You are on page 1of 16

phng gio dc o to nam n **********************

Sng kin kinh nghim

Tn ti: Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t v cc bi tp ng dng ********************************

Nm hc 2008 2009.

I M u

Mn ton l mn hc rt phong ph v a dng, l nim say m ca nhng

ngi yu thch ton hc. i vi hc sinh c mt kin thc vng chc, i

hi phi phn u rn luyn, hc hi rt nhiu v bn b. i vi gio vin: Lm vin no cng phi t ra cho bn thn. 1)L do chn ti SKKN

th no trang b cho cc em y kin thc? l cu hi m gio

Chuyn "Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t" c hc kh k chng trnh lp 8, n c rt nhiu bi tp v cng c ng dng rt nhiu

gii cc bi tp trong chng trnh i s lp 8 cng nh cc lp trn. V vy yu cu hc sinh nm chc v vn dng nhun nhuyn cc phng php phn tch a thc thnh nhn t l vn rt quan trng. Nm c tinh thn ny trong qu trnh ging dy ton lp 8 ti dy cng tm ti, nghin cu tm ra cc phng php phn tch a thc thnh nhn t a dng v d hiu. Gp phn rn luyn tr thng minh v nng lc t duy sng to cho hc sinh. Trong SGK trnh by cc phng php phn tch a thc thnh nhn t l phng php t nhn t chung, phng php nhm cc hng t, dng hng ng thc ... Trong chuyn ny ti gii thiu thm cc phng php nh: Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t bng phng php tch s hng, phng php thm bt s hng, phng php t n ph,phng php tm nghim ca a thc ... ng thi vn dng cc phng php phn tch a thc thnh nhn t lm mt s dng bi tp. Khi hc chuyn ny hc sinh tip thu rt thch th. Cc v d a dng, c nhiu bi tp vn dng tng t nn gip cho hc sinh nm vng chc cc phng php phn tch a thc thnh nhn t to tin cho cc em hc tp kin thc mi v gii cc bi ton kh. 2)Lch s ca SKKN ny. Trong nhiu nm ti c phn cng lm nhim v bi dng hc sinh gii ti tch ly c nhiu kin thc v dng ton Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t v nhng dng bi tp vn dng ,c bit l hng dn hc sinh cch nhn

dng bi ton bit c nn p dng phng php no va nhanh gn, va d hiu. 3)Mc ch nghin cu: Ch ra nhng phng php dy loi bi Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t i mi phng php dy hc Nng cao cht lng dy hc,c th l cht lng mi nhn 4.Nhim v v phng php nghin cu: a) Nhim v Nhim v khi qut:Nu cc phng php dy loi bi. Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t Nhim v c th: -Tm hiu thc trng hc sinh -Nhng phng php thc hin -Nhng chuyn bin sau khi p dng -Rt ra bi hc kinh nghim b)Phng php nghin cu: -Phng php c sch v ti liu -Phng php nghin cu sn phm -Phng php tng kt kinh nghim -Phng php thc nghim -Phng php m thoi nghin cu vn 7.Gii hn(phm vi) nghin cu: ti nghin cu Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t v cc bi tp vn dng i tng nghin cu: Hc sinh lp 8 trng THCS B - Ni dung ti: Trc ht gio vin phi lm cho hc sinh thy r Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t l g v ngoi gii nhng bi tp v phn tch a thc thnh nhn t th nhng dng bi tp no c vn dng n v vn dng n nh th no ? -Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t (tha s) l bin i a thc cho thnh mt tch ca cc a thc,n thc khc. -Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t l bi ton u tin ca rt nhiu bi ton khc. V d: + Bi ton chng minh chia ht. + Rt gn biu thc +Gii phng trnh bc cao + Tm gi tr ln nht nh nht... I> Cc phng php phn tch a thc thnh nhn t: 1- Phng php phn tch a thc thnh nhn t bng cch nhm, tch, thm, bt hng t.

V d 1: x4 + 5x3 +15x - 9 a thc cho c 4 s hng khng th t ngay nhn t chung hoc p dng ngay cc hng ng thc, v vy ta ngh ti cch nhm cc s hng hoc thm bt s hng. Ta c th phn tch nh sau: Cch 1: x4 + 5x3 + 15x - 9. = x4 - 9 + 5x3 + 15x = (x2 - 3) (x2 + 3) + 5x (x2 + 3) = (x2 + 3) (x2 - 3 + 5x) = (x2 + 3) (x2 + 5x - 3) Cch 2: x4 + 5x3 + 15x - 9. = x4 + 5x3 - 3x2 + 3x2 + 15x - 9 = x2 (x2 + 5x - 3) + 3 (x2 + 5x - 3) = (x2 + 3) (x2 + 5x - 3) Bi ny cn lu hc sinh trong tp hp s hu t a thc x 2 + 5x - 3 khng phn tch c na. V d 2: x2y + xy2 + x2z + xz2 + y2z + yz2 + 3xyz. Gii: a thc cho c 7 s hng li khng t nhn t chung c m c hng t 3xyz nn ta tch hng t 3xyz thnh 3 hng t s dng phng php nhm hng t. x2y + xy2 + x2z + xz2 + y2z + yz2 + 3xyz = x2y + x2z + xyz + xy2 + y2z + xyz + xz2 + yz2 + xyz = x (xy + xz + yz) + y (xy + yz + xz) + z (xz + yz + xy) = (xy + xz + yz) (x + y + z). V d 3: x2 + 6x + 8 Vi cc phng php bit nh t nhn t chung, nhm s hng, dng hng ng thc ta khng th phn tch c a thc ny. Nu tch mt s hng thnh hai s hng a thc tr thnh 4 s hng th c th nhm cc hng t xut hin nhn t chung hoc xut hin cc hng ng thc ... T c nhiu kh nng bin i a thc cho thnh tch. Cch 1: x2 + 6x + 8 = x2 + 2x + 4x + 8 = x (x+2) + 4 (x+2) = (x+2) (x+4) Cch 2: x2 + 6x + 9 - 1 = (x+3)2 - 1 = (x + 3 - 1) (x+ 3 +1) = (x+2) (x+4) Cch 3: x2 - 4 + 6x + 12 = (x-2) (x+2) + 6 (x+2) = (x+2) (x+4) Cch 4: x2 + 6x + 8 = x2 - 16 + 6x + 24

= (x - 4) (x + 4) + 6 (x + 4) = (x + 4) (x - 4 + 6) = (x+2) (x+4). V d 4: x3 - 7x - 6 Ta c th tch nh sau: Cch 1: x3 - 7x - 6 = x3 - x - 6x - 6 = x (x2 - 1) - 6 (x + 1) = x (x - 1) (x + 1) - 6 (x + 1) = (x + 1) (x2 - x - 6) = (x + 1) (x2 - 3x + 2x - 6) = (x +1) [ x (x - 3) + 2 (x - 3)] = (x + 1) (x + 2) (x - 3) Cch 2: x3 - 7x - 6 = x3 - 4x - 3x - 6 = x (x2 - 4) - 3 (x + 2) = x (x - 2) (x + 2) - 3 (x + 2) = (x + 2) (x2 - 2x - 3) = (x + 2) (x2 - 3x + x - 3) = (x + 2) (x - 3) (x + 1) Cch 3: x3 - 7x - 6 = x3 - 27 - 7x + 21 = (x - 3) (x2 + 3x + 9 - 7) = (x - 3) (x2 + 3x + 2) = (x - 3) (x2 + x + 2x + 2) = (x - 3) (x + 2) (x + 1) Cch 4:

x3 - 7x - 6 = x3 + 1 - 7x - 7 = (x + 1) (x2 - x + 1) - 7 (x + 1) = (x + 1) (x2 - x + 1 - 7) = (x + 1) (x2 - x - 6) = (x + 1) (x2 - 3x + 2x - 6) = (x + 1) (x + 2) (x - 3) Cch 5: x3 - 7x - 6 = x3 + 8 - 7x - 14 = (x + 2) (x2 - 2x + 4 - 7) = (x + 2) (x2- 2x - 3) = (x + 2) (x2 + x - 3x - 3) = (x + 2) (x + 1) (x - 3) Cch 6: x3 - 7x - 6 = x3 - 9x + 2x - 6 = x (x - 3) (x + 3) + 2 (x - 3) = (x - 3) (x2 + 3x + 2) = (x - 3) (x + 1) (x + 2). Ch : Cn lu hc sinh khi phn tch a thc ny phi trit , tc l kt qu cui cng khng th phn tch c na. Tt nhin yu cu trn ch c tnh cht tng i v n cn ph thuc tp hp s m ta ang xt. Nu phn tch khng trit hc sinh c th gp tnh hung l mi cch phn tch c th c mt kt qu khc nhau. Chng hn bi tp trn cch 1, cch 4 c th cho ta kt qu l: x3 - 7x - 6 = (x + 1) (x2 - x - 6). Cch 2, cch 5 cho kt qu l: x3 - 7x - 6 = (x + 2) (x2 - 2x - 3) Cch 3, cch 6 cho kt qu l: x3 - 7x - 6 = (x - 3) (x2 + 3x + 2) Gio vin cn nhn mnh cho hc sinh ch sau:

- Mt a thc dng ax2 +bx + c ch phn tch c thnh nhn t trong tp hp Q khi a thc c nghim hu t (hoc , )l mt s chnh phng (trong = b2-4ac ( , = b,2 - ac) - Mt a thc dng ax2 +bx + c tch lm xut hin hng ng thc c khi : (hoc , )l mt s chnh phng v cha 2 trong 3 hng t ca A2 +2AB +B2 hoc A2 - 2AB +B2 V d 5: bc (b + c) + ac (c - a) - ab (a +b) . a thc trn ta c th d on c 1 nhn t l b + c hoc c - a hoc a + b. Ta c cc cch phn tch nh sau: Cch 1: bc (b + c) + ac (c - a) - ab (a +b) = bc (b + c) ac2 - a2c - a2b - ab2. = bc (b +c) + (ac2 - ab2) - (a2c + a2b) = bc (b +c) + a (c - b) (c + b) - a2 (c+ b) = (b + c) (bc + ac - ab - a2) = (b + c) [(bc - ab ) + (ac - a2) ] = (b + c) [b (c - a) +a (c - a)] = (b + c) (b + a) (c -a) Cch 2: bc (b + c) + ac (c - a) - ab (a +b) = b2c bc2 + ac (c -a) - a2b - ab2 = ac (c - a) + b2 (c - a) + b (c2 - a2) = ac (c -a) + b2 (c - a) + b (c - a) (c + a) = (c - a) (ac + b2 + bc + ab) = (c - a) (a +b) (c+ b) Cch 3: bc (b + c) + ac (c - a) - ab (a +b) = b2c + bc2 + ac2 - a2c - ab (a + b) = c (b2 - a2) + c2 (a + b) - ab (a + b) = c (b - a) (a + b) + c2 (a + b) - ab (a + b) = (a + b) (cb - ca + c2 - ab) = (a + b) [c (b + c) - a (c + b)] = (a + b) (b + c) (c - a) Cch 4: Nhn xt: c - a = (b + c) - (a + b) bc (b + c) + ac (c - a) - ab (a +b) = bc (b + c) + ac (b + c) - ac (a + b) - ab (a + b) = c (b + c) (b + a) - a (a + b) (c + b) = (b + c) (a + b) (c - a) Cch 5: Nhn xt: b + c = (c - a) + (a + b) Ta c: bc (b + c) + ac (c - a) - ab (a + b)

= bc (c - a) + bc (a + b) + ac (c - a) - ab (a + b). = c (c - a) (b + a) + b (a + b) (c - a ) = (a + b) (c - a) (c + b). Cch 6: Nhn xt: a + b = (b + c) - (c - a) bc (b + c) + ac (c - a) - ab (b + c) + ab (c - a) = b (b + c) (c - a) + a (c - a) (c + b) = (c - a) (c + c) (b + a). V d 6: a5 + a + 1. S m ca a t 5 xung 1 nn gia a5 v a cn c nhng s hng vi s m trung gian nhm s hng lm xut hin nhn t chung. Cch 1: a5 + a + 1 = a5 + a4 - a4 + a3 - a3 + a2 - a2 + a + 1 = a5 + a4 + a3 - a4 - a3 - a2 + a2 + a +1 = a3 (a2 + a + 1) - a2 (a2 + a + 1) + a2 + a + 1 = (a2 + a + 1) (a3 - a2 + 1) Cch 2: a5 + a + 1 = a5 - a2 + a2 + a + 1 = a2 (a - 1) (a2 + a + 1) + (a2 + a + 1) = (a2 + a + 1) (a3 - a2 +1). 2 - Phng php t n ph. V d 1: (b - c)3 + (c - a)3 + (a - b)3. t x = b - c; y = c - a; z = a - b. Ta thy: x + y + z = 0 => z = - x - y (b - c)3 + (c - a)3 + (a - b)3 = x3 + y3 + z3 = x3 + y3 + (- x - y)3 = x3 + y3 - x3 - y3 - 3x2y - 3xy2 = - 3xy ( x + y) = 3xyz = 3 (b - c) (c - a) (a - b) V d 2: (x2 + x + 1) (x2 + x + 2) - 12 Thng thng khi gp bi ton ny hc sinh thng thc hin php nhn a thc vi a thc s c a thc bc 4 vi nm s hng. Phn tch a thc bc 4 vi nm s hng ny thng rt kh v di dng. Nu ch n c im ca bi: Hai a thc x2 + x + 1 v x2 + x + 2 ch khc nhau bi hng t t do, do nu ta t y = x2 + x + 1 hoc y = x2 + x th bin i a thc thnh a thc bc hai s n gin hn nhiu. t y = x2 + x + 1. Ta c: (x2 + x + 1) (x2 + x + 2) - 12 = y(y + 1) - 12 = y2 + y - 12 = y2 + 4y - 3x - 12 = (y +4 ) (y - 3)

= (x2 + x + 1 + 4) (x2 + x + 1 - 3) = (x2 + x + 5) (x2 + x - 2) = (x2 + x + 5) (x2 + 2x - x - 2) = (x2 + x + 5) (x + 2) (x - 1) = (x - 1) (x +2) (x2 + x + 5). V d 3: (x + 1) (x + 3) (x + 5) (x + 7) + 15 Nhn xt: Ta c: 1 + 7 = 3 + 5 cho nn nu ta nhn cc tha s x + 1 vi x +7v x + 3 vi x + 5 ta c cc a thc c phn bin ging nhau. (x + 1) (x + 3) (x + 5) (x + 7) + 15 = (x2 + 7x + x + 7) (x2 + 5x + 3x + 15) + 15 = (x2 + 8x + 7) (x2 + 8x + 15) + 15. t x2 + 8x + 7 = y ta c: y (y + 8) + 15 = y2 + 8 y + 15 = y2 + 3 y + 5 y + 15 = (y + 3) (y + 5) =(x2 + 8x + 7 + 3) (x2 + 8x + 7 + 5) = (x2 + 8x + 10) (x2 + 8x + 12) = (x2 + 6x + 2x + 12) (x2 + 8x + 10) = (x + 6) (x + 2) (x2 + 8x + 10) 3- Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t bng phng php tm nghim ca a thc. a) Cch tm nghim ca mt a thc -Phng php tm nghim nguyn ca a thc:Nghim nguyn (nu c ) ca mt a thc phI l c ca hng t t do. VD. Tm nghim nguyn ca a thc sau: x3 + 3x2 - 4 Gii: C1)Cc c ca 4 l : 1;2;4;-1;-2;-4 .Th cc gi tr ny ta thy x = 1 v x = -2 l nghim ca a thc cho. C2) Tng cc h s ca a thc bng 0 nn a thc cho c nghim x = 1. - Phng php tm nghim hu t ca mt a thc: Trong a thc vi h s nguyn,nghim hu t (nu c) phi c dng p/q trong p l c ca h s t do;q l c dng ca s hng c bc cao nht. VD Tm nghim ca a thc sau: 2x3 + 5x2 + 5x + 3 GiI: Cc c ca 3 l : 1;-1;3;-3 (p)

Cc c dng ca 2 l : 1;2 (q) Xt cc s 1; 3; 1/2; 3/2 ta thy -3/2 l nghim ca a thc cho. Ch : -Nu a thc c tng cc h s bng 0 th a thc c mt nghim bng 1. V d: a thc a) 3x4 - 4x +1 c 3+ (-4) + 1 = 0 nn c mt nghim x = 1. b) 4x3 +5x2 - 3x - 6 c 4 + 5 + (-3) + (-6) = 0 nn c mt nghim x = 1. Nu a thc c tng cc h s ca s hng bc chn bng tng cc h s ca s hng bc l th a thc c mt nghim l -1 . V d: a thc a) 4x5 +5x4 + 7x3 + 11x2 + 2x - 3 Tng cc h s ca s hng bc chn bng : 5 + 11 + (-3) = 13 Tng cc h s ca s hng bc l bng : 4 + 7 + 2 = 13 Ta thy tng cc h s ca s hng bc chn bng tng cc h s ca s hng bc l nn a thc c mt nghim l -1 b)x3 + 3x2 + 6x + 4 Tng cc h s ca s hng bc chn bng : 3 + 4 = 7 Tng cc h s ca s hng bc l bng : 1 + 6 = 7 Ta thy tng cc h s ca s hng bc chn bng tng cc h s ca s hng bc l nn a thc c mt nghim l -1 b) Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t bng phng php tm nghim ca a thc. Nu a thc F(x) c nghim x=a th s cha nhn t x-a do khi phn tch cn lm xut hin cc nhn t chung sao cho c nhn t x-a. VD: Phn tch cc a thc sau thnh nhn t. a. x3 + 3x2 - 4 b. 2x3 + 5x2 + 5x + 3 GiI : a)C1 a thc x3 + 3x2 - 4 c nghim l x= 1 nn cha nhn t x-1 Ta c : x3 + 3x2 - 4 = x3- x2 + 4x2 - 4x + 4x - 4 = x2(x-1) + 4x(x-1) + 4(x-1) = (x-1)(x2 + 4x + 4) = (x-1) (x+2)2 C2 a thc x3 + 3x2 - 4 c nghim l x= -2 nn cha nhn t x + 2 Ta c x3 + 3x2 - 4 = x3 +2x2 +x2 + 2x - 2x -4

c) . Ta c 2x3 + 5x2 + 5x + 3 = 2x3 + 3x2 +2x2 + 3x +2x +3 = x2(2x +3) + x(2x+3) + (2x+3) = (2x+3) (x2 + x +1) II> Cc dng bi tp ng dng phn tch a thc thnh nhn t . Dng 1: Rt gn biu thc gii bi ton rt gn mt biu thc i s (dng phn thc) ta phi phn tch t thc ,mu thc thnh nhn t ri chia c t v mu cho nhn t chung ca chng. V d: Rt gn biu thc:
A=

= x2(x+2) + x(x +2) - 2(x+2) = (x+2) (x2 +x -2) = (x+2) (x2 - x + 2x -2) = (x+2)[ x(x-1) +2(x-1)] = (x+2)(x-1)(x+2) = (x-1) (x+2)2 a thc 2x3 + 5x2 + 5x + 3 c nghim l x = -3/2 nn cha nhn t 2x+3

Gii : Ta c
A=

x 4 x 19 x + 106 x 120 x + 7 x x 67 x 60

Ta thy t thc ca phn thc c cc nghim l 2; 3 ; 4 ; -5 Mu thc ca phn thc c cc nghim l -1 ; 3 ; -4;-5 Do
A= x 4 x 19 x + 106 x 120 x + 7 x x 67 x 60 ( x 2)( x 3)( x 4)( x + 5) A= ( x + 1)( x 3)( x + 4)( x + 5) ( x 2)( x 4) A= ( x + 1)( x + 4)

x 4 x 19 x + 106 x 120 x + 7 x x 67 x 60

V d 2 :Rt gn biu thc


B=

Gii: Ta thy t thc c nghim l 1; mu thc cng c nghim l 1 ;nn ta c


B= x + 3x 4 x x + x x + 4x 4 = x+x2 x x + 2x 2x + 2x 2 x+x+4 = .Ta thy c t v mu u khng phn tch c na. x + 2x + 2

x + 3x 4 x+x2

Dng 2 : Chng minh chia ht

gii bi ton chng minh a thc A chia ht cho a thc B c nhiu cch gii nhng y ti ch trnh by phng php vn dng phn tch a thc thnh nhn t gii. V d 1: Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn x ,ta c: [(x+1)(x+3)(x+5)(x+7) +15] (x+6) GiI: Ta c (x+1)(x+3)(x+5)(x+7) +15 = (x+1)(x+7) (x+3)(x+5)+15 = (x2 + 8x +7) (x2 + 8x +15) + 15 t t = x2 + 8x +11 (t - 4)(t + 4) +15 = t2 - 1 = (t + 1)(t - 1) Thay t = x2 + 8x +11 , ta c (x2 + 8x + 12) (x2 + 8x +10) (x2 + 8x +10)(x +2)(x + 6) (x+6). V d 2: Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn x ta c (4x + 3)2 - 25 chia ht cho 8. Cch 1: Ta phn tch biu thc (4x + 3)2 - 25 ra tha s (4x + 3)2 -25 = (4x + 3)2 - 52 = (4x + 3 + 5) (4x + 3 - 5) = (4x + 8) (4x - 2) = 4 (x + 2) 2 (2x - 1) = 8 (x + 2) (2x - 1) Do x l s nguyn nn (x + 2) (2x - 1) l s nguyn. Do 8 (x + 2) (2x - 1) chia ht cho 8. Ta suy ra PCM. Cch 2: (4x + 3)2 - 25 = 16x2 + 24x + 9 - 25 = 16x2 + 24x - 16 = 8 (2x2 + 3x - 2). V x l s nguyn nn 2x2 + 3x - 2 l s nguyn Do 8 (2x2 + 3x - 3) chia ht cho 8.Ta suy ra PCM. V d 3: Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn n biu thc.
n n2 n3 A= + + l s nguyn. 3 2 6 n n 2 n 3 2n + 2 n 2 + 2 3 + + = Ta c: 3 2 6 6

Mun chng minh biu thc l s nguyn ch cn chng minh + n3 chia ht cho 6 vi mi s nguyn n. Ta c: 2n + 3n2 + n3 = n (2 + 3n + n2) = n (2 + 2n + n + n2) = n [ 2 (1 + n) + n (1 + n)]

2n + 3n 2

= n (n + 1) (n + 2). Ta thy n (n + 1) (n + 2) l tch ca ba s nguyn lin tip nn t nht c mt tha s chia ht cho 2 v mt tha s chia ht cho 3 . M 2 v 3 l hai s nguyn t cng nhau nn tch ny chia ht cho 6.
n n2 n3 Vy mi s nguyn n biu thc A= + + l s nguyn. 3 2 6

V d 4: Chng minh a thc: x50 + x49 + ... + x2 + x + 1 chia ht cho a thc x16 + x15 + ... + x2 + x + 1. Ta thy a thc b chia c 51 s hng, a thc chia c 17 s hng, ta phn tch a thc b chia nh sau: x50 + x49 + ... + x2 + x + 1 = (x50 + x49 + ... + x35 + x34) +(x33 + x32 + ... + x18 + x17) + x16 ... x2 + x + 1. = (x34) (x16 + x15 + ... + x2 + x + 1) + x17 (x16 + x15 + ... + x2 + x + 1) + x16 ... +x2 + x + 1 = (x16 + x15 + ... +x2 + x + 1) (x34 + x17 + 1) R rng: x50 + x49 + ... + x2 + x + 1 chia ht cho x16 + x15 + ... x + 1. Kt qu ca php chia l : x34 + x17 + 1 V d 5: Chng minh a thc a3 + b3 +c3 - 3abc chia ht cho a thc a +b +c t A = a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc; B = a + b + c.D on a thc A phn tch thnh nhn t c mt nhn t l a + b + c. Ta c: A = a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc = a3 + a2b + a2c + b2a + b3 + b2c + c2a + c2b + c3 - a2b - ab2 - abc - a2c - acb ac2 - acb - b2c - bc2 = a2(a+b+c) + c2 (a + b + c)-ab (a + b + c) -ac (a + b + c) -bc (a +b+c) = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - ac - bc) = B. (a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - ac - bc) Vy a thc A chia ht cho a thc B. ?V d 6: Cho
1 1 + n n a b 1 Ta c: a 1 1 1 1 + + = a b c a+b+c 1 1 + n = n vi n l. c a + bn + cn 1 1 1 bc + ac + ab 1 + + = => = b c a+b+c abc a+b+c

CMR:

=> (cb + ac +ab) (a + b + c) = abc. => abc + b2c + bc2 + a2c + abc + ac2 + a2b + ab2 + abc = abc => (abc + b2c) + (bc2 + ac2) + (a2c + abc) + (a2c + ab2) = 0 => bc (a + b) + c2 (a + b) + ac (a + b) + ab (a + b) = 0

=> (a + b) (bc + c2 + ac + ab) = 0 => (a + b) [ c (b +c) + a (b + c) ] = 0 -> (a + b) (b + c) (a + c) =0 => a + b = 0 => a = - hoc b + c = 0 => b = - c Hoc a + c = 0 => a = - c V n l nn a2 = -bn hoc bn = - c2 hoc an = - cn Thay vo ta suy ra iu phi chng minh. Dng 3: p dng phn tch a thc thnh nhn t gii mt s dng phng trnh. a) Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn. V d 1: Tm nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh. 3x2 + 10xy + 8y2 = 96 Ta c: 3x2 + 10xy + 8y2= 3x2 + 4xy + 6xy + 8y2 = x (3x + 4y) + 2y (3a + 4y) = (3n + 4y) (x + 2y) = 96 Ta c: 96 - 1.96 = 2.48 = 3.32 = 4.24 = 8.12 = 6.16 M x, y > 0 => 3x + 4y > 7; x + 2y > 3 Ta c cc h phng trnh sau: x + 2y = 4 x + 2y(II) 6 = (I) 3x + 4y = 24 3x + 4y = 16 x + 2y = 8 x + 2y = 12 (III) (IV) 3x + 4y = 12 3x + 4y = 8 Gii h (I) ta c x = 16; y = - 6 (Loi). Gii h (II) ta c x = 4; y = 1 (Loi) Gii h (III) ta c x = 4; y = 6 (Loi) Gii h (IV) ta c x = - 16;y = 14 (Loi) Vy nghim ca h x = 4; y = 1. Vy nghim ca phng trnh: x= 4; y = 1 V d 2: Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh: 2x3 + xy - 7 = 0 => 2x3 + xy = 7 => x (2x2 + y) = 7 x=1 x=1 = 2x2 + y = = 7 y=5 > > x=7 x=7 Hoc = 2x2 + y > =1 y = - 97 x=-1 x=-1 = Hoc 2x2 +> =-7 y y-9

Hoc

x=-7 = 2x2 + y = > 1 -

x=-7 y = -99

V d 3: Tm s nguyn x > y > 0 tha mn x3 + 7 y = y3 + 7x => x3 - y3 - 7x + 7y = 0 => (x - y)3 (x2 + xy + y2) - 7 (x - y) = 0 => (x - y) (x2 + xy + y2 - 7) = 0 => x2 + xy + y2 - 7 = 0 => x2 - 2xy + y2 = 7 - 3xy => (x - y)2 = 7 - 3xy => 7 - 3xy > 0 => 3xy < 7 => xy <
7 3

V x > y > 0

x.y 2 => x = 2; y = 1 b) Gii phng trnh bc cao V d 1: Gii phng trnh ( 3x - 5 )2 -( x - 1 )2 = 0 Gii: Ta c: ( 3x - 5 )2 -( x - 1 )2 = 0 ( 3x - 5 + x - 1 )(3x - 5 - x + 1) = 0 ( 4x - 6)(2x - 4) = 0 4x - 6 = 0 x = 3/2 hoc 2x - 4 = 0 x = 2 Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l x =3/2 hoc x = 2 V d 2: Gii phng trnh x3 + 3x2 + 4x + 2 = 0 Gii : Ta c x3 + 3x2 + 4x + 2 = 0 x3 + x2 +2x2 +2x +2x + 2 = 0 x2(x +1) + 2x(x + 1) +2 (x + 1) = 0 (x + 1)(x2 + 2x + 2) = 0 hoc (x + 1) = 0 => x = -1 hoc (x2 + 2x + 2) = 0 khng c gi tr no ca x Q Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = -1 III - Bi tp: Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t. 1) x3 - 4x2 + 8x - 8 2) x2y + xy2 + x2z + xz2 + yz2 + 2xyz 3) x2 + 7x + 10 4) y2 + y - 2 5) n4 - 5n2 + 4

6) 15x3 + x2 - 2n 7) bc (b - c) ac (a - c) + ab (a - b) 8) ab (a - b) - ac (a + c) + bc (2a + c - b) 9) x4 - 2x3 + 3x2 - 2x + 1 10) x4 - 4x3 + 10x2 - 12x + 9 11) (x2 + x) (x2 + x + 1) - 2 12) (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3) (x + 4) - 3 13) Tnh nhanh s tr ca biu thc sau vi. a) x = - 5
3 4

P = (x+ 2)2 - 2 (x + 2) (x - 8) + (x - 8)2

b) a = 5,75; b = 4,25 3 2 2 Q = a - a b - ab + b3 14) CMR biu thc (2n + 3)2 - 9 chia ht cho 4 vi mi n nguyn. 15) CM biu thc
n n 2 n3 + + l s nguyn vi mi s chn n. 12 8 24

16) Chng minh a thc: thc x19 + x18 + ... + x2 + x + 1

x79 + x78 + ... + x2 + x+ 1 chia ht cho a

C - Kt lun: Trn y ti a ra mt suy ngh m khi ging dy "phn tch a thc thnh mhn t v cc dng bI tp ng dng" cho bi dng hc sinh gii lp 8. Ti t nghin cu v cho hc sinh p dng khi bi dng hc sinh gii v t c kt qu cao. Hu ht hc sinh nm c kin thc v yu thch hc kin thc ny. Xin c gii thiu vi bn c, cc em hc sinh , cc bc cha m hc sinh tham kho, gp phn nh vo nng lc gii ton v tri thc ton hc ca mnh.Rt mong bn c tham kho v gp cho ti ni dung phong ph v hon thin hn./.

Ngi thc hin:

ti liu tham kho 1) 2) 3) Mt s vn i mi phng php dy hc mn ton trng THCS. Sch hng dn ging dy mn ton lp 8. Sch gio khoa ton 8.

4) Ti liu Bi dng thng xuyn mn ton chu k 2004-2007 5) Ton nng cao v cc chuyn i S 8.

You might also like