S GIO DC V O TO QUNG TR

TRNG THPT CHUYN L QU N

TI SNG KIN KINH NGHIM

XC NH TN S TNG I CC ALEN
V CU TRC DI TRUYN CA QUN TH
NGU PHI TH H TH n (Pn)

Tc gi: Nguyn T
n v cng tc: THPT chuyn L Qu n
Mn: Sinh hc
Nm hc: 2011-2012

PHN A. L DO CHN TI
Phn bi tp v di truyn qun th gm nhiu th loi. Th loi nghim ng
nh lut Haci-Vanbec tng i n gin, song th loi khng nghim ng nh
lut Haci-Vanbec li kh phc tp. V d trng hp cc alen tri v ln cng tn
ti nhng sc sng ca cc hp t khng ngang nhau hoc trong cc th h c hin
tng t bin vic xc nh tn s cc alen cc th h tip theo tng i kh v
rc ri. Trong mt s ti liu tham kho nh: Bi tp di truyn hay v kh - V
c Lu; Phng php gii bi tp sinh hc - Nguyn Vn Sang, Nguyn Tho
Nguyn, Nguyn Th Vn; Di truyn hc Hong Trng Phn; Di truyn qun th
- L Thng a ra cc cng thc gii cc th loi ny.
Tuy nhin trong qu trnh hng dn gii bi tp hc sinh vn gp nhiu
kh khn bi l cc ti liu a ra cng thc tng qut nhng khng a ra cch
xy dng cng thc lm hc sinh khi p dng c nhng bn khon, thiu nim tin,
mt khc c th loi ti liu a ra vi ba cng thc song khng ch r phm vi p
dng v th khi i vo gii cc bi c th hc sinh vn lng tng khi vn dng cng
thc t dn ti s nhm ln. Nhng iu ny hn ch kt qu hc tp ca hc
sinh
T nhng iu phn tch trn ti dnh nhiu thi gian nghin cu v
a ra c gii php nng cao hiu qu hc tp ca hc sinh.
im mi trong gii php l ti a ra c cch xy dng cc cng thc
m cc ti liu cha nu ra, iu ny gip hc sinh nm c bn cht v ngun
gc ca cc cng thc, to c hng th v nim tin cho cc em trong qu trnh
gii bi tp. Mt khc ti cng a ra cc l gii mt cch khoa hc ch ra cho
cc em phm vi p dng ca tng cng thc c th. iu ny to thun li v nim
tin cho cc em trong qu trnh gii bi tp lm cho vic vn dng cc cng thc
gii cc loi bi tp kh trong phn di truyn qun th c d dng hn rt nhiu

PHN B. NI DUNG TI
Bi ton tng qut: Trong mt qun th ngu phi xt mt gen c hai alen A, a
nm trn NST thng tng ng, c cu trc di truyn th h xut pht Po l:
P0 :
Trong :

p2o AA + 2poqo Aa + qo2aa = 1

po l tn s tng i ca alen A th h Io
qo l tn s tng i ca alen a th h Io
0 po, qo 1 v po +qo = 1

Tnh tn s tng i ca alen v cu trc di truyn ca qun th th

h th n (Pn) trong cc trng hp sau:
a. Kiu gen aa khng c kh nng sinh sn hoc v l do no ngi ta
khng cho nhng c th c kiu gen aa tham gia sinh sn hoc p lc chn lc loi
b hon ton kiu gen aa ra khi qun th.
b. Kiu gen aa gy cht trong giai on phi hoc b loi b ngay sau khi
mi sinh.
c. Trong trng hp t bin theo chiu thun (alen A b bin i thnh alen
a tn s u)
d. Trong trng hp t bin theo chiu nghch (alen a b bin i thnh alen
A tn s v)
e. Trong trng hp t bin c 2 chiu
f. Trong trng hp c di, nhp gen
g. Trong trng hp b p lc chn lc, gi tr thch nghi khc nhau tng
kiu gen
Cch gii quyt bi ton trn: Xy dng cng thc tnh tn s tng i ca
alen v cu trc di truyn ca qun th th h th n

I.Trng hp 1: Kiu gen aa khng c kh nng sinh sn hoc v l do no

ngi ta khng cho nhng c th c kiu gen aa tham gia sinh sn hoc p lc
chn lc loi b hon ton kiu gen aa ra khi qun th :
1. Cng thc:
a. Tn s tng i ca alen A th h th n:
pn = 1

qo
1 + nqo

b. Tn s tng i ca alen a th h th n:
qo

qn= 1 + nq
o
c. Cu trc di truyn ca qun th th h th n l:
q

2
2
o
o
o
o
Pn : (1 1 + nq ) AA + 2 (1 - 1 + nq )(1 + nq ) Aa + (1 + nq ) aa = 1
o
o
o
o

2.Chng minh:
Do kiu gen aa khng c kh nng sinh sn hoc khng tham gia sinh sn
hoc b chn lc loi b nn trong qun th ch c 2 loi kiu gen AA v Aa gim
phn to giao t v tham gia sinh sn.
=> Tn s tng i (TST) ca alen a:
2 po qo
pq
:2= 2 o o
po + 2 po qo
po + 2 po qo
2

p q

p q

p q

o o
o o
o o
o
p 2 + p q + p q = p ( p + q ) + p q = p (1 + q ) = 1 + q
o
o
o
o o
o
o
o
o
o o
o 0

( Do po + qo = 1).
qo

=> TST ca alen A Po l: 1 - 1 + q

o
Do tn s tng i ca cc alen A v a Po tham gia to th h P1 nn
TST ca A v a Po' chnh l TST ca A, a P1 hay
qo

qo

p1 = 1 - 1 + q ; q1 = 1 + q
o
o
T y ta c CTDT th h tip theo l: P1: p12AA + 2p1q1Aa + q21 aa = 1

Do kiu gen aa khng c kh nng sinh sn hoc khng tham gia sinh sn
hoc b chn lc loi b nn trong qun th ch c 2 loi kiu gen AA v Aa gim
phn to giao t v tham gia sinh sn. V vy cu trc di truyn (CTDT) P1:
=> P'1:

p 21
2p q
AA + 2 1 1 Aa = 1
2
p1 + 2 p1q1
p1 + 2 p1q1

q1

q0

Lm tng t ta c TST ca alen a P'1 l: 1 + q thay q1 = 1 + q vo

1
o
qo

Ta c: TST ca alen a P'1 = 1 + 2q . l TST ca alen a th h th 2

o
Bng cch lm tng t ta tnh c th h Pn
qo

Pn : Tn s tng i ca alen a: qn = 1 + nq
o
qo

T y => Tn s tng i ca alen A: pn= 1 1 + nq (do pn + qn = 1)

o

=> Cu trc di truyn th h Pn l:

(1

qo 2
q
q
q
) AA + 2 (1- o )( o ) A a+ ( o ) 2 a a = 1
1 + n qo
1 + nqo 1 + n qo
1 + n qo

3. V d:
1. Mt nh chn ging chn Vizon cho cc con chn ca mnh giao phi vi
nhau. ng pht hin ra mt iu l trung bnh th 9% chn ca mnh l lng rp.
Loi lng ny bn c t tin hn. V vy ng ch trng chn ti vic chn ging
chn lng mt bng cch khng cho cc con chn lng rp giao phi. Tnh trng
lng rp l do alen ln trn NST thng quy nh.
a. T l chn lng rp m ng ta nhn c trong th h sau l bao nhiu %?.
b. T l chn lng rp m ng ta nhn c sau 15 th h l bao nhiu %?.
Bi gii:
Quy c A Lng mt: a lng rp => chn lng rp c kiu gen aa = 9%
=> qo2 = 0,09 => qo = 0,3=> po = 0,7
a. Th h sau (n = 1) => p dng cng thc 1 ta c:
q1=

0,3
0,230769 t y suy ra q12 (chn lng rp th
1 + 1.0,3

h tip theo) l (0,230769)2 0,053255

5

Tc l gn bng 5,3%
b. Th h 15 s chn lng rp m ng ta nhn c l:
q15=

0,3
0,0545
1 + 15.0,3

Suy ra chn lng rp th h 15 m ng ta nhn c l:

(q15)2 = (0,0545 )2 0,002975
Tc l gn bng 0,3%
2. lm gim TST alen a t 0,96 xung 0,03 ch do p lc ca chn lc
t nhin loi b hon ton kiu gen aa th cn bao nhiu th h.
Bi gii:
Theo bi ta c qo = 0,96; qn = 0,03
p dng cng thc 1 ta c: 0,03 =

0,96
0,96 0,03
=> n =
32,29th h
1 + n.0,96
0,96.0,03

II. Trng hp 2: Kiu gen aa gy cht trong giai on phi hoc b loi b
ngay sau khi mi sinh.
1. Cng thc:
*Tn s tng i ca alen A th h th n:
qo

pn = 1 1 + (n + 1)q

*Tn s tng i ca alen a th h th n:

qo

qn = 1 + (n + 1)q
o
* Cu trc di truyn ca qun th th h n l:
q0 2
q0
q
)
2(1
)( 0 )
1 + nq0
1 + nq0 1 + nq0
AA +
Aa= 1
Pn :
q0 2
q0
q0
q0 2
q0
q0
(1
) + 2(1
)(
)
(1 +
) + 2(1
)(
)
1 + nqo
1 + nq0 1 + nq0
1 + nq0
1 + nq0 1 + nq0
(1

2. Chng minh:
Do kiu gen aa cht trong hp t hoc cht khi mi sinh ra nn trong qun
th ch c 2 loi kiu gen AA v Aa gim phn to giao t v tham gia sinh sn.
V vy cu trc di truyn (CTDT) Po trc khi loi b kiu gen aa l:
Po: po2AA + 2poqo Aa + q2oaa = 1
6

Sau khi loi b:

2

po
2p q
AA + 2 o o
Aa = 1
Po :
2
po + 2 po qo
po + 2 po qo
'

Tn s tng i (TST) ca alen a sau khi loi b l:

qo

q'o = 1 + 1q y chnh l TST ca alen a P1 khi cha loi b kiu gen aa.
o
=> P1 khi cha loi b c thnh phn kiu gen l:
P1: p12AA + 2p1q1Aa+ q12 aa = 1
Sau khi loi b:
2

p
2p q
AA + 2 1 1 Aa = 1
P 1: 2 1
p1 + 2 p1q1
p1 + 2 p1q1
'

TST ca alen a I1 sau khi loi b kiu gen aa l:

q0

q1 = 1 + 2q bng cch lp lun tng t ta c:

0
q0

q0

TST ca alen a In l: qn = 1 + (n + 1)q => pn= 1 - 1 + (n + 1)q

0
0
=> CTDT ca qun th sau khi loi b kiu gen aa l:
q0 2
q
q
)
2(1 0 )( 0 )
1 + nq0
1 + nq0 1 + nq0
AA +
Aa = 1
Pn :
q0 2
q0
q0
q0 2
q0
q0
(1
) + 2(1
)(
)
(1 +
) + 2(1
)(
)
1 + nqo
1 + nq0 1 + nq0
1 + nq0
1 + nq0 1 + nq0
(1

3. V d: Mt qun th giao phi ngu nhin c cu trc di truyn th h ban u

l: P0 : 0,49AA + 0,42Aa + 0,09aa = 1
Gi s t th h ny tr i chon lc t nhin loi b hon ton kiu gen aa khi va
mi sinh ra. Xc nh tn s tng i ca cc alen A, a v cu trc di truyn ca
qun th sau 9 th h.
Bi gii:
Theo bi ra ta c q0 = 0,3; p0 = 0,7
0,3

=>p dng cng thc 2 ta c: q9 = 1 + (9 + 1)0,3 = 0,075=>p9 = 0,925

=> CTDT th h 9 l: 0,860465AA + 0,139535Aa = 1

III. Trng hp 3: t bin gen theo chiu thun (alen A b bin i thnh alen
a):
1. Cng thc
a. Cng thc 3.1: Khi tn s u ln
* Tn s tng i ca alen A th h th n:
pn = p0(1-u)n
* Tn s tng i ca alen a th h th n:
qn = 1- p0(1-u)n
* Cu trc di truyn ca qun th th h n:
Pn: [p0(1-u)n ]2AA + 2[p0(1-u)n ][1- p0(1-u)n ]Aa + [1- p0(1-u)n ]2aa = 1
b. Cng thc 3.2: Khi tn s u rt b hoc tin n zero (u -> 0)
*Tn s tng i ca alen A th h th n:
pn = p0e-un
*Tn s tng i ca alen a th h th n:
qn = 1- p0e-un
*Cu trc di truyn ca qun th th h n:
Pn: (p0e-un)2 AA + 2(p0e-un) (1- p0e-un) Aa + (1- p0e-un)2aa = 1
2.Chng minh:
th h Po sau khi b t bin lng A mt i l u.p o. T y suy ra TST
ca alen A sau khi b t bin s cn li l: po - upo.
y chnh l TST alen A P1,
Hay p1 = po upo = po (1-u) => q0 = 1 - po (1-u)
Cu trc di truyn ca qun th th h th 1 l:
P1: p21 AA + 2p1q1 Aa + q12aa = 1
Lp lun tng t ta c: p2 = p1 - up1 thay p1 = po (1-u) vo ta c
p2 = po(1-u) - u [po (1-u)] p2 = po (1 - u)2.
T y suy ra:

pn = p0(1 - u)n

(3.1)

Tuy nhin trong t nhin tn s t bin u l rt b (10 -4 ->10-6) v c th coi l dn

n 0 v vy cng thc (3.1) c th tng ng vi cng thc sau:
Pn = P0 .e-un v theo ng thc khi u -> 0 th 1- u = e-u

Limu->0 1 uu = 1 => 1-u = e-u nn cng thc (3.1) trn c th vit l:

e

pn = p0 e-un
( Limu->0

1 u
= 1 ly m tr l v n l s nguyn dng)
eu

* Cng thc (3.2) ch c p dng trong trng hp tn s t bin rt b (c th

xem l gn bng 0 - tn s t bin trong t nhin)
3. V d: mt loi ng vt giao phi lng bi. Gen A quy nh lng xm tri
hon ton so vi alen a quy nh lng trng. Mt qun th ca loi ny ang
trng thi cn bng di truyn ngi ta thy c 16% s c th lng trng. Nu t
bin thun ( A->a) vi tn s u = 10% th sau 3 th h ngu phi s c th lng
trng s chim bao nhiu %?
Bi gii:
V A > a v qun th ang cn bng di truyn nn ta c
qo2 = 0,16 => qo = 0,4=> P0 = 0,6
+ V u = 10% nn p dng cng thc 3.1 ta c
P 3= P0(1-0,1)3 = 0,6 x 0,93= 0,4374 => q3 = 0,5626=> % s c th lng
trng l:q32 = (0,5626)2 = 0,316519, tc l gn bng 32%
+ Nu p dng cng thuc 3.2 ta c:
P3 = P0e-o,1x3 = 0,6xe-o,3 0,4445 =>q3 = 0,5555 => % s c th lng trng
l: q32 = ( 0,5555 )2 0,30858 tc l gn bng 31%. Nh vy trong trng hp ny
vic s dng hai cng thc 3.1 v 3.2 c sai s l 1%.
IV. Trng hp 4: t bin theo chiu nghch (alen a b bin i thnh alen A):
1. Cng thc
1.1 Cng thc 4.1: Khi tn s v ln
* Tn s tng i ca alen a: qn = q0(1-u)n
* Tn s tng i ca alen A: pn = 1- q0(1-u)n
* Cu trc di truyn ca qun th th h n:
Pn: [1- p0(1-u)n ]2AA + 2 [q0(1-u)n ][1- q0(1-u)n ]Aa + [q0(1-u)n ]2aa = 1
1.2 Cng thc 4.2: Khi tn s u rt b hoc tin n zero (u -> 0)
*Tn s tng i ca alen a: qn = q0e-un
*Tn s tng i ca alen A: pn = 1- q0e-un
9

*Cu trc di truyn ca qun th th h n:

Pn: (q0e-un)2 aa + 2(q0e-un) (1- q0e-un) Aa + (1- p0e-un)2AA= 1
2.Chng minh: Nh cng thc 3
3. V d: Qun th ban u c TST ca alen a l 0,4 tn s ny gm i 1/2 ch
do p lc ca qu trnh t bin theo chiu nghch (a->A) th cn bao nhiu th h.
Bit tc t bin v = 10-5
(Bi 16 ,Tr185 - Bi tp di truyn hay v kh : V c Lu NXBGD, 1998).
Bi gii:
Theo bi ra ta c qn = 0,2; q0 = 0,4. p dng cng thc 3.4 ta c
0,2 = 0,4e

10 5 n

0,2
=> n = 0,4 = 69.000 th h
10 5
ln

V. Trng hp 5. t bin din ra theo 2 chiu: t bin thun (A -> a) tn s

u, t bin nghch (a -> A) tn s v.
1. Cng thc:
+ Nu u = v th tn s tng i ca cc alen vn c gi nguyn khng i.
+ Nu v = 0 v u > 0 ch xy ra t bin thun
+ Nu u = 0 v v > 0 ch xy ra t bin nghch
+ Nu u v; u > 0, v > 0 ngha l xy ra c t bin thun v t bin nghch,
lc :
* Tn s tng i ca alen A , a sau 1 th h:
p1 = p (uq vp).

q1 = q (vp uq).

Du ph thuc vo (uq vp) hay (vp uq).

+ Nu uq vp > 0 th vp up < 0 khi cng thc s l:
p1 = p + (uq vp).

q1 = q - (vp uq).

+ Nu uq vp < 0 th vp up > 0 khi cng thc s l:

p1 = p - (uq vp).

q1 = q + (vp uq).

*Tn s tng i ca alen A khi t trng thi cn bng:

p=

v
;
u+ v

*Tn s tng i ca alen a khi t trng thi cn bng:

10

q=

u
u+ v

2. Chng minh:
Sau mt th h, tn s tng i ca alen A s l:
p1 = po upo + vqo
K hiu s bin i tn s alen A l p
Khi p = p1 po = (po upo + vqo) po = vqo - upo
Tn s tng i p ca alen A v q ca alen a s t th cn bng khi s
lng t bin A a v a A b tr cho nhau, ngha l p = 0 khi vq = up.
M q = 1- p.
up + vp = v p =

up = v(1 p)

v
u
q=
u+ v
u+ v

3.V d:
Bi 1: Mt qun th ng vt 5.104 con. Tnh trng sng di do gen A quy nh,
sng ngn do gen a quy nh. Trong qun th trn c s gen A t bin thnh a v
ngc li, vi s lng b tr nhau. Tm s t bin . Bit A t bin thnh a
vi tn s v, vi u = 3v = 3.10-3
Bi gii:
Gi : p l tn s ca alen A v q l tn s ca alen a
-Tng s alen trong qun th: 5.104 x 2 = 105 (alen)
-Tn s alen tri, ln khi c cn bng mi c thit lp:
u
3v
=
= 0,75
u + v 3v + u

+Tn s alen a :

qa =

+Tn s alen A :

pA = 1- 0,75 = 0,25

-S lng mi alen trong qun th:

+S lng alen A l:

0,25 . 105 = 2,5.104

+S lng alen a l:

0,75 . 105 = 7,5.104

-S lng t bin thun bng t bin nghch v bng.

3.10-3 x 2,5.104 = 75 (alen) hoc 10-3 x 7,5.104 = 74 (alen)

11

Bi 2: Qun th ban u c 1000000 alen A v a. Tc t bin ca alen A l

3.10-5, cn ca alen a l 10-5. Khi cn bng th qun th c s lng ca tng alen l
bao nhiu?
Cho bit khng tnh p lc ca cc nhn t khc lm bin i cu trc di truyn ca
qun th?
Trong mt qun th gm 2.105 alen. Tn s alen a bng 25%. Khi qun th c 7
alen A b t bin thnh a v 11 alen a t bin thnh A th tn sut t bin trong
mi trng hp bng bao nhiu?
Bi 3: Trong mt qun th c 106 c th. Tn s alen a = 15 %. Trong qun th c
5 alen A b t bin thnh a v 7 alen a t bin thnh A th tn s t bin trong
mi trng hp bao nhiu. Gi thit qun th ban u cn bng
VI. Trng hp 6. Di nhp gen:
1. Cng thc :
a. Tng qut: Trong trng hp mi qun th va c c th di, va c c
th nhp.
*Tn s alen A ca qun th I mi: p = [p(M-x) +yr]/(M-x+y)
*Tn s alen a ca qun th I mi: q = [q(M-x) +ys]/(M-x+y)
*Tn s alen A ca qun th II mi: r = [r(N-y) +xp]/(N-y+x)
*Tn s alen a ca qun th II mi: s = [s(N-y) +xq]/(N-y+x)
b. Nu ch mt bn nhp, mt bn xut.
Nu qun th I l qun th nhp nhn y c th ca qun th xut II (x=0)
Ta goi qun th I mi l qun th hn hp.
T cng thc p = [p(M-x) +yr]/(M-x+y) ta bin i:
p = (pM +yr)/(M+y)
2. Chng minh:
Qun th I c kch thc M c th, tn s alen A, a ln lt l p, q ; qun th II c
kch thc N c th, tn s alen A, a ln lt l r, s .
Trong cng mt lc, c x c th qun th I chuyn qua qun th II; y c th qun
th II chuyn sang I.
Hi cu trc di truyn ca mi qun th mi nh th no ?
- Cu trc di truyn ca mi qun th I : p2 AA : 2pqAa : q2 aa
12

- Cu trc di truyn ca mi qun th II : r2 AA : 2rs Aa : s2 aa

- S c th qun th I chuyn sang II l x tng ng vi tng kiu gen:
+ Kiu gen AA = xp2
+ Kiu gen Aa = x2pq
+ Kiu gen aa = xq2
- S c th qun th II chuyn sang I l y tng ng vi tng kiu gen:
+ Kiu gen AA = yr2
+ Kiu gen Aa = y2rs
+ Kiu gen aa = ys2
- S c th ca tng kiu gen trong qun th mi
+ Qun th I mi c (M-x+y) c th, tng ng vi tng kiu gen:
(Mp2 - xp2 + yr2) AA : 2(Mpq - xpq + yrs) Aa : (Mq2 - xq2 + ys2) aa
+ Qun th II mi c (N+x-y) c th, tng ng vi tng kiu gen:
(Nr2 - yr2 + xp2) AA : 2(Nrs - yrs + xpq) Aa : (Ns2 - ys2 + xq2) aa
- Tn s p ca alen A qun th I mi l:
p = [2(Mp2 - xp2 + yr2) +2(Mpq - xpq + yrs)]/2(M-x+y) =
p = Mp2 - xp2 +yr2 +Mpq - xpq + yrs)/M-x+y =
p = [Mp(p+q) xp(p+q) +yr(r+s)]/M-x+y =
p = (Mp xp +yr)/M-x+y =
p = [p(M-x) +yr]/(M-x+y)
- Tn s q ca alen a qun th I mi l: Cch lm tng t ta c
q = [q(M-x) +ys]/(M-x+y)
Ta c p + q = {[p(M-x) +yr] +[q(M-x) +ys]}/(M-x+y)=
[(M-x)(p+q) + y(r+s)]/(M-x+y) = (M-x+y)/(M-x+y) =1. Tha mn iu kin
- Tng t ta cng tm c tn s r ca alen A qun th II mi l:
r = [r(N-y) +xp]/(N-y+x)
s = [s(N-y) +xq]/(N-y+x)
2. V d :
Qun th I c 1000 c th, tn s alen p(A) = 0,7 ; q(a) = 0,3.
Qun th II c 500 c th, tn s alen r(A) = 0,4 ; s(a) = 0,6.
a. Nu c 100 c th ca qun th I nhp c vo qun th II v 50 c th qun
13

th II nhp c vo qun th I. Th tn s alen ca mi qun th hn hp mi

l bao nhiu ?
b. Nu ch c 50 c th qun th II nhp c vo qun th I. Th tn s alen ca
mi qun th hn hp mi l bao nhiu ?
Gii :
a)
*Tn s alen A ca qun th I mi: p = [p(M-x) +yr]/(M-x+y) =
[0,7(1000-100) + (50 x 0,4)]/(1000-100+50) = (630 + 20)/950 = 0,6842
*Tn s alen a ca qun th I mi: q = [q(M-x) +ys]/(M-x+y)
[0,3(1000-100) + (50 x 0,6)]/(1000-100+50) = (270 + 30)/950 = 0.3157
*Tn s alen A ca qun th II mi: r = [r(N-y) +xp]/(N-y+x)
[0,4(500-50) + (100 x 0,7)]/(500-50+100) = (180 + 70)/450 = 0,5555
*Tn s alen a ca qun th II mi: s = [s(N-y) +xq]/(N-y+x)
[0,6(500-50) + (100 x 0,3)]/(500-50+100) = (270 + 30)/450 = 0,4445
b)

p = (pM +yr)/(M+y) = [(0,7 x 1000)+(50 x 0,4)]/(1000+50) = 0,6857

q= 1 - 0,6857 = 0, 0,3143

VII. Mt s bi tp t luyn:
VII.1. Bi tp c hng dn:
Bi 1. Qun th ban u c tn s tng i ca alen a l 0,4. tn s ny gim
i 1/2 ch do p lc ca qu trnh t bin din ra theo mt chiu th phi cn bao
nhiu th h? Cho bit tn s t bin bng 10 -5.
Hng dn gii
Thay s vo cng thc 1/2 q0 = q0 e vn ta c:
1/2 = 1/e vn

105 n

1
n 69000 th h
2

Bi 2. Qun th ban u c tn s tng i ca mt alen A = 0,96. Tnh s th h

cn thit p lc ca qu trnh t bin lm gim tn s alen A trong qun th
xung cn 0,03. Bit rng, tn s t bin gen A a l 10 -5.
Hng dn gii
Ta bit pn = p0. e un, ly log 2 v ta c logpn = - unlogp0.e
14

log pn

Suy ra n = u.log p .e
0
Thay u = 10 5 tnh c n = 365.580 th h.
Bi 3. Qun th ban u l 1.000.000 alen A v a. Tn s t bin ca alen A l 3.
10 -5, cn alen a l 10 5. Khi cn bng th qun th c s lng ca tng alen l bao
nhiu? Cho bit khng tnh p lc ca cc nhn t khc lm bin i cu trc di
truyn ca qun th.
Hng dn gii
v
105
1
= 5
= = 0, 25 q = 0,25
p dng cng thc p =
5
v + u 10 + 3.10
4

S lng alen A = 0,25 x 106 = 25.104

S lng alen a = 0,75 x 106 = 75. 104
Bi 4. Trong mt qun th, tn s t bin ca alen a bng 3 ln tn s t bin ca
alen A. Ti im cn bng tn s ca mi alen l bao nhiu? Cho bit khng tnh p
lc ca cc nhn t khc lm bin i cu trc di truyn ca qun th.
Hng dn gii
pA =

v
3u 3
=
= = 0, 75
v + u 4u 4

qa = 1 0,75 = 0,25
Bi 5. Qun th I c tn s alen A l 0,9. Qun th II c s alen A l 0,4. Mt nhm
c th t qun th II trong mt th h nhp c vo qun th I lm cho tn s alen A
ca qun th I cn 0,75. Xc nh t l s c th nhp c.
Hng dn gii
p = 0.75 0.9 = - 0,15
p

0,15

Thay s vo cng thc p = m(P p) m = P p = 0, 4 0, 5 = 0,3

Bi 6. 20 c th c kh nng sinh sn t qun th cho (I) di nhp vo qun th
nhn (II) c 20.000 c th. Qun th I c tn s alen a l 0,3. Tn s alen a ca
15

qun th II l 0,1. Hy xc nh tn s alen a ca qun th II sau mt th h di nhp

v sau 2 th h di nhp.
Hng dn gii
m=

20
= 0, 001
20.000

Thay s vo cng thc q = m (Q q) = 0,001 (0,3 0,1) = 0,0002.

q1 = q + q = 0,1 + 0,0002 = 0,1002.
q2 = q1 + q = 0,1002 + 0,0002 = 0,1004
Bi 7. Trong mt qun th tn s trc khi chn lc ca giao t mang alen a l 0,6
v h s chn lc l 0,34. Xc nh lng bin thin v tn s ca alen a qua chn
lc.
Hng dn gii
- Xc nh lng bin thin:
p dng cng thc q =

sq(1 q )
0,34.0, 6(1 0, 6)
= 0,1 ,
,
thay
s
ta
c:
q
=
1 0,34.0, 6
1 sq

- Xc nh tn s alen a qua chn lc = 0,6 0,1 = 0,5.

Bi 8.. lm gim tn s alen a t 0,96 xung cn 0,03 ch do p lc ca qu
trnh chn lc pha lng bi phi cn bao nhiu th h? Cho bit h s chn lc S
= 1.
Hng dn gii
1

Thay s vo cng thc n = q q ta c n = 0, 03 0,96 32 th h

n
Bi 9. Tn s alen a ban u l 0,96. Qu trnh chn lc pha lng bi din ra qua
16 th h s lm tn s alen a gim xung cn bao nhiu? Cho bit h s chn lc S
= 1.
Hng dn gii
1

T cng thc n = q q q = n + q = 16 + 0,96

n
n
0
1

qn = 16 + 1, 04 0, 06
16

VII.2. Bi tp t gii.
VII.2.1. Bi tp v t bin.
Bi 1. Mt qun th giao phi c 0,8A ; 0,2a.Cho rng xy ra t bin A-> a vi
tn s l
10-4 v khng xt n s tc ng ca cc nhn t tin ha khc.Tnh tn s alen A,
a sau 1 th h t bin v nhn xt v s bin thin tn s A, a.
Bi 2. Mt qun th giao phi c 0,3 a. Cho rng xy ra t bin A-> a vi tn
s l 10-4 , t bin a-> A vi tn s l 10-6 v ko xt n s tc ng ca cc nhn
t tin ha khc.Tnh tn s alen A, a sau 1 th h t bin v nhn xt v s bin
thin tn s A, a.
Bi 3. QT ban u c CTDT l 0,49AA + 0,42 Aa + 0,09aa = 1. Cho rng xy
ra t bin A-> a vi tn s l 10-4 v khng xt n s tc ng ca cc nhn t
tin ha khc. Sau 1 th h t bin qun th c cu trc di tuyn nh th no?
Bi 4. 1 qun th giao phi sau 1 th h B c tn s A = 0,8. Cho rng xy
ra t bin A-> a vi tn s l 10-5. Tnh tn s alen A, a trc B v xc nh
lng bin thin tn s A, a.
Bi 5. Mt qun th giao phi trc t bin c 0,3 a; cho rng lng bin thin
tn s a khi c t bin 1 th h l - 0,0001.Tnh tn s t bin a-> A trong
trng hp ny.
VII.2. 2. Bi tp v di nhp gen.
Bi 1. Cho 2 QT cng 1 loi ng vt giao phi c tn s alen l: QT1: 0,9A; QT2:
0,2A
Cho rng xy ra hin tng nhp c t QT2 vo QT1, sau ln sng nhp c
ngi ta xc nh c cc c th QT1 c ngun gc t QT2 l 10%. Xc nh
CTDT ca QT1 sau khi nhp c v tnh lng bin thin tn s alen ca QT1.
Bi 2. loi ng vt giao phi, gi s sau khi nhp c 1 QT c 0,7A. Xc nh
CTDT ca QT ny trc khi c hin tng nhp c. Cho t l c th nhp c l 0,2
v QT cho c tn s a alen a l 0,5
Bi 3. loi ng vt giao phi, gi s QT nhn trc nhp c c 0,6 A, lng
bin thin tn s A khi c nhp c l +0,1.Tnh tn s alen A, a qun th cho, bit
17

rng t l nhp c l 0,4

Bi 4. 1 qun th giao phi c tn s alen a = 0,7; sau khi c nhp c tn s alen
a = 0,5. Cho rng QT cho c tn s alen A = 0,6. Tnh t l s c th nhp c
vo qun th.
Bi 5. Qun th I c tn s alen A l 0,9; qun th II c tn s alen A l 0,4. Mt
nhm c th t qun th II trong mt th h nhp c vo qun th I lm cho tn
s alen A ca qun th I cn 0,75.
Hy xc nh t l s c th nhp c.
VII.2. 3. Bi tp v CLTN.
Bi 1. Mt qun th thc vt giao phn c cu trc di truyn l:
0,36AA+0,48Aa+0,16aa =1. Do iu kin sng thay i lm cht 50% s c th c
kiu hnh ln giai on cn non. Hy cho bit tn s ca alen A, a sau mt th h
chn lc v nhn xt v s bin thin tn s ca alen A, a ca qun th .
Bi 2. Mt qun th cn bng di truyn c cc alen T v t, trong kiu hnh tri
chim 51%. t nhin iu kin sng thay i lm cht tt c cc c th c kiu
hnh ln trc khi trng thnh. Hy cho bit tn s alen t sau 1 th h chn lc v
lng bin thin ca t qua chn lc l bao nhiu?
Bi 3. Mt qun th thc vt c cu trc di truyn nh sau:
0,25AA+0,5 Aa+0,25 aa =1
a. Xc nh cu trc di truyn ca qun th sau 1 th h chn lc nu:
- Xy ra s CL chng li Aa vi h s CL l 0,5

(1)

- Xy ra s CL chng li AA v aa vi h s CL l 0,5 v 0,2

- Xy ra s CL chng li aa vi h s CL l 0,4

(2)

(3)

b. im sai khc gia cc hnh thc CL (1), (2) v (3)

Bi 4. Gi tr thch nghi ca cc kiu gen trong QT nh sau:
Kiu gen
AA
Gi tr thch 0,00

Aa
1,00

aa
0,00

nghi
Qun th ang chu tc ng ca hnh thc CL no? Nu c im ca hnh thc
CL .
Bi 5. Mt qun th thc vt c cu trc di truyn l:
0,64AA+ 0,32 Aa+ 0,04 aa =1. Cu trc DT ca QT s nh th no sau 1 th
18

h giao phi cho rng gi tr thch nghi ca cc kiu gen trong QT l:

Kiu gen
AA
Gi tr thch 0,5

Aa
1,00

aa
0,00

nghi
Bi 6. Mt QT giao phi c CTDT 0,09AA + 0,42Aa + 0,49aa = 1. Cho rng gi tr
thch nghi ca cc loi kiu gen tng ng l: 0,4 : 1 : 0,6. Xc nh hng chn
lc v tnh t l cc loi kiu gen v tn s alen sau 1 th h chn lc.
Bi 7. CTDT ca 1 QT giao phi sau 1 th h chn lc l:
0, 49 AA + 0,42 Aa + 0,09 aa = 1
a. Xc nh tn s alen A, a ca QT trc khi xy ra chn lc, bit rng h s chn
lc 0,6 : 0 : 0.
b. Xc nh hnh thc chn lc v nu c im ca hnh thc CL ny.
Bi 8. Mt qun th thc vt c CT di truyn nh sau: 0, 5AA+ 0,4 Aa+ 0,1aa =1
Sau khi xy ra CL 1 th h t l cc loi KG ca QT lc ny l:
0,3AA: 0,4 Aa: 0,05 aa
Xc nh hng CL v h s CL i vi tng loi KG trong QT.
Bi 9. Mt qun th giao phi trc CL c 0,5 a; cho rng lng bin thin tn s
a khi c CL 1 th h l - 0,1. Xc nh hng CL v h s CL .
Bi 10. Cho 2 qun th giao phi:
- Qun th 1: C 0,6A v 0,4a; cho rng trong qun th xy ra s o thi kiu
gen aa vi h s CL bng 1
- Qun th 2: C cu trc di truyn nh qun th 1, nhng xy ra t bin theo
2 hng thun, nghch vi tn s l 10-4 v 10-5
a- Tnh tn s alen a sau 1 th h chn lc v t bin 2 qun th trn.
b-So snh kt qu v rt ra kt lun.
Bi 11. Gi s c 1 qun th mo hoang Man-x mi c hnh thnh trn 1 hn
o vi tn s alen Man-x trong qun th xut pht (th h 0) l 0,2. Tn s alen
ny l bao nhiu sau 5 th h? Bit rng h s thch nghi vi mi trng trn o
ca mo c kiu hnh man-x v kiu di l tng ng.
Bi 12. Trong 1 qun th c bit, tn s cc kiu gen c tnh
trc v sau khi chn lc sy ra l:
19

khi

a1a1
chn 0,25

a1a2
0,5

a2a2
0,25

lc(F0)
Sau
khi

chn 0,35

0,48

0,17

Trc

lc(F1)
a.Tnh h s chn lc ca mi kiu gen
b. Kiu gen no b chn lc mnh nht?

PHN C. KT LUN
Trong qu trnh ging dy ti p dng cch lm trn i vi nhiu i tng
khc nhau nh: hc sinh trung bnh, hc sinh kh, gii u thu c kt qu tt.
Cc em khng ch lm c cc bi tp trong sch gio khoa m cn bit vn dng
mt cch linh hot trong vic gii cc bi tp kh. c bit l trong cc k thi hc
sinh gii tnh, i hc, Cao ng k c Olympic Quc t. Trn y l mt cch
lm ca ti v mang lai hiu qu tt. Rt mong c s gp chn thnh ca
cc bn c.

20

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Nguyn Thnh t, Phm Vn Lp, ng Hu Lanh (2008), Sinh hc 12
Ban c bn, Nxb Gio dc.
2. V c Lu (1998), Bi tp di truyn hay v kh, Nxb Gio dc.
3. L Thng (2001), Di truyn hc qun th, Nxb i hc Quc gia H Ni.
4. V Vn V, Nguyn Nh Hin, V c Lu, Trnh nh t, Chu Vn
Mn, V Trung Tng (2008), Sch gio khoa sinh hc 12 Ban nng cao,
Nxb Gio dc.
5. K yu hi tho khoa hc ln th III, ln th IV khu vc Duyn hi v ng
bng Bc b (2010, 2011). Ti liu lu hnh ni b
ng H, ngy 19 thng 5 nm 2012
nguyentusgd@gmail.com

21

MC LC
Ni dung
Phn A : L do chn ti
Phn B. Ni dung ti
I. Trng hp 1: Kiu gen aa khng c kh nng sinh

Trang
2
3

sn hoc v l do no ngi ta khng cho nhng c th c kiu gen aa

tham gia sinh sn hoc p lc chn lc loi b hon ton kiu gen aa ra

khi qun th:

II. Trng hp 2: Kiu gen aa gy cht trong giai on phi hoc b loi
b ngay sau khi mi sinh.
III. Trng hp 3: t bin gen theo chiu thun (alen A b bin i thnh

alen a)
IV. Trng hp 4: t bin theo chiu nghch (alen a b bin i thnh

alen A)
V. Trng hp 5. t bin din ra theo 2 chiu
VI. Trng hp 6. Di nhp gen:
VII. Mt s bi tp
PHN C. KT LUN
TI LIU THAM KHO
MC LC

9
10
11
14
20
21
22

22

Nhn xt, nh gi ca T chuyn mn:

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Kt lun ca HKH trng:
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

23

Nhn xt ca t chuyn mn:

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Kt lun ca HKH trng:
.
.
.
.
.
24

.
.

25