chuyn xe con thay i tm vi, c cu quay. Vi cc c cu ny, cn trc thp c th vn chuyn hng trong vng lm vic ca n l hnh tr xuyn. Tu theo loi, cn trc thp cn c th c cc c cu khc nh di chuyn, nng h cn, di chuyn i trng, thay i chiu cao thn thp, v.v... 4. Cch thay i cao : Khi thi cng cn ni di thm thn thp theo s pht trin cao ca cng trnh, khi tho d phi tho dn cc on thn thp. C nhiu cch thay i cao, c th ni di thn thp t nh thp, chn thp hoc gia thp. Cn trc thp thi cng cc to nh cao hng trm tng, ngi ta dng cch leo sn. C cu trt nng thp : trt thp ln cao ngi ta dng xi lanh thu lc, h ti pa lng cp hoc truyn ng bnh rng thanh rng.

Ni di thp t nh thp: *** Bin php ny thc hin trn cao nn khng an ton, rt nguy him cho cng nhn, nh hng n tin v phi dng li thc hin tng cao. u im l c th neo phn thn thp chc chn vo cng trnh. Bin php ny thng cdng cn trc thp c u thp quay. Ni di thp t chn thp: *** Bin php ny thc hin trn mt nn nn an ton, khu chun b din ra trn mt t nn cn trc vn hot ng nang chuyn vt bnh thng, khng nh hng ln n tin thi cng. Neo gi vo cng trnh kh khn v thn thp khng c nh, c chuyn ng trt ln cao. Thng dng cho cn trc thp c thn thp quay. Ni di thp t gia thp: *** y l bin php dng kh ph bin, v tr lp thm on thp c th l bt k ch ghp no trn thn thp. 5. Mt s ch trong s dng cn trc thp: Cn trc thp c cao ln, cng knh v vy cn thit phi tnh ton n nh v x l nn mng trc khi lp t, phi tnh n phng n tho d khi hon thnh cng trnh trnh vng vo cc cng trnh bn cnh. Khi gp gi bo phi h cn v cngxon, h thp cao, neo gi chc chn vo cng trnh. S dng cn trc thp c chi ph ban u ln, mt nhiu thi gian cho khu lp dng v tho d v vy ch nn dng cho cng trnh c cao ln, khi lng cng vic ln, thi gian thi cng t 6 thng tr ln. III. Cn trc t hnh: Cn trc t hnh l loi cn trc c thit b pht lc l ng c t trong, h thng di chuyn bng bnh xch hoc bnh lp, n c tnh c ng rt cao, c kh nng di chuyn trong phm vi kh rng ln. 1. Cng dng: Cn trc t hnh c s dng rng ri xp d hng ho cho cc phng tin vn chuyn, nng chuyn hng ho ti cc kho bi sn xut, nh ga, bn cng,... Trong xy dng, cn trc t hnh c dng lp rp cc cu kin, h tr cc my khc thi cng nh nng h cc v thit b cho my ng, p cc, my khoan cc nhi. 2. Phn loi : Da vo h thng di chuyn, c cc loi: cn trc bnh xch, cn trc bnh lp, cn trc lu ng t Da vo h dn ng, c cc loi: cn trc thu lc, cn trc dn ng c kh, cn trc dn ng in 3. Cn trc lu ng t dn ng thu lc:

Loi cn trc ny c cc c cu nh: di chuyn, nng h vt, nng h cn, quay, thay i chiu di cn. Ngoi ra cn c c cu iu khin 4 chn ta tng n nh khi nng chuyn vt. *** 4. Cn trc bnh xch: *** Ti trng nng t 25 n 50 T (c loi n 250 T) Chiu cao nng : n 55m Chiu di cn: n 40 m Vn tc di chuyn : 1,5 n 3,6 km/h Cn trc bnh xch c n nh ln, c th thay i khong cch gia 2 di xch, khng cn phi s dng cc chn chng khi nng chuyn vt. Ti cc cng sng bin cn s dng cc loi my nng kiu cn khc nh: cn trc ct bum, cn trc chn , cn trc gin. nng chuyn hng trn sng bin, trc vt tu m,...ngi ta cn dng cn trc ni. Bi 5. My nng kiu cu My nng kiu cu c n nh cao, khng phi dng i trng chng lt nh my nng kiu cn. Nhm my ny c cc nhc im nh ch nng chuyn c vt trong vng lm vic c dng hnh hp ch nht, khi nng chuynvt c trng lng nh theo hng dc ray di chuyn phi khi ng v di chuyn c thit b theo hng dc ray di chuyn. I. Cu trc: Cu trc l loi my nng c dng mt nhp cu bt qua hai ng ray t trn cao. 1. Cng dng: Cu trc dng nng chuyn hng ho v lp rp my trong cc nh cng nghip nh nh kho, nh xng, phn xng sn xut. Cc cu trc c ti trng nng ln vi trm tn c dng lp rp, sa cha thit b trong cc cng trnh thu in, nhit in. thun li cho vic lp t cu trc, cu trc c tnh ton thit k v lp t ngay trong giai on xy dng cng trnh. Khi kt thc qu trnh xy dng, cu trc tip tc c s dng phc v nng chuyn trong cng trnh . 2. Phn loi: Da vo s dm, cu trc c chia lm 2 loi: cu trc 1 dm v cu trc 2 dm Da vo cch b tr c cu di chuyn, chia 2 loi: cu trc dn ng chung v cu trc dn ng ring

Da vo cch ta ca cu trc trn ray, chia 2 loi: cu trc trn ray v cu trc treo trn ray 3. Cu to chung ca cu trc 2 dm:

4. Cc c cu v qu trnhnng chuyn vt: Cu trc c 3 c cu: - C cu di chuyn cu trc - C cu di chuyn xe con trn dm - C cu nng h vt Nh vy, nng chuyn vt trong khng gian lm vic ca cu trc cn kt hp hot ng ca 3 c cu nu trn: c cu nng h vt s nng vt ln h vt xung theo phng thng ng, c cu di chuyn xe con lm thay i v tr vt theo phng ngang, c cu di chuyn cu trc lm thay i v tr vt theo phng dc ray di chuyn. II. Cng trc v bn cng trc Cng trc l loi my nng c dng cng, c th di chuyn c trn hai ng ray t trn mt t hoc lp t c nh. Cng trc thng c dng c gii ho cng tc xp d ti cc kho bi vt liu xy dng v cc bi c cc cu kin btng; dng lp rp cu kin v thit b trong cc cng trnh thu in, nhit in. Cng trc c nh c dng nng h ng m cc ca van trong cc cng trnh thu li, thu in. Trng hp nh xng c sn, vic lp t ray v cu trc trong nh xng s gp nhiu kh khn, ngi ta c th dng cng trc thay cho cu trc. Bn cng trc c cu to nh cng trc nhng ch c mt u gin thp lp chn cng, u kia t trn cao nh cu trc. Bi 5. Vn thng *** Vn thng thng c lp ta vo to nh ang thi cng, dng vn chuyn vt liu v cc cu kin ln cao. Khi thi cng cc to nh c cao ln, ngi ta cn dng vn thng vn chuyn ngi, ci thin iu kin i li ca cng nhn. Ti trng nng : 0,3 n 0,5 T Chiu cao nng : 50 m Vn tc nng vt : 0,3 n 0,5 m/s

My nng ngi : Trong xy dng, ngi ta cn dng my nng ngi thc hin cc cng vic nh qut vi, lau ca knh nh cao tng, lp t thit b ln trn nh trong cng tc hon thin, lp t sa cha h thng in chiu sng trn ng ph,v.v...

CHNG IV. MY LM T Cha xong

Bi. My xc v my o My xc mt gu Qu trnh lm vic: My xc mt gu lm vic theo chu k My xc gu thun: My xc gu thun cn gi l my o gu nga. My xc gu thun c loi iu khin bng cp v c loi iu khin bng thu lc. My xc gu thun iu khin thu lc c loi x t qua y gu v c loi x t bng cch xoay gu p ming gu hng xung.

B phn cng tc : Cu to gu xc ca my xc gu thun c y gu iu khin m bng cch git dy

Hnh. Cu to gu xc ca my xc gu thun c y gu iu khin m bng cch git dy: 1. Mu gi cht; 2. Cht; 3,4. Cc thanh to l dn hng cht; 5. n ko cht; 6. Xch ko m cht; 7. y gu; 8. Thnh sau; 9. Tai gu lin kt khp vi tay gu; 10. ai

Cu to chung ca my xc gu thun iu khin bng cp :

Qu trnh lm vic: My xc gu nga lm vic theo chu k trn tng v tr ng ca my, mi chu k gm 4 giai on sau: - Xc v tch t vo gu - Quay gu n ni d ti - D ti ( t ra khi gu) - Quay gu khng ti tr li v tr o bt u chu k k tip Trong mt chu k lm vic my khng di chuyn m ch ng ti mt ch, v vy phi chn v tr ng ca my sao cho vng lm vic ca my bao ph c vng ly t v vng d ti, tc kh nng vi gu ca my phi vi ti c v tr xc t v v tr d ti. tch c t trong gu, trc ht phi ng y gu. Vic iu khin ng y gu nh sau: nng cn kt hp vi h tay gu, khi tay gu nghing 100 hoc nh hn 100 so vi phng thng ng th y gu s t ng ng li do trng lng bn thn, khi cht 2 s c gi trong mu 1 v y gu cng c gi trng thi ng. H cn kt hp vi nng gu t di ln xc t vo gu, chiu dy phoi ct v lc tc dng vo gu tng dn t di ln nn gi l ct thun, v vy my xc gu nga cn gi l my xc gu thun. Sau khi tch t vo gu th nng gu ri quay n v tr d ti. d ti x t khi gu th iu khin m y gu bng cch git dy 6, n 5 s ko cht 2 trt khi mu 1 v y gu s c m ra.

Vic m y gu x t qu t ngt s tc dng lc ng ln ln phng tin vn chuyn, gim lc ng ny, ngi ta ch to gu xc c y gu m hai cp. Sau khi x t xong th quay gu khng ti v v tr o t, li ng y gu v bt u chu k k tip.

My xc gu nghch My xc gu nghch c th lm vic c vi t cp IV, thng c dng t v vt liu ct mc thp hn cao trnh my ng; o rnh lp t ng ng, cp in; o knh mng, h mng. Gu c th c thay bng thit b ngom ngom rc hoc thay bng gu ngom ngom t. My xc gu nghch thng uc dng lm my c s ch to thnh my cm bc thm khng chuyn dng. My xc gu nghch iu khin thu lc c khu tnh tin : c th o su

My o gu ngom: My o gu ngom iu khin bng cp thc cht l cn trc c thit b mang vt l gu ngom iu khin bng cp. My o gu ngom iu khin thu lc l my o gu sp c thit b cng tc l gu ngom thu lc. Phn loi: Gu ngom c 3 loi: gu ngom 1 dy, gu ngom 2 dy v gu ngom thu lc. Gu ngom 2 dy: B cng tc gu ngom gm cp nng gu (1), thanh ging (2), u nng di (3), gu (4), u nng trn (5), cp ng m gu (6).

Qu trnh lm vic :

Nng sut cao, kh thay th b cng tc, iu khin nhiu thao tc trong mt chu k My xc gu ngom iu khin mt dy : D ti phi h gu chm vo nn hoc mt v tr trn caoNng sut thp, thng dng ti cc bn cng, dng mc cu ca cn trc mc vo gu l c th xc c My xc gu ngom iu khin thu lc : chiu su o khng ln

My xc gu dy:

1. C cu di chuyn; 2. C cu quay; 3. B quay; 4. Puli chuyn hng cp; 5. cp ko gu; 6. Dy cn bng; 7. Xch ko gu; 8. Gu; 9. Xch nng gu; 10. cp nng gu; 11. Cm puli u cn; 12. cp nng h cn; 13. cn; 14. Ti ko gu; 15. Ti nng h gu; 16. Ti nng h cn; 17. ng c v cc b truyn ng; 18. i trng Vi cu to v qu trnh lm vic nh vy, loi my ny c cc tn gi khc nhau nh My o gu dy cn gi l my xc ko dy, my o gu qung u nhc im v phm vi s dng : Kh hot ng vi t cng, d ti kh chnh xc v tr C th o rt su v rt xa No vt knh mng, o c cc mi dc, cp liu cho cc trm trn b tng xi mng, b tng nha, o cc h mng rng My xc gu dy c giai on pht trin rt mnh cng vi cc cng trnh tm c th gii nh h thng cng rnh Chicago, knh o Panama, knh o Xuy Ngy nay t c s dng Nng sut : trong : q - dung tch gu, m3 ; Tck - thi gian mt chu k lm vic, s ; k - h s y gu ; kt - h s ti xp ca vt liu ; ktg - h s s dng thi gian. My o nhiu gu: Phn loi: Da vo hng ca thit b o t so vi hng di chuyn ca my, c cc loi: my o ngang v my o dc v my o hng knh. Da vo c im cu to ca thit b cng tc, c hai loi: my o nhiu gu h rt v my o nhiu gu h xch.

Cu to Hnh * m t my xc nhin gu h roto u nhc im v phm vi s dng : Nng sut rt cao. Gia thnh my cao, khng a nng, khi lng cng vic bo dng sa cha ln. Ch nn dng cho cng vic c khi lng ln v tp trung nh thu in, khai m. u nhc im: My xc nhiu gu l loi my lm t hot ng lin tc, thng dng o rnh t ng ng Nhc im: u nhc im My xc lt: Cng dng : My xc lt thng c dng xc t cp I, cp II, xc cc loi vt liu ri nh , ct, than, ri vo cc phng tin vn chuyn hoc dn thnh ng trong phm vi cng trng; xp d, vn chuyn hng ho v cc vt nng cc nh kho, nh ga, bn bi. My xc lt lm vic hiu qu khi i tng cn xc cao hn cao trnh my ng. Phn loi : Da vo h thng di chuyn, my xc lt c chia lm 2 loi: my xc lt di chuyn bng xch v my xc lt bnh lp Da vo hng xc v d ti, c cc loi: my xc lt xc v v pha trc, my xc lt xc pha trc mt bn, my xc lt xc pha trc pha sau. Cu to chung : Hnh * m t my xc lt di chuyn bng bnh lp, xc v t v pha trc

Hnh. My xc lt: 1. 2. 3. Xilanh nng h tay gu; 4. tay gu; 5. Gu; 6. 8. Xilanh iu khin xoay gu

Qu trnh lm vic: My xc lt lm vic theo chu k, mi chu k gm 6 giai on: - Tin v ni xc t - Xc t vo gu - Li khi ni xc t - Tin n ni d ti

- D ti khi gu - Li li bt u chu k mi Giai on xc t vo gu: iu khin cc xi lanh thc hin h gu, ming gu hng v pha trc; cho my tin ti xc t vo gu bng sc y ca my ng thi iu khin lt nga dn gu ln cha t trong gu. Giai on li khi ni xc v tin n ni d ti: Giai on ny my phi thay i hng di chuyn, v vy phi h gu xung thp , trnh lt my do lc ly tm ca gu cha t gy ra. X t : nng gu ln cao ng thi lt ming gu xung t ra. Nng sut : trong : q - dung tch gu, m3 ; Tck - thi gian mt chu k lm vic, s ; k - h s y gu ; kt - h s ti xp ca vt liu ; ktg - h s s dng thi gian. Qu trnh lm vic: Bi. My gt t I. My i: 1. Cng dng: o v vn chuyn t vi c li di 100 m, o knh mng, h mng cn v rng. p nn ng, nn cng trnh. San bng nn cng trnh, san lp h. Dn ng vt liu Ko lu chn cu, cp in, vt c khi lng ln, cc my khc. y my cp, my khc Xi t. 2. Phn loi: Da vo h thng di chuyn, my u c chia thnh 2 loi: my i di chuyn bng xch v my i di chuyn bnh lp Da vo h thng iu khin, chia 2 loi: my i iu khin thu lc v my i iu khin bng cp Da vo tnh linh hot ca li i, chia 2 loi: my i thng v my i vn nng Da vo cng sut, c cc loi: my i c nh, my i c trung bnh v my i c ln Cu to chung v qu trnh lm vic Cu to chung : Cu to chung my i bnh xch iu khin thu lc c m t trn v * 1. My ko; 2. Khung i; 3. Khp lin kt khung i vi my ko; 4.Li i; 5. Thanh chng; 6. Xilanh nng h li i; 7. Mc ko. B phn cng tc : B phn cng tc l li i, cn gi l ben. Cc thng s hnh hc ca li i : Cch thay i gc o : H thng thu lc iu khin li i : Qu trnh lm vic : My i lm vic theo chu k, mi chu k gm cc giai on sau: - Ct t v tch lu t trc li i. - y khi t trc li i v pha trc n ni d ti.

- D ti. - Chy khng ti v ni ly t tip tc chu k lm vic mi. Giai on ct t v tch lu t trc li i c th tin hnh theo 3 s (hnh)

Hnh. Cc s ct t ca my i: a. Ct t vi chiu dy lp ct khng i b. Ct theo bc thang; c. Ct theo hnh thang lch - S (a): ct t vi chiu dy lp ct khng i, s ct ny d thc hin nhng cng v cui giai on ct t lc cn cng tng, nh vy khng s dng hp l c ch lc ko ca my; chiu di qung ng ct t ln, dn n thi gian chu k lm vic di hn nn nng sut thp. - S (b): ct t theo bc thang, ch dng khi gp t rn c lc cn ct ln, i hi tay ngh th li my cao. - S (c): ct t theo hnh thang lch, s ny hiu qu nht, cho php s dng hp l ch lc ko ca my, rt ngn chiu di ct t, gim thi gian chu k lm vic nn nng sut cao. Giai on y khi t trc li i n ni d ti: Giai on ny c th ct thm t vi chiu dy hmin b li khong ri ri dc ng vn chuyn. Giai on d ti: Tu theo yu cu ni d ti, giai on ny c th ri t thnh lp v m s b hoc nng dn li i vun t p nn, vun thnh ng to iu kin thun li cho my xc lm vic tip theo. Giai on chy khng ti tr v ni ly t: Giai on ny my c th chy li hoc quay u my ri chy tin. Thng thng, vi my i bnh xch nn chn cch chy li khng ti, hn ch quay u my gim h hng xch di chuyn. Trng hp chiu di qung ng lm vic qu ln, ln hn chiu di gii hn th nn chn cch quay u my, chy tin vi vn tc nhanh nht tr v ni ly t, ri li quay u my tip tc chu k lm vic mi. My i bnh lp: My i iu khin bng cp: My i vn nng : Nng sut : Siu my i Komatsu D575A-2 l my i ln nht th gii, t cnh n l my i tiu chun My san Cng dng:

My san c s dng rng ri san bng v to hnh dng b mt nn cng trnh, to iu kin thun li cho cng on m tip theo c d dng v hiu qu; san ri vt liu xy dng nn cng trnh. Li my san kh linh hot nn c th dng my san o rnh thot nc, o p nn ng, bt phng cc mi taluy cho nn t p hoc cc h o, bt taluy ng, knh mng. My san cn c dng san lp cc rnh lp t ng ng, san lp h, thu dn hin trng khi hon thnh cng trnh. Khi lp thm thit b ph nh rng xi, li i, my san c th cy xi t, i t vi c ly n 30m. My san lm vic c hiu qu cao vi t cp I, cp II. Vi cp t cao hn hay c ln si , nn cy xi t trc khi cho my san lm vic. Phn loi: Da vo s cu trc, my san c chia lm 2 loi: my san 2 cu trc v my san 3 cu trc. Da vo kh nng di chuyn, chia 2 loi: my san t hnh v my san khng t hnh. Da vo phng php iu khin, c cc loi: my san iu khin thu lc, my san iu khin c kh, my san iu khin bng cp. Da vo cng sut v trng lng my, c cc loi: - loi nh: cng sut n 63 m lc, trng lng n 9T - loi trung bnh: 63 n 100 m lc, 9 n 19T - loi nng v rt nng: trn 100 m lc, trn 19T Cc loi my san 2 cu trc, my san khng t hnh v my san iu khin bng cp c nhiu nhc im nn hu nh khng cn c s dng. Loi thng dng hin nay l my san t hnh, c 3 cu trc, iu khin bng thu lc hoc c kh. B phn cng tc : B phn cng tc ca my san l li san, tng t li i, Cc thng s ca li san ; Cu to chung : Hp cn bng : Kh nng nghing hai bnh dn hng : Cc kh nng iu khin li san : Thay i gc o y trt li san trn gi H mt u li san xung nn (Quay trong mt phng thng ng) Quay li san trong mt phng ngang, c loi hin i c th quay li san v pha sau, hnh trnh i li cng san t. a b cng tc qua mt bn my Phn loi : Nng sut : Tnh nh cng thc my i san t Tr286 iu khin my san phc tp, i hi th c tay ngh cao Lp thit b ph : My i hnh thnh my san

My cp (my xc chuyn): Cng dng: My cp cn gi l my xc chuyn, l loi my va xc t va vn chuyn t n ni cn thit. My cp tch t vo thng cha ri di chuyn n ni d ti nn c ly vn chuyn kh xa, vi my cp t hnh bnh lp, c ly vn chuyn n 5000m, vn tc n 50km/h; vi my cp di chuyn nh my khc ko, c ly vn chuyn n 500m, vn tc n 13km/h.

Khi d ti, my c th ri v san s b; khi mang ti trong thng v di chuyn, my cn c tc dng m nn t ni my i qua. My cp lm vic c vi t cp I, cp II, trng hp cp t cao hn cn phi cy xi t trc khi cho my cp lm vic. Phn loi : Da vo dung tch thng : nh, trung bnh, ln Da vo phng php ct t : ct t t do, ct t cng bc; Da vo phng php x t : x t t do, x t cng bc; Da vo kh nng di chuyn : Da vo h thng iu khin : Cu to chung : Qu trnh lm vic ca my cp t hnh, ct t t do, x t cng bc : o v tch t vo thng : M ca y v h thng cp cho li ct cm vo nn t ri cho my tin. t c ct v la vo thng. Khi y thng th ng ca y v nng thng cp. Qu trnh tch t hp l : Thc t cho thy khi m ca y qu hp th t s kh vo thng, ngc li khi ca y m qu rng s xy ra hin tng t dn ng trc ming thng lm cn tr qu trnh tch t. Hp l l ca y m t 40 n 50 cm, khi t c tch vo thng qua 3 giai on nh sau : giai on I : t tch vo thnh sau; giai on II, t tch vo thnh trc; giai on III : t dn ln vng gia. Ca dy m hp l t s c tch nhanh y thng, t tiu hao cng sut my. Di chuyn my n ni x t. X t khi thng : H thng cp, m ca y, iu khin tm y tin dn v pha trc la t ra. Nng thng cp, ng ca y. Di chuyn my tr li v tr ly t.

u nhc im v phm vi s dng: My cp c kh nng hot ng c lp, tnh c ng cao, vn chuyn t trong thng nn khng b hao ht, nng sut cao. My cp kh cng knh, l loi my khng a chc nng nh cc loi my lm t khc, n i hi ni ly t phi tng i bng phng, c c ly di chuyn tch t vo thng, t phi khng c ln hay r gc cy v phi c ng vn chuyn. khng thch hp vi t do dnh, t cng V vy, ,my cp t c s dng nhng cng trnh va v nh. My cp ch hiu qu vi nhng cng trnh c khi lng cng tc t ln nh cng trnh thu in, khai thc m, o p nn nhng tuyn ng di vi phng php ly t t thng u hai bn tuyn ng. Nng sut : trong : q - dung tch thng cp, m3 ; Tck - thi gian mt chu k lm vic, s ; k - h s y thng ; kt - h s ti xp ca t ; ktg - h s s dng thi gian. Bi. My m t My m bng lc tnh: t c m cht nh trng lng bn thn ca my truyn qua b phn cng tc, b phn cng tc c th l bnh thp trn, bnh thp c vu hay bnh lp. Trong qu trnh m t, lc m khng thay i.

1. Lu bnh thp: Lu bnh thp cn gi l m ln mt nhn, lu bnh cng trn. C hai loi lu bnh thp: kiu ko theo v kiu t hnh B phn cng tc u nhc im: Nhc im: Nng sut thp, cc lp t m t c dnh kt vi nhau, bm ca my trn nn thp u im: Cu to n gin, gi thnh my thp, c th m c mt ng si, mt ng nha. Vn bnh ch ng vo nn trc 2. Lu chn cu: Lu chn cu cn gi l m ln c vu hay m chn d. Loi lu ny thng c thit k kiu ko theo, khi m phi dng my ko. B phn cng tc ca lu chn cu l qu ln c th gia ti c nh lu bnh thp, nhng trn b mt bnh c cc vu sp xp theo hnh bn c hay hnh mt co ( ch nht hoc tam gic). Vu c nhiu hnh dng khc nhau, kiu vu hnh chp ct v hnh nn ct d ch to nn c dng rt ph bin. Trng hp my ko ch tin, khng i li th kiu vu c dng khng i xng m t rt hiu qu, kiu vu ny xut hin rt sm, hnh dng vu hao hao ging chn cu nn ngi ta gi loi m ny l m chn cu. u nhc im: u im: Cc vu m lm gim din tch tip xc gia bnh lu v nn nn ng sut tc dng ln nn ln, tng c chiu su m. Cc lp t m d dng c s dnh kt vi nhau, cht lng m cao. Nhc im: Do b mt bnh lu c vu nn vic di chuyn my kh khn, khi chuyn sang cng trnh khc phi dng xe ti, rmooc vn chuyn. Cc vu cm vo nn lm tng lc cn di chuyn nn sc ko my phi ln. Lp t trn cng ht nc mnh khi gp ri ma, lm chm qu trnh m t, lm cho cc phng tin khc di chuyn kh khn hn. Khi cn b mt phng v nhn phi s dng loi my m khc m li lp t trn cng. 3. Lu bnh lp:

Hnh. Lu bnh lp: 1. u ko bnh lp; 2. C cu yn nga; 3. Cng; 4. Xilanh li my; 5. Thng gia ti; 6. Gt t dnh; 7. Bnh lu Lu bnh lp cn gi l m ln bnh hi, c th t hnh hoc ko theo.

B phn cng tc l cc bnh lp c xp thnh 1 hoc 2 hng ngang, chng c ko bi my ko hoc u ko. Phn loi: Kiu phn b u v kiu phn b khng u Nng sut my m tnh : Chiu di qung ng cn m, m; Chiu rng vt m, m; Chiu rng phn trng nhau gia hai vt m lin k, m; Vn tc di chuyn my m, m/h; Chiu dy lp t m, m; H s s dng thi gian; Thi gian quay vng, s; S ln m trn mt ch. My m bng lc rung v rung tnh kt hp My m truyn lc rung vo nn t lm cho cc ht t dao ng, do cc ht t c kch thc, khi lng khc nhau nn bin dao ng ca chng cng khc nhau, v vy c s dch chuyn tng di gia cc ht t, s dch chuyn ny mi v cc cnh sc trn cc ht to thnh nhng ht mi nh hn. Trong qu trnh dao ng, ht t no cng c xu hng dch chuyn dn n v tr n nh hn, chim dn nhng ch c kh v nc, y kh v nc ra ngoi. Khi my m i qua, cc ht t s gim dn bin dao ng ri dng li v tr n nh nht. Thch hp vi t ri, kch thc ht t khc nhau, lc lin kt gia chng nh nh t pha ct, si, dm nh, t st. Khng thch hp vi t do dnh nh t st, t kh. m rung c loi m bn rung v m ln rung. Qu ln c th b tr chn cu tng hiu qu m. 1. m bn rung 2. Lu rung My m bng lc ng t c m cht nh ng nng ca phin m khi ri, lc tc dng ln t thay i c tnh chu k. m nn Dng cn trc hoc my xc nng phin m ri th ri t do m t. Phin m bng gang hoc b tng ct thp c, b mt hnh trn hoc vung, c khi lng t 0,8 n 2 T, din tch mt tip xc vi nn khong 1m2, th ri t cao 1,5 n 3m, m t 3 n 6 nht mt ch, chiu su m t 1 n 1,5 m. Cch m ny c u im l c th m c t dnh, t ri. Nhc im l nng sut rt thp. Ch nn dng khi khi lng cng vic nh, mt bng cht hp, ni m cc my m khc khng dng c.
CHNG V. MY V THIT B GIA C NN MNG

Bi. My ng cc Phn loi: Da vo cch di chuyn, c cc loi: my ng cc di chuyn bng xch, my ng cc di chuyn trn ray v my ng cc lp trn slan di chuyn bng cch dng can ko. Da vo lc tc dng ln cc, c cc loi: my ng cc bng lc ng v my ng cc bng lc rung.

Da vo tnh chuyn dng, c cc loi: my ng cc chuyn dng v my ng cc khng chuyn dng. Thng dng l cc my ng cc di chuyn bng xch v di chuyn trn ray. My ng cc lm vic trn sng bin thng xuyn c lp trn slan c sc ch n 500T m bo my c n nh khi ng cc. Trng hp ng cc vng sng bin khng thng xuyn, c th dng cc my ng cc thng dng ri lp trn h thng phao ni thi cng. My ng cc chuyn dng thng c gi thnh my cao, gim chi ph u t my ngi ta cn ch my ng cc khng chuyn dng t nhng loi my khc nh cn trc t hnh bnh xch, my xc mt gu bnh xch hoc my ko bnh xch. My ng cc di chuyn bng xch c u im l thi gian chun b ng cc rt nhanh. Cu to chung: My ng cc thng gm cc phn chnh sau: My ba v kp cc H thng dn hng my ba Cc c cu Khung b my My ba l b phn to ra lc ng cc.

I/ Cu tao chung: Thit b ong coc thng gm cac phn chnh sau: 1) u bua: la b phn trc tip gy ra lc tac dung ln u coc. Co cac loai u bua sau: Dung lc ng co: bua diesel, bua thuy lc, bua hi, bua treo. Dung lc rung co: bua rung ni mm, bua rung ni cng, bua rung - va p. 2) H thng gia bua gm: Gia dn hng u bua: c lam bng cac oan ng thep hoc gian thep ni vi nhau bng mi ghep bu lng. Trn gia dn hng co lp ray trt cac xe con vn chuyn cng nhn ln cao khi cn thit va ray trt u bua. oan gia trn cung lp vi xa ngang, trn xa ngang lp t cac puli dn hng cap. oan gia di cung lp khp vi b may. Cac thanh ging xin hoc ngang gi gia dn hng c n nh. Cac thanh ging c lp vi tng hoc xilanh thuy lc iu chnh nghing cua gia dn hng khi cn ong coc xin. 3) H thng b may: H thng b may co nhim vu xac nh v tr ong coc va toan b trong lng thit b ri truyn xung nn. Trn o co lp t cabin, i trong, h thng gia bua, u bua va cac b may ti: ti bua, ti coc, ti keo xe con, ti lp dng va cac b phn khac. Co cac kiu sau: Dung h thng hai b: b di di chuyn trn ray, b trn tnh tin hoc quay trn b di. Dung b lp trn phao ni. Dung cac may banh xch nh may keo, cn truc, hoc may xuc mt gau. Kiu nay co tnh c ng rt cao, thi gian chun b ong coc nhanh.

Chng 6: May va thit b gia c nn mong

Nn t t nhin hoc sau khi ao p thng khng ng nht va ch chu c ap lc nho, v vy am bao bn vng cua cng trnh cn thit phai x ly nn mong. Cac bin phap x ly nn mong ph bin hin nay: - ong, ep coc. - Khoan coc nhi. - Cm bc thm. Bai 1. Thit b ong coc II/ Lp dng va thao d: Lp dng: - X ly nn mong,... - Lp cac oan gia dn hng vi nhau, oan gia di cung lp khp vi b,... - Dung ti lp dng keo gia ln (mt cap qua cac puli trn gia ch A hoc ct lp lp dng,... Thao d: - Thao u bua,... - Neo gi cac thanh ging vi gia,... - Neo cac palng cua ti coc va ti bua vao cac h th,... - Phi hp ti bua, ti coc (qun cap) va ti lp dng (nha cap) ha dn gia xung,... III/ u bua diesel: 1) u bua diesel kiu ng dn: Cu tao: Nguyn ly hoat ng: - iu kin du diesel t bc chay trong khng kh: khng kh co nhit cao va ap sut 0 cao (600 C, 30kG/cm2), du diesel trang thai nhng hat nho dang sng mu. - Dung moc keo pttng ln v tr cao nht tao c th nng ln nht (m.g.h): khi ptng vt qua l thoat nap kh th khng kh tran vao xilanh vi vn tc ln do co chnh ap sut ma pttng tao ra, sau o hut khng kh vao xilanh. Pttng tip tuc i ln, ranh trn pttng se iu khin bm bm du vao lom trn pttng di vi ap sut t 1,5 n 2kG/cm3. iu khin moc cho pt tng ri t do: khi pttng ong kn l thoat th nen khng kh trong xilanh at nhit va ap sut cao (6000C, 30kG/cm2). Khi phn li trn pt tng va p vi phn lom trn pt tng di th tao ra lc ong coc, ng thi lam du vng tung toe di dang sng mu. Du trang thai sng mu gp khng kh nhit va ap sut cao se t bc chay sinh ra ap lc ln y tung pttng ln cao, phan lc lam coc tip tuc chm xung. Khi pttng vng ln vt qua l thoat nap kh th kh chay thoat ra ngoai vi vn tc ln, theo quan tnh, khng kh tip tuc thoat ra ngoai lam ap sut trong xi lanh thp hn ap sut kh tri. Sau o khng kh lai tran vao xilanh va c hut vao do pttng tip tuc vng ln theo quan tnh, ranh trn pttng lai iu khin bm du. Khi ht a, pt tng lai ri xung thc hin mt chu ky khac.

Ba diesel: Ba diesel lm vic da trn nguyn l hot ng ca ng c diesel 2 th, hai hnh trnh ca piston hoc xilanh th c mt ln hn hp nhin liu chy n gin n sinh cng.

Ba diesel c 3 loi : kiu ng dn, kiu hai cc dn v kiu xilanh dn, kiu ng dn c nhiu u im nn c dng ph bin hn. Ba diesel kiu ng dn : piston l vt nng ri trong ng dn hng (xilanh) to ra lc ng cc. Nguyn l hot ng : Giai on 1: khi ng ba Dng mc ko piston ln cao, khng kh np vo xi lanh qua l, rnh s iu khin bm bm du vo lm vi p sut khong 1,5 n 2 kG/cm2. Khi mc va chm vo c th mc trt khi piston, piston ri t do. Giai on 2 : piston ri v nn khng kh Piston ri xung ng kn l thot np kh th khng kh trong xilanh bt u c nn, p sut v nhit tng, vo cui hnh trnh, p sut khong 30 kG/cm2, nhit khong 6000C. Khi phn li trn piston va p vo phn lm trn ba th truyn lc ng cc, ng thi lm cho du vng tung to thnh nhng ht nh. Giai on 3 : hn hp nhin liu chy v gin n sinh cng Du diesel trng thi nhng ht nh ho trn vi khng kh nhit v p sut cao s t bc chy, p sut v nhit trong xilanh tng nhanh. Mt phn p lc kh chy s y piston ln cao, phn cn li tc dng ln ba v truyn xung cc. Giai on 4 : thi kh chy, np kh mi, iu khin bm du Khi piston vng ln i qua l thot np kh th kh chy thot nhanh ra ngoi, piston tip tc i ln theo qun tnh li ht khng kh vo xilanh, rnh trn piston li iu khin bm bm du vo lm. Vn tc piston gim dn n khng ri ri xung tip tc mt chu k khc. Mun cho ba dng th git dy iu khin cho bm du ngng hot ng. Vi nguyn l hot ng nh trn, trong mt chu k c hai thnh phn lc tc dng ln cc : lc ng do piston va p vo ba v lc do hn hp kh chy gin n sinh cng. Ba diesel kiu hai cc dn : nhc im nhiu, c thit b khc thay th nh my p cc, ba rung, cc khoan nhi nn t dng. u nhc im v phm vi s dng : Ch trong s dng : Xc mng, git dy iu khin bm Qu trnh h cc bng ba diesel : Tnh chn ba diesel : u nhc im v phm vi s dng u im: Nhc im: Phm vi s dng: Ba hi n ng: Ba hi n ng gm xilanh v pttng, pttng lp vi b v kp vo cc, xilanh l phn chy. Khi bm kh nn vo xilanh th xilanh trt ln, sau m van x kh nn ra ngoi, do trtng lng bn thn, xi lanh ri xung va p vo b to ra lc ng cc. C th dng nh cc Ba hi song ng: Tn s ng cc ln, c th khc phc dc chi gi C th ng c cc vi nghing ln Ba rung Nguyn l chm cc khi ng bng ba rung Ba rung t trn nh cc v truyn lc rung ng cho cc, cc dao ng s lm gim lc ma st gia cc v nn. Khi lc qun tnh Phn loi: C 3 loi ba rung: ba rung ni cng, ba rung ni mm v ba rung va p (ba va rung). Cu to v nguyn l hot ng: Ba rung ni cng:

Ba va rung: Ba va rung cn gi l ba rung va p hay ba rung p, loi ba ny va truyn lc rung ng cho cc va tc dng lc ng ln cc. u nhc im v phm vi s dng : u im: Ba rung c kch thc u ba nh gn, tnh c ng cao, d iu khin, lm vic tin cy. ng cc bng ba rung t gp hin tng chi gi, cc khng b v nh khi dng ba va p. C th dng ba rung nh cc. Khi ng cc c th khng dng gi dn hng u ba. Nhc im: Lc rung ng lm gim tui th ca ng c v gy nh hng xu n cc cng trnh ln cn. gim lc rung ng truyn ra cc cng trnh ln cn, c th o ng ho ngn cch. Thay v dng gi dn hng th ba rung phi dng cn trc t hnh nng h ba khi ng cc; phi s dng cc thit b pht lc nh my pht in, my bm thu lc. My pht in cung cp nng lng in cho u ba hot ng, my bm thu lc cung cp du thu lc c p sut cao cho b phn xilanh kp cc di u ba. Phm vi s dng: Ba rung thng dng ng cc c tit din nh vo nn t t c do dnh. Cc loi cc thng c ng bng ba rung nh: cc vn thp, cc ng thp, cc thp hnh, cc btng ct thp tit din nh (100x100 n 300x300). Ba rung nh cc rt hiu qu nn c dng ng v nh ng vch khi thi cng cc khoan nhi; ng v nh di dn bc thm hay ng dn ct x l nn t yu. Tnh chn ba rung : Lc rung ng : Cng sut ng c in : u nhc im v phm vi s dng u im: Nhc im: Phm vi s dng: Bi. My p cc u nhc im v phm vi s dng: u im: My p cc dng lc tnh nn cc vo nn nn khng gy chn ng, khng gy n o, hn ch nhng nh hng xu n cc cng trnh ln cn c xy dng trc. Nhc im: Thi gian thi cng di, chiu su p nh, phi s dng cc my khc phc v my p nh cn trc t hnh, my bm thu lc. Phm vi s dng: Cu to v qu trnh p cc: Qu trnh p cc: Qu trnh p cc uc tin hnh theo cc bc nh sau: - Xc nh v tr p - iu khin xilanh y cn pttng i xung h lng p xung v tr thp nht, to iu kin thun li cho vic t cc vo gia lng p - Dng cn trc t hnh nng cc t vo gia lng p - iu khin xilanh ko lng p ln cao - Dng tm nn chn nh cc sao cho v tr tm nn nm trn nh cc v nm di 2 thanh ging ngang no ca lng p - iu chnh chnh xc v tr p v thng ng ca cc

- iu khin xilanh y lng p i xung, 2 thanh ging ngang ca lng p tc dng lc vo tm nn, tm nn tc dng lc ln nh cc lm cho cc chm xung theo. - Khi xy ra trng hp lc cn ln hn lc ln cc th cc s khng chm xung na, nu lc y ca pttng cn ln th khung dn hng v b c xu hng b nng ln. tip tc p phi t thm cc i trng ln b tng lc ln cc, lm cho lc p ln hn lc cn. - Khi p ht hnh trnh ca pttng th ko lng p ln cao ri thay i v tr chn ca tm nn p hnh trnh mi - Khi p ht chiu di on cc m vn cha t chi hay su thit k th tin hnh hn ni cc ri tip tc p. Phn loi my p cc: Da vo s xilanh, my p cc c chia thnh: my p cc 1 xilanh, my p cc 2 xilanh v my p cc 4 xilanh Da vo v tr t lc p vo cc, ny p cc c chia thnh: my p nh v my p m My p nh 2 xilanh l loi c s dng ph bin nht, lc p tc dng vo nh cc nn khng lm v cc nhng loi ny ch thch hp vi chiu di cc nh, c t mi ni cc. Trng hp chiu di cc ln, ngi ta s dng my p m, loi ny c nhc im d lm v cc. My khoan kiu xoay n: B phn cng tc mi khoan: Mi khoan l y ca gu Vic tho lp gu c y l mi khoan vo cn khoan kh n gin v nhanh chng B phn mi khoan c th thay i linh hot tu tnh hnh a cht. C th dng mi kiu xon My khoan tun hon: Nguyn l khoan tun hon c th ng dng khoan l c ng knh nh (n 60 n 100mm) nh khoan ging dn dng, khoan ly mu kho st a cht, ly mu btng trong cc nhi kim nh cht lng sau khi hon thnh cc. Nguyn l ny cng c ng dng khoan l thi cng cc nhi c ng knh ln, kiu GPS22 ca Trung Quc c th khoan l c ng knh n 2,2m. My khoan xon rut g: Mi khoan c dng trc vt, trn trc c cnh xon c lin tc. Mi khoan c lp vo gia b dn dn hng mi khoan, lm cho l khoan lun thng ng hoc nghing theo yu cu.
CHNG VI. MY LM CNG TC BTNG I. My trn btng: 1. Cng dng v phn loi: Cng dng: My trn btng dng trn u cc thnh phn vt liu: ct, , ximng, cht ph gia v nc to nn hn hp btng. Trn b tng bng my m bo c cht lng b tng, cho nng sut cao v tit kim xi mng. Phn loi: Da vo phng php trn, my trn btng c chia lm 2 loi: my trn t do v my trn cng bc. Da vo phng php d liu ( btng ra khi thng trn), my trn btng c cc loi: - My trn d liu bng cch lt p thng. - My trn d liu bng mng. - My trn d liu bng cch nghing thng. - My trn d liu bng cch quay ngc thng so vi chiu quay khi trn. - My trn d liu bng cch m y thng. Phng php ny ch c tit k cho my trn cng bc. Da vo tnh lin tc, chia 2 loi: my trn chu k v my trn lin tc.

Da vo tnh c ng, chia 2 loi: my trn c nh v my trn c lp. My trn c nh c lp trong cc dy chuyn sn xut btng v ti cc xng c cc cu kin btng. My trn c lp thng c s dng ti cc cng trng xy dng. Cu to chung : My trn btng c nhiu loi, cu to v tnh nng s dng ca tng loi khc nhau nhng nhn chung chng c cc b phn v cc c cu sau : Thng trn, cnh trn, c cu quay thng v quay cnh trn, c cu cp vt liu vo thng, c cu d vt liu khi thng v thng ong nc. Hnh v m t cu to chung ca my trn btng kiu trn t do, d liu bng mng Hnh v m t cu to chung ca my trn btng kiu trn cng bc, c hai trc quay nm ngang Thng trn c lm bng thp c kh nng chu mi mn cao, l b phn cha cc thnh phn vt liu trong qu trnh trn. Thng trn c dung tch hnh hc l Vhh, dung tch sn xut l Vsx. My trn btng thng c gi tn theo dung tch sn xut Vsx, = (1,25 3) Phn loi : Hnh dng thng trn Nng sut : 2B phn cng tac chnh la thung trn va cac canh trn, chung c lam bng thep co tnh chu mai mon cao. Dung tch hnh hoc Vhh la th tch hnh hoc cua thung trn. Dung tch san xut Vsx la th tch b tng cua mt me trn. Cac may trn thng c thit k vi Vhhbng 1,5 n 3 ln Vsx . Vhh=(1,5 -->3)Vsx. Ngi ta thng goi tn may trn theo dung tch san xut: 100,250,...,4500lt. Vn tc quay cua thung trn t 3 --> 40 v/f, may co dung tch thung cang ln vn tc quay cua thung cang nho va ngc lai. May trn dn ng thuy lc, may trn co dung tch thung ln c thit k vi nhiu vn tc quay phu hp vi iu kin lam vic. : - May trn t do (h.7.1a): trong thung trn co gn nhng canh trn, khi thung quay, cac canh trn se mang phi liu ln cao ri cho ri t do chung t trn u vi nhau. - May trn cng bc (h.7.1.b,c,d): cac canh trn (con goi la ban tay trn) c gn cht vi truc, khi truc quay, cac canh trn se nhao trn phi liu mt cach cng bc. Thung trn ng yn hoc quay ngc chiu so vi truc mang canh trn. - May trn kiu lt (h7.2.a): luc trn th ming thung xoay ln cao, truc thung trn nghing 450 so vi phng thng ng, trn xong th lt up ming thung xung b tng ra. Loai nay b tng ra rt nhanh va sach thung, dung tch san xut n 250 lt, dung cho cng trnh co khi lng b tng nho. - May trn bng mang (h7.2.b): luc trn th mang t ngoai thung, trn xong th xoay mang vao trong thung, b tng ri trn mang ri chay ra ngoai. Loai nay co cu tao n gian, b tng ra chm va khng sach thung, dung tch thung n 1000 lt, dung cho cng trnh c va va nho. - May trn kiu nghing (h7.2.c): trn xong th nghing thung b tng ra. Dung tch thung n 4500 lit, dung cho cng trnh co khi lng b tng ln, tram san xut cu kin b tng. - May trn kiu quay ngc : khi thung trn quay ngc lai th cac canh trn gung b tng ln

cao n ming thung ri chay ra ngoai. Loai nay cu tao n gian, b tng ra chm. . Cac may trn co dung tch thung ln gn y thng c ch tao theo kiu nay. c) Da vao tnh di ng: co may trn c nh va may trn di ng c. d) Da vao tnh lin tuc: co may trn theo chu ky va may trn lin tuc. Trn cac cng trng xy dng thng dung may trn theo chu ky. May trn lin tuc ch dung nhng ni cn khi lng b tng ln. II/ Cac b phn chnh cua may trn b tng gm: ng c, h thng truyn ng, thung trn, canh trn, h thng tip liu, h thng d liu, thung ong nc. Ngoai ra con co cac thit b phu va thit b an toan khac. Cac may trn co dung tch san xut ln c trang b h thng tip liu va thung ong nc. - H thng tip liu: dung a phi liu vao thung trn, giam thi gian cua mt chu ky, tit kim nhn cng, tng nng sut. Khi may ang trn th tip liu vao gau, mun tip liu vao thung trn th dung xi lanh thuy lc y gau tip liu hoc dung h ti - cap keo gau ln phi liu vao thung trn. - Thung ong nc: dung nh lng chnh xac lng nc cho vao thung trn. Thung ong nc rt d h hong do c im cu tao va v tr t no trn may trn. May bm nc hoat ng lin tuc, thung ong nc dung nc theo chu ky v vy i khi phai lang ph cng sut cua may bm. III/ Cac loai may trn b tng thng dung: 1) May trn t do kiu lt (h.7.3): Cac hoat ng cua may: a) Trn b tng : ng c 6 dn ng hp giam tc 13 lam quay banh rng non 14 va truyn ng xch 10. Banh rng 14 truyn momen quay cho vanh rng non 12 gn cht trn thung trn 2, thung trn 2 quay quanh truc y-y (nghing 450 ) trn phi liu. b) b tng ra: quay v lng B, nh truyn ng banh rng 17 gia lt 9 mang thung trn 2 quay quanh truc x-x chuc ming thung xung b tng ra. vic iu khin thun tin, truyn ng banh rng 17 thng la truyn ng banh rng n khp trong, hoc truyn ng xch va co cht ham v lng thung trn quay cung chiu vi v lng va co th ham gia lt. c) Keo II. My m btng: 1. Cng dng v phn loi Cng dng: Dng m cht btng sau khi , lm cho btng nhanh ng kt, m bo c cht lng b mt btng v tit kim ximng

Phn loi: Da vo v tr truyn lc rung ng vo khi btng, my m c chia thnh cc nhm sau: m trong: m trong c cc loi: m di trc mm, m di cn cng, m xc v m chy cc mnh Cc loi my m trong truyn lc rung ng t gia khi btng ra xung quanh, thng c dng khi chiu dy lp btng ln. m mt: m mt c cc loi: m bn, m thuc v m mt in t

Cc loi my m mt truyn lc rung ng t trn mt khi btng xung, thng c s dng khi chiu dy lp btng nh, din tch b mt btng ln. m di: m di truyn lc rung ng t di ln. Loi my m di thng dng ti cc xng c cu kin btng l bn rung, dng m cu kin c bng khun. m cnh: m cnh truyn lc rung ng qua vn khun ri truyn vo btng. m cnh thng dng m cu kin c vn khun vy quanh nh tng, ct. m di trc mm Cu to gm ng c t trn st, dy trc mm v qu m. m di in c dng ph bin hn nhng khi gp tnh hung mt in th khng ch ng c, c th nh hng n cht lng b tng. Dy trc mm v qu m c ch to thnh b (thng gi l b dy - c di), c th lp vi ng c in hoc ng c t trong . m di trc mm dng thit b ng lc l ng c in hoc ng c xng 2 th. u nhc im: Tn hao cng sut ng c ln, do ma st sinh sa gia trc mm v v, gia trc lc v ngng ta. Lc rung ng ca qu m truyn qua dy di v truyn ln tay cm ca ngi iu khin an ton in thp. m di cm tay: m di cn cng: Cu to: ng c in v a lch tm c t bn trong qu m, qu m ni vi cn qua mt ng n hi bng cao su, dy dn in ni vi cng tc trn cn, lun qua cn v ni vi ng c in. B phn ng n hi c tc dng gim lc rung ng t qu m truyn qua cn bo v ngi iu khin khi b nh hng bi lc rung ng. Nguyn l hot ng: Khi ng in c hot ng, a lch tm s quay to ra lc rung ng, lc rung ng truyn qua v qu m ri truyn vo btng. u nhc im v phm vi s dng: m di cn cng c hiu sut truyn lc cao, khng b tn tht do ma st nh m di trc mm. Cng tc in c b tr ngay trn cn nn rt thun tin khi s dng, c th dch chuyn my m trong phm vi rng hn so vi m di trc mm. Loi my m ny c ng c t bn trong qu m nn ng c rt nhanh h hng, kch thc ng knh qu m tng i ln (c th n 180mm) nn ch m c cc cu kin btng c b tr ct thp tha hoc khng b tr ct thp. m xc: Cu to: B phn rung ng l mt thanh thp c chiu dy nh c th lun qua khe h gia cc ct thp trong cu kin. Thanh thp ny gi l thanh xc, c lp vi phn dao ng ca cm rung ng in t. My c 2 tay cm iu khin my khi thi cng. Loi m ny c bin rung t 2 n 3mm. Phm vi s dng: m xc c dng m cc cu kin btng c b tr ct thp qu dy hoc cu kin c chiu dy nh. m chy cc mnh: Khi lng 250 n 400kg Nng sut cao, khi thi cng phi s dng cn trc hoc cng dy

Dng m cc khi btng ln cc p nc m bn: m bn c 2 loi: loi dng ng c rung v loi dng b gy rung c hng. m thuc: Cu to chung: Bn m l dm thp hoc g bt thp c chiu di t 2 n 4m, trn dm c lp mt hoc nhiu ng c v cm gy rung ng. III. t vn chuyn btng: Cng dng v phn loi: t vn chuyn btng dng vn chuyn btng t trm trn n chn cng trnh vi c ly n vi chc km. Trong qu trnh vn chuyn, thng cha btng quay vi vn tc t 3 4 vng/pht btng khng b phn tng, bo ton c cht lng btng. Dung tch thng cha btng t 2 8m3, c 2 kiu dn ng quay thng: dng truyn ng thu lc v dng truyn ng c kh. Cu to chung: Cch d ti ( btng ra khi thng): IV. My bm btng: Cng dng My bm btng dng vn chuyn btng hoc va theo ng ng n v tr thi cng, thng l vn chuyn t t vn chuyn btng n cu kin. Cc my bm thng dng c th bm xa 500m, cao 70m. Mun bm i xa hn, cao hn, ngi ta dng cch bm chuyn tip. Phn loi Da vo cu to, c cc loi bm: bm rto, bm pttng, bm trc vt Da vo cng dng: bm va v bm hn hp btng ximng Da vo tnh c ng: bm lp t tnh ti v bm di ng u im: Nng sut cao My bm c th t xa ni ang thi cng, ng ng c th lp t hp l theo a hnh ni thi cng (vi nguyn tc cng t gp ng cng t gim cng sut my bm). Nhc im: i hi trnh th cao Thnh phn ct liu b hn ch kch thc trong phm vi nht nh Phi tn chi ph lp t v tho d n ng, lm v sinh ng ng trc v sau khi bm an ton tin cy ca my bm thp, cn thit phi c my bm d phng V. Trm trn b tng nha Qui trnh sn xut b tng nha : nh lng s b Cp liu vao tang sy Sy n nhit yu cu (160 - 2200C) Phn loai cp phi a sy Nung nha n nhit yu cu (140 - 1800C) nh lng ln cui cac thanh phn cp phi va nha theo yu cu. Trn u I. S tram trn cng bc, theo chu ky, dang thap Ve s va ghi chu thch Mt s im chu y

H thng cp liu Goc nghing cua tang sy X ly bui Phng phap t (t xui, t ngc) Thit b o nhit Phng phap cn

Cc thit b ca trm trn b tng nha : S trm trn b tng nha : CHNG VII. MY V THIT B CHUYN DNG My thu li chuyn dng Trong xy dng v khai thc cng trnh thu li c nhng cng on v cng ngh thi cng c th khng s dng c cc loi my lm t c cng dng chung hoc s dng c nhng km hiu qu. Trong trng hp cn s dng cc my thu li chuyn dng, c cu to v nguyn l lm vic ph hp vi yu cu cng vic. My thu li chuyn dng thng c s dng trong cc cng vic nh : no vt, lm sch cc lp bi tch, thc vt ca cc knh tiu, ti su ti 3 m, san phng y, mi, b knh, lm n nh mi knh, m nn y v mi knh,... Phn loi : Da vo cng dng, my thu li chuyn dng c phn thnh cc loi sau : My o knh; My no vt knh; My san b; My san phng y mi knh; My lm n nh tng chn chng thm; My o ho, ng ng nm ngang.
CHNG VIII. KHAI THC S SNG MY XY DNG Tip nhn v bn giao my Mi xe my tip nhn t nh my, x nghip sa cha hoc t cc c quan khc, u phi qua hi ng chuyn trch nghim thu v lm bin bn bn giao theo qui nh. Trong hi ng ny nn c c cng nhn s vn hnh my tham gia. Khi nhn ny mi hay my chuyn ch n phi kim tra tnh trng bn ngoi, tnh trng ng gi v nim phong. Nu pht hin h hng hay mt nim phong phi lp bin bn khiu ni vi c quan vn chuyn my. Sau khi kim tra bn ngoi mi tho nim phong, ly cc ti liu km theo, kim tra hng k c cc ti liu hng dn s dng v ph tng ngh. Nu pht hin khng ng b, h hng v nhng sai lch khc so vi h chiu my cn lp bin bn theo qui nh, khiu ni vi nh my ch to hay c quan c trch nhim trc tip. i vi my qua sa cha ln, bin bn khiu ni phi gi cho nh my sa cha. Mi chi ph khc phc h hng trong trng hp ny s do nh my ch to, c quan nhp my hay bn bn hng chu trch nhim gii quyt. i vi my nng chuyn trc khi a vo s dng, phi ng k vi thanh tra an ton lao ng, thuc B Lao ng Thng binh X hi, theo ng cc qui phm hin hnh. Xe my sau khi nghim thu, em ng k ly bin s ng k v tn c quan qun l vo s ti khon v lnh o c quan ra quyt nh a xe my vo s dng.

My qua sa cha ti cc nh my sa cha phi c nghim thutheo yu cu k thut, ph hp vi TCVN 4087-85. Tt c my mi em vo s dng hay va sa cha ln u phi tin hnh chy r theo yu cu ca ti liu hng dn. Xe my nhn t cc c quan khc cn c bit ch xem c y cc b phn, c b h hng, c hot ng bnh thng hay khng. Ch chuyn giao xe my cn hot ng c v y cc b phn gia cc n v vi nhau. Sau mt ca lm vic cng cn tin hnh bn giao xe my gia cc th li theo qui tc bn giao gia cc ca lm vic. Ngi bn giao cn bo cho ngi nhn bn giao nhng khuyt tt ca my mi pht hin. Nhng h hng cn c hai bn ghi nhn vo s bn giao ca my. Chy r Cc n v s dng my phi tin hnh chy r trc khi a vo khai thc. Nghim cm a my vo khai thc m khng qua chy r. My c chy r tt s m bo lm vic tin cy, ko di tui th v trong thi k chy r, ti trng c tng dnt nh nht ti mc ln nht. Trong thi k ny, cc b mt tip xc c r trn, to ra nhm b mt cng nh cu trc lp b mt chi tit n nh tt nht. Cng vic chy r cn c th li tham gia v theo di. Trc khi chy r my mi nhn cn c xem xt pht hin h hng c th xy ra trong qu trnh vn chuyn. Thi gian chy r c th ko di t 10 n 100 gi tu theo kt cu my. i vi cc phng tin vn chuyn th qung ng chy r l 1000 km. i vi my dn ng thu lc, cn chy r trn 20 30 gi theo cc giai on cht ti nh sau : Chy r khng ti ng c in : 15 20 pht. Chy r khng ti xi lanh thu lc : 30 60 pht. Chy r khng ti ton my : 4 5 gi. Chy r vi cc ch ti trng khc nhau : 15 25 gi. TI LIU THAM KHO Nguyn Phc Bnh, Gio trnh My xy dng, Trng i hc Bch Khoa Nng. Nguyn ng Cng, My xy dng, NXB xy dng, H Ni, 2004. Nguyn Th Tm, My xy dng, NXB Giao thng Vn ti, H Ni, 1997. Trn Quang Qu, My sn xut vt liu xy dng, NXB Giao thng Vn ti, H Ni, 2001. Trng Quc Thnh, My v thit b nng, NXB Khoa hc K thut, H Ni, 1999. Phm Hu ng, My l t, NXB xy dng, H Ni, 2004. Nguyn Vn Hng, My xy dng, NXB Khoa hc K thut, H Ni, 1999.