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TNG CC MI TRNG

HNG DN LP BO CO NH GI TC NG MI TRNG D N DT NHUM

H Ni, 2008

Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

Li ni u

nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM) l mt cng c mang tnh khoa hc v k thut c s dng d bo cc tc ng mi trng c kh nng xy ra bi d n u t, trn c s ra cc gii php v bin php nhm tng cng cc tc ng tch cc, gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc, gp phn lm cho d n u t c bn vng trong thc t trin khai. Mc chnh xc ca vic d bo tc ng s xy ra ph thuc vo 2 nhm cc yu t c bn, l thng tin u vo cho d bo v phng php d bo. V thng tin u vo, iu ct yu l phi c cc thng tin v 2 i tng chnh: mt l, nhng ni dung ca d n c kh nng gy ra tc ng mi trng ngun gy ra tc ng; v hai l, nhng thnh phn mi trng xung quanh, bao gm c mt s yu t v kinh t v x hi lin quan, c kh nng b tc ng bi d n - i tng b tc ng. Mc i hi v mc sn c ca cc thng tin u vo ny l rt khc nhau ty thuc vo loi hnh d n, a im thc hin d n v phng php d bo p dng. V phng php d bo cng c s ph thuc vo nhiu yu t, nh: mc sn c ca cc thng tin u vo, loi hnh d n, a im thc hin d n v.v V vy, nu ch c nhng quy nh v php lut nh hin hnh th cng tc TM Vit Nam s rt kh mang li nhng kt qu mong i v rt kh to lp c nhng c s vng chc phc v cho s pht trin bn vng kinh t - x hi ca t nc. Vn cp bch t ra l phi xy dng c nhng hng dn k thut v TM i vi tng loi hnh d n u t khc nhau. Bn hng dn c lp trn nguyn tc tp trung vo nhng hng dn mang tnh k thut cho vic lp bo co TM p dng i vi loi hnh d n Dt nhum Vit Nam lm ngun ti liu tham kho cho nhiu i tng s dng khc nhau trong lnh vc nh gi tc ng mi trng (ch d n, c quan ti tr d n, cng ng chu tc ng tiu cc bi d n, cc t chc, c nhn tham gia lp bo co TM, cc c quan, t chc tham gia thm nh bo co TM, kim tra, gim st vic thc thi cc bin php bo v mi trng ca d n v cc i tng khc c lin quan). Hng dn c xy dng vi s kt hp ca nhng kinh nghim thc t thc hin TM i vi cc d n Dt nhum v cc lnh vc c lin quan khc Vit Nam trong vng 15 nm qua k t khi c Lut Bo v mi trng nm 1993. Vi tnh cht phc tp v nhiu i hi t ra v mt khoa hc v k thut nh nu trn, bn hng dn ny chc chn cn nhng hn ch v khim khuyt. Mt khc, cng vi s pht trin ca cng tc TM Vit Nam v trn th gii trong thi gian ti, bn hng dn ny cng s chc chn cn nhiu im phi c tip tc cp nht. Chng ti mong nhn c nhng kin ng gp b khuyt cho hng dn ny trong tng lai.

Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

Mi kin ng gp v thng tin phn hi v bn hng dn ny xin gi v Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng, Tng cc Mi trng, B Ti nguyn v Mi trng theo a ch:

Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng 83 Nguyn Ch Thanh, H Ni in thoi: 844-37734246 Fax: 844-37734916

Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

MC LC GII THIU CHUNG................................................................................................7 1. Hin trng v nh hng pht trin ngnh dt nhum Vit Nam.................7 2. Cn c php lut v k thut ca vic thc hin nh gi mi trng.............8 3. Phng php p dng trong qu trnh TM .....................................................10 4. T chc thc hin TM .......................................................................................11 CHNG 1. M T TM TT D N .............................................................12 1.1. Tn d n ............................................................................................................12 1.2. Ch d n............................................................................................................12 1.3. V tr a l ca d n ........................................................................................12 1.4. Ni dung ch yu ca d n:.............................................................................13 1.4.1. Cc hng mc cng trnh xy dng ..............................................................13 1.4.2. Thng tin c bn v hot ng sn xut .......................................................14 1.5. S t chc, nhu cu lao ng .......................................................................22 1.5.1. S t chc nh my..................................................................................22 1.5.2. Nhu cu lao ng cho d n ........................................................................22 1.6. Tng mc u t v tin ca d n.............................................................22 1.6.1. Tng mc u t, ngun vn u t, hnh thc u t ................................22 1.6.2 T chc v tin thc hin d n ...............................................................22 CHNG 2. THU THP S LIU, KHO ST, M T V NH GI HIN TRNG MI TRNG NN .....................................................................23 2.1 iu kin t nhin v mi trng ......................................................................23 2.2. Hin trng mi trng nn................................................................................24 2.2.1. Yu cu s liu mi trng nn ....................................................................24 2.2.2. Yu cu v tr ly mu nh gi cht lng mi trng nn ........................25 2.2.3. Hin trng cht lng mi trng khng kh ...............................................25 2.3.5. Hin trng cht lng nc ngm ................................................................26 2.3.6. Hin trng cht lng t .............................................................................26 2.3.7. Hin trng ng, thc vt .............................................................................27 2.3. iu kin kinh t x hi ..................................................................................27 2.3.1. iu kin v kinh t ......................................................................................27 2.3.2. H tng c s v dch v...............................................................................27 2.3..3. iu kin v x hi ......................................................................................27
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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

2.3.4. Vn ho lch s .............................................................................................28 CHNG 3. NH GI CC TC NG MI TRNG ............................29 3.1. Nguyn tc nh gi ...........................................................................................29 3.2. Cc ngun gy tc ng n mi trng t d n dt nhum ......................29 3.2.1. Cc ngun gy tc ng trong qu trnh thi cng d n ...............................29 3.2.2. Cc ngun gy tc ng trong qu trnh hot ng d n ............................30 3.2.3 D bo nhng ri ro v mi trng do d n gy ra ....................................35 3.3. i tng, quy m b tc ng ..........................................................................37 3.4. nh gi tc ng n mi trng ...................................................................38 3.4.1. Cc tc ng do gii phng mt bng ...........................................................38 3.4.2. Cc tc ng trong giai on thi cng xy dng h tng v giai on hot ng.........................................................................................................................38 4.5. Cc phng php nh gi tc ng c th p dng i vi d n dt nhum .........................................................................................................................50 CHNG 4. BIN PHP GIM THIU TC NG XU, PHNG NGA V NG PH S C MI TRNG .................................................................52 4.1. i vi cc tc ng xu ....................................................................................52 4.1.1. Nguyn tc ....................................................................................................52 4.1.2. Gim thiu tc ng gy nhim mi trng khng kh .............................53 4.1.3. Gim thiu nh hng ting n, rung ......................................................55 4.1.4. Gim thiu tc ng gy nhim mi trng nc .....................................56 4.1.5. Gim thiu tc ng mi trng ca cht thi rn .......................................60 4.1.6. Gim thiu tc ng ti mi trng t........................................................61 4.1.7. Gim thiu tc ng tiu cc n mi trng sinh thi................................61 4.1.8. Gim thiu tc ng tiu cc n mi trng kinh t - x hi - nhn vn ...61 4.2. i vi s c mi trng ...................................................................................62 4.3. Nhng vn bt kh khng v kin ngh hng x l ................................65 CHNG 5. CHNG TRNH QUN L V GIM ST MI TRNG .66 5.1. Chng trnh qun l mi trng ....................................................................66 5.2. Chng trnh gim st mi trng: .................................................................70 5.2.1. i tng, ch tiu quan trc, gim st mi trng ......................................70 5.2.2. Thi gian v tn sut gim st, quan trc .....................................................71 5.2.3. D tr kinh ph cho gim st, quan trc mi trng.....................................71 CHNG 6. THAM VN KIN CNG NG ..............................................72 6.1. Tham vn kin cng ng ..............................................................................72
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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

6.2. kin phn hi ca ch d n .........................................................................73 KT LUN, KIN NGH V CAM KT .............................................................74 1. Kt lun ..................................................................................................................74 2. Kin ngh ................................................................................................................74 3. Cam kt ..................................................................................................................74 PH LC NH KM .............................................................................................75 TI LIU THAM KHO ........................................................................................76 PH LC ...................................................................................................................71 Ph lc 1 - Cc thng tin v loi v c tnh ca thuc nhum ...........................71 Ph lc 2 - M hnh d bo nng cc cht nhim khng kh .......................71

Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

GII THIU CHUNG

1. Hin trng v nh hng pht trin ngnh dt nhum Vit Nam Nu nm 2001, VN cha c tn trong danh sch 25 nc XK hng may mc hng u vo th trng M, th n nm 2002, sau khi quy ch quan h bnh thng Vit - M c thng qua, VN vn ln v tr th 20 v ginh v tr th 5 vo nm 2003 khi t kim ngch XK vo Hoa K 3,6 t USD. Khi Hoa K p dng quota nhp khu i vi mt s mt hng may mc ca VN, hng dt may VN tt xung v tr th 7. Nhng n nm 2006, hng dt may VN tr li v tr th 5, v sau 3 nm khi tr thnh thnh vin ca WTO, hng dt may VN vo th trng Hoa K ng v tr th 3 - ch sau Trung Quc v Mexico. Theo Hip hi Dt may VN, n 2008 ngnh dt may Vit Nam c trn 2.000 DN, s dng khong 2 triu lao ng. Sn phm dt may xut khu ca VN chim khong 15% tng kim ngch xut khu hng nm, ch ng sau ngnh du kh. Nm 2007, ton ngnh t kim ngch xut khu 7,75 t USD. V ch ring 9 thng u nm 2008, mc d ang phi i mt vi rt nhiu kh khn do suy thoi kinh t, kim ngch xut khu ngnh dt may vn t 6,84 t USD - tng 20% so vi cng k nm 2007 - d kin nm nay ton ngnh s t kim ngch xut khu khong 9,2 - 9,3 t USD, a Vit Nam vo top 10 quc gia xut khu dt may ln nht th gii. Mc d tiu th hng dt may Vit Nam ti th trng ni a hin ang t 4,5 t USD. Cc doanh nghip dt may Vit Nam ch chim c khong 30% th phn ni a, phn cn li thuc v hng ngoi nhp v cc nh may nh trong c nc. Dt may Vit Nam cn mt chin lc pht trin ton din v di hn. Hng ngoi nhp chim 30% th phn, trong khong 20% l hng dt may nhp khu t Trung Quc. Hng dt may Vit Nam hin ng v tr th 9 trong top 10 nc xut khu hng dt may ln nht th gii nhng so vi nhiu nc chu khc th tc tng trng ca hng dt may Vit Nam vn cn thp ch khong 20-30% do hng gia cng nhiu (trong khi Trung Quc l 80%, Indonesia 48%). Hin trng ny i hi doanh nghip ngnh dt may Vit Nam tch cc nng cao gi tr xut khu hng FOB (Free on Board) nhm gim t l gia cng, tng gi tr xut khu v y cng c xem l gii php vt qua giai on kh khn do nh hng ca suy thoi kinh t hin nay. Nhng gii php t ra tho g kh khn trong tnh hnh hin nay cho ngnh dt may l vic tm kim, m rng sang cc th trng mi, thc hin c cu li sn xut, tit gim chi ph, ci tin khu phc v sn xut, p dng cc gii php k thut mi. Bn cnh , u tin m rng xut khu hng FOB vo th trng mi m Vit Nam c li th nh th trng Nga, Nam Phi, Trung ng l nhng th trng ln, d tnh v c bit l gi rt hp dn.
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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

Ngy 19/11/2008, B Cng Thng ban hnh Quyt nh s 42/2008/Q-BCT ph duyt Quy hoch pht trin ngnh cng nghip dt may n nm 2015, nh hng n nm 2020. Trong , mc tiu pht trin l: Pht trin ngnh dt may tr thnh mt trong nhng ngnh cng nghip trng im, mi nhn v xut khu: tho mn ngy cng cao nhu cu tiu dng trong nc, to thm nhiu vic lm cho x hi; nng cao kh nng cnh tranh. m bo cho cc doanh nghip dt may pht trin bn vng, hiu qu trn c s cng ngh hin i, qun l h thng cht lng, qun l lao ng v mi trng theo tiu chun quc t. Giai on 2008-2010, tng trng sn xut bnh qun t 16-18%, tng trng xut khu bnh qun t 20% v kim ngch xut khu t 12 t USD vo nm 2010. Giai on 2011-2015, tng trng sn xut bnh qun t 12-14%, tng trng xut khu t 15% v kim ngch xut khu t 18 t USD vo nm 2015. Giai on 2016-2020, tng trng sn xut bnh qun t 12-14%, tng trng xut khu t 15% v kim ngch xut khu t 25 t USD vo nm 2020. Ch tiu 1.Kim ngch xut khu 2. S dng lao ng 3. Sn phm ch yu: - Bng x - X, si tng hp - Si cc loi - Vi cc loi - SP may n v Tr USD 1000 ngi 1000 tn Tr m2 Tr sp Nm 2010 12.000 2.500 Nm 2015 Nm 2020 18.000 2.750 25.000 3.000

20 120 350 1.000 1.800

40 210 500 1.500 2.850

60 300 650 2.000 4.000

2. Cn c php lut v k thut ca vic thc hin nh gi mi trng C s php l (nu y , chnh xc m s, tn, ngy ban hnh, c quan ban hnh ca tng vn bn): 1. Lut u t 2005 c k hp th 8 Quc hi kho XI thng qua ngy 29 thng 11 nm 2005; 2. Lut Bo v mi trng 2005 c k hp th 8 Quc hi kho XI thng qua ngy 19/11/2005;
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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

3. Ngh nh s 108/2006/N-CP ngy 22/9/2006 ca Chnh ph v vic quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut u t; 4. Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP ngy 9/8/2006 ca Chnh ph v vic quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Bo v mi trng; 5. Ngh nh 21/2008/N-CP ngy 28/02/2008 ca Chnh ph v sa i, b sung mt s iu ca Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP ngy 09 thng 8 nm 2006 ca Chnh ph v vic quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Bo v mi trng; 6. Ngh nh s 63/2008/N-CP ngy 13/05/2008 v ph bo v mi trng i vi khai thc khong sn; 7. Ngh nh s 68/2005/N-CP ngy 20/5/2005 ca Chnh ph v an ton ha cht; 8. Ngh nh s 108/2008/N-CP ngy 07/10/2008 ca Chnh ph v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Ha cht 9. Ngh nh s 59/2007/N-CP ngy 9/4/2007 ca Chnh ph v qun l cht thi rn; 10. Ngh nh s 149/2004/N-CP ngy 27/7/2004 ca Chnh ph quy nh vic cp php thm d, khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc, x nc thi vo ngun nc; 11. Ngh nh s 67/2003/N-CP ngy 13/06/2003 ca Chnh Ph v Ph bo v mi trng i vi nc thi; 12. Ngh nh s 04/2007/N-CP ngy 08/01/2007 ca Chnh Ph v vic sa i, b sung mt s iu ca Ngh nh s 67/2003/N-CP ngy 13/06/2003 ca Chnh Ph v Ph bo v mi trng i vi nc thi; 13. Thng t s 05/2008/TT-BTNMT ngy 8/12/2008 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng v nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng v cam kt bo v mi trng; 14. Thng t s 12/2006/TT-BTNMT ngy 26/12/2006 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng hng dn iu kin hnh ngh v th tc lp h s, ng k cp php hnh ngh, m s qun l cht thi nguy hi; 15. Thng t s 13/2007/TT-BXD ngy 31/12/2007 ca B Xy dng hng dn mt s iu ca Ngh nh s 59/2007/N-CP ngy 9/4/2007 ca Chnh ph v qun l cht thi rn; 16. Quyt nh s 23/2006/Q-BTNMT ngy 26/12/2006 ca B trng B Ti nguyn v Mi trng v vic ban hnh danh mc cht thi nguy hi; Cc TCVN/QCVN v mi trng lin quan: - Quyt nh s 22/2006/Q-BTNMT ngy 18/12/2006 ca B trng B Ti nguyn v Mi trng v vic bt buc p dng tiu chun Vit Nam v mi trng; - TCVN v khng kh: TCVN 5937:2005; TCVN:5938-2005, TCVN 5939:2005, TCVN 5940:2005 - TCVN v n v rung ng: TCVN 5949:1998, TCVN 3958:1999, TCVN 6962:2001; - TCVN v QCVN v nc: TCVN 5945:2005, QCVN 13:2008, QCVN 08:2008, QCVN 09:2008, QCVN 10:2008, QCVN 14:2008
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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

- TCVN v cht thi nguy hi: TCVN 6705:2000, TCVN 6706:2000; TCVN 6707:2000; TCVN 7629:2007 - Quyt nh s 3733/2002/Q-BYT ngy 10/10/2002 ca B trng B Y t v vic Ban hnh 21 tiu chun v sinh lao ng, 05 nguyn tc v 07 thng s v sinh lao ng; Cc vn bn php l lin quan n vic thc hin d n. Vn bn k thut Lit k cc vn bn k thut thc hin lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng: Bo co nghin cu kh thi hoc bo co u t. Nin gim thng k Cc ti liu k thut khc

Cc ngun ti liu, d liu s dng trong qu trnh nh gi tc ng mi trng (tn gi, xut x thi gian, tc gi, ni pht hnh ca ti liu, d liu) Ngun ti liu, d liu tham kho; Ngun ti liu, d liu do ch d n t to lp.

3. Phng php p dng trong qu trnh TM i vi cc d n Nh my Dt - Nhum, vic nh gi tc ng mi trng thng c tin hnh bng nhng phng php sau y: Phng php thng k: Phng php ny nhm thu thp v x l cc s liu v kh tng thu vn, kinh t x hi, mi trng ti khu vc thc hin d n. Phng php iu tra x hi hc: c s dng trong qu trnh iu tra cc vn v mi trng, kinh t x hi, ly kin tham vn lnh o UBND, UBMTTQ v cng ng dn c xung quanh. Phng php mng li: Ch r cc tc ng trc tip v cc tc ng gin tip, cc tc ng th cp v cc tc ng qua li ln nhau. Phng php tng hp, so snh: Dng tng hp cc s liu thu thp c, so snh vi Quy chun, Tiu chun Mi trng Vit Nam. T nh gi hin trng cht lng mi trng nn ti khu vc nghin cu, d bo nh gi v xut cc gii php gim thiu tc ng ti mi trng do cc hot ng ca d n. Phng php nh gi nhanh trn c s h s nhim ca WHO: c s dng c tnh ti lng cc cht nhim pht sinh khi trin khai xy dng v thc hin d n. Phng php m hnh ho: S dng cc m hnh tnh ton d bo lan truyn cc cht nhim trong mi trng khng kh t xc nh mc v phm vi tc ng. Phng php ly mu ngoi hin trng v phn tch trong phng th nghim: Nhm xc nh v tr cc im o c, ly mu cc thng s mi trng phc
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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

v cho vic phn tch, nh gi hin trng cht lng mi trng khu vc d n. Phng php hi tho khoa hc: Tham vn kin cc chuyn gia v cc vn mi trng ca d n.

4. T chc thc hin TM Nu tm tt qu trnh thc hin lp bo co TM bt u t kho st, thu thp, nghin cu ti liu c lin quan, ly mu phn tch, gp a phng bao gm chnh quyn a phng, c quan qun l mi trng a phng. C quan t vn: tn c quan, a ch, ngi ng u, danh sch nhng ngi tham gia thc hin chnh. Lu : cn c i din ca ch d n tham gia lp bo co TM.

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

CHNG 1. M T TM TT D N Yu cu: Ni dung m t s lc v d n dt nhum phi c trnh by ngn gn, y , r rng v cn c minh ho bng nhng s liu, biu bng, bn , s vi t l thch hp.

1.1. Tn d n Nu chnh xc tn d n (nh tn trong bo co nghin cu kh thi hoc bo co u t hoc ti liu tng ng ca d n). 1.2. Ch d n Nu tn ch s hu d n, a ch, s fax, in thoi, e-mail, web ca cng ty, tn ngi i din cho ch s hu, chc danh. Nu l d n lin doanh (hoc c phn) cn nu tn i din theo U quyn ca cc nh u t khc xin cp php u t v a ch Vn phng d n. 1.3. V tr a l ca d n Theo quy nh ca Thng t 05/2008/TT-BTNMT, ni dung m t a im trong bn TM bao gm: Nu a ch ng k: theo a im ng k nu trong bo co nghin cu kh thi Ta , ranh gii ca a im thc hin d n v tng din tch s dng (c km theo s minh ha); Nu d n c xy dng trong khu cng nghip th m t khu cng nghip v v tr ca d n trong khu cng nghip

i vi d n dt nhum cn cn lu : Vn la chn a im: Do c th hot ng c s dng nhiu nc v thi nc c nhiu thnh phn nhim, vic la chn a im thc hin d n, cn phi c bit lu n ngun cung cp nc v ni tip nhn nc thi. Nu a im c la chn khng ph hp, c th dn ti nguy c thiu nc sch cung cp cho cc hot ng chn nui hoc/v gy nhim mi trng ngun nc mt tip nhn nc thi. M t ngun tip nhn nc thi: tn, v tr ngun tip nhn nc thi; c im a l, a hnh, ch thu vn ca khu vc x nc thi km theo s v tr a l th hin cc i tng ny, c ch gii r rng. Bn cnh , d n cng cn trnh by c th v a im thc hin d n, nh khu dn c; c s sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v; cng trnh vn ho, tn gio, di tch lch s;Nu r mi tng quan vi cc i tng t nhin,

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

kinh t, x hi, cng trnh cng nghip khc. S v tr d n trong mi quan h vng (trong phm vi tng quan bn ca huyn hoc tnh, thnh ph). Vic m t cc ni dung nu trn khng ch l lit k nhng s liu v thng tin lin quan m cn phi c phn tch, nh gi c th hn v cc vn sau y: V tr xy dng c ph hp vi quy hoch, k hoch s dng t chi tit v quy hoch ca a phng khng? 1.4. Ni dung ch yu ca d n: 1.4.1. Cc hng mc cng trnh xy dng Mt bng xy dng d n, c s quy hoch mt bng km theo. Gii phng v san lp mt bng: k hoch n b, khi lng san lp, cch thc san lp v k hoch san lp. Thng k cc hng mc cng trnh chnh: danh mc v khi lng xy dng. Thng k cc hng mc cng trnh ph tr: danh mc v khi lng xy dng.

1.4.1.1 H thng cp nc v thot nc Nhng im cn ch : Lm r lng nc khai thc s dng: cc nh my dt nhum thng dng mt lng ln nc. Cc nh my dt nhum ni chung u cn mt lng nc cp ln do vy cn c thm giy php c s dng ngun nc cp khi nh my i vo hot ng ca chnh quyn a phng. Trong trng hp t khai thc nc ngm x l v s dng cng phi c giy php khai thc theo ng qui nh. Thot nc v v sinh mi trng: Cn m t r rng h thng thot nc trong khu vc d n v h thng thot nc bn trong nh my bao gm h thng thot nc mt, nc thi sn xut v nc sinh hot. Phi lm r v m t ngun tip nhn nc thi. Trong phn ny cn c cc bn v vi cc ni dung sau: Nhu cu nc s dng Ch r nhu cu (lng) nc cp cn s dng trn nm; yu cu v cht lng nc cho sinh hot, sn xut. Ngun cung cp nc H thng thot nc H thng thot nc ma (bn v h thng cng thot) H thng thot nc thi sn xut (bn v h thng cng thot) H thng thot nc sinh hot (bn v h thng cng thot)

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

V sinh mi trng: trong phn v sinh mi trng cn nu cc dch v thu gom cht thi nguy hi, cht thi rn, rc thi v cc dch v mi trng khc ang c s dng trong khu vc.

1.4.1.2. Nhu cu in s dng Ch r lng in tiu th v ngun cung cp 1.4.1.3. H thng giao thng M t h thng giao thng bn trong d n (ni b) v h thng giao lin vi xung quanh thy c s thun li, kh khn trong qu trnh trin khai xy dng v hot ng ca d n. 1.4.1.4. H thng thng tin lin lc Nu r c mng li thng tin, in thoi, internet khu vc d n (y l mt trong cc iu kin thun li trong qu trnh hot ng d n). 1.4.2. Thng tin c bn v hot ng sn xut Nu thng tin c bn v qui m, sn phm, cng sut ca d n. Nu d n c nhiu phn xng sn xut c lp, cn nu chi tit cho tng phn xng. Lu : Cn nu r cc hng mc ph tr khc nu cng thuc d n nh: lm ng, kho tng, v.v. 1.4.2.1 Sn phm, cng sut, cht lng sn phm Sn phm: lit k cc sn phm chnh v sn phm ph. Cng sut (tnh theo nm). Cht lng cc loi sn phm: da theo ng k cht lng sn phm.

1.4.2.2 Nguyn liu, nhin liu Cn lu c bit cc vn sau: Phi c cc s liu v lng s dng nguyn liu, ha cht c nm, khng nn ch ghi nh mc nguyn liu. Cc loi nguyn liu phi nu r thnh phn cc cht c trong nhin liu.

Nguyn liu nh mc nguyn, nhin liu (tnh theo tn sn phm).

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

Tng lng nguyn liu, nhin liu, ha cht (tnh c nm theo cng sut), ring i vi ho cht cn c y cc thng tin (cc thng tin ny da vo m phiu ca tng ho cht). Cch thc vn chuyn, ng gi v lu gi nguyn liu, nhin liu, ho cht.

Ho cht Cc loi ho cht s dng trong ngnh dt nhum c th phn thnh hai loi: Thuc nhum, l ho cht chnh mang mu la chn, khng th thay th c trong qu trnh nhum. Cc ho cht khc l cht tr dng nh cht tr gip cho tt c cc khu ca qui trnh dt nhum, bao gm cht tr nu, tr ty, tr nhum, tr in hoa v tr hon tt.

Cc loi thuc nhum Thuc nhum l mt trong nhng nhn t hng u quyt nh cht lng sn phm. Thuc nhum l cc hp cht mang mu c th l dng h c hoc l cc phc ca cc kim loi nh Cu, Co, Ni, CrTuy nhin, hin nay cc thuc nhum dng phc kim loi khng cn c s dng nhiu na bi to ra hm lng ln cc kim loi nng trong thnh phn nc thi. Thuc nhum l cc hp cht hu c mang mu hin ang rt ph bin trn th trng. y l cc hp cht kh phn hu sinh hc, chnh lng d ca chng trong nc thi l tc nhn gy c ti con ngi v h sinh thi nc. Tu theo cu to, tnh cht v phm vi s dng ca chng m ngi ta chia thuc nhum thnh cc nhm, loi khc nhau nc ta hin nay, thuc nhum thng phm vn cha c sn xut, tt c cc loi thuc nhum u phi nhp ca cc hng sn xut thuc nhum trn th gii. C hai cch phn loi thuc nhum: Phn loi thuc nhum theo cu trc ho hc: thuc nhum trong cu trc ho hc c nhm azo, nhm antraquinon, nhm nitro, Phn loi theo lp k thut hay phm vi s dng: u im ca phn loi ny l thun tin cho vic tra cu v s dng, ngi ta xy dng T in Thuc nhum (Color Index). T in Thuc nhum c s dng rng ri trn th gii trong mi loi thuc nhum c chung tnh cht k thut c xp trong cng lp nh: nhm thuc trc tip, thuc axit, thuc hot tnh, Trong mi lp li xp theo th t gam mu ln lt t vng da cam, , tm, xanh lam, xanh lc, nu v en.

Sau y l mt s nhm loi thuc nhum thng c s dng Vit Nam. Thuc nhum trc tip

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

Khi nhum mu m th thuc nhum trc tip khng cn hiu sut bt mu cao na, hn na trong thnh phn ca thuc c c cha gc azo (- N=N - ) hp cht gy ung th nn hin nay loi thuc ny khng cn c khuyn khch s dng nhiu. Thuc nhum trc tip d s dng v r, tuy nhin li khng bn mu. Thuc nhum axit Theo cu to ho hc thuc nhum axit u thuc nhm azo, mt s l dn xut ca antraquinon, triarylmetan, xanten, azin v quinophtalic, mt s c th to phc vi kim loi. Thuc nhum hot tnh Mc khng gn mu ca thuc nhum hot tnh tng i cao, khong 30%, c cha gc halogen hu c (hp cht AOX) nn lm tng tnh c khi thi ra mi trng. Hn na hp cht AOX ny c kh nng tch lu sinh hc, do gy nn tc ng tim n cho sc kho con ngi v ng vt. Thuc nhum baz-cation Thuc nhum baz l nhng hp cht mu c cu to khc nhau, hu ht chng l cc mui clorua, oxalate hoc mui kp ca baz hu c. Thuc nhum hon nguyn c dng ch yu nhum ch, vi, si bng, la visco. Thuc nhum hon nguyn phn ln da trn hai h mu indigoit v antraquinone. Do c i lc vi x xenlulo nn hp cht lyc baz bt mnh vo x, sau khi ra bt kim s d b thu phn v dng lyc axit v oxi ho bng oxi ca khng kh v dng khng tan ban u. Do c tnh quan trng m lp thuc nhum ny c tn gi l hon nguyn. Thuc nhum lu hunh Thuc nhum lu hunh l nhng hp cht mu cha nguyn t lu hunh trong phn t thuc nhum cc dng -S-, -SH-, -S-S-, -SO-, -Sn-. Thuc nhum phn tn L nhng cht mu khng tan trong nc, phn b u trong nc dng dung dch huyn ph. Mc gn mu ca thuc nhum phn tn t t l cao (90 - 95%) nn nc thi ra khng cha nhiu thuc nhum v mang tnh axit.

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

Thuc nhum azo khng tan Thuc nhum azo khng tan cn c tn gi khc nh thuc nhum lnh, thuc nhum , thuc nhum naptol, chng l nhng hp cht c cha nhm azo trong phn t nhng khng c mt cc nhm c tnh tan nh -SO3Na, -COONa nn khng ho tan trong nc. Thuc nhum pigment Pigment l nhng hp cht c mu cu to ho hc khc nhau c c im chung: khng tan trong nc do phn t khng cha cc nhm c tnh tan (-SO3H, COOH), hoc cc nhm ny b chuyn v dng mui bari, canxi khng tan trong nc. c tnh ca thuc nhum Thuc nhum l ho cht c bn do vy u c c tnh nht nh, ngoi ra mt s loi thuc nhum l c cht c kh nng gy ung th. Trn th gii c qui nh tiu chun v c cht i vi mt s loi thuc nhum, v d nh trong Tiu chun v cc ho cht trong cng nghip dt xc nh nhng loi thuc nhum azo c th to ra nhng hp cht amide gy ung th do s phn hy. Nhng loi thuc nhum c cha hp cht nhm azo amin b cm s dng, v d: thuc nhum Ismament Yellow 2G, Pigmatex Yellow TCGG, Imperon Yellow K-R, Pigmatex Golden Yellow TGRM, Imperon Orange K-G, Imperon Red KG 3R, Imperon Violet K-B, Imperon Dark Brown K-BRC. Thng tin chi tit v loi v c tnh ca thuc nhum c th hin ti ph lc 1 Cc loi ho cht tr thng s dng trong cng ngh dt nhum Tu thuc vo mi loi quy trnh cng ngh v cng on khc nhau, s s dng nhng ho cht tr khc nhau. Trong , cc loi cht ph gia s dng trong mi c s sn xut, v mi quy trnh cng ngh thng l khc nhau. S thay i ny ph thuc vo yu cu ca nh sn xut. Bng 1.1 - Cc loi ho cht tr thng s dng trong cng ngh dt nhum Nhm cc loi ho cht (cht tr) I. Cht tr h si Cc loi ho cht (cht tr) Tinh bt Tinh bt bin tnh PVA Acrylic H tng hp Men r h Cht ngm

II. Cht tr nu ty

17

Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

III. Cht tr nhum

IV. Cht tr in hoa

V. Cht tr hon tt

Cht cng ho Ngm u mu Git Cm mu H tinh bt Alginat Nh ho Binder Chng nhu Lm mm Cc loi khc Cht tr x l nc

1.4.2.3. Vn chuyn nguyn vt liu v sn phm Nu r ngun cung cp nguyn liu, tnh sn c ca ngun nguyn vt liu thy c tnh ph hp, thc t ca d n. Vn chuyn nguyn liu chnh (phng tin v c tnh ca phng tin) Vn chuyn nguyn liu ha cht khc (phng tin v c tnh ca phng tin) Vn chuyn sn phm (phng tin v c tnh ca phng tin)

Lu : Khi xem xt vic ng gi vn chuyn ha cht cn i chiu vi cc qui nh hin hnh v qun l ha cht, trong c phn ng gi, bo qun, vn chuyn ha cht. 1.4.2.4. Trang thit b, my mc Trang thit b ca cc d n dt nhum thng a dng v hiu sut chuyn ho cng nh cc cht thi lin quan nh hng nhiu bi cht lng, tnh ng b, hin i ca trang thit b. Cn nu r v chng loi, s lng, tnh trng (mi 100%), xut x, nm ch to, v.v ca cc trang thit b, my chnh. 1.4.2.5. Qui trnh cng ngh sn xut Dt nhum l mt ngnh cng nghip bao gm rt nhiu cng on sn xut. Tu tng loi sn phm (vi, mu, tuyn, len, khn. . . ) m quy trnh sn xut c p dng cng c th khc nhau. Thng thng cng ngh dt nhum gm ba qu trnh c bn: Ko si, dt vi - X l ho hc (nu, ty ), nhum - hon thin vi. Nhn chung, quy trnh cng ngh ngnh dt nhum bao gm mt s cng on chnh vi chc nng ca tng cng on c ni n l:

18

Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

Chun b nguyn liu: nguyn liu thng c ng di dng cc kin bng th cha cc si bng c kch thc khc nhau cng vi cc tp cht t nhin nh bi, t, ht. . . Nguyn liu bng th c nh tung, lm sch, bng thu c di dng cc tm phng, u. Cc si bng sau c ko si th tng kch thc, bn v c nh thnh ng. H si dc: l qu trnh s dng h tinh bt v tinh bt bin tnh to mng h bao quanh si, tng bn, trn v bng ca si tin hnh dt vi. Ngoi ra cn s dng cc loi h nhn to nh polyvinylalcol PVA, polyacrylat Dt vi: l s kt hp si ngang vi si dc thnh tm vi. Hin nay qu trnh dt vi c tin hnh bng my mc l ch yu. Nu vi: l qu trnh nu vi p sut, nhit cao (2 - 3at, 120 - 1300C) trong dung dch hn hp gm NaOH, Na2CO3, cht ph tr tch loi phn h cn bm li trn si v cc tp cht thin nhin c trong si (nh pectin, hp cht cha Nit, axit hu c, du, sp ) ng thi lm tng mao dn, ngm ca vi v tng kh nng bt mu thuc nhum ca vi. V th, nc thi t qu trnh nu c kim cao, cha du m, cht ty ra, v mt lng ln h tinh bt. Trc khi nhum, sn phm nhum cn c lm sch b mt, loi b nhng cht bn. Trong qu trnh ny, mt s loi h vi v cc cht kt dnh t nhin c s dng lm cht h chnh trn b mt vt liu. Tuy nhin, s ko cng b mt vi vi tc cao ca nhng my dt to ra nhng loi cht nh PVA (polyvinyl alcohol). PVA l mt cht kh phn hu v l mt polymer mch di, do vy rt kh tch ra khi nc thi. Trong qu trnh ny cng s dng cc cht ho hc nh nhng tc nhn hot ng b mt, tc nhn oxy ho h vi, NaOH, H2O2, NaOCl, axit axetic v nhng cht ph gia khc. V vy, qu trnh ny thng to ra cc cht ho hc kh phn hu vi nng cao trong nc thi. Lm bng vi: mc ch l lm cho si cotton trng n, tng kh nng thm nc, tng kh nng bt mu bt mu thuc nhum, si bng hn. Thng thng s dng dung dch NaOH c nng t 280 - 300g/l nhit thp lm bng vi (vi nhn to khng cn lm bng). Qu trnh ny to ra nhng sn phm c bng cao. Thng p dng i vi loi vi cotton hoc vi la t tm. Qu trnh ngm kim s dng lng ln NaOH, kim ca nc thi c gi tr pH ln ti khong 14, do vy nc thi cn phi c trung ho trc khi thi ra mi trng tip nhn. Ty trng: mc ch l lm cho vi mt mu t nhin, sch vt du, m, lm cho vi c trng theo yu cu. Cc cht ty thng l nc Javen (natri hypoclorit

19

Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

NaClO, natriclorit NaClO2), dung dch Clo, hydropeoxit (H2O2), cng vi cc cht ph tr. Nc thi t qu trnh ty cha kim d, cht ty ra. Ngoi ra nc thi cn c mt hm lng cc cht halogen hu c nu s dng cc hp cht ty cha Clo. Cc cht ny c kh nng gy ung th v ang c khuyn co hn ch s dng. Nhum vi: y l qu trnh chnh, s dng cc loi thuc nhum to mu cho vi. Si vi c x l bng thuc nhum, dung dch cc ph gia hu c tng kh nng gn mu. Thuc nhum c th l phn tn, hon nguyn hoc nhng loi khc. nhum vi ngi ta thng s dng cc loi thuc nhum tng hp cng nhiu ho cht tr khc to iu kin cho s bt mu ca ca thuc nhum. Phn ho cht v thuc nhum khng gn vo vi i vo nc thi gy ra mu v ti lng COD cao ca nc thi dt nhum. Hu ht cc loi thuc nhum u l dng anionic v cc loi si bng cng l dng anionic. V vy, cho thuc nhum bt mu vo si vi cn phi s dng n mt lng ln mui (NaCl, Na2SO4), cc cht cm mu syntephix, tinofix D lng ca tt c cc cht ny u vo nc thi gy nhim trm trng nc thi dt nhum. Loi thuc nhum s dng ph thuc vo loi vi, si vi v cc c tnh cn c ca sn phm nh: bn mu, bn vi nh sng, bn nhit Qu trnh ny cng s dng cht phn tn, sunfua, indanthren hay napton theo yu cu sn phm v nguyn liu vi. Do vy nc thi c thnh phn cc cht vi nng dao ng v c mu cao. Ngoi ra do tnh a dng ca thuc nhum nn cc loi cht thi ny thng rt kh nhn bit. Git: Sau mi qu trnh nu, ty, lm bng, nhum c qu trnh git nhiu ln nhm tch cc tp cht, cht bn cn bm trn vi. Hon thin sn phm: qu trnh hon thin l qu trnh thc hin mt s yu cu b sung nh lm mm vi, chng thm cho vi, chng vi khun, chng cn trng, chng chy, tng bn Do vy, mt vi loi ho cht v cht tng hp c s dng nh silicon, acrylic, urthan v florin. Hu ht nhng loi ho cht ny l cht kh phn hu, c bit khi chng phn ng vi nhng hp cht khc c mt trong nc thi. Trong cc ngun pht sinh nc thi ca qu trnh dt nhum th nc thi cng on nu, ty v nhum l b nhim nhiu nht, cn u tin tch dng v x l.

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

Hnh 1.1. S cng ngh dt nhum km dng thi


Ko si, chi

Nguyn liu u

H2 O Tinh bt, ph gia Hi nc

H si

Nc thi cha h Tinh bt, ho cht

Dt vi Nc thi cha h tinh bt, NaOH

Enzym NaOH NaOH, ho cht Hi nc


H2SO4 H2O Cht ty git

Gi h

Nu

Nc thi

X l axit

Nc thi

H2O2, NaOCl ho cht H2SO4 H2O2, cht ty git NaOH, ho cht

Ty trng

Nc thi cha ho cht

Git

Nc thi

Lm bng

Nc thi cha kim

Dung dch nhum

Nhum, in hoa

Dch nhum thi

H2SO4 H2O2, cht ty git Hi nc H, ho cht

Git

Nc thi

Hon tt, vng kh

Nc thi

Sn phm

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

1.5. S t chc, nhu cu lao ng 1.5.1. S t chc nh my Nu r s t chc ca nh my; chc nng, nhim v ca Gim c, cc phng ban chc nng. Lu trong s cn ch r b phn ph trch v qun l mi trng ca nh my. 1.5.2. Nhu cu lao ng cho d n Giai on xy dng: c tnh s lng lao ng cn cho giai on xy dng d n lm c s tnh ton lng pht thi Chng 4. Giai on hot ng c tnh s lng lao ng cn cho giai on hot ng ca d n lm c s tnh ton lng pht thi Chng 3. Nhu cu lao ng giai on hot ng c th phn chia theo cc nm hot ng (theo tin ) thc hin d n. Lu : Cn nu r phng thc tuyn dng lao ng, c bit l cc i tng lao ng b nh hng bi d n do mt t t phi chuyn i ngh. Cn c cc chnh sch u tin, h tr o to v tuyn dng cc i tng ny gim tc ng x hi. 1.6. Tng mc u t v tin ca d n 1.6.1. Tng mc u t, ngun vn u t, hnh thc u t Tng mc u t: Nu d n chia thnh nhiu giai on th tng mc u t cho ton b cc giai on v tng giai on. Ngun vn u t: cn nu r ngun vn u t 1.6.2 T chc v tin thc hin d n Hnh thc qun l d n: v d nh thnh lp ban qun l d n c thm quyn gii quyt cc vn khi thc hin d n. Tin thc hin d n (bng bng tin theo thng, k t khi bt u trin khai)

22

Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

CHNG 2. THU THP S LIU, KHO ST, M T V NH GI HIN TRNG MI TRNG NN Yu cu: Cn ch r mc chi tit ca tng c im c m t, cc yu cu chuyn mn ca cc s liu, d liu, thng s c s dng sao cho ph hp vi quy nh hin hnh v phc v tt nht cho vic nh gi tc ng ca loi hnh d n c th n mi trng t nhin, kinh t - x hi.

2.1 iu kin t nhin v mi trng iu kin v a l, a cht: cp v m t nhng i tng, hin tng, qu trnh b tc ng bi d n; ch dn ngun ti liu, d liu tham kho, s dng (Da trn bo co nghin cu kh thi/bo co u t ca d n, bo co kho st a cht cng trnh ti khu vc d n hoc cc ti liu khc c cng b chnh thc) M t nhng c im a hnh ca khu vc d n mt cch chi tit (ni, i, ng bng...) iu kin v kh tng - thu vn S liu v kh tng thu vn khu vc d n: ly trong cc Nin gim thng k gn nht (5 nm gn nht) do Tng Cc thng k xut bn hng nm cho cc tnh. Cn c cc s liu thu vn ca h thng sng, ngi v vic s dng nc t cc sng, trong khu vc. c bit lu cc thu vc tip nhn ngun nc thi (nc ma chy trn v nc thi sn xut, sinh hot sau x l). iu kin thi tit kh hu khu vc d n: da vo ngun s liu thng k ti cc trm quan trc ca Trung tm kh tng thu vn gn v tr d n v thuc a bn tnh ni d n s c xy dng. S liu phi c thng k trong vng 5-10 nm gn nht, vi cc c trng: Nhit khng kh, s gi nng, bc x mt tri , ch ma, m khng kh tng i, ch gi, hin tng kh tng nguy him (nu c) nh: bo l, ging, t, sng, m Nhn xt: nh gi nhng thun li v kh khn do thi tit kh hu tc ng n t n. Mng li thu vn: m t mng li thu vn ti khu vc d n, c th l ngun tip nhn nc ma v nc thi ca d n. Mng li thu vn phi th hin c cc c trng: Tn sng sui, hnh thi v c trng ca sng sui: chiu di, chiu rng, su, lu lng dng chy, vn tc dng chy

23

Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

Nhn xt: nh gi nhng thun li v kh khn do mng li thu vn tc ng n d n. nh gi gi tr ngun nc mt ti khu vc d n

Ti nguyn thin nhin Ti nguyn t: Tng din tch t t nhin v cht lng Hin trng s dng t (nng nghip, lm nghip, chuyn dng, t , s dng khc, t cha s dng)

Ti nguyn nc mt: c im h thng thu vn mt trong khu vc (sng, h, knh mng) Hin trng s dng ti nguyn nc mt trong khu vc

Ti nguyn nc ngm (v nc khong): c im a cht thu vn khu vc (tng cha nc, tr lng, cht lng nc ngm) Hin trng khai thc v s dng

Ti nguyn ng thc vt: Cc s liu v thm thc vt v h ng vt trong khu vc thc hin d n. Cn c bit ch n nhng chng loi c th ca khu vc hoc c trong sch . 2.2. Hin trng mi trng nn M t r hin trng cc hp phn mi trng: Khng kh, nc mt, nc ngm, mi trng t, h sinh thi (cn, nc) trong khu vc d n v vng ln cn. Mc ch ca ni dung ny l phn tch ti liu, s liu lin quan n cht lng mi trng xung quanh khu vc nh gi, so snh theo QCVN, TCVN v mi trng hin hnh vi cc mc ch s dng khc nhau. 2.2.1. Yu cu s liu mi trng nn Cc s liu v mi trng khu vc l nhng cn c khoa hc thc hin TM. N quyt nh tnh ng n ca mt qu trnh nh gi v cc gii php gim thiu tc ng tiu cc, tng cng cc tc ng tch cc ca d n i vi vng hot ng ca d n, cng nh n l c s kim sot, nh gi phn tc ng tng thm do d n gy ra sau ny.

24

Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

S liu mi trng nn cn t nhng tiu chun cht lng sau y: C tin cy, r rng v phi r ngun gc xut x. S liu ny c th ly t nhiu ngun t liu khc nhau nh: cc trm quan trc (monitoring) mi trng quc gia v tnh, cc cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc, kho st trong nhiu nm c cng b chnh thc hoc d n t tin hnh kho st, o c. Cc s liu, ti liu phi bao gm nhng yu t, thnh phn mi trng trong vng chu tc ng trc tip hay gin tip ca d n. Cc s liu phi c x l s b, h thng ho, r rng gip cho ngi x l s liu d dng phn tch tng hp, phn chia thnh cc nhm s liu, nhn nh c im ca vng nghin cu. Phng php o lng kho st phn tch thng k phi tun th cc quy nh ca cc Quy chun, tiu chun mi trng Vit Nam. Trong trng hp thiu QCVN, TCVN c th s dng tiu chun ca nc ngoi c iu kin t nhin, kinh t - x hi tng t.

2.2.2. Yu cu v tr ly mu nh gi cht lng mi trng nn V tr ly mu nh gi cht lng mi trng nn phi c tnh i din, ch cc im tip nhn nc thi, v tr cc im xung quanh b tc ng ca kh thi (theo hng gi ch o). V tr quan trc c nh du trn s ly mu

2.2.3. Hin trng cht lng mi trng khng kh V tr cc im o c v ly mu khng kh: m t r to ly mu, v tr im quan trc nm trong hay ngoi d n, nu nm ngoi th c tnh khong cch n v tr d n v nm v pha no ca d n. Thi gian ly mu, phng php o c/phn tch: ghi r thi gian ly mu v phng php o c/phn tch cho tng thng s mi trng. iu kin vi khsi hu khi ly mu: Nhit khng kh, m khng kh, vn tc gi, mt giao thng (nu v tr o/thu mu gn ng giao thng) Cc thng s quan trc mi trng nn: CO, SO2, Nox, H2S, Bi l lng tng s (TSP), Bi PM10 nh gi s thay i, khc bit gia cc v tr quan trc: da trn iu kin v thi gian ly mu. So snh thng s mI trng khng kh vi QCVN, TCVN Kt lun: cht lng khng kh ti khu vc d n t hay khng t QCVN, TCVN, l do khng t.

2.2.3. Hin trng cht lng nc mt V tr cc im o c v ly mu nc mt: m t r im quan trc nm trn sng sui no, khong cch t v tr ly mu n v tr d n.

25

Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

Thi gian ly mu, phng php o c/phn tch: ghi r thi gian ly mu v phng php o c/phn tch cho tng thng s mi trng. iu kin ly mu: m t iu kin kh hu ti thi im ly mu. Thng s o c, phn tch: pH, DO, SS, mu, Tng P, Tng N, BOD, COD, Du m, kim loi nng (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Cd, As, Hg, Fe,), Coliform. nh gi s thay i, khc bit gia cc v tr quan trc: da trn iu kin v thi gian ly mu. So snh thng s vi QCVN, TCVN Kt lun: cht lng nc mt ti khu vc d n t hay khng t QCVN, TCVN, l do khng t.

2.3.5. Hin trng cht lng nc ngm Ly mu t cc ging khoan/o sn c trong vng d n v khu vc xung quanh V tr cc im o c v ly mu nc ngm: m t r im quan trc l ging khoan hay ging o, su ca ging, tn ch h, a ch Thi gian ly mu, phng php o c/phn tch: ghi r thi gian ly mu v phng php o c/phn tch cho tng ch tiu mi trng. Thng s o c, phn tch: pH, SS, mu, Tng P, Tng N, BOD, COD, Du m, kim loi nng (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Cd, As, Hg, Fe,), Coliform, Feacal Coliform nh gi s thay i, khc bit gia cc v tr quan trc: da trn iu kin v thi gian ly mu. So snh thng s vi QCVN, TCVN, QC 02:2009/BYT (Tiu chun v sinh nc sch dng cho mc ch sinh hot c nhn v gia nh, khng s dng lm nc ung trc tip - Ban hnh km Thng t 02/2009/TT-BYT ngy 17/06/2009 ca B trng b Y t) Kt lun: v cht lng nc ngm ti khu vc d n t hay khng t QCVN, TCVN, l do khng t.

2.3.6. Hin trng cht lng t V tr cc im ly mu: v tr, khong cch t v tr ly mu n v tr d n, to ly mu, phu din Thi gian ly mu, phng php o c/phn tch: ghi r thi gian ly mu v phng php o c/phn tch cho tng thng s mi trng. Thng s o c, phn tch: pH, thnh phn cp ht, t trng, m, tng N, tng P, hm lng hu c, TBVTV, kim loi nng (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Cd, As, Hg, Fe,) nh gi s thay i, khc bit gia cc v tr quan trc: da trn iu kin v thi gian ly mu. So snh cc thng s vi QCVN, TCVN. Kt lun: v cht lng t ti khu vc d n t hay khng t QCVN, TCVN, l do khng t.

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

2.3.7. Hin trng ng, thc vt Thu thp thng tin t liu iu tra c bn ca vng v kho st ti ch b sung: H thc vt: Cc loi thc vt chim u th, cc loi thc vt qu him (nu c) H ng vt: cc loi ng vt chim u th, cc loi ng vt hoang d, loi ng vt c trong sch nu c. H sinh thi thu sinh: Cn a ra thng tin v thc vt ph du; ng vt ph du; ng vt y: thnh phn loi, s lng, mt , cc loi chim u th. nh gi mc nhy cm ca h sinh thi cn v h thy sinh vt.

2.3. iu kin kinh t x hi 2.3.1. iu kin v kinh t Vic pht trin d n trong mi lin quan n Quy hoch pht trin kinh t ca vng, tnh. Cn cp n cc cng trnh cng nghip, nng nghip, khai khong ln trong khu vc d n v rng cc d n phn ho hc mi a s l ln v qui m nh hng ca n cng ln. Ch r ngun s liu ly s dng. Ngoi ra cn c s liu v sn xut mt s sn phm nng nghip chnh (nng sut, sn lng... cc s liu ny c th ly trong cc nin gim thng k hoc cc ngun tin cy khc); giao thng vn ti; du lch, dch v v cc ngnh khc ca x thuc d n. Nu d n nm trong Khu hay Cm cng nghip cn tm tt thng tin v hot ng ca Khu/ cm cng nghip: cc ngnh ngh u t; co s h tng; c bit lu v cng tc qun l mi trng hin c ca Khu/Cm cng nghip ( c cc h thng x l cht thi tp trung cha? c Ban qun l mi trng? vv). Cn phn tch r v iu kin kinh t: ngh nghip, thu nhp, mc sng,... ca cc h, dn b nh hng trc tip v gin tip ca d n lm c s cho nh gi tc ng v xut bin php gim thiu Chng 3 v 4. 2.3.2. H tng c s v dch v Giao thng: c im ca cc tuyn ng giao thng (thu, b) c lin quan n hot ng vn chuyn ca d n. Tai nn, s c giao thng Dch v, thng mi: Hin trng v kh nng cung cp dch v, thng mi

2.3..3. iu kin v x hi Dn c - lao ng: Ch n tnh hnh dn c kim sng trong nhng khu vc thc hin d n v chu tc ng ca d n Tnh hnh x hi:

27

Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

Y t v sc kho cng ng Mng li v tnh hnh gio dc dn tr: Trong phn ny s a ra cc thng tin v gio dc, trnh vn ho, v cc iu kin khc ca dn c cc khu vc b tc ng ca d n. Kh nng thch ng vi cc thay i khi thc hin d n. Vic lm v tht nghip

2.3.4. Vn ho lch s Cc cng trnh vn ho, lch s, du lch c gi tr trong khu vc thc hin d n hoc nhng khu vc ln cn chu tc ng ca d n. Lu ch r vic thc hin d n c nh hng n cc di tch lch s, danh lam thng cnh, cc cng trnh vn ho, x hi, tn ngng, khu dn c c th trc tip b nh hng do hot ng ca d n. Lu v vn di di m m v cc vn c tnh tm linh khc. Thun phong m tc v phong tc tp qun ca dn a phng c th c nh hng n vic thc hin d n. Cc ngun s liu s dng cn cp nht v l ngun s liu chnh thc ca a phng v cc c quan lin quan.

28

Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

CHNG 3. NH GI CC TC NG MI TRNG Yu cu: Phn ni dung ny cn phi ch ra mt cch nh lng, ton din nhng tc ng tim tng bao gm nhng tc ng trc tip v gin tip, trc mt v lu di, nhng tc ng tim n v tch lu, nhng tc ng c th hoc khng th khc phc c tim nng ln gy suy thoi, nhim mi trng khu vc.

3.1. Nguyn tc nh gi TM i vi d n Nh my Dt - Nhum trc ht l nh gi nhng tc ng ca d n n cc yu t cnh quan, mi trng t nhin, kinh t - x hi v cc gi tr khc. y l mt trong nhng chng trng tm ca bo co TM. Ni dung ca chng ny s quyt nh rt ln n cht lng ca bo co. nh gi tc ng mi trng i vi d n cn c tin hnh i vi cc giai on thc thi d n. Giai on chun b mt bng. Giai on thi cng xy dng nh my. Giai on vn hnh nh my.

Cn phi nh gi cc gii php bo v mi trng m trong phng n thit k kh thi ca d n la chn nhm iu chnh, hon thin hoc b sung cc gii php mi t c tiu chun bo v mi trng. Trng hp c bit cn thit th xut thay i mt phn hoc ton b phng n thit k kh thi ca d n. 3.2. Cc ngun gy tc ng n mi trng t d n dt nhum 3.2.1. Cc ngun gy tc ng trong qu trnh thi cng d n 3.2.1.1. Cc ngun gy tc ng lin quan n cht thi Cc hot ng v ngun gy tc ng mi trng trong qu trnh xy dng c s h tng k thut d n c trnh by trong bng 3.1 di y. Bng 3.1. Cc hot ng, ngun gy tc ng trong qu trnh thi cng d n. Stt 1 2 Ngun gy tc ng Xe i san lp mt bng; xe ti vn chuyn vt liu san lp. Tp kt, d tr, bo - Xe ti vn chuyn vt liu xy dng, xi mng, st qun nhin nguyn thp, ct, ,pht sinh bi v kh thi vt liu phc v - Xy ra r r, pht tn cht nhim t cc kho cha, cng trnh bi cha nguyn vt liu, xng du, Cc hot ng San lp mt bng

29

Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

Xy dng nh , h thng giao thng, bn bi, cng vin, h thng cp thot v x l nc, .. Lp t thit b dn dng, thit b in, vin thng,.. Sinh hot ca cng nhn ti cng trng

- Pht sinh ting n ln Tc ng tiu cc t cc my mc phc v thi cng xy dng; Qu trnh thi cng c gia nhit: ct, hn, t nng chy gy nhim khng kh, t, nc. nhim khng kh t b tng v cc vt liu xy dng. Xi mn t, tch t v bi lng cc vc nc - Kh thi, bi, ting n t phng tin vn chuyn thit b, nguyn vt liu phc v lp t, hot ng ca my mc,.. - Qu trnh thi cng c gia nhit:, ct, hn, t nng chy. Sinh hot ca khong cng nhn vin trn cng trng gy pht sinh cht thI sinh hot

3.2.1.2. Cc ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi Cc ngun gy tc ng mi trng khng lin quan n cht thi trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng d n c trnh by trong bng 3.2 di y. Bng 3.2. Cc ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi trong qu trnh xy dng d n Stt Ngun gy tc ng 1 Gy ngp ng cc b, gy xi mn, ra tri t ct,... 2 S tp trung cng nhn xy dng c nguy c gy ra xo trn i sng x hi ti a phng,..

3.2.2. Cc ngun gy tc ng trong qu trnh hot ng d n 3.1.2.1. Ngun gy tc ng lin quan n cht thi Ngun pht sinh cht thi do hot ng ca Nh my Dt - Nhum v tnh cht ca chng c trnh by mt cch khi qut tham kho ti bng 4.3. Bng 4.3. Ngun gy nhim ca Nh my Dt - Nhum Cht nhim Nc thi Ngun gy nhim 1. Nc thi cng nghip: - T cng on h si Mc , tnh cht nhim Nc thi cha xt (NaOH), Soda (Na2CO3), axit sulfuric, Clo hot

30

Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

Kh thi

Cht thi rn

- T cng on nu - T cng on git - T cng on trung ho - T cng on ty - T cng on nhum - T cng on h hon tt - T cng on sy kh 2. Nc ma chy qua cc bi vt liu, rc ca nh my 3. Nc thi sinh hot, phn ly cn v sn phm 1. T khu ty trng 2. T cng on hin mu, in 3. L hi, my pht in 1. Cht thi rn cng nghip 2. Bn thi t x l nc 3. Cht thi rn sinh hot

tnh, cc cht kh v c (nh Na2SO4) hoc Na2S2O3, natrisulfua (Na2S), dung mi hu c clo ho, Crom VI, kim loi nng, cc polyme tng hp, s si, cc mui trung tnh, cht hot ng b mt. Hm lng cn l lng ln, BOD, COD rt cao Cha nhiu t ct, BOD, COD cao. - Kh Clo, Kh NO2, ho cht hu c, axit (H2SO4, CH3COOH...). - SO2, NOx, CO, aldehyde, hydrocarbon... - Vi vn bi bng, bao nilon, giy, g, thng nha, chai, l ng ho cht... - Kim loi nng, polyme, cht hot ng b mt. - t, ct, mnh v thu tinh, kim loi, giy nhn, bao b.

Kh thi Ngoi vn nhim mi trng do nc thi th nhim mi trng do kh thi cng l mt vn ng quan tm. Kh thi ca Nh my Dt - Nhum ch yu t cc cng on x l nhit, x l hon tt hng dt v t nhin liu. C th nhn din cc ngun thi hi kh c nh sau: Hi kim, hi axit (H2SO4, CH3COOH) v cc dung mi hu c, kh ClO(Cl2) bc ra t khu ty trng va si bng nc Javen; Kh NO2 bc ra t cng on hin mu trong qu trnh nhum mu vi thuc nhum hon nguyn tan loi "Indigosol"; Hp cht hu c bay hi trong in Pigment. Formandehyde: Trong in hoa pigment phi s dng cc cht to mng kt dnh (binder) hoc cht gn mu (fixer) do vy mt lng formandehyde s thot ra mi trng; Khu vc l hi (t du, than) c cha nhiu cht nhim c bit l kh SO2 (ph thuc vo hm lng lu hunh trong du), CO, NOx v bi than.

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

Lng kh thi ny l rt ln ln ti hng nghn m3/pht v lu lng vi trm m3/giy. Ngoi ra, mt s khu nh git, nu vi cng thi ra mt vi loi kh thi gy nhim (kh clo, hi H2SO4, CH3COOH).

Cc ngun khng kh chnh trong nh my dt nhum c th hin trong bng 3.4. Bng 3.4. Cc cht nhim trong kh thi sinh ra trong qu trnh dt may Qu trnh Sn xut nng lng To lp ph, sy kh v ct Hot ng sn xut vi cotton nhn to H si Ty trng Nhum In Hon tt Cc cht nhim Cc ht, oxit nit (NOx), kh sunphua (SO2) Pht tn t l nhit cao Cc hp cht hu c d bay hi Pht thi t khu chun b, chi Bi bng th, chi k v sn xut vi Pht thi do s dng cc hp cht h vi (keo h, PVA) Pht thi do s dng hp cht ca clo Thuc nhum phn tn s dng lm cht mang thuc nhum sunphua v anilin Pht tn Nha t khu hon tt Nhit do khu sn xut si tng hp Oxit nit, hunh, CO Clo, oxit clo oxit lu Ngun Pht thi t l hi

H2S, hi anilin Hydrocacbon, amniac Fomaldehit Hp cht hu c d bay hi Hp cht hu c d bay hi Hp cht hu c d bay hi.

Lu gi cc ho Pht thi ra t cc tanh cha hng cht ho v ho cht X l nc thi Pht thi ra t qu trnh x l tanh cha v cc thng cha

Nhit v ting n nhim nhit nhim nhit l mt loi nhim cn quan tm trong ngnh dt - nhum. Nhit pht sinh ch yu t:

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

S truyn nhit qua tng thnh ca l hi, ca cc my mc thit b s dng hi (cc my nu, ty, nhum vi, my nh hnh vi) v ca h thng ng ng dn hi, kh nng; S r r h thng ng ng dn hi, cc van, mi ni trn h thng ng ng; S to nhit v bc hi nc ca cc my sy kh vi.

Tng cc nhit lng ny to vo khng gian nh xng rt ln lm nhit bn trong nh xng tng cao c th chnh vi nhit mi trng bn ngoi t 2 n 5 C (cha k n nh hng ca iu kin kh hu trong khu vc) nh hng ti qu trnh h hp ca c th con ngi tc ng xu ti sc kho v nng sut lao ng. Ngoi ra nhit cao cn c tim nng gy ra cc s c chy, n, v vy cn phi nh gi tc ng ca nhim c bin php x l, gim thiu thch hp. nhim ting n Ting n c trng ca ngnh dt - nhum ph thuc vo th h my mc v ch yu pht ra t cc my dt, my ct ngang vi (hot ng theo nguyn tc dp), cm my nhum git ty - ly tm vt nc vi, l hi v c bit l ting n kh ng do cc dng kh, hi vn chuyn lin tc trong ng ng. Nc thi Ngun thi t qu trnh sn xut: Nhn chung, nc thi t cc c s dt nhum c kim kh cao, c mu v hm lng cc cht hu c, tng cht rn cao. c tnh nc thi v cc cht gy nhim trong nc thi ngnh dt nhum c th hin trong bng 3.5. Bng 3.5 - Cc cht gy nhim v c tnh ca nc thi ngnh dt nhum Cng on H si, Gi h Nu ty Ty trng Lm bng In Cht nhim trong nc thi Tinh bt, glucose, carboxy metyl xelulo, polyvinyl alcol, nha, cht bo v sp NaOH, cht sp v du m, tro, soda, silicat natri, x si vn Hypoclorit, hp cht cha clo, NaOH, AOX, axit,... NaOH, tp cht c tnh ca nc thi BOD cao (34%50% tng sn lng BOD) kim cao, mu ti, BOD cao (30% tng BOD) kim cao, chim 5% BOD kim cao, BOD kh cao (6% tng BOD), rn tng s cao

Cht mu, tinh bt, du, t st, mui mu cao, BOD cao v du m kim loi, axit,... Hon thin Vt tinh bt, m ng vt, mui Kim nh, BOD thp

33

Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

Cht thi rn Cht thi d tha s cp sinh ra trong sn xut dt may l cht khng c hi. Chng bao gm cc mnh nh, phn d tha, phn thi b ca si v vi. Cng c cc cht thi lin quan n phn lu tr v sn xut si v vi may mc, v d nh ho cht lu tr trong thng, cc ng cun ch bng ct tng v cc ng si cn qun si nhum hoc an. Cc phng ct xn cc phn thi d tha sinh ra mt lng ln cc mu vi, phn ny c th c ti s dng bng cch tng hiu sut s dng vi trong khu ct v may. Ngoi ra trong ngnh dt may cn s dng nhiu bng n chiu sng, v vy thng pht sinh cht thi rn l bng n neon hng, c xp vo loi cht thi nguy hi. Bng di y s tng kt cc cht thi rn lin quan n cc qu trnh sn xut vi khc nhau. Bng 3.6- Ngun gc ca cc loi cht thi rn trong ngnh dt may Ngun gc Loi cht thi Vn hnh thit b trong sn xut vi cottng v vi tng hp Chun b si Si v vi Chun b si Si v vi Dt kim Si v vi May Si, ch v cc u vi tha Nhum v hon tt vi may H vi, r h, ngm kim, ty Cc u vi tha Hon tt c hc Len ph phm Nhum v/hoc in Cc thng cha thuc nhum Nhum v/hoc in (dng trong Cc thng cha ho cht khu hon tt) Nhum v hon tt vi an Cc u vi tha, cc thng cha ho cht v thuc nhum Nhum v hon tt vi thm X si Si v cc cht bng qut thu gom Ct ra Ra Bng v len lng cu Len b xn i Nhum, in v hon tt Thng cha thuc nhum v ha cht Nhum v hon tt si v lu Si, thng cha thuc nhum v ho cht kho Vi len Nu len Bi, len, vt liu thc vt, sp Nhum v hon tt vi len Len b xn, ch ni, vi, si, thng cha thuc nhum v ha cht.

34

Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

ng gi Phn xng Cht thi sinh hot X l nc thi Phn xng

Giy, ba catng, cc tm plastic, dy buc Cc mu kim loi, gi dnh du Giy, ba, cc cht thi sinh hot ni chung Si bn thi v cc thng cha bn. Bng n neon hng

3.2.2.2. Cc ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi Bng 3.7. Cc ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi trong giai on hot ng ca d n Stt Ngun gy tc ng 1 Nc ma c th gy ngp ng cc b ti khu vc nu Ch d n khng c phng n tn nn v c phng n thot nc hiu qu. 2 S tng mt v thnh phn dn c c th gy cc vn tiu cc mt trt t khu vc nu Ch d n khng c hng qun l hiu qu.

3.2.3 D bo nhng ri ro v mi trng do d n gy ra 3.2.3.1. Nhng ri ro trong giai on thi cng xy dng S c tai nn lao ng, tai nn giao thng Nhn chung, s c tai nn lao ng, tai nn giao thng c th xy ra bt ng trong nhiu tnh hung ca giai on thi cng xy dng d n. C th c tm tt mt s dng tai nn nh sau: Tai nn giao thng c th xy ra khi cng nhn bng qua ng giao thng n cng trng, ri cng trng, dng tai nn ny cng c th xy ra ngay trn cng trng do cc phng tin thi cng v vn chuyn nguyn vt liu gy ra i vi cng nhn. Cng vic lp rp, thi cng v qu trnh vn chuyn nguyn vt liu vi mt xe, ting n, rung cao c th gy ra cc tai nn lao ng,...; Do tnh bt cn trong lao ng, thiu trang b bo h lao ng, hoc do thiu thc tun th nghim chnh v ni quy an ton lao ng ca cng nhn thi cng cng c th gy tai nn ng tic.

35

Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

Cng vic lao ng nng nhc, thi gian lm vic lin tc v lu di c th nh hng ng k n kho ca cng nhn, gy tnh trng gy mt mi, chong vng hay ngt xu cho cng nhn ti cng trng; Nh vy nu cc ri ro v tai nn lao ng v tai nn giao thng xy ra s gy nh hng rt ln n sc khe cng nh tnh mng ca cng nhn, gy tn tht ln v cng ln v tinh thn cho cc gia nh c ngi gp nn. V vy vn m bo an ton cho cng nhn tham gia xy dng c Ch d n c bit quan tm. S c chy n S c chy n c th xy ra trong qu trnh vn chuyn v tn cha nhin liu hoc do s thiu an ton v h thng cp in tm thi, gy nn cc thit hi v ngi v ca trong qu trnh thi cng. C th xc nh cc nguyn nhn c th nh sau : Cc kho cha nguyn nhin liu tm thi phc v cho my mc, thit b k thut trong qu trnh thi cng (sn, xng, du DO, ...) l cc ngun gy chy n. Khi s c xy ra c th gy ra thit hi nghim trng v ngi, vt cht v mi trng; H thng cp in tm thi cho cc my mc, thit b thi cng c th gy ra s c git, chp, chy n, gy thit hi v kinh t hay tai nn lao ng cho cng nhn; Vic s dng cc thit b gia nhit trong thi cng (hn x, un, t nng chy Bitum tri nha ng, ...) c th gy ra chy, phng hay tai nn lao ng nu nh khng c cc bin php phng nga. Nhn chung, s c chy n thng t khi xy ra trong qu trnh thi cng. Tuy nhin, nu s c ny xy ra s nh hng rt ln n con ngi, ti sn v mi trng khu vc. 3.2.3.2. Nhng ri ro trong giai on hot ng An ton lao ng Trong qu trnh hot ng ca nh my, cc ri ro tai nn c th xy ra do cc nguyn nhn sau: Do s bt cn trong bc xp nguyn nhin liu, sn phm hng ha ri vo ngi. Khng tun th nghim ngt nhng quy nh khi vn hnh my mc, thit b trong dy chuyn sn xut. Khng thc hin y cc quy nh an ton lao ng v v sinh do nh my ra.

S c t cc cng trnh x l nhim

36

Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

S c ca h thng x l nc thi sinh hot H thng in iu khin b hng H thng my sc kh khng hot ng H hng bm do cc vt rn b ht hoc chy my bm R r ng ng... S c ca h thng x l nc sn xut H thng in iu khin b hng H hng bm hoc cc tht b khc R r ng ng... S c h thng x l bi Qut ht b hng Vi lc ca thit b lc bi tay o b rch R r ng ng ht v dn bi...

Nhng ri ro v s c khi xy ra, ty theo mc c th gy thit hi v mi trng, ti sn, tnh mng con ngi c bit i vi cng nhn trc tip vn hnh v lm vic trong nh my. 3.3. i tng, quy m b tc ng Bng 3.8. i tng, quy m b tc ng trong giai on xy dng v giai on hot ng ca d n TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 i tng b tc ng Mi trng khng kh Mi trng nc Mi trng t H sinh thi trn cn H sinh thi thy sinh Sc khe con ngi Mi Quy m tc ng Khng gian - Khu vc d n trin khai v cc lan truyn n cc cng ln cn - Knh, mng trong khu vc - Nc sng - Nc ngm - t ai xung quanh khu vc n - Cc h sinh thi nng nghip xung vng d n v ln cn - H sinh thi ao, h, sng khu vc d n v ln cn - Cng nhn ca nh my - Dn c xung quanh khu vc d n - Cc cng ty, nh my xung Thi gian - Tm thi: Xy dng d n - Lu di: Sut thi gian hot ng sn xut ca nh my - Tm thi: Xy dng d n - Lu di; Sut thi gian hot ng sn xut ca nh my - Tm thi: Xy dng d n - Lu di: Sut thi gian hot ng sn xut ca nh my - Tm thi: Xy dng d n - Lu di: Sut thi gian hot ng sn xut ca nh my - Tm thi: Xy dng d n - Lu di: Sut thi gian hot ng sn xut ca nh my - Tm thi: Xy dng d n - Lu di: Sut thi gian hot ng sn xut ca nh my - Tm thi: Xy dng d n

37

Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

quanh - Dn c xung quanh khu vc d n Nn kinh - To vic lm, b sung c cu t ngnh ngh - Tng trng kinh t a phng i sng - Nng cao thu nhp, n nh vn ha i sng ca mt lc lng lao ng nht nh ti a phng - Dn c xung quanh khu vc d n

trng lm vic

- Lu di: Sut thi gian hot ng sn xut ca nh my - Tm thi: Xy dng d n - Lu di: Sut thi gian hot ng sn xut ca nh my - Tm thi: Xy dng d n - Lu di: Sut thi gian hot ng sn xut ca nh my

3.4. nh gi tc ng n mi trng 3.4.1. Cc tc ng do gii phng mt bng Giai on gii phng mt bng d n l giai on gy tc ng ln n mi trng khu vc. Tuy nhin, cc tc ng ca giai on ny ti mi trng xung quanh s ht sau khi kt thc. Cng tc gii phng mt bng c tc ng n mi trng kinh t x hi ca ngi dn trong khu vc nh lm thay i mc ch s dng t, chuyn i t sn xut nng nghip thnh t cng nghip v i km theo n l vic chuyn i ngnh ngh t trng trt sang cc ngnh ngh khc, gy tc ng rt ln ti cuc sng ca ngi dn trc mt cng nh lu di. 3.4.2. Cc tc ng trong giai on thi cng xy dng h tng v giai on hot ng 3.4.2.1. Tc ng n mi trng khng kh Trong phn nh gi v tc ng ca kh thi n mi trng khng kh khu vc cn lm r cc ni dung sau: Cc ngun thi kh, lu lng kh thi ca tng ngun. Thnh phn, nng cht nhim, ti lng nhim trong kh thi. Ngun pht sinh ting n ca nh my, cng gy n ca tng ngun. Tnh ton mc lan truyn bi v kh thi, ting n nh hng mi trng khng kh khu vc theo thi gian v khng gian trn c s s dng cc m hnh lan truyn kh (Sutton, ...) (ph lc 2).

Giai on thi cng

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

Qu trnh thi cng xy dng ca d n s lm tng mt phng tin vn chuyn nguyn vt liu xy dng, my mc, thit b thi cng, cng nhn thi cng cc hng mc cng trnh, lp t my mc thit b cng ngh. Mt phng tin vn chuyn tng s lm gia tng nhim bi, ting n v gy nn cc tai nn lao ng. Cc tc ng chnh ca d n bao gm: Lm thay i h sinh thi khu vc khi san lp mt bng Tc ng ca bi t, bi ct trong qu trnh vn chuyn, thi cng ti ngi cng nhn lao ng trc tip v nhn dn sng quanh khu vc d n. Tc ng do kh thi t nhin liu (xng du) ca cc phng tin vn ti v my mc thi cng trn cng trng. Tc ng do n, rung t cc thit b my mc thi cng xy dng.

nhim bi do t vt liu san lp v vt liu xy dng tp kt ti cng trng nhim bi t vt liu san lp Theo ti liu nh gi nhanh ca WHO th h s trung bnh pht tn bi ti cng trng l 0,075kg/tn vt liu san lp. Da trn khi lng t ct cn san lp s tnh c tng lng bi pht sinh t vt liu san lp. Ti lng bi pht sinh s c tnh ton theo tng lng bi pht sinh t vt liu san lp/ d kin thi gian san lp mt bng. nhim bi t vt liu xy dng Qu trnh bc d v tp kt nguyn vt liu ti cng trng xy dng s gy pht tn bi ra mi trng xung quanh. Bi ch yu pht tn ra t cc ngun vt liu nh ct, , xi mng v mt phn t st thp. Da trn d tnh v tng khi lng nguyn vt liu (xi mng, ct, , st thp, vn khun,) cn s dng cho cng trnh v quy c h s pht thi ti a ca bi pht sinh bi t nguyn vt liu xy dng trong qu trnh vn chuyn, bc d v tp kt (tng ng vi h s pht thi ca vt liu san lp: 0,075kg/tn) s a ra c tng lng bi pht sinh t qu trnh ny. y, ti lng bi pht sinh cng c tnh ton tng t nh theo tng lng bi pht sinh t qu trnh bc d v tp kt nguyn vt liu ti cng trng xy dng/ d kin thi gian san thc hin qu trnh ny. nhim bi ng do hot ng ca cc phng tin vn chuyn nguyn vt liu phc v xy dng cng trnh

39

Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

xc nh h s pht sinh bi t trong qu trnh vn chuyn vt liu xy dng, p dng cng thc:

s S W w L = 1,7 k x x x 12 48 2,7 4
Trong : L k s S

0,7

0,5

: Ti lng bi (kg/km/lt xe) : Kch thc ht (0,2) : Lng t trn ng (8,9%)

: Tc trung bnh ca xe (30 km/h) W : Trng lng c ti ca xe (10 tn)

: S bnh xe (10 bnh)

Kt qu tnh ton c h s pht sinh bi do xe vn chuyn vt liu l 0,65 kg/km/lt xe. Tng ti lng nhim bi ng do vn chuyn vt liu xy dng c tnh ton da trn c s: S lng xe vn chuyn tng khi lng vt liu san lp v vt liu xy dng H s pht sinh bi (0,65 kg/km/lt xe) Qung ng vn chuyn nhim do bi v kh thi t cc phng tin vn chuyn vt liu xy dng Da vo h s nhim do T chc Y t Th gii (WHO) thit lp i vi cc loi xe vn ti s dng du DO c cng sut 3,5 - 16,0 tn, c th c tnh c tng lng bi v cc cht nhim trong kh thi phng tin vn chuyn nguyn vt liu xy dng. Bng 3.9. c tnh ti lng cc cht nhim trong kh thi ca cc phng tin vn chuyn nguyn vt liu xy dng Stt 1 2 Cht nhim Bi SO2 Ti lng (kg/1.000km) 0,9 4,15S

40

Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

Stt 3 4 5

Cht nhim NOX CO THC

Ti lng (kg/1.000km) 14,4 2,9 0,8

Ngun: Rapid inventory technique in environmental control, WHO 1993 Ghi ch: S l hm lng lu hunh trong du DO (0,5%); nhim ting n Bn cnh vic pht sinh ra kh thi, cc phng tin giao thng cng gy ra ting n, mc n cc i ca cc loi xe c gii. Ting n pht sinh giai on ny ch yu l t cc my mc san i v cc phng tin vn chuyn vi mc ln ti 80 90 dBA. Tham kho cc ti liu k thut, c c kt qu v n pht sinh do cc phng tin vn chuyn v thit b thi cng phc v cng trnh nh sau (bng 3.10 v 3.11) Bng 3.10. Mc n ca cc phng tin vn chuyn v thit b thi cng Stt 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 Thit b My i My m nn (xe lu) My xc gu trc My ko My cp t My lt ng Xe ti My trn b tng Bm b tng Cn trc di ng My nn Mc n (dBA), cch ngun n 15 m Ti liu (1) Ti liu (2) 93,0 72,0 - 74,0 72,0 - 84,0 77,0 - 96,0 80,0 - 93,0 87,0 - 88,5 82,0 - 94,0 75,0 75,0 - 88,0 80,0 - 83,0 76,0 - 87,0 80,0 75,0 - 87,0

Ngun: Ti liu (1) - Nguyn nh Tun v cc cng s; Ti liu (2) - Mackernize, L.da, nm 1985. Bng 3.11. Mc n gy ra do xe c gii (dBA) Loi xe Xe du lch Xe mini bus Mc n (dBA) 77 84

41

Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

Xe vn ti Xe m t 4 th Xe m t 2 th

93 94 80

Ngun: Bi Vn Ga- t v nhim mi trng, 1999

nhim do ting n s c mc nng trong giai on ny v cc phng tin my mc s dng nhiu, hot ng lin tc. nhim ting n gy ra nhng tc ng xu i vi con ngi v ng vt nui trong vng chu nh hng ca ngun pht thi. Cc nhm i tng chu tc ng ca ting n thi cng bao gm: Cng nhn trc tip thi cng, dn c xung quanh khu vc d n, ngi i ng v ng vt nui. Mc tc ng c th phn chia theo 3 cp i tng chu tc ng nh sau: Nng: Cng nhn trc tip thi cng v cc i tng khc c ly gn (bn knh chu nh hng < 100m) Trung bnh: Tt c cc i tng chu tc ng c ly xa (t 100-500m) Nh: Ngi i ng v vt nui.

Giai on vn hnh Nh nu bng 4.4, cc cht nhim trong kh thi t hot ng dt nhum ch yu l SO2, NOx, CO (pht sinh t qu trnh t nhin liu) v cc hp cht hu c d bay hi (hon tt, nhum, in hoa). Ngoi ra cn c Clo (ty trng), hp cht lu hunh (h si), bi bng (dt vi),... Vic d bo ti lng kh thi t hot ng dt nhum c th p dng cc phng php nh gi nhanh ca WHO (Assessment of sources of air, water, and land pollution, A guide to rapid source inventory techniques and their use in formulating environmental control strategies. Part 1: Rapid Inventory Techniques in Environmental Pollution, 1993), USEPA (Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors. 5th Edition, 1995), EMEP/CORINAIR (Emission Inventory Guidebook, 2006), GS.TS. Trn Ngc Chn ( nhim khng kh v x l kh thi, 2001). Cc s liu d bo ny cn c so snh vi cc TCVN v tiu chun thi lm c s nh gi tc ng n cc thnh phn mi trng. Vic pht tn cc kh c v ting n s gp phn lm gia tng mc nhim khng kh chung cho ton vng v c bit l nh hng nghim trng n sc kho con ngi. Tuy nhin phm vi pht tn kh thi ca hot ng dt nhum khng rng, ch yu trong khun vin nh my. V vy cn d bo nh hng ca cc cht nhim trong kh thi n sc khe ca cng nhn. 3.4.2.2. Tc ng n mi trng nc

42

Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

Giai on thi cng Ngun gy nhim nc trong giai on ny ch yu l nc thi sinh hot ca cng nhn v nc ma chy trn trn b mt cng trng xy dng. Do tp trung nhiu cng nhn xy dng nn lng nc thi sinh hot (bnh qun 60 - 80 lt/ngi/ngy m) thng ln, song cng thay i theo thi gian v ma trong nm. Nc thi sinh hot cha nhiu cht cn b, cht rn l lng, cht hu c, cc cht dinh dng v vi sinh vt. Da trn s lng cng nhn tham gia xy dng d n s d kin c ti lng cc cht nhim trong nc thi sinh hot ti khu vc xy dng d n. Nc ma chy trn c lu lng ph thuc vo ch kh hu khu vc v thng c hm lng cht l lng l bn t cao, ngoi ra cn c nhiu tp cht khc Giai on hot ng Nc thi sinh ra trong giai on ny ca d n ch yu l nc thi cng nghip v nc thi sinh hot. y l ngun gy nhim ch yu t hat ng dt nhum. Phn ni dung ny cn lm r: Lu lng nc thi sinh hot, nc thi sn xut (cc loi) sinh ra trong ngy, thng, nm. Thnh phn, nng cht nhim, ti lng nhim trong nc thi. V tr v kh nng tip nhn nc thi ca cc im nc mt trong khu vc. nh gi kh nng lan truyn v mc gy nhim mi trng nc c th xy ra.

Nhu cu v nc v nc thi sn xut trong x nghip dt nhum Ngnh dt nhum l mt trong nhng ngnh cng nghip c nhu cu s dng nc ln nht. Nhu cu ny thay i tu theo sn phm v cng ngh sn xut. Trung bnh lng nc s dng sn xut mt mt vi nm trong khong t 12 n 65 lt. Nc dng trong nh my dt i th phn b nh sau: Sn xut hi nc: Lm mt thit b: Phun m v kh bi trong cc phn xng: Nc dng trong cc cng on cng ngh: Nc v sinh v sinh hot: Phng ha v cho cc vic khc: 5,3% 6,4% 7,8% 72,3% 7,6% 0,6% 100%

43

Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

nh mc nc s dng trong cng ngh nhum trung bnh l 20-100m3/ tn sn phm, tng ng vi lng nc thi t vi trm n ln hn 1000m3/ ngy. c trng quan trng nht ca nc thi t cc c s dt nhum l s dao ng rt ln c v lu lng v ti lng cc cht nhim, thay i theo ma, theo mt hng sn xut v cht lng sn phm. Theo mc chung, c sn xut ra 1kg vi th dng ht 200 lt nc (bng ). Mt lng nc thi ln sinh ra c cha mt lot cc ho cht, s dng trong sut cc qu trnh. Chng c th s em li nhiu hu qu nu khng c x l trc khi thi ra mi trng. Do vy, nhu cu v lng cng nh cht lng nc s dng l mt vn rt ln t ra i vi mi c s sn xut. S dng tiu th hp l nc cng l mt vn kinh t quan trng, i hi phi c s qun l nghim ngt v phi lm gim ti thiu lng nc s dng cng nh ti s dng ngun nc thi. Bng 3.12. Tiu th nc trung bnh ca cc loi vi Phn loi qu trnh Len Si dt Dt kim Si thm Si Si khng dt Si n Tiu th nc, (m3/tn si nguyn liu) Thp nht Trung bnh Cao nht 111 285 659 5 114 508 20 84 377 8.3 47 163 3.3 100 558 2.5 40 83 33 213 933

Ngun:ng Trn Phng, 2005

c tnh nc thi ngnh dt - nhum Mi cng on ca cng ngh c cc dng nc thi v c tnh ca chng. Bng 3.13. Cc cht gy nhim v c tnh ca nc thi ngnh dt - nhum Cng on Cht nhim trong nc thi H si, gi Tinh bt, glucoz, carboxy metyl h xeluloz, polyvinyl alcol, nha, cht bo v sp Nu, ty NaOH, cht sp v du m, tro, soda, silicat natri v x si vn Ty trng Hypoclorit, hp cht cha clo, NaOH, AOX, axit.. Lm bng NaOH, tp cht c tnh ca nc thi BOD cao (34% - 50% tng lng BOD) kim cao, mu ti, BOD cao (30% tng lng BOD) kim cao, chim 5% tng lng BOD kim cao, BOD thp (di 1% tng BOD)

44

Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

Nhum In Hon thin

Cc loi thuc nhum, axit axetic v cc mui kim loi Cht mu, tinh bt, du, t st, mui kim loi, axit Vt tinh bt, m ng vt, mui

mu rt cao, BOD kh cao (6% tng BOD), TS cao mu cao, BOD cao v du m Kim nh, BOD thp, lng nh

Mc nhim ca nc thi dt nhum ph thuc rt ln vo loi v lng ho cht s dng, vo kt cu mt hng sn xut (ty trng, nhum, in hoa...), vo t l s dng si tng hp, vo loi hnh cng ngh sn xut (gin on, lin tc hay bn lin tc), vo c tnh my mc thit b s dng... Cc c t trong nc thi ca cc nh my dt may cn thay i dao ng ph thuc vo trang thit b sn xut. nh gi mc v ti lng gy nhim mi trng nc th p dng cc phng php nh gi nhanh ca WHO (Assessment of sources of air, water, and land pollution, A guide to rapid source inventory techniques and their use in formulating environmental control strategies. Part 1: Rapid Inventory Techniques in Environmental Pollution, 1993), USEPA (Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors. 5th Edition, 1995), EMEP/CORINAIR (Emission Inventory Guidebook, 2006), GS.TS. Trn Ngc Chn ( nhim khng kh v x l kh thi, 2001). Hoc c th s dng s liu tham kho mc nhim t cc c s dt nhum khc (c quy trnh cng ngh, quy m tng t) nh trong bng 3.14. Bng 3.14- c tnh nc thi ca mt s x nghip dt nhum Vit Nam (Mu hn hp cc dng thi) X nghip n v Cc thng s c tnh sn phm 1 2 Hng pha dt kim 264 9-10 9501380 90-220 3 Hng pha dt kim 280 9-10 8001100 120-400 4 Dt len 114 9 420 120130 400450 260300 Si 236 9-11 8001300 90-130 210230 5 Hng bng dt thoi Nc thi m3/1tn vi 394 pH 8-11 TS (tng hm lng mg/l 400-1000 cht rn) BOD5 mg/l 70-135 COD mu mg/l Pt - Co 150-380 350-600

230-500 5701200 250-500 10001600

Ngun: Trung tm Khoa hc v Cng ngh Mi trng, 2005

45

Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

Tc ng do nc thi sn xut gy ra nh hng ca cc cht gy nhim trong nc thi cng nghip ngnh dt nhum c th tm tt nh sau: - pH ca nc thi c gi tr 9-12 s nh hng nghim trng n s tn ti v pht trin ca cc loi thu sinh. - Tng lng cht rn l lng v ha tan u cao hn quy nh. Trong c nhiu cht c hi: thuc nhum kh phn gii, cc cht hot ng b mt, c bit l cc loi mui ha tan vi nng cao kh nng tiu dit cc loi vi sinh vt. - Cc ion kim loi nng dng t do v dng phc cng gy ra nhng nh hng rt bt li. - Cc cht kh c trong nc thi lm gim ng k DO trong nc. - Mu nc thi vi nng cao lm gim tnh thm m v ngn cn cc qu trnh quang hp ca cc sinh vt trong nc. Nc thi c mu m th cng ng khng chp nhn, trc ht thuc phm tr ngoi quan hay thm m. Nhng iu ng ch l nc thi c mu m cn tr hp th oxy v bc x mt tri, bt li cho h hp v sinh trng ca qun th vi sinh v cc loi thy sinh khc. V nh th nh hng xu n kh nng phn gii vi sinh cc hp cht hu c trong nc thi. - Kh nng tch t sinh hc ca sinh vt trong nc. - nh hng n nc ngm, gy hu qu lu di. c im, tnh cht nu trn ca nc thi Nh my Dt - Nhum s khng ch lm nhim nc mt nhng ao, h, sng, nc ngm trong khu vc m cn c th lm gia tng dng chy mt ca ngun tip nhn gy nn hin tng xi l, tch t... 3.4.2.3. Tc ng n mi trng t Vic xy dng Nh my Dt - Nhum s tc ng ti mi trng t trong khu vc. t b tc ng chnh do cng vic o p v b xi mn. Vic o p nh hng trc tip n sn xut nng nghip v lm nghip, cnh quan mi trng. Xi mn s to ra lng sng ngi, cng rnh thot nc v c th gy ng ngp, gim cht lng nc mt, nh hng n h sinh thi di nc. Ngoi ra do nh hng ca kh thi, nc thi ca nh my cng gy nn nhim t v cy trng. V vy, cn phi nh gi xc mc tc ng ca vic o t, p t v xi mn i vi ti nguyn v h sinh thi nht l trong giai on thi cng v d bo mc t c th b nhim do cc cht thi trong giai on hot ng ca d n. Cn xut cc gii php phng nga v kim sot cc tc ng xu ny. 3.4.2.4. Cht thi rn

46

Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

Giai on xy dng Cht thi rn ch yu trong giai on ny l cc loi nguyn vt liu xy dng ph thi, ri vi nh gch ngi, xi mng, st thp vn... Lng cht thi ny l tu thuc vo quy m ca tng cng trnh v trnh qun l ca d n, ngoi ra cn mt s lng nh rc thi sinh hot. Giai on vn hnh Cht thi rn ch yu ca Nh my Dt - Nhum bao gm cc cht thi km hiu qu khi x l sinh hc nh: vi vn, bi bng, bao b, chai l thu tinh ng ho cht, giy vn, kt nha, x than, cn du, bi cn x l nc, bng n neon hng. nh gi c mc tc ng mi trng ca cht thi rn c bit l cht thi rn cng nghip cn phi: Tnh tng khi lng v thnh phn cht thi rn pht sinh trong tng cng on sn xut ca nh my. c bit lu cht thi c hi (bao b ng ha cht, cn du, bng n neon hng);. Khi lng, thnh phn cht thi rn sinh hot.

3.4.2.5. Tc ng n mi trng sinh thi Giai on xy dng Tc ng tiu cc ca d n ln ti nguyn sinh hc ch yu din ra trong qu trnh gii to v san lp mt bng. Cc kha cnh tc ng ca qu trnh xy dng cng trnh n ti nguyn sinh vt th hin nh sau : Qu trnh trn, b tng trn mt t, cc cht thi ri trn b mt, cc cht thi sinh hot khc,tc ng n mi trng t gy nh hng xu n cc sinh vt sng trong t nh giun t, d, cn trng khc,.. Cc loi cn li phi di di i ni khc do hu ht din tch t d n b b tng hoc nha ho. Nc ma chy trn qua b mt khu t d n c th mang theo cc cht nhim trn mt t nh xi mng, vng du nht, cht thi sinh hot ca cng nhn,... gy nhim ngun tip nhn, gy c v nhim ngun nc nh hng trc tip n cc thu sinh vt sng trong cc ngun nc ny. Giai on vn hnh Cc tc ng ny ch yu lin quan n vic thi cc cht nhim nc, kh, cc cht thi rn vt qu mc cho php vo mi trng tip nhn gy nn nhng bin i c bn v h sinh thi. Tu theo dng cht thi v mi trng tip nhn m cc h sinh thi c th b tc ng:

47

Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

H sinh thi di nc: nc thi ca Nh my Dt - Nhum nh trnh by phn trn b nhim bi cht hu c, ho cht, kim loi nng, cht mu v du m. Tnh cht nhim ca nc thi lm cho mi trng nc b bin i bt li (DO gim, pH bin i, nhiu cht c ho hc...) cho s sinh tn ca hu ht cc loi thu sinh v thm ch lm gim kh nng t lm sch ca ngun nc. H sinh thi trn cn: cht thi rn v kh ca Nh my Dt - Nhum s c nhng nh hng nht nh. Nhn chung, cc ng vt nui cng nh cc loi ng vt hoang d u rt nhy cm vi s nhim mi trng.

Hu ht cc cht nhim mi trng khng kh v mi trng nc thi u c tc ng xu n thc vt v ng vt, gy nh hng c hi i vi ngh nng v ngh trng vn. Biu hin chnh ca n l lm cho cy trng chm pht trin, c bit l cc sng khi quang ho gy tc hi n cc loi rau trng, u, la, ng, cc loi cy n tri v cc loi cy cnh. Cc thnh phn nhim trong mi trng khng kh nh SO2, NO2, Clo, aldehyde v bi than, ngay c nng thp cng lm chm qu trnh sinh trng ca cy trng, nng cao lm vng l, hoa qu b lp, b nt, v mc cao hn cy s b cht. Vi c im nu trn cn thit phi c d bo v mc tc ng ny. 4.4.2.6. Tc ng n mi trng kinh t - x hi Sc kho cng ng i vi Nh my Dt - Nhum, tt c cc ngun gy nhim trong qu trnh hot ng u c th gy tc ng trc tip hoc gin tip n sc kho ca con ngi trong vng chu nh hng ca D n. Tu thuc vo nng v thi gian tc dng ca cc cht nhim m mc tc hi ca chng i vi sc kho cng ng s khc nhau. Kinh t x hi Qu trnh hnh thnh v s hot ng ca mt d n cng nghip nh Nh my Dt - Nhum c mt ngha kinh t x hi rt to ln cho khu vc ni ring v cho t nc ni chung. Trc tin l vic gp phn to ra cng n vic lm v nng cao i sng ca nhn dn trong vng. Vic a D n vo hot ng s l ngun thu ht lao ng ln v gii quyt vic lm khng ch cho ngi dn a phng, to nn cnh quan mi vi tin trnh th ho nhanh hn. iu ny cng gp phn lm tng dn tr v thc vn minh th cho nhn dn trong khu vc. Nhng ni dung ny c th c lm sng t bi tnh ton chi ph - li ch. Cp thot nc

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

Nhu cu s dng nc ca Nh my Dt - Nhum thng ln nn u phi khoan ging hoc o ging khai thc nc ngm phc v cho sn xut v sinh hot ca nh my. Vic khai thc nc ngm c nguy c gy nn s cn kit ngun nc ngm vo ma kh, dn c trong khu vc s khng nc dng v t ko theo hng lot cc tc ng tiu cc khc. i vi vn thot nc, hot ng ca D n c th lm gia tng mc chu ti ca h thng thot nc tp trung hoc lm gia tng lu lng v dng chy, lm nhim cc sng tip nhn nc thi. V vy cn phi xem xt v nh gi thc t v kh nng tiu thot nc ca khu vc d n, kh nng xy ra tnh trng ngp lt... Giao thng vn ti S hnh thnh v hot ng ca D n s gp phn cng vi cc hot ng khc trong khu vc lm cho tnh trng v sinh ng ph, bi tng ln do cc phng tin vn chuyn nguyn vt liu. Mt giao thng trong khu vc tng ln lm nh hng n nhu cu i li ca nhn dn. Tuy vy, chnh s pht trin ca d n cng s gp phn ci thin h thng ng cng nh thc y qu trnh th ho trong khu vc. Cng trnh vn ho lch s Cc cng trnh vn ho lch s trong khu vc thc hin d n c th b tc ng cn c m t v nh gi c th v cc mt: a im, loi cng trnh, nin i v gi tr tinh thn cng nh vt cht ca cng trnh. Vic nh gi tc ng ca d n i vi cc cng trnh vn ho lch s v kho c phi cp ti cc tc ng gy nt n, ln st cng trnh v ng thi kin ngh k hoch v bin php bo v cc cng trnh vn ho lch s trong khu vc d n. 4.4.2.7. nh gi ri ro, s c Qua phn tch quy trnh cng ngh nh my cho thy: Kh nng gy s c mi trng ca nh my bao gm: s chy n do chp in, r r nhin liu, tai nn lao ng ngh nghip S c chy n c im ca ngnh cng nghip Dt - Nhum l s dng v tng tr mt lng ln nhin liu (du, than), nguyn liu (ho cht, vi, si, bng). Do vy cn c cc bin php phng chng s c nh: chng st, chng chp in v c bit l chng chy, n. Khi s c gy chy n khi xy ra c th dn ti cc thit hi ln v kinh t x hi v lm nhim mi trng c ba h thng sinh thi nc, t v khng kh mt cch nghim trng. Hn na n nh hng ti tnh mng ca con ngi, ng vt nui v ti sn ca nhn dn trong vng.

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

An ton lao ng Tai nn lao ng xy ra lm suy gim sc khe, gy thng tt v c th b mt kh nng lao ng. Nhiu trng hp c th dn n cht ngi. S c cc cng trnh x l nhim Khi gp s c, cc h thng ny thi ra mi trng mt lng ln cc cht gy nhim khng kh nh bi, CO, SO2, NOx nhim nc gy tc ng n mi trng sinh thi khu vc v cc vng ln cn, nh hng n sc khe ca con ngi. Ngoi ra. tu theo iu kin ca tng a phng cn nh gi kh nng xy ra s c ngp lt vo ma ma ko theo cc hu qu nhim do nc ma chy trn to nn (trn nc thi, lp ng cng thot,...). Cc loi tc ng mi trng nh nu trn sau khi xem xt v nh gi s c tng kt thnh bng ma trn d bo mc tc ng t cc hot ng trong giai on thi cng xy dng d n v trong giai on d n hot ng. 4.5. Cc phng php nh gi tc ng c th p dng i vi d n dt nhum D bo v nh gi tc ng c th da trn nhng bc chnh sau y: Bc 1- Nhn dng v sp xp th t u tin cc tc ng mi trng Nhn dng cc tc ng l bc u tin nh gi nhng vn mi trng then cht lin quan n d n dt nhum, sp xp u tin nhng vn mi trng cho bc phn tch k tip. Cc phng php c s dng cho bc ny bao gm: Phng php thng k: Thu thp v x l cc s liu v iu kin kh tng, thy vn, kinh t x hi ti khu vc xy dng d n Phng php ly mu ngoi hin trng v phn tch trong phng th nghim: Xc nh cc thng s v hin trng cht lng khng kh, nc, n ti khu t d n v khu vc xung quanh; ly mu nc phn tch ti nguyn sinh vt thu sinh. Phng php nh gi nhanh theo h s nhim do T chc Y t Th gii thit lp: c tnh ti lng cc cht nhim t qu trnh xy dng v hot ng ca d n theo cc h s nhim ca WHO. Phng php so snh: nh gi cc tc ng trn c s so snh cc QCVN, TCVN hin hnh.

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

Phng php lp bng lit k v phng php ma trn: Phng php ny s dng lp mi quan h gia cc hot ng ca d n v cc tc ng mi trng gy ra. Phng php tham vn cng ng: Phng php ny s dng trong qu trnh phng vn lnh o v nhn dn a phng ti ni thc hin D n. Phng php ny cng th hin qua vic Ch d n xin kin bng vn bn ca i din UBND v UBMT T Quc x, ni thc hin d n.

Bc 2 - D bo qui m v cng ca cc tc ng Bc tip theo nhm d bo qui m v cng ca tc ng, nhng vn mi trng chnh. D bo phi c lng ho cng nhiu cng tt tnh ton cc tc ng, c th so snh cc tc ng mi trng ca cc phng n. Trong nhiu trng hp, tc ng mi trng khng th lng ho c mt cch d dng, phi s dng cc phng php so snh cc tc ng, v d nh phng php thang im v trng s. Cc phng php c th l cc m hnh ton (v d lng ho kh thi, nc thi, cht dinh dng v cc cht thi v c). Sau khi c cc d bo v nh gi nh tnh/nh lng cc tc ng, phng php chuyn gia v tham vn kin cng ng s gip nh gi ng mc v qui m v cng ca tc ng, c bit trong trng hp thiu cc d liu lng ho, khi nn s dng cch tip cn phng nga .

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

CHNG 4. BIN PHP GIM THIU TC NG XU, PHNG NGA V NG PH S C MI TRNG Yu cu: vic la chn v a ra cc bin php gim thiu tc ng xu cn m bo cc nguyn tc sau: Cc bin php gim c th hin theo tng giai on pht trin ca d n (chun b, xy dng v vn hnh); Gim thiu ti mc ti a c th c cc tc ng xu ti mi trng ph hp vi quy m cng trnh, ngun ti chnh cho php ca d n; Mi loi tc ng xu xc nh u phi c bin php gim thiu tng ng, c l gii r rng v u im, nhc im, mc kh thi, hiu sut/hiu qu x l. Trong trng hp khng th c bin php hoc c nhng kh kh thi trong khun kh ca d n th phi nu r l do v c kin ngh c th; Phi c chng minh rng, sau khi p dng bin php th tc ng xu s c gim n mc no, c so snh, i chiu vi cc tiu chun, quy chun k thut hin hnh. Trng hp khng p ng c yu cu quy nh th phi nu r l do v c nhng kin ngh c th.

4.1. i vi cc tc ng xu 4.1.1. Nguyn tc Gim thiu ti mc ti a c th c ph hp vi cng ngh x l i vi qu trnh sn xut ngay t giai on u ca d n. Bin php gim thiu phi c tnh kh thi cao, ph hp vi cc mc tiu sn xut v ph hp vi ngun ti chnh cho php ca ch u t. C phng n ph hp i vi nhng tc ng mi trng khng th khc phc hoc gim nh. Cc bin php bo v mi trng phi c thc thi sut c qu trnh chun b mt bng, xy dng nh my v qu trnh hot ng ca nh my.

Di y l nhng gi v cc bin php gim thiu c th c xem xt p dng: Nh phn tch chng 4, cc tc ng ca D n n mi trng xut pht t vic thi cc cht nhim vt qu tiu chun cho php vo mi trng v cc s c pht sinh trong qu trnh hot ng ca d n. Do vy, gim thiu cc tc ng ca D n n mi trng cn phi khng ch nhim do cc cht thi v hn ch n mc thp nht kh nng xy ra s c. Vic khng ch v gim thiu nhim do cht thi ca d n xy dng Nh my Dt - Nhum c th c tin hnh bng cch kt hp 3 bin php sau:

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

Bin php ngn nga nhim v s c. Bin php k thut khng ch nhim v x l cht thi. Bin php qun l v quan trc mi trng.

4.1.2. Gim thiu tc ng gy nhim mi trng khng kh Giai on thi cng Gim thiu bi t Cc cng on trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng nh: xe t vn chuyn nguyn vt liu, t ct san nn, trn b tng, phun sn, hn kim loi hu nh thc hin ngoi tri. Do cc cht nhim ny d dng khuych tn vo mi trng khng kh. Cc bin php qun l my mc phng tin chuyn ch, xy dng k hoch thi cng hp l, qun l kho tng, bn bi c thc hin nhm gim thiu nhim mi trng khng kh c thc hin, c th l: Che chn cng trng xy dng trnh pht tn bi (chiu cao ti thiu 2,5m). Ph bt kn cc vt liu khi vn chuyn, cng nh nhng khu vc pht sinh nhiu bi, ti nc ng vn chuyn trn cng trng trong ma kh gim lng bi trong khng kh, nht l trong iu kin thi cng c nng nng ko di. C k hoch thi cng v cung cp vt t hp l, hn ch vic tp kt vt t tp trung vo cng mt thi im Phun nc ti mt ng vo nhng ngy nng kh. San lp n u lu m k mt bng n y.

Qun l my mc phng tin chuyn ch S dng cc loi xe ti ch nguyn vt liu xy dng ng theo qui nh hin hnh. Tt c cc xe u phi c vi bt che ph t ct. Khng c chuyn ch qu y, qu ti. Khng c chy vi tc cao lm ri,vng vi t ct trn ng. T chc b tr chiu xe i li thng thong, hp l, khng ng thi trt nguyn vt liu cng mt lc qu nhiu xe ti gy bi m mt khu vc d n. S dng nhin liu ng vi thit k ca ng c, hn ch dng xe s dng du diezel gim thiu pht sinh kh thi SO2 Khng c chuyn ch qu trng ti quy nh. Tng cng bo dng v nh gi cht lng kh thi ca xe, khng s dng xe qu nin hn vn chuyn vt liu thi cng cng trnh. Cc trm trn b tng ti t trong khu vc d n phi che chn hp l trnh gy nh hng ti cht lng mi trng khu vc.

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

Xy dng k hoch thi cng hp l Thc hin k hoch thi cng cun chiu. Lp k hoch xy dng v nhn lc chnh xc trnh chng cho gia cc quy trnh thc hin, p dng phng php xy dng hin i, cc phng tin thi cng tin tin, c gii ha v ti u ha quy trnh xy dng. C k hoch thi cng v k hoch cung cp vt t vt liu, hn ch tp kt vt t tp trung vo cng mt thi im. Qun l kho tng, bn bi: Cc kho cha vt liu v ct s dng sn sut b tng s c xy dng tng bao Xi mng v cc vt liu ht mn khc c tp kt vi khi lng ln s c cha trong kho kn.

Giai on vn hnh Nh trnh by trong chng 4, nhim khng kh nh my dt nhum ch yu l do khi t l hi t du v cc dng kh c trng pht ra t dy chuyn cng ngh. Do vy gim thiu tc ng mi trng khng kh c th xem xt p dng cc bin php sau: Dng nhin liu (than hoc du) c hm lng lu hunh thp. p dng cng ngh tin tin. Xy dng ng khi c chiu cao ph hp trong mi tng quan vi lu lng, nng kh thi, a hnh v iu kin kh hu khu vc. Trong cc phn xng ca nh my cn phi c thit k m bo iu kin v sinh cng nghip, m bo thng thong v m bo ch vi kh hu bn trong cng trnh nht l ti nhng v tr thao tacs ca ngi cng nhn bng cch thit lp h thng thng gi t nhin, h thng thng gi ht, thng gi chung hoc thng gi cc b (phn xng nghin bt, ln men...). Ti cc ngun sinh ra kh thi c hi v bi cn lp t cc thit b x l kh, bi c cng sut ph hp m bm kh thi sau x l t tiu chun mi trng cho php.

hn ch nh hng ca kh thi ti mi trng, cn phi lp t cc thit b thu gom v x l kh thi. Hai phng php ch yu thng c p dng x l kh thi dt nhum l phng php hp th v phng php hp ph. Phng php hp th t ra c hiu qu v gi thnh u t c th chp nhn c. Nguyn l ca phng php hp th da trn cc phn ng ho hc, s chnh lch nng gia pha kh v pha lng. Dung dch hp th l nc hoc kim long s hp th c loi kh c nh SO2, H2S, HCl thot ra t mt s cng on ca cng ngh dt nhum. Hiu qu hp th kh ph thuc vo vic s dng dung mi hp th v nhit . Nu s dng dung mi hp th l nc,hiu qu hp th ch t 50 60 % i vi cc kh nh SO2, NO2. tuy nhin nu s dng dung dch kim long l dung mi hp th th hiu qu x l c th t ln ti 85 90 %. Nc thi ra t cc thit

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

b hp th kh mang tnh axt hoc cha cc cht kt ta v mui v c, do cn phi x l trc khi thi ra mi trng. Thit b s dng hp th kh gm cc loi nh sau: Thp phun Thit b dng ra cyclon Thit b gia tc ra kh Thit b dnga Thp m

C th x l ng thi SOx v NOx bng dung dch kim. Hiu qu x l SO2 thng khong 90% cn NOx l 70 90%. i vi bi bng, c th trang b h thng iu khng khng ch nhit , m bn trong phn xng lao ng trong gii hn theo yu cu k thut cc phn xng dt si. Qua b phn lc kh tun hon ca h thng iu kng, hm lng bi gim ng k. Ting n cng l mt tc nhn gy kh chu, tn hi n sc kho con ngi, hn ch bng cch s dng my mc hin i t gy n hoc trang b h thng gim thanh, cch m cho my mc. 4.1.3. Gim thiu nh hng ting n, rung Giai on thi cng Cc phng tin tham gia xy dng t c tiu chun v mc gy n theo tiu chun Vit Nam 5949:1998.Cc phng tin vn ti, my mc thi cng phi c giy php lu hnh ca Cc Kim nh. Cc on tuyn gn khu dn c ch c php hot ng trong thi gian quy nh trnh thi gian cn yn tnh nh bui tra hay ban m. Quy nh cc phng tin vn ti v cc my cng c c n cao nh: my ng cc, my o, my xckhng c hot ng vo gi ngh v cng mt thi im. Cc phng tin v my thi cng nh k bo dng, thng xuyn bi trn du m. Hn ch bp ci v gim tc xe khi i qua cc khu vc dn c tp trung v trong cng trng xy dng. Lp t v bo dng, kim tra thng xuyn cc thit b gim n hoc xy dng cc bc cch m vng quanh khu vc c th gy ra mc n cao (my in, my nn kh, my xc, my i, xe lu, trm trn b tng lu ng..). B tr hp l ng vn chuyn v i li, trnh ng vn chuyn i ngang qua khu vc dn c, cm vn chuyn v thi cng cc cng vic c mc n cao vo ban m (22 n 6 h sng), gim tc khi i qua khu vc dn c.

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

Gim ti a ting n ti ngun gy nhim: bng cch thit k cc b phn gim m, trang thit b trnh n, bo h c nhn cho cng nhn lm vic ti nhng b phn gy n nh m chp tai hoc nt chng n bng cht do.

Giai on vn hnh gim thiu nh hng ting n, rung trong qu trnh hot ng n cc khu vc ln cn, cc bin php gim thiu c phi hp p dng: Khu vc sn xut c b tr cch ly vi khu vc vn phng La chn cc thit b c ting n thp hoc khng gy n i vi cc thit b sn sinh ra nhiu ting n s dng phng php tng cch m, gim chn lm gim ting n nh: ng x kh ca trm kh nn, trm xy u lp t b gim thanh. T my vn hnh trong trm ch xy u b tr chp cch m. Ting n sinh ra trong cc cng on sn xut qua x l gim thanh, cch m, tng nh xng che chn v c ly thch hp lm hn ch ting n, tho mn yu cu ca tiu chun i vi nh hng khu vc xung quanh nh my. B tr my mc thit b trong cc dy chuyn sn xut mt cch hp l ng thi thng xuyn kim tra bo dng my mc nh k. Cc chn , b bn c gia c bng b tng, lp t cc m chng rung bng cao su v thng xuyn kim tra cn bng v hiu chnh khi cn thit. Trng cy xanh hn ch lan truyn ting n

4.1.4. Gim thiu tc ng gy nhim mi trng nc Giai on thi cng Gim thiu tc ng gy nhim mi trng do nc thi t hot ng xy dng cng trnh Xy dng b bao xung quanh khu vc d n bng cc tre v bao ti trnh cc hin tng st l, tri t ct (cao 1- 1.5 m). Xy dng h thng cng thot nc ph hp vi a hnh xung quanh Nghim cm cc thit b my mc, dng c chuyn dng c ra ti cc khu vc chy xung ngun nc chung. m bo vic thot nc ma t cng trnh thi cng khng tn ng trc tip cc ngun nc, cc knh, mng hin ti. Khng cht thi rn (cht thi xy dng, ct, ...) v cht thi du cn ca thit b xung dng chy; mi loi cht thi c thu gom, phn loi v chuyn n v tr thi theo qui nh. Ph thi cha du c thu gom, x l v chn lp xa ngun nc. Trong qu trnh thi cng, khng x nc thi trc tip xung cc thy vc xung quanh d n, khng gy nhim nc knh mng trong khu vc do

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

nc thi xy dng. V vy, d n b tr cc h thu nc x l cn v bn lng khng gy hin tng bi lng knh mng thy li. La chn thi im thi cng xy dng chnh ph hp hn ch lng cht bn sinh ra do nc ma chy trn qua khu vc thi cng xung cc knh mng thy li trong khu vc Du m v cc ph thi t cc phng tin vn ti v my mc thit b phc v thi cng thi ra c thu gom, x l v thi b ng quy nh trnh lm nhim ngun nc. Thng xuyn kim tra no vt, khng bn t, rc xm nhp vo ng nc thi. m bo nguyn tc khng gy tr ngi, lm mt v sinh cho cc hot ng xy dng ca d n cng nh khng gy nh hng n h thng ti tiu v hot ng sn xut nng nghip ca nhn dn. Khng tp trung cc loi nguyn vt liu gn, cnh cc tuyn thot nc ngn nga cht thi r r qua ng thot thi.

Gim thiu tc ng gy nhim mi trng do nc thi sinh hot Nc thi sinh hot ca cng nhn s c x l bng cch lp t 3 nh v sinh t hoi di ng bng vt liu composite (200 lt).

NH V SINH CNG TRNG 2600

Hnh 4.1. Nh v sinh di ng trn cng trng

Gim thiu tc ng ti mi trng do nc ma Xy dng b bao xung quanh khu vc d n bng cc tre v bao ti trnh cc hin tng st l, tri t ct (cao 1-1,5m). Trong qu trnh thi cng, khng x nc thi trc tip xung cc thu vc xung quanh khu vc d n. Ti d n c h cha nc (kch thc 4 x 4 x 2m) lng bt cn trc khi thot vo h thng knh mng tiu thot nc trong khu vc thi cng.

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

Giai on vn hnh Gim thiu nhim do nc thi sn xut gy ra Nc thi ca ngnh dt nhum cn phi quan tm v x l, v nc thi ny gy nhim nhiu ti mi trng sng. gim mc nhim ngi ta c th p dng 2 bin php: Bin php gim thiu cc cht nhim trong qu trnh cng ngh, k c vic thu hi li h trong khi gi, h vi, cng nh tit kim s dng ha cht v thay th ha cht bng cc enzim, nh thay xt bng amilaza chu nhit trong gi, h vi, v.v Bin php x l nc thi thch hp:

Do c th ca cng ngh, nc thi ngnh dt nhum cha tng hm lng cht rn tng s, cht rn l lng, mu, BOD, COD cao, chn phng n x l thch hp phi da vo nhiu yu t nh lng nc thi, c tnh nc thi, tiu chun thi, x l tp trung hay cc b. t hiu qu kinh t cng nh hiu sut x l cn c h thng phn lung dng thi, c bit i vi nhng c s c nng sut sn xut hng dt nhum ln. Phn lung dng thi bao gm: Dng nhim nng nh dch nhum thi, dch h, nc git h ca cc cng on. Dng nhim va nh nc git cc giai on trung gian. Dng nhim nh nc lm ngui, nc git cui. Dng thi nhim nh c th x l s b hoc trc tip tun hon li cho sn xut.

y l bin php va mang tnh k thut va mang tnh qun l rt hu hiu v kinh t gim bt nh mc tiu hao nc cho sn xut, tit kim nng lng ng thi gim i mt lng ng k nc thi cn x l. X l nc thi sn xut Tu theo yu cu v mc nhim ca nc thi, ngi ta c th dng phng php x l ha l hay sinh hc hoc kt hp c hai. Dy chuyn x l kt hp thng cho hiu qu cao hn. Di y gii thiu quy trnh x l nc thi dt nhum kt hp phng php ha l v sinh hc.

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

S cng ngh (nguyn l)


Song chn, li lc Loi b du iu ha Trung ho

Thi

Kh mu, kt thc

X l sinh hc X l ha l

Lm c, loi b nc ca bn

Hnh 4.2. S tng qut x l nc thi cng nghip dt

Ngoi ra, bin php gim thiu nhim nc cn c kt hp thc hin bng gii php p dng cc bin php sn xut sch hn nh: Tun hon ti s dng nc lm lnh, hn ch s dng ha cht tr, thuc nhum dng c hay kh phn hu sinh hc .... Nc thi sau x l phi t QCVN/ TCVN. X l nc thi sinh hot Phng n x l nc thi sinh hot bng b t hoi k kh c cc vch ngn mng, dng chy hng ln v ngn lc k kh ABR (hay cn gi l b BASTAF baffled septic tank with anaerobic filter) c p dng. cu to nh hnh 5.3

(a)

(b)

Hnh 4.3. M hnh b t hoi k kh c cc vch ngn mng, dng chy hng ln khng c (a) v c (b)ngn lc k kh

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

4.1.5. Gim thiu tc ng mi trng ca cht thi rn Giai on thi cng Cht thi rn sinh ra trong giai on xy dng ch yu l cht thi rn sinh hot v xy dng. Vic phn loi cht thi l rt quan trng la chn phng n gim thiu tc ng ti mi trng mt cch hp l. i vi cht thi rn xy dng Cc cht thi rn xy dng, cc vt liu ph b c thu gom thng xuyn ti cc thng rc cng cng v vn chuyn ra khi cng trng, hp ng thu gom x l vi a phng. X l t do hot ng o p: Khi lng t d do cc hot ng o p s c th s dng lm vt liu san nn cho cc khu vc khc ca d n. X l cht thi xy dng: lng t , ph thi xy dng pht sinh trong qu trnh thi cng s c thu gom ng quy nh. Loi ph thi ny mt phn c dng san lp mt bng cc khu vc nh xng, phn khng th s dng san nn nh c s a vo san nn ng sau khi x l, nghin nh v dng xe lu m mt ng.

i vi cht thi rn nguy hi Cc v thng ng sn, du, ha cht s c bn li cho nh sn xut ti s dng. Cc gi dnh du m, cc ha cht du , m v.v c thu gom hng ngy v a vo thng cha kn ch x l. Tng khi lng gi cha du m pht sinh ti cng trng khng nhiu khong 1 kg/ngy. Gi cha du m pht sinh ti khu vc d n khng c chn lp m s c thu gom vo cc thng cha thch hp t trong khu vc d n. D n s trang b 1 thng cha gi cha du m thi loi 150 lt. Ch d n s thc hin vic t, tiu hy cc gi dnh du m (1 tun/ 1 ln) Giai on vn hnh Cht thi rn sinh ra trong qu trnh hot ng ca d n nh trnh by chng 3 bao gm vi ph liu, bi vi, bng, thng nha, chai l thu tinh ng ho cht, bn thi t x l nc, bng n neon hng. Do vy, c th p dng cc bin php sau: Xy dng kho, bi theo tiu chun cha v bo qun cht thi rn. Cc cht thi rn v c bn vng t c hi, bao b, giy ph thi c th thu gom v em bn cho cc dch v, i vi rc thi sinh hot cn c bin php thu gom v x l tp trung.

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

Bn thi x l nc c kim loi nng v cc cht hu c kh phn hu; bng n neon hng; bao b dng ha cht phi x l theo quy ch cht thi c hi.

4.1.6. Gim thiu tc ng ti mi trng t Che chn lp t mi o trnh ri vi do nc ma chy trn gy ra. Nc thi sinh hot v sn xut khng thi trc tip ra t m c x l t tiu chun trc khi thi vo ngun tip nhn. i vi du m thi hay b r r s thu gom vo trong cc thng cha c lm bng tn hay bng nha trnh ri vi ra ngoi t.

4.1.7. Gim thiu tc ng tiu cc n mi trng sinh thi Giai on thi cng Trong giai on thi cng yu cu tun th nghim ngt cc quy nh v bo v ti nguyn thin nhin. Khng thi cc cht thi c to ra trong qu trnh thi cng cng nh cc cht thi sinh hot ra cnh ng, vn cy xung quanh khu vc d n, cc thu vc ln cn nhm trnh cc tc ng xu i vi s pht trin ca cy trng v i sng cc loi thu sinh. Giai on vn hnh Hot ng ca Nh my Dt - Nhum s tc ng rt ln n mi trng sinh thi khu vc bi cht thi sinh ra trong qu trnh hot ng. Do vy cn c nhng bin php gim thiu thch hp nh: Trong qu trnh sng lc v lit k cn phi quan tm n mi trng sinh thi vn c ca h ng thc vt ti ni thc hin d n, so snh nh gi li hi gia cc v tr c a ra nhm chn c v tr ti u cho d n t b nh hng n h sinh thi. Khng ch nhng tc ng c hi ti iu kin sinh thi t nhin bng gii php s dng hp l ti nguyn thin nhin. #y l mt yu t rt quan trng cn phi c quan tm. p dung cc gii php k thut, qun l thch hp hn ch c s ph v cn bng sinh thi.

4.1.8. Gim thiu tc ng tiu cc n mi trng kinh t - x hi - nhn vn Nh Chng 4 trnh by, cc tc ng n mi trng kinh t - x hi v nhn vn l kh ln. Do vy cn phi c cc bin php thch hp gim thiu cc tc ng trn, trong ch c bit n nhng vn sau:

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

Di dn, n b. C cu vic lm cho ngi dn a phng chu tc ng ca d n. Quy hoch pht trin c s h tng ph hp cho khu nh c mi...

Giai on thi cng Tuyn cng nhn lao ng c l lch r rng, u tin lc lng lao ng ngay ti khu vc d n. u tin cc cng nhn c bng cp, c o to tay ngh, c hc vn nht nh. Con em gia nh chnh sch, c cng vi cch mng. C hnh kim v sc khe tt. Lp ni qui v k lut lao ng nghim tc , qun l cng nhn trong gi lm vic cht ch. Xy dng ln tri, to ni n, chn , vic lm hp l ng vin, to iu kin thun li cho cng nhn, Ban hnh cc qui nh v chng t nn x hi: nh cm c bc, ri ch trong khu vc thi cng, xy dng d n. Lp cc ni quy v trt t, v sinh v bo v mi trng trong tp th cng nhn v ln tri, trong c ch thng pht gio dc cng nhn thc bo v mi trng khu vc. Kt hp vi chnh quyn a phng v cc c quan chc nng t chc cc chng trnh: gio dc tuyn truyn thc i vi cng nhn xy dng trong khu vc d n, gii thiu vi nhng lao ng nhp c v nhng phong tc, tp qun ca ngi dn a phng trnh cc xung t v mu thun Phi hp vi cc cp chnh quyn v an ninh a phng trong vic bo v an ninh trt t. Gii quyt tt cc mu thun gia cng nhn cng trng v nhn dn a phng. Hp l ho qu trnh thi cng nhm gim mt ngi trn cng trng.

4.2. i vi s c mi trng Cc bin php an ton lao ng nhm phng chng v x l s c mi trng xy ra trong giai on thi cng c thc hin nghim tc theo quy nh. Giai on thi cng gim thiu tc do ri ro, s c cc bin php sau y c thc hin: An ton lao ng T chc Ban an ton lao ng, PCCC v bo v mi trng theo di, kim sot cc qui nh v An ton lao ng v PCCC, bo v mi trng tron sut qu trnh xy dng. Ban hnh ni qui lm vic, an ton lao ng, ra vo khu vc cng trng, qui nh v bo h lao ng, ni qui s dng cc thit b nng cu vt liu, ni qui an ton in, an ton giao thng, an ton phng chy cha chy v.v.

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

Khi thi cng trn cao, vn chuyn, bc d v lp t my mc thit b u phi c cc bin php an ton, phng nga s c, phng chng chy n, r r du. Lp t bin cm ngi qua li ti khu vc nng cu, cc h ang o su, bin bo ch dn khu vc nguy him, khu vc giao thng c php v khng c php i li , cc khu vc cha xng du, ha cht, vt t d chy n, trm bin p, in cao p v.v.) phng tai nn lao ng xy ra, ch u t s: c phng , trm Y t cng trng, c thuc men s cu. Khi bc xp vt liu xy dng, cng nhn c trang b bo h lao ng c nhn nhm gim thiu nh hng ca bi n sc kho. Ngi lao ng c cung cp y trang b bo h lao ng nh qun o, gng tay, knh, m bo him khi lm vic. Cc phng tin phng chng s c, dng c an ton lun sn sng gii quyt s c cng nh cc a ch khn cp trong trng hp khn cp. Ch d n cng vi nh thu s thnh lp mt b phn chuyn trch theo di v hng dn cng tc an ton lao ng v v sinh mi trng.

Bo v sc khe cng nhn T chc cuc sng cho cng nhn, m bo cc iu kin sinh hot nh ln tri, nc sch, n Cng nhn thi cng ngoi tri trong iu kin thi tit khng thun li u c trang b y bo h lao ng nh qun o, dy dp, nn m Giai on vn hnh d n Quy hoch hp l tng mt bng Quy hoch hp l tng mt bng ca d n trn c s xem xt n cc vn mi trng c lin quan nh: La chn hng hp l s dng mt cch tt nht cc iu kin thng gi t nhin gp phn ci thin mi trng lao ng bn trong nh my. Xc nh kch thc cc vng cch ly v sinh cng nghip gia cc hng mc cng trnh trong nh my cng nh gia nh my v cc khu dn c m bo s thng thong gia cc cng trnh, hn ch lan truyn nhim, m bo phng chy cha chy v gim thiu nhng nh hng trc tip do cht thi i vi con ngi v cc cng trnh xung quanh. B tr hp l cc cng on sn xut, cc khu ph tr, khu kho bi, khu hnh chnh v c di xy xanh ngn cch, c t l din tch cy xanh trn tng din tch t s dng ca d n hp l (c th ln ti 20 - 25%). + Cc h thng thi kh, ng khi ca nh my cn b tr cc khu vc thun li cho vic gim st v x l.

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

+ Khu vc b tr trm in, khu x l nc thi tp trung, x l rc thi cn c t pha cui hng gi ch o. + Cch ly cm l hi vi khu vc sn xut trnh s lan truyn nhit i lu v m bo an ton lao ng trong phn xng sn xut. B tr qut mt v thng gi cho nhng ni pht sinh nhit v ni cng nhn lm vic tp trung. B tr cc chp ht trn mi v qut nhng ni cn thit nhit, hi m, kh c, bi, b ht ra khi khu vc sn xut.

An ton lao ng Phi tuyt i chp hnh mi s ch dn v an ton lao ng, ni qui phng chy v cha chy, phng chng c hi ha cht. c bit l vn v sinh cng nghip. Di y l mt s bin php chng nng m, m bo vi kh hu trong iu kin lm vic : Nh xng phi c thng gi t nhin, li dung trit hng gi ch o, b tr nh xng hp l. Thng xuyn kim tra v bo dng ch r r trn h thng ng dn hi v kh nng. Nghim tc thc hin ch vn hnh thit b cng ngh, nh lng chnh xc nguyn vt liu, nhin liu qu trnh din ra mc n nh cao, gim bt lng cht thi, n nh thnh phn v tnh cht ca cht thi to iu kin thun li cho vic qun l v x l cht thi.

Phng nga chy n Do trong nh my, hu ht cc nguyn liu u l cht d bt la v pht chy, t bit l ma kh. Trong gi lm vic cng nhn phi mc bo h lao ng v mang cc thit b lao ng cn thit nh khu trangKhi lm vic trong mi trng c kh c thot ra phi s dng khu trang phng c c hiu. An ton trong khi s dng ha cht Khi tip xc vi ha cht cn phi ch n k thut an ton. Trong phng lm vic phi treo bng v k thut an ton v ngi lm vic phi bit r iu . Khi ha cht dy ra chn tay cn phi ra sch ngay bng nc sau ra li bng dung dch soda hay acid acetic. Khi m chai ha cht cn ch trnh ha cht pht ra ngoi. Nhng np y bnh ha cht d chy th khng c h trn ngn la m. Ngi s dng ha cht cn nm vng tnh cht ca tng loi ha cht. Ha cht ng trong bnh phi c nhn hiu r rng. Khi cn thit phi pha long axit phi cho axit vo nc m khng c cho nc vo axit .

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

Trong trng hp axit b ra ngoi phi cho ct vo ri qut dn ct ra khi phng, dng dung dch soda ra ch . Cn thn khi mang mt bnh ln axit hoc kim c. Khi pha long kim phi dng gng tay cao su, knh bo him, i m. Ch kim rn rt d gy bng nng. Khi lm vic vi cc dung mi hu c phi thn trng, tip xc nhiu vi chng rt c hi. Khng c un cc cht ny m khng c np y.

4.3. Nhng vn bt kh khng v kin ngh hng x l Nhng vn bt kh khng c th xy ra i vi d n c th do bin i thi tit gy ra nh: ging bo, l lt lm trn ngp nc, st l ph hu cc cng trnh bo v mi trng (ph hu h thng x l nc thi tp trung.). y l vn bt kh khng, trong iu kin cc s c ri ro xy ra, d n s phi hp cht ch cng vi nhn dn v chnh quyn a phng gii quyt v khc phc nhm gim thiu ti a cc tc ng xu gy ra i vi mi trng xung quanh v sc kho con ngi.

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

CHNG 5. CHNG TRNH QUN L V GIM ST MI TRNG Yu cu: Phn ni dung ny phi xut c chng trnh qun l v gim st, quan trc mi trng nhm thc hin c hiu qu cc bin php bo v mi trng v pht hin nhng khim khuyt trong qu trnh thc hin cng nh biu hin suy thoi, nhim mi trng do d n gy ra iu chnh, ngn nga. Do vy, nhng xut phi m bo cc nguyn tc sau: Nhng xut di gc qun l mi trng phi ht sc c th v ph hp vi trnh t chc, qun l ca d n; Nhng xut v gim st mi trng ch tp trung vo nhng thnh phn mi trng, nhng ch tiu mi trng chu tc ng trc tip ca d n; Phng php ly mu v phn tch mu phi tun th quy chun k thut, tiu chun cho php; Cc im gim st mi trng phi c m ha v th hin r trn s hoc bn t l thch hp.

5.1. Chng trnh qun l mi trng Chng trnh qun l mi trng, bao gm c K hoch ng cu khn cp, c tc dng h tr cho vic thc hin v tun th cc bin php gim thiu tc hi v bo v mi trng nu trong bo co TM. Sau khi d n c chp thun v bo co TM c ph duyt, ch u t, c quan qun l Nh nc v mi trng v cc bn lin quan khc thc hin cc hnh ng m bo cc bin php gim thiu xut c lng ghp vo khung k hoch thc hin d n. Trch nhim ca ch u t v n v chuyn trch mi trng ca ch u t l: Ch nh n v chuyn trch kt ni cc kt qu TM trong vic nh hng pht trin d n v thay i thit k (nu cn thit); Theo di vic thc hin cc bin php gim thiu tc hi v bo v mi trng ca cc nh thu; Thc hin chng trnh monitoring (gim st mi trng) kim tra hiu qu ca cc bin php gim thiu v xut cc bin php iu chnh hoc b sung m bo tun th cc quy nh v cc tiu chun mi trng tng ng (nu cn thit); Ch nh cc chuyn gia/n v t vn tr gip thc hin cc nhim v nu ch u t khng nng lc; Phn b kinh ph ph hp thc hin chng trnh qun l mi trng.

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

Nh vy, chng trnh qun l mi trng cn phi bao gm c chng trnh gim st sau thm nh TM, k hoch ng cu khn cp v chng trnh gim st mi trng trong tt c cc giai on thc hin d n. Chng trnh qun l mi trng bao gm cc ni dung sau: K hoch kim ton ngun thi, gim st mi trng v iu chnh cc bin php gim thiu tc hi; K hoch gio dc/o to v truyn thng; K hoch phng nga v ng cu s c; Phn nh trch nhim v t chc, nhn s; Th tc ghi chp v bo co.

K hoch kim ton ngun thi, gim st mi trng v iu chnh cc bin php gim thiu tc hi l phng tin gip cc cam kt v bo v mi trng c thc hin hiu qu, t mc tiu l gim thiu ri ro v ci thin v sc khe, an ton, mi trng trong tng giai on ca d n. Cc ni dung chnh trong K hoch kim ton ngun thi, gim st mi trng v iu chnh cc bin php gim thiu tc hi bao gm: Thc hin v kim tra vic xy lp v vn hnh cc thit b/h thng x l cht thi v ngn nga nhim: l vic gim cc cht thi (kh, lng, rn) trong qu trnh xy dng v vn hnh ph hp vi tnh cht thi gian ca tc ng: ngn, trung v di hn; Qun l cc cht thi: cc yu cu c bn ca h thng qun l cht thi cho giai on xy dng v vn hnh bao gm: Phn nh trch nhim qun l cht thi ca tng phn xng v ton nh my; Cht thi cn c phn loi v xc nh khi lng qun l chng hiu qu; Xy dng khu vc an ton lu gi v trung chuyn cht thi v c quy ch gim st cn thn khng gy nh hng xu ti mi trng xung quanh; La chn phng php ti ch, ti s dng, ti sinh v thi b cc cht thi ph hp vi tnh cht ca tng loi cht thi v cc quy nh v bo v mi trng; Thc hin chng trnh gim st thnh phn v ti lng cc ngun thi. Vic gim st cht lng cc thnh phn mi trng xung quanh s c thc hin theo yu cu ca c quan qun l; xut cc gii php/bin php b sung nhm m bo tun th cc quy nh ca php lut.

K hoch gio dc/o to v truyn thng: c thc ngay t khi bt u cc hot ng xy dng cho 2 i tng: 1) cn b v cng nhn lm vic ti cng trng; v 2) nhn dn a phng. K hoch c xy dng hng nm, c th v ni dung

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

thc hin, thi gian thc hin v i tng tham gia. Ni dung ch yu ca chng trnh l: Cc vn mi trng v an ton lin quan n hot ng ca d n trong thi im hin ti; Trch nhim v ngha v ca cc i tng lin quan trong vic thc hin an ton lao ng v bo v mi trng; Qun l, lu gi cc cht nguy hi v an ton lao ng; Quy trnh thng bo, ng cu v phn nh trch nhim khi xy ra s c ri ro.

K hoch phng nga v ng cu s c bao gm: Phn loi s c; Cc bin php phng nga s c; Th tc thng bo khi xy ra s c; T chc nhn s, phn nh trch nhim thc hin cc hnh ng ng cu; Cc gii php, bin php khc phc nhim, hi phc mi trng sau s c; Th tc v quy trnh nh gi v bi thng thit hi Danh mc cc thit b, ha cht s dng trong phng nga, ng cu s c v lm sch mi trng Phn nh trch nhim v t chc nhn s

Phn nh trch nhim i vi vic qun l mi trng c quy nh nh sau: Tt c cng nhn vin ca d n phi nhn thc r trch nhim mi trng ca mnh. Tt c nhn vin ca nh thu xy dng, nhn vin ca nh my phi tham gia chng trnh gii thiu/nh hng v cc hot ng ca d n, trong c mc nhn thc mi trng Lnh o, c cng chu trch nhim qun l mi trng trong lnh vc qun l ca mnh. Cc nh thu xy dng (giai on xy dng) v cc nh qun l nh my (giai on vn hnh) cn theo di h thng qun l cht thi v xc nh khi lng cht thi thi ra, t xut cc phng thc gim thiu cht thi ca d n. Cc nh thu xy dng (giai on xy dng) v cc nh qun l nh my (giai on vn hnh) c trch nhim phi hp thc hin Chng trnh qun l mi trng. Cc nh thu xy dng (giai on xy dng) v cc nh qun l nh my (giai on vn hnh) c trch nhim v tnh hnh bo v mi trng ti a im xy dng nh my v c quyn huy ng ngun lc cn thit thc hin cc yu cu ca Chng trnh qun l mi trng.

D n cn thnh lp mt n v chuyn trch c nhim v iu phi cng vic, t chc thc hin v gim st thc hin Chng trnh qun l mi trng.

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

Th tc ghi chp v bo co bao gm: Th tc ghi chp: Cc s tay vn hnh Ghi chp v bo co v s tun th v s gim st Bo co s c S tay o to S tay qun l nguyn vt liu (th, ang s dng, thi) Cc ghi chp v tin thc hin d n

Th tc lu gi ti liu: ngoi cc ti liu d n t to lp nu mc trn, cn lu gi ti ni d tip cn i vi nhng ngi c trch nhim tt c cc Quyt nh ph duyt, giy php lin quan ti mi trng trc khi tin hnh xy dng v vn hnh c ct gi nh: Giy php x thi, giy ng k ch ngun thi cht thi nguy hi Giy php s dng nc Giy php s dng t Giy php vn chuyn cht thi; vn chuyn cc cht chy n, nguy him Chng ch v s dng v lu gi cc cht cht c hi Th tc bo co Xc nh vn cn bo co Ni dung bo co Thi im bo co i tng nhn bo co

Chng trnh qun l mi trng c xy dng trn c s tng hp t cc chng 1, 3, 4 di dng bng, bao gm cc thng tin v: cc hot ng ca d n trong qu trnh chun b, xy dng v vn hnh; cc tc ng mi trng; cc bin php gim thiu tc ng c hi (cc trnh x l v qun l cht thi km theo ch dn c th v chng loi v c tnh k thut; cng trnh x l mi trng i vi cc yu t khc ngoi cht thi; cc bin php phng chng s c mi trng; cc bin php phc hi mi trng nu c; chng trnh gio dc, o to v mi trng v cc bin php gim thiu cc tc ng c hi khc); kinh ph thc hin; thi gian biu thc hin v hon thnh; c quan thc hin v c quan gim st thc hin chng trnh qun l mi trng. Bng 5.1 Chng trnh qun l mi trng Tc ng mi Bin php trng gim thiu tc ng xu 1. Giai on chun b Thu hi t Thi hn hon thnh C quan thc hin C quan gim st D tr kinh ph

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

Ti nh c 2. Giai on xy dng Lin quan n cht thi Khng lin quan ti cht thi Ri ro s c 3. Giai on vn hnh Lin quan n cht thi Khng lin quan ti cht thi Ri ro s c

5.2. Chng trnh gim st mi trng: Theo di din bin cht lng mi trng v kim sot mc gy nhim ca d n s do chnh bn thn ch u t ng ra t chc thc hin vi s kt hp vi cc c quan chuyn mn c chc nng. Vic gim st, quan trc mi trng cn phi c tin hnh lin tc trong sut qu trnh hot ng ca d n. Chng trnh gim st, quan trc mi trng cn xc nh r: i tng, ch tiu quan trc mi trng Thi gian v tn sut quan trc Nhu cu thit b quan trc Nhn lc phc v cho quan trc D tr kinh ph cho quan trc mi trng.

Cc im quan trc, gim st mi trng phi c th hin trn bn c chnh xc thch hp. S liu quan trc mi trng phi c ch d n cp nht, lu gi... 5.2.1. i tng, ch tiu quan trc, gim st mi trng Nhng i tng quan trng nht cn phi c mt chng trnh gim st chi tit, c th l mi trng khng kh, ting n, mi trng nc, mi trng t v sc kho cng nhn. a. Gim st mi trng khng kh * i vi mi trng khng kh bn trong hng ro nh my: Ti cc phn xng dt nhum l hi, khu vn phng

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

* i vi mi trng khng kh khu vc xung quanh nh my: Cc im o cch ng khi nh my nhng khong cch ph hp theo hng gi ch o v ma ng v ma h. Cc im o ti nhng im dn c nhng khong cch ph hp theo hng gi ch o v ma ng v ma h. * Thng s cn gim st: Ting n, nhit , m, bi l lng, kh SO2, NO2, Cl2, Formaldehyde. Ti khu vc h thng x l nc thi cn gim st: mi, kh CH4, H2S. b. Gim st mi trng nc * i vi cc cng trnh x l nc thi: 1 im u v 1 im u ra ca h thng x l nc thi. * i vi vc nc mt tip nhn nc thi ca nh my: mt vi im trn v di ni tip nhn nc thi. * Thng s cn gim st: pH, c, mu, cht rn l lng, BOD5, COD, Tng N, tng P, du m, kim loi nng, Coliforms. c. Gim st mi trng t * La chn v tr gim st mi trng t ti vng t b ngp bi nc thi. * Yu t gim st: pH, hm lng mn, kim loi nng 5.2.2. Thi gian v tn sut gim st, quan trc Hot ng gim st, quan trc mi trng phi c thc hin theo nhng tn sut nht nh trong sut qu trnh thc hin d n. Chng trnh quan trc cc thnh phn mi trng phi tht c th v thng thng theo tn sut 3 thng/ln cho nm hot ng u tin v 6 thng/ln cho nhng nm hot ng tip theo. 5.2.3. D tr kinh ph cho gim st, quan trc mi trng D tr kinh ph cho hot ng quan trc mi trng ca c s l cn thit v khng th thiu, do vy trong phn ni dung ny phi xut rt c th, r rng nhng khon kinh ph d tr cho hot ng quan trc tng phn mi trng nu trn.

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

CHNG 6. THAM VN KIN CNG NG Yu cu: Tham vn cng ng l mt ni dung quan trng m bo khng ch cho qu trnh ra quyt nh c minh bch, chun xc m cn to iu kin cho ngi dn trc tip b tc ng bi d n v nhng ngi quan tm v d n c th tham gia vo qu trnh TM v tng lng tin i vi d n. y l nhng yu t quan trng gp phn m bo cho d n pht trin bn vng. Do vy, vic tham vn cng ng phi m bo cc nguyn tc sau: Tham vn ng i tng; Ni dung tham vn phi xc thc vi d n vi vic s dng ngn ng d hiu ph hp vi trnh dn tr ca i tng c tham vn; Kt qu tham vn phi c lng ghp trong qu trnh thc hin TM v phn nh trong bo co TM.

6.1. Tham vn kin cng ng Trong chng ny, ch u t phi phi hp vi UBND v Mt trn t quc cp x tham vn v ly kin ca cng ng v vic trin khai thc hin d n. c bit l cc i tng b tc ng trc tip ca d n. Ch u t gi 1 b H s n UBND v Mt trn t quc cp x gm: Tm tt Bo co kh thi hay Bo co u t ca d n Cng vn thng bo v cc ni dung c bn ca d n, cc tc ng c bn ca d n n mi trng t nhin v kinh t x hi. Cc bin php s p dng gim thiu tc ng v ngh UBND v Mt trn t quc cp x cho kin gp bng vn bn Bn tm tt ny phi ngn gn, xc tch (thng khng qu 20 trang).

Trong trng hp UBND v U ban mt trn t quc cp x yu cu phi i thoi trc tip, ch d n phi phi hp t chc cuc hp, ly kin cng ng v ghi Bin bn hp. Lu : Tt cc cc ti liu ny cn a vo Ph lc ca Bo co TM. Sau khi nhn c Cng vn tr li bng vn bn ca U ban nhn dn v U ban mt trn t quc cc x lin quan n d n s tng hp cc kin v a vo Bo co chnh thc. c bit lu n cc kin xut v lu thc hin ca U ban nhn dn v U ban mt trn t quc cp x. Trong trng hp d n c nhiu vn nhy cm v tc ng n nhiu i tng cng ng, cn ly kin tham vn (S dng Phiu cu hi) ly thm kin ca

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

cc i tng b tc ng trc tip ca d n lm c s c cc bin php hu hiu nht nhm gim thiu tc ng n KT_XH. Sau khi tng hp cc kin cn c mc kin phn hi chnh thc ca Ch d n v cc vn tham vn cng ng a ra. 6.2. kin phn hi ca ch d n Ch d n cn c kin ng hay khng ng trc kin yu cu ca cng ng v vic trin khai loi hnh sn xut dt nhum ti a phng. Bn cnh cc yu cu v m bo iu kin sng ca dn c khu vc nh to cng n vic lm, m bo trt t, an ninh, giao thng sinh hot.... cn rt ch ti bin php phng nga v ng ph trc s c ri ro do chy n hoc d r ha cht vo mi trng, gy thit hi v phi c cam kt n b thit hi do cc s c ri ro t hot ng ca d n gy ra

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

KT LUN, KIN NGH V CAM KT

1. Kt lun Trnh by tm tt nhng tc ng mi trng do thc hin d n. Kt lun v nhng vn nh: nhn dng v nh gi c ht nhng tc ng cha, nhng vn g cn cha d bo c; nh gi tng qut v mc , quy m ca nhng tc ng xc nh; Mc kh thi ca cc bin php gim thiu tc ng xu v phng chng, ng ph cc s c, ri ro mi trng; Nhng tc ng tiu cc no khng th c bin php gim thiu v vt qu kh nng cho php ca ch d n v nu r l do.

2. Kin ngh Kin ngh i vi c quan qun l nh nc v bo v mi trng nhm thc hin nhng bin php bo v mi trng c xut, nhng vn vt kh nng gii quyt ca d n. 3. Cam kt Cc cam kt ca ch d n v vic thc hin chng trnh qun l mi trng, chng trnh gim st mi trng nh nu trong Chng 5 (bao gm cc tiu chun, quy chun k thut mi trng m d n bt buc phi p dng); thc hin cc cam kt vi cng ng nh nu ti mc 6.3 Chng 6 ,tun th cc quy nh chung v bo v mi trng c lin quan n cc giai on ca d n, gm: Cc cam kt v cc gii php, bin php bo v mi trng s thc hin v hon thnh trong cc giai on chun b v xy dng n thi im trc khi d n i vo vn hnh chnh thc; Cc cam kt v cc gii php, bin php bo v mi trng s c thc hin trong giai on t khi d n i vo vn hnh chnh thc cho n khi kt thc d n; Cam kt v n b v khc phc nhim mi trng trong trng hp cc s c, ri ro mi trng xy ra do trin khai d n; Cam kt phc hi mi trng theo quy nh ca php lut v bo v mi trng sau khi d n kt thc vn hnh.

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

PH LC NH KM

nh km trong Ph lc ca bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng cc loi ti liu sau y: Bn sao cc vn bn php l lin quan n d n; Cc s (bn v, bn ) khc lin quan n d n nhng cha c th hin trong cc chng trnh ca bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng; Cc phiu kt qu phn tch cc thnh phn mi trng (khng kh, ting n, nc, t, trm tch, ti nguyn sinh hc .) c ch k km theo h tn, chc danh ca Th trng c quan phn tch v ng du; Bn sao cc vn bn lin quan n tham vn cng ng v cc phiu iu tra x hi hc (nu c); Cc hnh nh lin quan n khu vc d n (nu c); Cc ti liu lin quan khc (nu c).

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

TI LIU THAM KHO

TING VIT L Vn Ct, (1999), C s ho hc v k thut x l nc, Nh xut bn Thanh nin, H Ni. Nguyn Duy Dng (1998), Thc trng cng tc bo v mi trng trong ngnh dt may, Tuyn tp cc bo co khoa hc ti hi ngh mi trng ton quc. Cao Hu Trng, PTS. Hong Th Lnh (1995) Ho hc thuc nhum, Nh xut bn Khoa hc k thut, H Ni. Hong Hu, X l nc thi, NXB Xy dng 1996. Trn Hiu Nhu, Thot nc v x l nc thi cng nghip, NXB Khoa hc K thut, 1998. Trn Hiu Nhu, Lm Minh Trit, X l nc thi, i hc Xy dng, 1978. Lng c Phm, Cng ngh x l nc thi bng bin php sinh hc, NXB Gio dc. ng Trn Phng, Bn v ti u ha s dng ha cht, thuc nhum v cc quy trnh cng ngh thn thin vi mi trng, Tp ch Bo v Mi trng s 9-2002. Trung tm o to ngnh nc v mi trng (1999), S tay x l nc Tp 1 v 2. Nh xut bn xy dng, H Ni. Thng t s 05/2008-BTNMT- Hng dn v nh gi mi trng chin lc. nh gi tc ng mi trng v cam kt bo v mi trng. Vn phng gii thiu Ho cht, thuc nhum v sn phm ngnh dt (1993), S tay tra cu thuc nhum, Vin Cng nghip dt si, H Ni. TING ANH Adams C.D. and Gorg S. (3/2002), Effect of pH and gas-phase ozon concentration on the decolorization of commen textile dyes - Journal of Environmental Engineering. Lee H.H.W., Chen G. and Yue P.L. (2001), Integration of chemical and biological treatments for textile industry wastewater: a possible zero-discharge system Water Science and Technology, China.

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

Orhon D., Germirii F.B, Kabdasli I., Insel F.G., Karahan O.H.D, Doruel S.F.S. and Yediler A. (2001), A scientific approach to wastewater recovery and reuse in textile industry - Environmental Engineering Department, Istanbul Technical University. Japan Environment Association (20/4/2003), Criteria on chemical substances in textile products - Draft, Eco Mark Office. WHO - Assessment of sources of air, water, and land pollution, A guide to rapid source inventory techniques and their use in formulating environmental control strategies. Part 1: Rapid Inventory Techniques in Environmental Pollution. Geneva, Switzerland, 1993 TI LIU INTERNET Trang web http ;//ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov, trnh by v tnh cht v c tnh ca cc thuc nhum. Trang web http://www.textileasia-businesspress.com/more.htm, trnh by v cc hot ng trong ngnh dt may c chu v trn th gii

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

PH LC

Ph lc 1 - Cc thng tin v loi v c tnh ca thuc nhum

Thuc nhum trc tip Thuc nhum trc tip hu ht l loi anion, c kh nng bt mu trc tip vi x si khng qua giai on gia cng trung gian. Thuc nhum trc tip l mui natri ca cc axit sunforic hay axit cacboxylic hu c ca cc hp cht c h mang mu cha nhm azo (- N=N - ) kiu mono azo, diazo, v a s l poliazo. Trong thnh phn phn t ca chng c cha mt h thng ni i, mt s nhm cht tr mu (- OH, - NH2), nhm triazin lm tng kh nng bt mu ca thuc nhum, nhm xalixilic c th to phc vi cc ion kim loi nng tng thm mu. Theo cu to ho hc th thuc nhum trc tip c chia thnh cc nhm: - Thuc nhum trc tip diazo, trong phn t c nhm -N=N-, nhm ny c bn mu cao; - Thuc nhum trc tip dn xut ca dioxazin; v - Thuc nhum trc tip dn xut ca ftaloxianin. Khi nhum mu m th thuc nhum trc tip khng cn hiu sut bt mu cao na, hn na trong thnh phn ca thuc c c cha gc azo (- N=N - ) hp cht gy ung th nn hin nay loi thuc ny khng cn c khuyn khch s dng nhiu. Thuc nhum trc tip d s dng v r, tuy nhin li khng bn mu. Thuc nhum axit Theo cu to ho hc thuc nhum axit u thuc nhm azo, mt s l dn xut ca antraquinon, triarylmetan, xanten, azin v quinophtalic, mt s c th to phc vi kim loi. Theo tnh cht k thut thuc nhum axit c chia thnh 3 nhm: - Thuc nhum axit thng thng: phn ln l dn xut azo; dn xut antraquinon chim t l thp hn, v t ph bin l cc dn xut ca triarylmetan. - Thuc nhum axit cm mu hay cn gi l thuc nhum axit crom: c th to phc vi crom vi nhng t l thuc nhum khc nhau.

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

- Thuc nhum axit cha kim loi: thng trong phn t cha nguyn t kim loi nh crom, niken, coban, ng vi t l khc nhau. Thuc nhum hot tnh Thuc nhum hot tnh l nhng hp cht mu m trong phn t ca chng c cha cc nhm nguyn t c th thc hin lin kt ho tr vi vt liu ni chung v x dt ni ring trong qu trnh nhum. Dng cng thc ho hc tng qut ca thuc nhum hot tnh l: SRTX Trong : S: nhm to cho phn t c ho tan cn thit trong nc, thng l cc nhm SO3Na, -COONa, -SO2CH3; R: phn mang mu ca phn t thuc nhum, quyt nh v mu sc, nhng gc mang mu ny thng l monoazo v diazo, phc cht ca thuc nhum azo vi ion kim loi, gc thuc nhum axit antraquinon, hon nguyn a vng, dn xut ca gc ftaloxianin; T: nhm nguyn t phn ng, lm nhim v lin kt gia thuc nhum vi x v c nh hng quyt nh n bn ca lin kt ny, ng vai tr quyt nh tc phn ng nucleofin; X: nhm nguyn t phn ng, trong qu trnh nhum n s tch khi phn t thuc nhum, to iu kin thuc nhum thc hin phn ng ho hc vi x. Khi nhum, dung dch thuc nhum cn c tnh kim v cn ti mt lng mui (NaCl, Na2SO4) kh ln, tng ng vi lng vi cn nhum. Mc khng gn mu ca thuc nhum hot tnh tng i cao, khong 30%, c cha gc halogen hu c (hp cht AOX) nn lm tng tnh c khi thi ra mi trng. Hn na hp cht AOX ny c kh nng tch lu sinh hc, do gy nn tc ng tim n cho sc kho con ngi v ng vt. Thuc nhum baz-cation Thuc nhum baz l nhng hp cht mu c cu to khc nhau, hu ht chng l cc mui clorua, oxalate hoc mui kp ca baz hu c. nc ta thuc nhum ny dng rng ri trong in chiu ci, cc mt hng tre g. Thuc nhum baz c cc loi diaminotriarylmetan, triaminodiphenylmetan, triaminoarylmetan, v dn xut ca xanten. Thuc nhum cation c cu to gn ging thuc nhum baz. Cc loi thuc nhum cation gm: thuc nhum cation mang in tch dng mch nhnh, thuc nhum

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

cation mang in tch dng nhm mang mu v thuc nhum cation to thnh in tch dng trong qu trnh nhum. Thuc nhum hon nguyn c dng ch yu nhum ch, vi, si bng, la visco. Thuc nhum hon nguyn phn ln da trn hai h mu indigoit v antraquinone. Cng thc tng qut ca thuc nhum hon nguyn l: R - C=O. Cc thuc nhum hon nguyn thng khng tan trong nc, kim nn thng phi s dng cc cht kh chuyn v dng tan c (thng l dung dch NaOH + Na2S2O3 50 - 60oC). dng tan c ny, thuc nhum hon nguyn khuych tn vo x. Chng rt d b thu phn v oxy ho tr thnh dng khng tan ban u. Do c i lc vi x xenlulo nn hp cht lyc baz bt mnh vo x, sau khi ra bt kim s d b thu phn v dng lyc axit v oxi ho bng oxi ca khng kh v dng khng tan ban u. Do c tnh quan trng m lp thuc nhum ny c tn gi l hon nguyn. Theo cu trc ho hc thuc nhum hon nguyn c chia lm hai loi: Thuc nhum indigoit gm indigo v dn xut ca n: thuc nhum loi ny c tch ra t cy chm vo th k th XII Trung Quc v n , Indonexia Thnh phn ch yu ca cht mu cha trong cc loi cy h chm l Indican, l dn xut glucozit ca indoxin, do vy c xp vo loi indigo t thc vt. Loi mu thuc nhum chm ny c tnh gn mu rt lu. Thuc nhum indigo tng hp v dn xut ca n, ngi ta tng hp cc dn xut ca indigo hay gi l indigoit bng cch a nhm th khc nhau vo phn t indigo to cc mu khc nhau. Cc ng ng ca indigo c nhiu hp cht cha nguyn t lu hunh trong phn t gi l tioindigo. Thuc nhum hon nguyn dn xut ca indigo d b kh hn thuc nhum hon nguyn a vng.

Thuc nhum hon nguyn a vng l thuc thuc nhum c cu to phn t phc tp, cha nhiu nhn thm, nhiu mch vng, a s l dn xut ca antraquinon. Thuc nhum ny i hi iu kin kh mnh hn, nhum trong mi trng kim mnh hn v dung dch lyc baz km n nh hn, d b thu phn v oxi ho v dng khng tan ban u hn. Theo cu to ho hc, thuc nhum hon nguyn a vng c th phn thnh cc nhm: Dn xut ca oxylaminoantraquinon ; Dn xut ca antrimit (antraquinonimin); Dn xut ca indantron; Dn xut ca antantron; Dn xut ca benzatron; v Dn xut ca antraquinonacrydon.

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

Thuc nhum lu hunh Thuc nhum lu hunh l nhng hp cht mu cha nguyn t lu hunh trong phn t thuc nhum cc dng -S-, -SH-, -S-S-, -SO-, -Sn-. Trong nhiu trng hp lu hunh nm trong cc d vng nh: tiazol, tiazin, tiantren v vng azin. Thuc nhum nhm ny rt phc tp, n nay vn cha xc nh c chnh xc cu to tng qut ca chng. Thuc nhum phn tn L nhng cht mu khng tan trong nc, phn b u trong nc dng dung dch huyn ph. Thng c dng nhum x k nc nh x axetat, poliamid, polieste, polyacrilonitrin. Phn t thuc nhum c cu to t gc azo ( - N=N - ) v antraquinone c cha nhm amin t do hoc b thay th ( - NH2, - NHR, NR2, - NH - CH2 - OH) nn thuc nhum d dng phn tn vo nc. Mc gn mu ca thuc nhum phn tn t t l cao (90 - 95%) nn nc thi ra khng cha nhiu thuc nhum v mang tnh axit. Thuc nhum azo khng tan Thuc nhum azo khng tan cn c tn gi khc nh thuc nhum lnh, thuc nhum , thuc nhum naptol, chng l nhng hp cht c cha nhm azo trong phn t nhng khng c mt cc nhm c tnh tan nh -SO3Na, -COONa nn khng ho tan trong nc. Thuc nhum pigment Pigment l nhng hp cht c mu cu to ho hc khc nhau c c im chung: khng tan trong nc do phn t khng cha cc nhm c tnh tan (-SO3H, -COOH), hoc cc nhm ny b chuyn v dng mui bari, canxi khng tan trong nc. Bng . Nhng loi thuc gy ung th Nhm thuc nhm azo c th sinh ra hp cht amit gy ung th (loi A1) 1 4-aminobiphenyl 2 Benzedrin 3 4-cloro-o-toluidin 4 2-naptylamin Nhm thuc nhm azo c th sinh ra hp cht amit gy ung th (loi A2) 1 o-aminoazotoluen 2 2-amino-4-nitotoluen 3 3 4-cloroanilin 4 2,4-diaminoanisole 5 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmetan

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

6 3,3-diclorobenzidin 7 o-dianisidin; 3,3'-Dimetoxybenzidin 8 o-tolidin; 3,3'-Dimetylbenzidin 9 4,4'-diamino-3,3'-dimetyldiphenylmetan 10 p-cresidin 11 4,4'-diamino-3,3'-diclorodiphenylmetan 12 4,4'-diaminodiphenylete 13 4,4'-diaminodiphenylsunfid 14 o-toluidin 15 2,4-diaminotoluen 16 2,4,5-trimetylanilin 17 o-anisidin 18 2,4-xylidin 19 2,6-xylidin 20 4amino-azo-benzen Nhm thuc gy ung th loi trc tip 1 C.I. Basic red 9 2 C.I. Disperse blue 1 3 C.I. Axit red 26 4 C.I. Axit red 114 5 C.I. Direct blue 6 6 C.I. Direct black 38 7 C.I. Direct red 28 8 C.I. Disperse yellow 3

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

Ph lc 2 - M hnh d bo nng cc cht nhim khng kh

d bo s lan truyn nhim khng kh, ta xt ngun ng l ngun thi lin tc (ngun ca dng xe chy lin tc trn ng) v cao gn mt t, gi thi vung gc vi ngun ng. Nng cht nhim khong cch x, cch ngun ng pha cui gi ng vi cc iu kin trn c xc nh theo cng thc tnh ton nh sau: C(x) = 2E/ (2) 1/2 z.u (1) Hoc c th xc nh theo cng thc m hnh ci bin ca Sutton nh sau: C(x) = 0,8.E (e Trong : - E: lng thi tnh trn n v di ca ngun ng trong n v thi gian (mg/m.s), E c tnh ton phn ngun gy tc ng - z: h s khuch tn theo phng z (m) l hm s ca x theo phng gi thi. z c xc nh theo cng thc Slade vi cp n nh kh quyn loi B (l cp n nh kh quyn c trng ca khu vc) c dng sau y: z = 0,53.x0,73 - x: khong cch ca im tnh so vi ngun thi, tnh theo chiu gi thi. - u: Tc gi trung bnh (m/s), ti khu vc c tc gi trung bnh l 3,3 m/s. - z: cao ca im tnh (m), tnh cao 1,5 m. - h: cao ca mt ng so vi mt t xung quanh (m), coi mt ng bng mt t, h = 0 m. Thay cc gi tr vo cng thc (2), nng cc cht nhim cc khong cch khc nhau so vi ngun thi (tim ng) c th hin bng sau: Bng : Nng cc cht nhim do giao thng trong giai on xy dng STT Khong cch x (m) z Bi Nng (mg/m3) SO2 NO2 CO VOC

[( z +h )

/ 2 z 2

] + e[( z h )

/ 2 z 2

]) / u z (2)

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Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009

1 2 3 4 5 4 5 6 TCVN 5937:2005

5 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 Trung bnh 1h Trung bnh 24h

0,3 0,2

0,35 0,125

0,2 0,04

30 -

Da trn kt qu thu c c th a ra nhn xt v nng cc cht nhim so vi tiu chun cho php (TCVN 5937: 2005)

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