Mn: C S D Liu Thi lng: 45LT+30TH Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 2 Ni dung Bi 1: Cc khi nim ca mt h CSDL Bi 2: Cc m hnh CSDL Bi 3: M hnh d liu quan h (ca Codd) Bi 4: Ngn ng i s quan h Bi 5: Ngn ng SQL Bi 6: Ngn ng tn t Bi 7: Rng buc ton vn trong mt CSDL Bi 8: Ti u ha cu hi bng i s quan h Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 3 Bi 1: Cc khi nim ca mt h CSDL Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 4 Bi 1: Cc khi nim ca mt h CSDL 1. Gii thiu 2. H thng tp tin (File System) 3. nh ngha mt CSDL 4. Cc i tng s dng CSDL 5. H qun tr CSDL 6. Cc mc ca mt CSDL Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 5 1. Gii thiu Ti sao cn phi c mt c s d liu? Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 6 2. H thng tp tin L tp hp cc tp tin ring l phc v cho mt mc ch ca n v s dng. u im: Trin khai ng dng nhanh Kh nng p ng nhanh chng, kp thi (v ch phc v cho mc ch hn hp) Khuyt im: Trng lp d liu lng ph, d liu khng nht qun Chi ph cao Chia s d liu km Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 7 3. C s d liu (1) nh ngha: C s d liu l mt h thng cc thng tin c cu trc, c lu tr trn cc thit b lu tr nhm tha mn yu cu khai thc thng tin ng thi ca nhiu ngi s dng hay nhiu chng trnh ng dng vi nhng mc ch khc nhau Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 8 3. C s d liu (2) u im: Gim trng lp thng tin xung mc thp nht, m bo tnh nht qun v ton vn d liu. m bo d liu c truy xut theo nhiu cch khc nhau. Kh nng chia s thng tin cho nhiu ngi, nhiu ng dng khc nhau. Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 9 3. C s d liu Nhng vn cn gii quyt: Tnh ch quyn d liu. Tnh bo mt v quyn khai thc thng tin ca ngi s dng Tranh chp d liu m bo d liu khi c s c Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 10 4. Cc i tng s dng Ngi s dng CSDL khng chuyn v lnh vc tin hc v CSDL -> cn cng c h c th khai thc CSDL khi cn. Chuyn vin tin hc xy dng cc ng dng phc v cho cc mc ch qun l Qun tr CSDL: t chc CSDL, bo mt, cp quyn, sao lu, phc hi d liu, gii quyt cc tranh chp d liu Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 11 5. H qun tr c s d liu (1) H qun tr c s d liu (DBMS DataBase Management System) l h thng cc phn mm h tr tch cc cho cc nh phn tch, thit k v khai thc CSDL. Cc DBMS thng dng: Visual FoxPro, Microsoft Access, SQL Server, DB2, Oracle hu ht cc DBMS hin nay u da trn m hnh quan h. Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 12 5. H qun tr c s d liu (2) Mt DBMS phi c: Ngn ng giao tip gia ngi s dng v CSDL T in d liu (Data Dictionary) C bin php bo mt khi c yu cu C ch gii quyt tranh chp d liu C c ch sao lu (backup), phc hi (restore) m bo tnh c lp gia d liu v chng trnh Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 13 5. H qun tr c s d liu (3) Ngn ng giao tip: Ngn ng m t d liu (DDL Data Definition Language): cho php khai bo cu trc CSDL, cc mi lin h ca d liu, cc quy nh, rng buc d liu. Ngn ng thao tc d liu (DML Data Manipulation Language): cho php thc hin thao tc thm, xa, sa d liu. Ngn ng truy vn c cu trc (SQL Structured Query Language): cho php ngi khai thc s dng truy vn thng tin cn thit. Ngn ng qun l d liu (DCL Data Control Language) cho php thay i cu trc bng, khai bo bo mt, cp quyn cho ngi s dng. Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 14 6. Cc mc biu din 1 CSDL Mc trong: (mc vt l Physical) l mc lu tr CSDL (cn gii quyt vn g? D liu g? Lu tr nh th no? u? Cn cc ch mc g? Truy xut tun t hay ngu nhin. Dnh cho ngi qun tr v ngi s dng chuyn mn. Mc quan nim: (Conception hay Logical) cn phi lu tr bao nhiu loi d liu? l d liu g? mi quan h Mc ngoi: ca ngi s dng v cc chng trnh ng dng Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 15 6. Cc mc biu din 1 CSDL Cu trc ngoi 1 Cu trc ngoi 2 Cu trc ngoi n Chng trnh ng dng n Mc quan nim hoc mc logic Mc vt l Cu trc vt l CSDL Mi trng thc th gii thc NSD1 NSD2 Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 16 Bi 2: Cc m hnh d liu Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 17 Ni dung 1. Gii thiu 2. M hnh d liu mng 3. M hnh thc th mi kt hp Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 18 1. Gii thiu M hnh d liu l s tru tng ha ca mi trng thc, biu din d liu mc quan nim. Gii thiu mt s m hnh nh: M hnh d liu mng M hnh d liu phn cp M hnh d liu thc th mi kt hp M hnh d liu quan h M hnh d liu hng i tng Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 19 2. M hnh d liu mng (1) M hnh d liu mng (Network Data Model) cn gi tt l m hnh mng hoc m hnh li l m hnh c biu din bi mt th c hng. Mu tin (record) Loi mu tin Loi lin h (set type) Bn s Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 20 2. M hnh d liu mng (2) Mu tin: m t 1 i tng trong th gii thc. (NV001,Nguyen Lam,Nam,10/10/1970,Dong Nai) Loi mu tin: l 1 tp cc mu tin c cng tnh cht. V d: NHANVIEN K hiu:
Loi lin h: m t s lin kt gia 1 loi mu tin ch v 1 loi mu tin thnh vin K hiu:
NHANVIEN Tham gia CONGVIEC Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 21 2. M hnh d liu mng (3) Bn s: ch ra s lng cc mu tin tham gia trong mi lin h (1:1) (one-to-one): mi mu tin ca loi mu tin ch kt hp vi ng 1 mu tin ca loi mu tin thnh vin. (1:n) (one-to-many): mi mu tin ca loi mu tin ch kt hp vi 1 hay nhiu mu tin thnh vin. (n:1) (many-to-one): nhiu mu tin ca loi mu tin ch kt hp vi ng 1 mu tin ca loi mu tin thnh vin. (Recursive): mt loi mu tin ch cng c th ng thi l loi mu tin thnh vin vi chnh n. Loi lin h ny l quy Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 22 2. M hnh d liu mng (4) PHONG CONGVIEC NHANVIEN LYLICH gm c qun l trc tip cng lm n:1 1:1 1:n 1:n Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 23 2. M hnh d liu mng (5) M hnh d liu mng: Tng i n gin D s dng Khng thch hp biu din CSDL c quy m ln Kh nng din t ng ngha km Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 24 2. M hnh d liu mng (6) Bi tp: Xy dng m hnh d liu mng cho c s d liu qun l bn hng trong mt siu th (gio vin m t hin trng, xc nh cc yu cu)
Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 1 3. M hnh thc th mi kt hp 3.1 Gii thiu 3.2 Loi thc th, thc th 3.3 Thuc tnh ca loi thc th 3.4 Kho ca loi thc th 3.5 Loi mi kt hp, mi kt hp 3.6 Thuc tnh ca loi mi kt hp 3.7 Bn s 3.8 M hnh ER m rng Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 2 3.1 Gii thiu M hnh thc th mi kt hp (Entity- Relationship Model vit tc ER) c CHEN gii thiu nm 1976. M hnh ER c s dng nhiu trong thit k d liu mc quan nim.
Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 3 3.2 Loi thc th nh ngha: loi thc th (Entity Type) l nhng loi i tng hay s vt ca th gii thc tn ti c th cn c qun l. V d : HOCVIEN, LOP, MONHOC, K hiu: HOCVIEN LOP Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 4 3.2 Thc th (Entity) nh ngha: thc th l mt th hin ca mt loi thc th. V d: Loi thc th l HOCVIEN c cc thc th: (HV001, Nguyen Minh, 1/2/1987,Nam) (HV002, Tran Nam, 13/2/1987, Nam)
Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 5 3.3 Thuc tnh ca loi thc th (Entity Attribute) nh ngha: thuc tnh l nhng tnh cht c trng ca loi thc th. V d: Loi thc th HOCVIEN c cc thuc tnh: M hc vin, h tn, gii tnh, ngy sinh, ni sinh K hiu: HOCVIEN Hoten Gioitinh Mahv Ngaysinh Noisinh Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 6 3.3 Cc loi thuc tnh (1) n tr (Simple): mi thc th ch c mt gi tr ng vi mi thuc tnh. V d: Mahv,Hoten a hp (Composite): thuc tnh c th c to thnh t nhiu thnh phn. V d: DCHI(SONHA,DUONG,PHUONG,QUAN) hay thuc tnh HOTEN(HO,TENLOT,TEN). a tr (Multi-valued): thuc tnh c th c nhiu gi tr i vi mt thc th. V d: BANGCAP k hiu {BANGCAP} Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 7 3.3 Cc loi thuc tnh (2) Tm li, cc thuc tnh a hp v a tr c th lng nhau ty . V d: thuc tnh BANGCAP ca HOCVIEN l mt thuc tnh a hp c k hiu bng
{BANGCAP(TRUONGCAP,NAM,KETQUA, CHUYENNGANH)} Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 8 3.4. Kho ca loi thc th (entity type key) Kha ca loi thc th l thuc tnh nhn din thc th. Cn c vo gi tr ca kha c th xc nh duy nht mt thc th. V d: Mi hc vin c mt m s duy nht => Kho ca loi thc th HOCVIEN l M hc vin Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 9 nh ngha: loi mi kt hp l s lin kt gia hai hay nhiu loi thc th V d: gia hai loi thc th HOCVIEN v LOP c loi mi kt hp THUOC K hiu: bng mt hnh oval hoc hnh thoi Thuoc HOCVIEN LOP 3.5 Loi mi kt hp (1) (relationship type) Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 10 3.5 Loi mi kt hp (2) Gia hai loi thc th c th tn ti nhiu hn mt loi mi kt hp. V d Thuc HOCVIEN LOP L trng lp Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 11 3.5 S ngi ca loi mi kt hp (relationship degree) S ngi ca loi mi kt hp l s loi thc th tham gia vo loi mi kt hp . V d 1: Loi mi kt hp Thuc kt hp 2 loi thc th HOCVIEN v LOP nn c s ngi l 2. V d 2: Loi mi kt hp Thi kt hp 3 loi thc th LANTHI,HOCVIEN, MONHOC nn c s ngi l 3. Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 12 3.5 S ngi ca loi mi kt hp HOCVIEN LOP Thuoc HOCVIEN MONHOC Thi LANTHI Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 13 3.6 Thuc tnh ca loi mi kt hp (relationship type attribute) Thuc tnh ca loi mi kt hp bao gm cc thuc tnh kho ca cc loi thc th tham gia vo loi mi kt hp . Ngoi ra cn c th c thm nhng thuc tnh b sung khc. V d: Loi mi kt hp Thi gia ba loi thc th HOCVIEN, MONHOC v LANTHI c cc thuc tnh l Mahv,Mamh,Lanthi, ngoi ra cn c thuc tnh ring l Diem, Ngaythi Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 14 Hocky Nam HOCVIEN LOP Thuoc GIAOVIEN MONHOC Day LOP Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 15 3.7 Bn s (relationship cardinality) Loi mi kt hp th hin lin kt gia cc thc th, mi lin kt c gi l mt nhnh. nh ngha: bn s ca nhnh l s lng ti thiu v s lng ti a cc thc th thuc nhnh tham gia vo loi mi kt hp. K hiu: (s lng ti thiu, s lng ti a) V d: Loi thc th HOCVIEN v LOP c loi mi kt hp Thuoc. Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 16 Thuc HOCVIEN LOP (1,1) (1,n) Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 17 Mt hc vin ch hc 1 lp Thuc Mt lp th c t nht l 1 hc vin HOCVIEN LOP 1 hc vin th c th l trng lp hoc khng L trng lp ! Lp th bao h cng c 1 trng lp (1,1) (1,n) (0,1) (1,1) Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 18 3.7 M hnh ER m rng 3.7.1 Chuyn bit ho / Tng qut ha 3.7.2 Mi kt hp quy 3.7.3 Loi thc th yu 3.7.4 Mi kt hp m rng Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 19 3.7.1 Chuyn bit ha (tng qut ha) GiaoVien HocVien ConNguoi HocVi NgayVL NgayNH Kha SoCMND HoTen ... Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 20 3.7.2 Mi kt hp quy nh ngha: l loi mi kt hp c to thnh t cng mt loi thc th (hay mt loi thc th c loi mi kt hp vi chnh n) V d: Mi nhn vin c mt ngi qun l trc tip v ngi qun l cng l mt nhn vin NHANVIEN QuanLy (0,n) (0,1) Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 21 nh ngha: L loi thc th khng c thuc tnh kha Phi tham gia trong mt loi mi kt hp xc nh trong c mt loi thc th ch. K hiu:
V d: loi thc th THANNHAN l loi thc th yu c thuc tnh Stt, Hoten, Ngsinh,Quanhe v tham gia trong loi mi kt hp C vi loi thc th NHANVIEN. Thc th 3.7.3 Loi thc th yu Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 22 3.7.3 Loi thc th yu C NHANVIEN THANNHAN (1,n) (1,1) Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 23 3.7.4 Mi kt hp m rng HOCVIEN LOP Thuoc LOP MONHOC Hoc GIAOVIEN Giangday (1,n) (1,n) (1,n) (1,1) Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 24 Bi tp Xy dng m hnh ER Xy dng m hnh ER cho CSDL qun l gio v gm c cc chc nng sau: Lu tr thng tin: Hc vin, gio vin, mn hc Xp lp cho hc vin, chn lp trng cho lp Phn cng ging dy: gio vin dy lp no vi mn hc g, hc k, nm hc no. Lu tr kt qu thi: hc vin thi mn hc no, ln thi th my, im thi bao nhiu. Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 25 Bi 3: M hnh d liu quan h (Relational Data Model) Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 26 1. Gii thiu 2. Cc khi nim 2.1 Thuc tnh 2.2 Quan h 2.3 B gi tr 2.4 Th hin ca quan h 2.5 Tn t 2.6 Php chiu 2.7 Kha 2.8 Lc quan h v lc CSDL 2.9 Hin thc m hnh ER bng m hnh d liu quan h. Ni dung Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 27 1. Gii thiu M hnh D liu Quan h (Relational Data Model) da trn khi nim quan h. Quan h l khi nim ton hc da trn nn tng hnh thc v l thuyt tp hp. M hnh ny do TS. E. F. Codd a ra nm 1970. Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 28 2.1 Thuc tnh (attribute) Thuc tnh: Tn gi: dy k t (gi nh) Kiu d liu: S, Chui, Thi gian, Lun l, OLE. Min gi tr: tp gi tr m thuc tnh c th nhn. K hiu min gi tr ca thuc tnh A l Dom(A). V d:GIOITINH kiu d liu l Chui,min gi tr Dom(GIOITINH)=(Nam,Nu) Ti mt thi im, mt thuc tnh khng c gi tr hoc cha xc nh c gi tr => gi tr Null Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 29 2.2 Quan h (relation) nh ngha: quan h l mt tp hu hn cc thuc tnh. K hiu: Trong Q l tn quan h, l tp cc thuc tnh ca quan h Q V d: HOCVIEN (Mahv, Hoten, Ngsinh, Gioitinh, Noisinh, Malop) LOP (Malop, Tenlop, Siso, Trglop, Khoa) ) ,..., , ( 2 1 n A A A Q { } n A A A Q ,..., , 2 1 = + Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 30 2.3 B (tuple) nh ngha: B l cc thng tin ca mt i tng thuc quan h, c gi l mu tin (record), dng. Quan h l mt bng (table) vi cc ct l cc thuc tnh v mi dng c gi l b. Mt b ca quan h l vi V d: HOCVIEN(Mahv, Hoten, Ngsinh, Noisinh) c q=(1003,Nguyen Van Lam, 1/1/1987,Dong Nai) ngha l hc vin c m s l 1003, h tn l Nguyen Van Lam, sinh ngy 1/1/1987 Dong Nai ) ,..., , ( 2 1 n A A A Q ) ,..., , ( 2 1 n a a a q = ) ( i i A Dom a e Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 31 2.4 Th hin ca quan h (instance) nh ngha: th hin ca mt quan h l tp hp cc b gi tr ca quan h ti mt thi im. K hiu: th hin ca quan h Q l T Q V d: T HOCVIEN l th hin ca quan h HOCVIEN ti thi im hin ti gm c cc b nh sau:
HOCVIEN Mahv HoTen Gioitinh Noisinh Malop K1103 Ha Duy Lap Nam Nghe An K11 K1102 Tran Ngoc Han Nu Kien Giang K11 K1104 Tran Ngoc Linh Nu Tay Ninh K11 Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 32 2.5 Tn t nh ngha: tn t l mt quy tc dng m t mt quan h. K hiu: ||Q|| V d: THI (Mahv, Mamh, Lanthi, Diem) ||THI||: mi hc vin c php thi mt mn hc nhiu ln, mi ln thi lu tr hc vin no thi mn g? ln thi th my? v im l bao nhiu? Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 33 2.6 Php chiu (1) Php chiu : Dng trch gi tr ca mt s thuc tnh trong danh sch cc thuc tnh ca quan h. K hiu: php chiu ca quan h R ln tp thuc tnh X l R[X] hoc R.X. V d:
hv 1 = hv 2 = hv 3 = HOCVIEN Mahv HoTen Gioitinh Noisinh Malop K1103 Ha Duy Lap Nam Nghe An K11 K1102 Tran Ngoc Han Nu Kien Giang K11 K1104 Tran Ngoc Linh Nu Tay Ninh K11 Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 34 2.6 Php chiu (2) Php chiu ca quan h HOCVIEN ln thuc tnh NoiSinh ca quan h HOCVIEN: HOCVIEN[Noisinh] = {Nghe An,Kien Giang,Tay Ninh}
HOCVIEN Mahv HoTen Gioitinh Noisinh Malop K1103 Ha Duy Lap Nam Nghe An K11 K1102 Tran Ngoc Han Nu Kien Giang K11 K1104 Tran Ngoc Linh Nu Tay Ninh K11 Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 35 Php chiu ln 1 tp thuc tnh X={Hoten,Noisinh} ca quan h HOCVIEN HOCVIEN[Hoten, Noisinh] = {(Ha Duy Lap, Nghe An),(Tran Ngoc Han, Kien Giang),(Tran Ngoc Linh,Tay Ninh)} HOCVIEN Mahv HoTen Gioitinh Noisinh Malop K1103 Ha Duy Lap Nam Nghe An K11 K1102 Tran Ngoc Han Nu Kien Giang K11 K1104 Tran Ngoc Linh Nu Tay Ninh K11 2.6 Php chiu (3) Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 36 2.6 Php chiu (4) Chiu ca mt b ln tp thuc tnh: dng trch chn cc gi tr c th ca b gi tr theo cc thuc tnh c ch ra trong danh sch thuc tnh ca mt quan h. K hiu: chiu ca mt b gi tr t ln tp thuc tnh X ca quan h R l t R [X] hoc t[X]. Nu X c 1 thuc tnh t R .X V d: cho quan h HOCVIEN vi tp thuc tnh HOCVIEN + ={Mahv,Hoten,Gioitinh,Noisinh,Malop}, cha 3 b gi tr hv 1 ,hv 2 v hv 3 Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 37 Php chiu 1 b ln 1 thuc tnh hv 1 [Hoten] = (Ha Duy Lap) HOCVIEN Mahv HoTen Gioitinh Noisinh Malop K1103 Ha Duy Lap Nam Nghe An K11 K1102 Tran Ngoc Han Nu Kien Giang K11 K1104 Tran Ngoc Linh Nu Tay Ninh K11 hv 1 = hv 2 = hv 3 = 2.6 Php chiu (5) Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 38 2.6 Php chiu (6) Php chiu 1 b ln 1 tp thuc tnh tp thuc tnh X={Hoten, Gioitinh} hv 2 [X] = (Tran Ngoc Han,Nu)
hv 1 = hv 2 = hv 3 = HOCVIEN Mahv HoTen Gioitinh Noisinh Malop K1103 Ha Duy Lap Nam Nghe An K11 K1102 Tran Ngoc Han Nu Kien Giang K11 K1104 Tran Ngoc Linh Nu Tay Ninh K11 Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 39 2.7 Kha 2.7.1 Siu kha (super key) 2.7.2 Kha (key) 2.7.3 Kha chnh (primary key) 2.7.4 Kha tng ng 2.7.5 Kha ngoi (foreign key) Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 40 2.7.1 Siu kha (super key) (1) Siu kha : l mt tp con cc thuc tnh ca Q +
m gi tr ca chng c th phn bit 2 b khc nhau trong cng mt th hin T Q bt k. Ngha l: t 1 , t 2 e T Q , t 1 [K] = t 2 [K] K l siu kha ca Q. Mt quan h c t nht mt siu kha (Q + ) v c th c nhiu siu kha. Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 41 2.7.1 Siu kha (super key) (2) V d: cc siu kha ca quan h HOCVIEN l: {Mahv};{Mahv,Hoten};{Hoten};{Noisinh,Hoten}
HOCVIEN Mahv HoTen Gioitinh Noisinh Malop K1103 Ha Duy Lap Nam Nghe An K11 K1102 Tran Ngoc Han Nu Kien Giang K11 K1104 Tran Ngoc Linh Nu Tay Ninh K11 K1105 Tran Minh Long Nam TpHCM K11 K1106 Le Nhat Minh Nam TpHCM K11 Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 42 2.7.2 Kha (key) (1) Kha : K l kha ca quan h R, tha mn 2 iu kin: K l mt siu kha. K l siu kha nh nht (cha t thuc tnh nht v khc rng) ngha l -K 1 c K, K 1 = C sao cho K 1 l siu kha. Thuc tnh tham gia vo mt kha gi l thuc tnh kha, ngc li l thuc tnh khng kha. Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 43 V d: cc siu kha ca quan h HOCVIEN l: {Mahv};{Mahv,Hoten};{Hoten};{Hoten,Gioitinh}; {Noisinh,Hoten};{Mahv,Hoten,Gioitinh,Noisinh} => th kha ca quan h HOCVIEN c th l {Mahv}; {Hoten} V d: kha ca quan h GIANGDAY (Malop, Mamh, Magv, HocKy, Nam) l K={Malop,Mamh}. Thuc tnh kha s l: Mamh,Malop. Thuc tnh khng kha s l Magv, HocKy, Nam. 2.7.2 Kha (key) (2) Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 44 2.7.3 Kha chnh (primary key) Khi ci t trn mt DBMS c th, nu quan h c nhiu hn mt kha, ta ch c chn mt v gi l kha chnh K hiu: cc thuc tnh nm trong kha chnh khi lit k trong quan h phi c gch di. V d: HOCVIEN (Mahv,Hoten,Gioitinh,Noisinh,Malop) GIANGDAY(Mamh,Malop,Magv,Hocky,Nam) Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 45 2.7.4 Kha tng ng Cc kha cn li (khng c chn lm kha chnh) gi l kha tng ng. V d: trong hai kha {Mahv},{Hoten} th kha chnh l {Mahv}, kha tng ng l {Hoten} Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 46 2.7.5 Kha ngoi (1) Cho R(U), S(V). K 1 _U l kha chnh ca R,K 2 _V Ta ni K 2 l kha ngoi ca S tham chiu n kha chnh K 1 ca R nu tha cc iu kin sau: K 1 v K 2 c cng s lng thuc tnh v ng ngha ca cc thuc tnh trong K 1 v K 2 cng ging nhau. Gia R v S tn ti mi quan h 1-n trn K 1 v K 2 , s e S, !-r e R sao cho r.K 1 =s.K 2 Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 47 2.7.5 Kha ngoi (2) V d, cho 2 quan h LOP (Malop,Tenlop,Siso,Khoahoc)
HOCVIEN (Mahv,Hoten,Gioitinh,Noisinh,Malop)
Thuc tnh Malop trong quan h LOP l kha chnh ca quan h LOP. Thuc tnh Malop trong quan h HOCVIEN l kha ngoi, tham chiu n Malop trong quan h LOP Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 48 2.7.5 Kha ngoi (3) HOCVIEN Mahv HoTen Gioitinh Noisinh Malop K1103 Ha Duy Lap Nam Nghe An K11 K1102 Tran Ngoc Han Nu Kien Giang K11 K1104 Tran Ngoc Linh Nu Tay Ninh K11 K1105 Tran Minh Long Nam TpHCM K11 K1106 Le Nhat Minh Nam TpHCM K11 LOP Malop Tenlop Trglop Siso Magvcn K11 Lop 1 khoa 1 K1106 11 GV07 K12 Lop 2 khoa 1 K1205 12 GV09 K13 Lop 3 khoa 1 K1305 12 GV14 Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 49 2.8 Lc quan h (1) Lc quan h nhm mc ch m t cu trc ca mt quan h v cc mi lin h gia cc thuc tnh trong quan h . Cu trc ca mt quan h l tp thuc tnh hnh thnh nn quan h . Mt lc quan h gm mt tp thuc tnh ca quan h km theo mt m t xc nh ngha v mi lin h gia cc thuc tnh Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 50 2.8 Lc quan h (2) Lc quan h c c trng bi: Mt tn phn bit Mt tp hp hu hn cc thuc tnh (A 1 , , A n )
K hiu ca lc quan h Q gm n thuc tnh (A 1 , A 2 , ... A n ) l : Q(A 1 , A 2 , ..., A n ) Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 51 2.8 Lc quan h (3) HOCVIEN(Mahv,Hoten,Gioitinh,Noisinh,Malop) Tn t: mi hc vin c mt m hc vin phn bit vi cc hc vin khc. Cn lu tr h tn, gii tnh, ni sinh v thuc lp no. HOCVIEN Mahv HoTen Gioitinh Noisinh Malop K1103 Ha Duy Lap Nam Nghe An K11 K1102 Tran Ngoc Han Nu Kien Giang K11 K1104 Tran Ngoc Linh Nu Tay Ninh K11 K1105 Tran Minh Long Nam TpHCM K11 K1106 Le Nhat Minh Nam TpHCM K11 Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 52 2.8 Lc CSDL (1) L tp hp gm cc lc quan h v cc mi lin h gia chng trong cng mt h thng qun l.
Cc CSDL H Qun Tr CSDL Cc quan h Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 53 HOCVIEN (MAHV, HO, TEN, NGSINH, GIOITINH, NOISINH, MALOP) Tn t: mi hc vin phn bit vi nhau bng m hc vin, lu tr h tn, ngy sinh, gii tnh, ni sinh, thuc lp no. LOP (MALOP, TENLOP, TRGLOP, SISO, MAGVCN) Tn t: mi lp gm c m lp, tn lp, hc vin lm lp trng ca lp, s s lp v gio vin ch nhim. KHOA (MAKHOA, TENKHOA, NGTLAP, TRGKHOA) Tn t: mi khoa cn lu tr m khoa, tn khoa, ngy thnh lp khoa v trng khoa (cng l mt gio vin thuc khoa). MONHOC (MAMH, TENMH, TCLT, TCTH, MAKHOA) Tn t: mi mn hc cn lu tr tn mn hc, s tn ch l thuyt, s tn ch thc hnh v khoa no ph trch. DIEUKIEN (MAMH, MAMH_TRUOC) Tn t: c nhng mn hc hc vin phi c kin thc t mt s mn hc trc.
Lc CSDL qun l bn hng Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 54 GIAOVIEN(MAGV,HOTEN,HOCVI,HOCHAM,GIOITINH,NGSINH,NGVL, HESO, MUCLUONG, MAKHOA) Tn t: m gio vin phn bit gia cc gio vin, cn lu tr h tn, hc v, hc hm, gii tnh, ngy sinh, ngy vo lm, h s, mc lng v thuc mt khoa.
GIANGDAY(MALOP,MAMH,MAGV,HOCKY, NAM,TUNGAY,DENNGAY) Tn t: mi hc k ca nm hc s phn cng ging dy: lp no hc mn g do gio vin no ph trch.
KETQUATHI (MAHV, MAMH, LANTHI, NGTHI, DIEM, KQUA) Tn t: lu tr kt qu thi ca hc vin: hc vin no thi mn hc g, ln thi th my, ngy thi l ngy no, im thi bao nhiu v kt qu l t hay khng t.