Bi 5: Ngn ng SQL

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Ni dung
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Gii thiu Cc ngn ng giao tip Ngn ng nh ngha d liu Ngn ng thao tc d liu Ngn ng truy vn d liu c cu trc Ngn ng iu khin d liu
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1. Gii thiu

L ngn ng chun truy vn v thao tc trn CSDL quan h L ngn ng phi th tc Khi ngun ca SQL l SEQUEL - Structured English Query Language, nm 1974) Cc chun SQL SQL89 SQL92 (SQL2) SQL99 (SQL3)
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2. Cc ngn ng giao tip

Ngn ng nh ngha d liu (Data Definition Language - DDL): cho php khai bo cu trc bng, cc mi quan h v cc rng buc. Ngn ng thao tc d liu (Data Manipulation Language - DML): cho php thm, xa, sa d liu. Ngn ng truy vn d liu (Structured Query Language SQL): cho php truy vn d liu. Ngn ng iu khin d liu (Data Control Language DCL): khai bo bo mt thng tin, cp quyn v thu hi quyn khai thc trn c s d liu.
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3. Ngn ng nh ngha d liu

3.1 Lnh to bng (CREATE) 3.1.1 C php 3.1.2 Mt s kiu d liu 3.2 Lnh sa cu trc bng (ALTER) 3.2.1 Thm thuc tnh 3.2.2 Sa kiu d liu ca thuc tnh 3.2.3 Xo thuc tnh 3.2.4 Thm rng buc ton vn 3.2.5 Xo rng buc ton vn 3.3 Lnh xa bng (DROP)
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3.1 Lnh to bng

3.1.1 C php CREATE TABLE <tn_bng> ( <tn_ct1> <kiu_d_liu> [not null], <tn_ct2> <kiu_d_liu> [not null], <tn_ct1> <kiu_d_liu> [not null], khai bo kha chnh, kha ngoi, rng buc )
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3.1 Lnh to bng (2)

3.1.2 Mt s kiu d liu
Kiu d liu Chui k t S SQL Server varchar(n), char(n),nvarchar(n), nchar(n) tinyint,smallint, int, numeric(m,n), decimal(m,n),float, real, smallmoney, money smalldatetime, datetime bit
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Ngy thng Lun l

3.1 Lnh to bng (3)

Lc CSDL qun l bn hng gm c cc quan h sau: KHACHHANG (MAKH, HOTEN, DCHI, SODT, NGSINH, DOANHSO, NGDK, CMND) NHANVIEN (MANV,HOTEN, NGVL, SODT) SANPHAM (MASP,TENSP, DVT, NUOCSX, GIA) HOADON (SOHD, NGHD, MAKH, MANV, TRIGIA) CTHD (SOHD,MASP,SL)
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3.1 Lnh to bng (4)

Create table KHACHHANG ( MAKH char(4) primary key, HOTEN varchar(40), DCHI varchar(50), SODT varchar(20), NGSINH smalldatetime, DOANHSO money, NGDK smalldatetime, CMND varchar(10) )
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3.1 Lnh to bng (5)

Create table CTHD ( SOHD int foreign key references HOADON(SOHD), MASP char(4) foreign key references SANPHAM(MASP), SL int, constraint PK_CTHD primary key (SOHD,MASP) )
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3.2 Sa cu trc bng(1)

3.2.1 Thm thuc tnh
ALTER TABLE tnbng ADD tnct kiudliu

V d: thm ct Ghi_chu vo bng khch hng

ALTER TABLE KHACHHANG ADD GHI_CHU varchar(20)

3.2.2 Sa kiu d liu thuc tnh

ALTER TABLE tnbng ALTER COLUMN tnct kiudliu_mi

Lu : Khng phi sa bt k kiu d liu no cng c

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3.2 Sa cu trc bng(2)

V d: Sa Ct Ghi_chu thnh kiu d liu varchar(50) Nu sa kiu d liu ca ct Ghi_chu thnh varchar(5), m trc nhp gi tr cho ct Ghi_chu c di hn 5 k t th khng c php. Hoc sa t kiu chui k t sang kiu s,

ALTER TABLE KHACHHANG ALTER COLUMN GHI_CHU varchar(50)

3.2.3 Xa thuc tnh

ALTER TABLE tn_bng DROP COLUMN tn_ct V d: xa ct Ghi_chu trong bng KHACHHANG ALTER TABLE NHANVIEN DROP COLUMN Ghi_chu
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3.2 Sa cu trc bng(3)

3.2.4 Thm rng buc ton vn
UNIQUE tn_ct
ALTER TABLE <tn_bng> ADD CONSTRAINT <tn_rng_buc>

PRIMARY KEY (tn_ct) FOREIGN KEY (tn_ct) REFERENCES tn_bng (ct_l_kha_chnh) [ON DELETE CASCADE] [ON UPDATE CASCADE] CHECK (tn_ct iu_kin)

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3.2 Sa cu trc bng(4)

V d

ALTER TABLE NHANVIEN ADD CONSTRAINT PK_NV PRIMARY KEY (MANV) ALTER TABLE CTHD ADD CONSTRAINT FK_CT_SP FOREIGN KEY (MASP) REFERENCES SANPHAM(MASP) ALTER TABLE SANPHAM ADD CONSTRAINT CK_GIA CHECK (GIA >=500) ALTER TABLE KHACHHANG ADD CONSTRAINT UQ_KH UNIQUE (CMND)
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3.2 Sa cu trc bng(5)

3.2.5 Xa rng buc ton vn
ALTER TABLE tn_bng DROP CONSTRAINT tn_rng_buc

V d:
Alter table CTHD drop constraint FK_CT_SP Alter table SANPHAM drop constraint ck_gia

Lu : i vi rng buc kha chnh, mun xa rng buc ny phi xa ht cc rng buc kha ngoi tham chiu ti n
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3.3 Lnh xa bng

C php
DROP TABLE tn_bng

V d: xa bng KHACHHANG.
DROP TABLE KHACHHANG

Lu : khi mun xa mt bng phi xa tt c nhng kha ngoi tham chiu ti bng trc.
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4. Ngn ng thao tc d liu

Gm cc lnh: 4.1 Lnh thm d liu (INSERT) 4.2 Lnh sa d liu (UPDATE) 4.3 Lnh xa d liu (DELETE)

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4.1 Thm d liu

C php
INSERT INTO tn_bng (ct1,,ctn) VALUES (gi_tr_1,., gi_tr_n) INSERT INTO tn_bng VALUES (gi_tr_1, gi_tr_2,, gi_tr_n)

V d:

insert into SANPHAM values('BC01','But chi', 'cay', 'Singapore', 3000) insert into SANPHAM(masp,tensp,dvt,nuocsx,gia) values ('BC01','But chi','cay','Singapore',3000)
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4.2 Sa d liu
C php UPDATE tn_bng SET ct_1 = gi_tr_1, ct_2 = gi_tr_2 . [WHERE iu_kin] Lu : cn thn vi cc lnh xa v sa, nu khng c iu kin WHERE ngha l xa hoc sa tt c. V d: Tng gi 10% i vi nhng sn phm do Trung Quoc sn xut

UPDATE SANPHAM SET Gia = Gia*1.1 WHERE Nuocsx=Trung Quoc

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4.3 Xa d liu

C php
DELETE FROM tn_bng [WHERE iu_kin]

V d:

Xa ton b nhn vin DELETE FROM NHANVIEN Xa nhng sn phm do Trung Quc sn xut c gi thp hn 10000 DELETE FROM SANPHAM WHERE (Gia <10000) and (Nuocsx=Trung Quoc)
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5. Ngn ng truy vn d liu c cu trc

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 Cu truy vn tng qut Truy vn n gin Php kt t b danh, s dng *, distinct Cc ton t Cu truy vn con (subquery) Php chia Hm tnh ton, gom nhm
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5.1Cu truy vn tng qut

SELECT [DISTINCT] *|tn_ct | hm FROM bng [WHERE iu_kin] [GROUP BY tn_ct] [HAVING iu_kin] [ORDER BY tn_ct ASC | DESC]

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5.2 Truy vn n gin(1)

SELECT

Tng ng php chiu ca SQH Lit k cc thuc tnh cn hin th trong kt qu Tng ng vi iu kin chn trong SQH iu kin lin quan ti thuc tnh, s dng cc php ni lun l AND, OR, NOT, cc php ton so snh, BETWEEN Lit k cc quan h cn thit, cc php kt
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WHERE

FROM

5.2 Truy vn n gin(2)

Tm masp, tensp do Trung Quoc sn xut c gi t 20000 n 30000 Select masp,tensp From SANPHAM Where nuocsx=Trung Quoc and gia between 20000 and 30000

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5.3 Php kt(1)

Inner Join, Left Join, Right Join, Full Join V d:

In ra danh sch cc khch hng (MAKH, HOTEN) mua hng trong ngy 1/1/2007. select KHACHHANG.makh,hoten from KHACHHANG inner join HOADON on KHACHHANG.makh=HOADON.makh where nghd='1/1/2007'
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5.3 Php kt (2)

V d: In ra danh sch tt c cc ha n v h tn ca khch hng mua ha n (nu c)

Select From Select From where

sohd, hoten HOADON left join KHACHHANG on HOADON.makh=KHACHHANG.makh sohd, hoten HOADON ,KHACHHANG HOADON.makh*=KHACHHANG.makh

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5.4 t b danh, s dng *, distinct

t b danh Alias: cho thuc tnh v quan h: tn_c AS tn_mi

Select manv,hoten as [ho va ten] From NHANVIEN Select * from Nhanvien Select NHANVIEN.* from NHANVIEN Select distinct nuocsx from SANPHAM Select * from SANPHAM order by nuocsx, gia DESC
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Lit k tt c cc thuc tnh ca quan h:

Distinct: trng ch ly mt ln

Sp xp kt qu hin th: Order by

5.5 Ton t truy vn(1)

Ton t so snh: =, >,<,>=,<=,<> Ton t logic: AND, OR, NOT Php ton: +, - ,* , / BETWEEN . AND IS NULL, IS NOT NULL LIKE (_ %) IN, NOT IN EXISTS , NOT EXISTS SOME, ALL
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5.5 Ton t truy vn(2)

IS NULL, IS NOT NULL

Select sohd from HOADON where makh is Null Select * from HOADON where makh is Not Null Select gia*1.1 as [gia ban] from SANPHAM where nuocsx<>Viet Nam Select * from SANPHAM where (gia between 20000 and 30000) OR (nuocsx=Viet Nam) Select * from SANPHAM where masp NOT IN (BB01,BB02,BB03)
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Ton t so snh, php ton

Ton t IN, NOT IN

5.5 Ton t so snh(3)

Ton t LIKE

So snh chui tng i C php: s LIKE p, p c th cha % hoc _ % : thay th mt chui k t bt k _ : thay th mt k t bt k V d: Select masp,tensp from SANPHAM where masp like 'B%01
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5.6 Cu truy vn con (1)

In hoc Exists V d: Tm cc s ha n mua cng lc 2 sn phm c m s BB01 v BB02.

select distinct sohd from CTHD where masp='BB01' and sohd IN (select distinct sohd from CTHD where masp='BB02') select distinct A.sohd from CTHD A where A.masp='BB01' and EXISTS (select * from CTHD B where B.masp='BB02 and A.sohd=B.sohd)
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5.6 Cu truy vn con (2)

Not In hoc Not Exists V d: Tm cc s ha n c mua sn phm m s BB01 nhng khng mua sn phm m s BB02.

select distinct sohd from CTHD where masp='BB01' and sohd NOT IN (select distinct sohd from CTHD where masp='BB02') select distinct A.sohd from CTHD A where A.masp='BB01' and NOT EXITST (select * from CTHD B where B.masp='BB02 and A.sohd=B.sohd)
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5.7 Php chia

S dng NOT EXISTS V d: Tm s ha n mua tt c nhng sn phm do Trung Quoc sn xut. Select sohd from HOADON where not exists (select * from SANPHAM where nuocsx=Trung Quoc and not exists (select * from CTHD where HOADON.sohd=CTHD.sohd and CTHD.masp=SANPHAM.masp))
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5.8 Cc hm tnh ton v gom nhm (1)

5.8.1 Cc hm tnh ton c bn

COUNT: m s b d liu ca thuc tnh MIN: Tnh gi tr nh nht MAX: Tnh gi tr ln nht AVG: Tnh gi tr trung bnh SUM: Tnh tng gi tr cc b d liu
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NHANVIEN MANV HOTEN PHAI MANQL PHONG N Nam Nam Nam N Nam Nam N N Null NV002 NV001 NV002 NV001 NV002 NV003 NV003 NV003 NC DH NC DH NC DH NC NC NC LUONG 2.800.000 2.000.000 2.300.000 1.800.000 2.500.000 2.000.000 1.800.000 1.800.000 2.000.000
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NV001 Nguyn Ngc Linh NV002 inh B Tin NV003 Nguyn Vn Mnh NV004 Trn Thanh Long NV005 Nguyn Th Hng Vn NV006 Nguyn Minh NV007 H Duy Lp NV008 Trn Kim Duyn NV009 Nguyn Kim Anh

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V d
1. Tnh lng thp nht, cao nht, trung bnh v tng lng ca tt c cc nhn vin. 2. C tt c bao nhiu nhn vin 3. Bao nhiu nhn vin c ngi qun l 4. Bao nhiu phng ban c nhn vin trc thuc 5. Tnh lng trung bnh ca cc nhn vin 6. Tnh lng trung bnh ca cc nhn vin theo tng phng ban
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1. Tnh lng thp nht, cao nht, trung bnh v tng lng ca tt c cc nhn vin. SELECT min(luong) as thapnhat, max(luong) as caonhat, avg(luong) as trungbinh, sum(luong) as tongluong FROM NhanVien
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2. C tt c bao nhiu nhn vin SELECT count(*) FROM NhanVien 3. Bao nhiu nhn vin c ngi qun l

Select count(*) FROM NhanVien WHERE manql is not null SELECT count(Manql) FROM NhanVien

4. Bao nhiu phng ban c nhn vin trc thuc SELECT count(distinct phong) FROM NhanVien
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5.8 Cc hm tnh ton v gom nhm (2)

5.8.2 Gom nhm: mnh GROUP BY
S dng hm gom nhm trn cc b trong quan h. Mi nhm b bao gm tp hp cc b c cng gi tr trn cc thuc tnh gom nhm Hm gom nhm p dng trn mi b c lp nhau. SQL c mnh GROUP BY ch ra cc thuc tnh gom nhm, cc thuc tnh ny phi xut hin trong mnh SELECT
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5. Tnh lng trung bnh ca cc nhn vin

SELECT FROM avg(LUONG) as LUONGTB NhanVien

6. Tnh lng trung bnh ca cc nhn vin theo tng phng ban.
SELECT FROM GROUP BY phong, avg(LUONG) as LUONGTB NhanVien phong
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5.8 Cc hm tnh ton v gom nhm (3)

5.8.3 iu kin sau gom nhm: mnh HAVING

Lc kt qu theo iu kin, sau khi gom nhm iu kin HAVING c thc hin sau khi gom nhm, cc iu kin c lin quan n thuc tnh Group By V d: tm phng c s lng nhn vin N trn 5 ngi
SELECT FROM WHERE GROUP BY HAVING phong NhanVien phai = N phong count(manv) > 5

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