You are on page 1of 3

PHP LAI TNG NG nguyentusgd@gmail.com 1.

nh ngha: Hai php lai gi l tng ng (hay cn gi l lai tng ng) khi cc dng b, m c nhng b NST v b gen tng hp. Khi b v m hon i cho nhau cc cp gen tng ng m kt qu i con kiu gen khng thay i (ch cn ni n kiu gen thi l ri!) Lai tng ng tun theo nh lut phn ly c lp ca Menden v tnh cht ca con lai tng ng ging nhau trong php lai thun nghch V d - P1: AABB x aabb v P2: AAbb x aaBB l 2 php lai tng ng. - P3: (m) AaBb x (b) aabb v P4: (m) Aabb x (b) aaBb l 2 php lai tng ng. (xin php ti dng t b, m thay cho k hiu) 2. iu kin c php lai tng ng: a. Cc gen phi phn ly c lp. Nu cc gen lin kt, hon v th khng bao gi c php lai tng ng V d: P: AB/AB x ab/ab khc vi P: Ab/Ab x aB/aB mc d b m hon i cho nhau cc cp gen tng ng. b. B v m khc nhau t nht 2 cp gen: V d: Php lai P1: AABB x AAbb khng c php lai tng ng vi n c. Gen m b v m hon i cho nhau phi nm trn NST thng, nu nm trn NST gii tnh th khng th thnh lp php lai tng ng. V d: - P: AAXBXB x aaXbYb tng ng vi P: aaXBXB x AAXbYb - P: AAXBXB x aaXbY tng ng vi P: aaXBXB x AAXbY - P: AAXBXB x aaXbYb khng tng ng vi P: AAXbXb x aaXBYB - P: AAXBXB x aaXbY khng tng ng vi P: AAXbXb x aaXBY 3. Cng thc tnh s php lai tng ng: a. Nu b v m khc nhau n cp gen alen th ta c c 2n-1 php lai tng ng vi nhau. V d: B v m khc nhau 3 cp gen alen th ta c 23 = 4 php lai tng ng vi nhau M B Cp gen alen th nht AA aa Cp gen alen th hai BB bb Cp gen alen th ba DD dd Ta c 4 php lai tng ng vi nhau: P1 : AABBDD x aabbdd P2 : AAbbDD x aaBBdd P3 : aaBBDD x AAbbdd P4 : aabbDD x AABBdd b. Nu ta c 1 php lai gc m b v m khc nhau n cp gen alen th ta s tm thm c (2n-1-1) php lai tng ng vi php lai gc cho. V d: Nu ta c 1 php lai gc m b v m khc nhau 3 cp gen alen th ta s tm thm c 23-11 = 3 php lai tng ng vi php lai gc. Nu ta c php lai gc: P1: AABBDD x aabbdd Th ta s tm thm c 3 php lai tng ng vi n: P2 : AAbbDD x aaBBdd P3 : aaBBDD x AAbbdd P4 : aabbDD x AABBdd 2. Cch thit lp php lai tng ng: a. Dng php nhn i s: (AA : aa) (BB : bb) (DD : dd) = (AABB: AAbb: aaBB: aabb) (DD : dd) = AABBDD: AAbbDD: aaBBDD: aabbDD: AABBdd: AAbbdd: aaBBdd: aabbdd (1) (2) (3) (4) (4) (3) (2) (1) Ta c 4 php lai tng ng khi rp : P1 : (1) x (1) = AABBDD x aabbdd P1 : (2) x (2) = AAbbDD x aaBBdd P1 : (3 x (3) = aaBBDD x AAbbdd P1 : (4) x (4) = aabbDD x AABBdd b. Dng s nhnh (tng t nh vit kiu giao t) 1

3. ng dng v ngha ca vic nghin cu php lai tng ng: a. tm ht nghim kiu gen ca b m khi gii bi ton nghch. V d 1: u H Lan gen A qui nh ht vng, gen a qui nh ht xanh; gen B qui nh v ht trn, gen b qui nh v ht nhn, cc gen phn ly c lp. Tm kiu gen ca P nu F1 ng tnh ht vng, v trn. Tr li: C cc kh nng v kiu gen ca P: P1: AABB (vng, trn) x AABB (vng, trn) P2: AABB (vng, trn) x AABb (vng, trn) P3: AABB (vng, trn) x AAbb (vng, nhn) P4: AABB (vng, trn) x AaBB (vng, trn) P5: AABB (vng, trn) x AaBb (vng, trn) P6: AABB (vng, trn) x Aabb (vng, nhn) P7: AABB (vng, trn) x aaBB (xanh, trn) P8: AABB (vng, trn) x aaBb (xanh, trn) P9: AABB (vng, trn) x aabb (xanh, nhn) Ngoi ra ta c thm 4 nghim tng ng rt ra t P5, P6, P8, P9. P10: AABb (vng, trn) x AaBB (vng, trn) # P5: AABB (vng, trn) x AaBb(vng, trn) P11: AAbb (vng, nhn) x AaBB (vng, trn) # P6: AABB (vng, trn) x Aabb (vng, nhn) P12: AABb (vng, trn) x aaBB(xanh, trn) # P8: AABB (vng, trn) x aaBb (xanh, trn) P13: AAbb (vng, nhn) x aaBB (xanh, trn) # P9: AABB (vng, trn) x aabb (xanh, nhn) Vy c 13 trng hp khc nhau v kiu gen ca P nu F1 ng tnh ht vng, v trn. V d 2: Cho bit mu sc ca lng chut di truyn bi 2 cp gen phn ly c lp, tng tc t ch bi cp alen ln (aa > B). A-bb: Mu en; aaB-, aabb: mu trng; A-B-: mu xm Nu F1 ng tnh xm th kiu gen, kiu hnh ca P s nh th no. Tr li: C cc kh nng v kiu gen ca P: P1: AABB (xm) x AABB (xm) P2: AABB (xm) x AABb (xm) P3: AABB (xm) x AAbb (en) P4: AABB (xm) x AaBB (xm) P5: AABB (xm) x AaBb (xm) P6: AABB (xm) x Aabb (en) P7: AABB (xm) x aaBB (trng) P8: AABB (xm) x aaBb (trng) P9: AABB (xm) x aabb (trng) Ngoi ra ta c thm 4 nghim tng ng rt ra t P5, P6, P8, P9. P10: AABb (xm) x AaBB (xm) # P5: AABB (xm) x AaBb (xm) P11: AAbb (en) x AaBB (xm) # P6: AABB (xm) x Aabb (en) P12: AABb (xm) x aaBB (trng) # P8: AABB (xm) x aaBb (trng) P13: AAbb (en) x aaBB (trng) # P9: AABB (xm) x aabb (trng) b. ngha ca vic nghin cu: Ta thy i con F1, F2, Fn c kiu gen, kiu hnh hon ton ging nhau nhng chc g cng mt ngun gc b, m. T thy rng c 2 ngi no khng c quan h huyt thng vi nhau nhng h c th ging nhau mt hoc vi cp tnh trng no l chuyn thng tnh. V vy ng vi thy ging nhau m nhn b con. Cng c trng hp khng h ging nhau m li cng chung huyt thng. V d: P: AABBCCDDEE x aabbccdddee F1: AaBbCcDdEe F2, Fn: Qun th c 3n kiu gen khc nhau. T thy rng th gii sng v cng a dng, phong ph. Trn i ny c rt nhiu ngi khng cng ni ging nhng li ging ta; cng c nhiu ngi rt khc ta nhng cng chung ni ging vi ta. Vy nn thng yu tt c mi ngi. T hi giai huynh ! 2

ng H, 25 thng 10 nm 2009

You might also like