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6+2 5+ 62 5 . 20
1. Let x =
311
q = 3, t = 2
1 1+
in increasing order.
3. Let ABCD be a trapezoid with AD parallel to BC and BC = 3 cm, DA = 6 cm. Find the length of the line segment EF parallel to the two bases and passing through the intersection of the two diagonals AC, BD, E is on CD, F on AB. 3 1 3 4. What is the largest integer less than or equal to 4x3 3x, where x = 2 ( 2 + 3+ 2 3). 5. Let f (x) be a function such that f (x) + 2f of f (2012). 6. For every n = 2, 3, . . . , let
An = 1 1 1+2 1 1 1+2+3
1 An x+2010 x1
1 1 + 2 + + n
is an integer.
9. Let P be the intersection of the three internal angle bisectors of a triangle ABC. The line passing through P and perpendicular to CP intersects AC and BC at M, N respectively. If AP = 3 cm, BP = 4 cm, find the value of AM/BN . 10. Suppose that the equation x3 + px2 + qx + 1 = 0, with p, q being some rational numbers, has three real rooots x1 , x2 , x3 , where x3 = 2 + 5. Find the values of p, q. 11. Suppose that the equation x3 + px2 + qx + r = 0 has three real roots x1 , x2 , x3 where p, q, r are integers. :et Sn = xn + xn + xn , for n = 1, 2, . . . ,. Prove that S2012 is an integer. 1 2 3
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12. Let M be a point on the side BC of an isosceles triangle ABC with BC = BA. Let O be the circumcenter of the triangle and S be its incenter. Suppose that SM is parallel to AC. Prove that OM BS.
13. A cube with sides of length 3 cm is painted red and then cut into 3 3 3 = 27 cubes with sides of length 1 cm. If a denotes the number of small cubes of side-length 1 cm that are not painted at all, b the number of cubes painted on one side, c the number of cubes painted on two sides, and d the number of cubes painted on three sides, determine the value of a b c + d. 14. Sovle the equation in the set of integers 16x + 1 = (x2 y 2 )2 . 15. Determine the smallest value of the expression s = xyyzzx, where x, y, z are real numbers satisfying the condition x2 + 2y 2 + 5z 2 = 22.
Solutions
1. Let x =
6+2 5+ 62 5 . 20
311
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Solution. Notice that 6 + 2 5 = ( 5 + 1)2 and 6 2 5 = ( 5 1)2 , 20 = 2 5 then x = 1. That is 311 (1 + x5 x7 )2012 = 1.
1 1+
1 1+
3 22+ 2 8 2.
p < t < q.
3. Let ABCD be a trapezoid with AD parallel to BC and BC = 3 cm, DA = 6 cm. Find the length of the line segment EF parallel to the two bases and passing through the intersection of the two diagonals AC, BD, E is on CD, F on AB.
Hint. Making use of the similarity of triangles. The line segment is the harmonic means of the 2 two bases, = 1 + 1 = 4. Let M be the intersection of AC and BD.
3 6
A
OE BC 1 BC OF + AD 1 + AD .
D
OD BD
OB 1 By the Thales theorem we get = + OC = OD + BD = 1. From this, OE = AC BD 2 1 1 1 1 1 Hence, OE = OF . That is, + . Likewise, OF = = = + BC AD EF OE BC 1 1 1 1 = + = . We get EF = 4 cm. AD 3 6 2
1 4. What is the largest integer less than or equal to 4x3 3x, where x = 2 (
2+
3+
3).
2+
3+
= 4 + 6x.
x+2010 x1
then x =
u+2010 u1 .
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u + 2010 u1 x + 2010 x1
+ 2f (u) = 4020
x+2010 x1
a + 2b = 4020 x, b + 2a = 4020
for a in terms of x gives a = f (x) = 1 3 1 = 3 2x + 4020 x1 4020 + 2x 4020 + 2x . x1 8040 4020 + 2x 1 3 8044 8044 2011 = 2680.
Hence, f (2012) =
1 1 + 2 + + n
is an integer.
Solution. The k-th summand of the product has the form ak = 1 from which we get An = and hence k(k + 3) 1 = , k = 1, 2, , n 1 (k + 1)(k + 2) (k + 1)(k + 2) n+2 3n
1 6 . It follows that 1/An is an integer if and only if n + 2 is positive = 3 An n+2 factor of 6. Notice that n 2, we get n = 4.
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f (x, y) = |x y|(1 + x2 + xy + y 2 ) = |x y|(2 + xy). from which we square to arrive at f 2 (x, y) = (x y)2 (2 + xy)2 = (1 2xy)(2 + xy)2 . By the AM-GM inequality we get f 2 (x, y) = (1 2xy)(2 + xy)2 = Hence, 5 f (x, y) . 3 Equality occurs when 5 . 3
1 2xy + 2 + xy + 2 + xy 3
3
5 3
Solving for x
1 x x2 = 0. 3 3
1 3
4 3
= 5 , that is 3 x= 1 2
5 3
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1 3
5 3.
5 3
, x=
1 2
1 + 3
5 3.
5 3
Hence, mmax =
9. Let P be the intersection of the three internal angle bisectors of a triangle ABC. The line passing through P and perpendicular to CP intersects AC and BC at M, N respectively. If AP = 3 cm, BP = 4 cm, find the value of AM/BN .
Solution. Notice that M P A = AP C M P C = 90 + ABC 90 = ABC = 2 2 P BN . Similarly, N P B = P AM . The triangle AP M is similar to triangle P BN . Since 2 A2 A P A2 P M = P N , we get M A.N B = P M 2 = P N 2 . Hence MB = MM A B = MN 2 = P B 2 = N A.N P 9 32 = 16 . 42
10. Suppose that the equation x3 + px2 + qx + 1 = 0, with p, q being some rational numbers, has three real rooots x1 , x2 , x3 , where x3 = 2 + 5. Find the values of p, q.
Solution. Since x = 2 + 5 is one root of the equation, we get x 2 = 5 from which we get a quadratic polynomial x2 4x 1 = 0 by squaring. (x + )(x2 4x 1) = x3 + px2 + qx + 1 = 0. Expanding the left hand side and comparing the coefficients give = 1 and hence p = 3, q = 5.
11. Suppose that the equation x3 + px2 + qx + r = 0 has three real roots x1 , x2 , x3 where p, q, r are integers. Let Sn = xn + xn + xn , for n = 1, 2, . . . ,. Prove that S2012 is an integer. 3 2 1
Solution. By the Vieta theorem we get x1 +x2 +x3 = p, x1 x2 +x2 x3 +x3 x1 = q, x1 x2 x3 = r for p, q, r Z. We can prove the following recursive relation Sn = p.Sn1 qSn2 rSn3 . From this and mathematical induction, by virtue of S1 = p Z, we get the desired result.
12. Let M be a point on the side BC of an isosceles triangle ABC with AC = BC. Let O be the circumcenter of the triangle and S be its incenter. Suppose that SM is parallel to AC. Prove that OM BS.
6
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Solution. Let OM meet SB at H. N is the midpoint of AB. Since O is the circumcenter of triangle OBC which is isosceles with CA = CB and SM AC we have SOB = 2OCB = ACB = SM B. It follows that quadrilateral OM BS is concyclic. Hence, HOS = SBM = SBN which implies the concyclicity of HOBN . Hence, OHB = ON B = 90 , as desired.
13. A cube with sides of length 3 cm is painted red and then cut into 3 3 3 = 27 cubes with sides of length 1 cm. If a denotes the number of small cubes of side-length 1 cm that are not painted at all, b the number of cubes painted on one side, c the number of cubes painted on two sides, and d the number of cubes painted on three sides, determine the value of a b c + d.
Solution. Just count from the diagram of the problem, we get a = 1, b = 4, c = 12, d = 8. Hence, a b c + d = 7.
From the right hand side of the equation, we deduce that 16x + 1 0. Since x Z, we get x 0, which implies that 16x + 1 1. Hence, (x2 y 2 )2 1. Thus, (x y)2 1. Now that 16x + 1 = (x2 y 2 )2 = (x y)2 (x + y)2 x2 .
From this we obtain the inequality, x2 16x 1 < 0. Solving this inequality gives x {0, 1, , 16}. In addition, 16x + 1 is a perfect square, we get x {0, 3, 5, 14}. Only x = 0; 5 give integer value of y. The equation has solutions (0; 1), (0; 1), (5; 4), (5; 4).
15. Determine the smallest value of the expression s = xyyzzx, where x, y, z are real numbers satisfying the condition x2 + 2y 2 + 5z 2 = 22.
Solution.