Gio khoa & Bi tp Ha 10

NGUYN T
Vn 1:

THNH PHN NGUYN T

TM TT GIO KHOA

I.

THNH PHN CU TO NGUYN T Nguyn t gm c: Ht nhn nguyn t gm cc ht proton mang in tch dng v cc ht ntron khng mang in V nguyn t gm cc ht electron mang in tch m chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn. V nguyn t Nhn nguyn t c tnh ht Electron (e) Proton (p) Ntron (n) -19 -19 in tch qe = -1,6.10 C qp = +1,6.10 C qn = 0 (q) = 1- (vt) = 1+ (vdt) -31 -27 -27 Khi lng me = 9,1094.10 kg mp = 1,6726.10 kg mn = 1,6748.10 kg (m) = 0,000549u = 1u = 1u Quy c: 1u (dvC) = 1 m = 1, 6605.10 27 C 12 kg ; 1VT = 1,6 . 10 C
-19

Lu : T Z = 2 Z = 82 c mi lin h : Z N 1,5 Z Ht nhn c proton mang in tch dng Ht nhn mang in tch dng Z+.

Lp v gm cc electron mang in tch m Lp v mang in tch m. Nguyn t trung ha v in: Z = p = e II. KCH THC, KHI LNG NGUYN T 1/ Kch thc Nu hnh dung nguyn t nh mt qu cu, trong cc electron chuyn ng rt nhanh -10 -1 xung quanh ht nhn th nguyn t c ng knh khong 10 m (10 nm). -5 ng knh ht nhn khong 10 nm. -8 ng knh ca electron khong 10 nm. 2/ Electron chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn trong khng gian rng ca nguyn t. Khi lng nguyn t Khi lng nguyn t = mp + mn + mc = mp + mn (v mc << mp.n) Nguyn t khi l khi lng tng i ca nguyn t. Nguyn t khi ca nguyn t cho bit khi lng nguyn t nng gp bao nhiu ln n v khi lng nguyn t (u). VD: O = 16; Cl = 35,5. 1u = 1,6605.10
-27

kg

Ngtkhoi =

Khoi lng nguyen t(kg) 27 1,6605.10

-27

Khi lng nguyn t (kg) = Ngt khi x 1,6605.10

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Gio khoa & Bi tp Ha 10

BI TP
-----Cu 1: Cc ht cu to nn hu ht cc nguyn t l : A. Proton v electron B. Proton, ntron v electron C. Proton v ntron D. Ht nhn v electron Cu 2: Cc ht cu to nn ht nhn ca nguyn t l: A. Proton v electron B. Proton v ntron C. Electron v ntron D. Electron, Proton v ntron Cu 3: Trong nguyn t: A. Proton mang in tch dng, electron v ntron mang in tch m. B. Proton mang in tch dng, electron mang in tch m, ntron khng mang in tch C. Proton v ntron mang in in tch dng, electron mang in tch m. D. Ntron mang in tch dng, proton v electron mang in tch m. Cu 4: Trong nguyn t: A. Ht nhn nguyn t trung ha v in. B. Ht nhn mang in tch dng Z+ C. Ht nhn mang in tch m. D. Ht nhn khng mang in tch. Cu 5: Cc nhn nh sau y: I. Trong mt nguyn t, tng s e trong v lun lun bng tng s proton trong nhn. II. Trong ht nhn nguyn t, s proton lun lun bng s ntron. A. (I), (II) u ng B. (I), (II) u sai C. (I) ng, (II) sai D. (I)sai, (II) ng Cu 6: Cc nhn nh sau y: I. Khi lng ca proton gn bng khi lng ca electron. II. Khi lng ca mt nguyn t coi nh bng khi lng ca ht nhn. A. (I), (II) u ng B. (I), (II) u sai C. (I) ng, (II) sai D. (I)sai, (II) ng Cu 7: Cu no sau y din t khi lng electron l ng: A. Khi lng ca electron gn bng khi lng ca proton. B. Khi lng ca electron gn bng khi lng ca ntron. C. Khi lng ca electron nh hn nhiu so vi khi lng ca proton. D. Khi lng ca electron ln hn khi lng ca proton. -18 Cu 8: Mt nguyn t c in tch ht nhn l +4,8.10 C th trong ht nhn nguyn t c: A. 3 proton B. 10 proton C. 20 proton D. 30 proton Cu 9: Nguyn t Clo c tng s ht l 54, trong c 17 ht mang in tch m. S ht proton, Ntron, Electron trong nguyn t Clo ln lt l: A. 17 ; 17 ; 37 B. 17 ; 37 ; 17 C. 17 ; 20 ; 17 D. 17 ; 17 ; 20 Cu 10: Nguyn t Brom c tng s ht l 114, trong c 17 ht mang in tch m. S ht Proton, Ntron, Electron v in tch ht nhn nguyn t Brom ln lt l: A. 26 ; 44 ; 44 ; 26+ B. 35 ; 44 ; 35 ; 35+ C. 35 ; 44 ; 35 ; 44+ D. 35 ; 44 ; 35 ; 70+ Cu 11: Tng s ht trong nguyn t Fe l 82, trong c 52 ht mang in. S ht proton, Ntron, Electron v in tch ht nhn ca nguyn t Fe ln lt l : A. 26 ; 30 ;26 ; 26+ B. 26 ; 26 ; 30 ; 30+ Trang 2

Gio khoa & Bi tp Ha 10

C. 30 ; 26 ; 30 ; 30+ D. 15 ; 52 ; 15 ; 15+ Cu 12: Mt nguyn t Lu hunh c tng s cc loi proton, ntron v electron l 48 trong s ht mang in gp 2 ln s ht khng mang in. in tch ht nhn v khi lng nguyn t lu hunh l: A. 16+ ; 48u B. 32+ ; 48u C. 24+ ; 32u D. 16+ ; 32u Cu 13: a- Nguyn t khi ca Neon l 20,179. Hy tnh khi lng ca 1 nguyn t Ne theo kg. b- Beri v oxi ln lt c khi lng nguyn t bng: mBe = 9,012u ; mO = 15,999u. Hy tnh cc khi lng ra gam. -27 -24 -24 S: 33,507.10 kg ; 14,964.10 g ; 26,566.10 g Cu 14: Kt qu phn tch cho thy trong mt phn t kh CO2 c 27,3%C v 72,7%O theo khi lng. Bit nguyn t khi ca cacbon l 12,011. Hy xc nh nguyn t khi ca Oxi. S: 15,99 Cu 15: Bit rng khi lng mt nguyn t oxi nng gp 15,842 ln v khi lng ca nguyn t cacbon nng gp 11,906 ln khi lng ca nguyn t hidro. Nu chn 1/12 khi lng nguyn t cacbon lm n v th H, O c nguyn t khi l bao nhiu? S: 1,0079 ; 15,967 Cu 16: a- Trong 8g oxi c bao nhiu gam electron? Bit 1 mol nguyn t oxi c khi lng 16g, mt nguyn t oxi c 8 electron. b- Trong 1kg st co bao nhiu gam electron? Bit 1 mol nguyn t st c khi lng 56g v mt nguyn t st c 26 electron. -5 S: 0,219.10 kg ; 0,255g -10 -15 Cu 17: Bn knh nguyn t hidro gn bng 0,53.10 m, cn bn knh ca ht nhn gn bng 1.10 m. Cho rng c nguyn t v ht nhn u c dng hnh cu. Hy tnh t l th tch ca ton nguyn t v th tch ca ht nhn. -45 3 -31 3 14 S: 4,19.10 m ; 6,3.10 m ; 1,5.10 ln Cu 18: Cho rng ht nhn nguyn t v chnh nguyn t hidro c dng cu. Ht nhn nguyn t -15 -10 hidro c bn knh gn ng bng 10 m, bn knh nguyn t hidro bng 0,53.10 m. a- Hy xc nh khi lng ring ca ht nhn v ca nguyn t hidro. b- So snh kt qu tm c vi khi lng ring ca vng kim loi: 19,32g/cm . 8 3 3 S: 3,99.10 tn/cm ; 2,66g/cm -8 3 Cu 19: Nguyn t st c bn knh r = 1,27.10 cm , nguyn t khi l 56. Bit trong mng tinh th, cc nguyn t st ch chim 74% th tch, cn li l cc khe trng. Tnh khi lng ring ca nguyn t st. 3 S: 7,9 g/cm Cu 20: Trong thc t cc nguyn t canxi chim 74% v th tch trong tinh th, cn li l cc khe 3 trng. Bit th tch 1 mol canxi bng 25,87cm . Tnh bn knh nguyn t canxi. -8 3 S: 1,97.10 cm
3

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Gio khoa & Bi tp Ha 10

Vn 2:

HT NHN NGUYN T - NGUYN T HA HC

TM TT GIO KHOA

I.

HT NHN NGUYN T Ht nhn nguyn t gm Z ht proton v N ntron. in tch ht nhn l Z+. S n v in tch ht nhn Z c gi l s hiu nguyn t ca nguyn t . S khi (A) bng tng s proton (Z) v tng s ntron (N): A = Z + N * Tm li: S proton = Z = S n v in tch nhn = S hiu nguyn t. S ntron = N, trong 82 nguyn t ha hc u tin: Z N 1,5Z S electron = S proton = Z (V nguyn t trung ha v in) Ht nhn mang in tch dng Z+ ; Lp v mang in tch m Z-.

II. NGUYN T HA HC nh ngha: Nguyn t ha hc ln nguyn t c cng in tch ht nhn. ng vi 1 gi tr ca Z l 1 nguyn t ha hc. Z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ngt Z Ngt H 13 Al He 14 Si Li 15 P Be 16 S B 17 Cl C 18 Ar N 19 K 8 O 20 Ca 9 F 26 Fe 10 Ne 29 Cu 11 Na 30 Zn 12 Mg 24 Cr

K hiu nguyn t:
A Z

ZX trong : X : l k hiu ha hc ca nguyn t.

Z : l s proton (Z = s p = s e, THN l Z+) A : l s khi (A = Z + N)

BI TP
-----Cu 21: Trong nguyn t A c 17 proton v 18 ntron. Vy: A. in tch ht nhn l 17+ B. in tch v l 17C. S khi l 35 D. Tt c u ng Cu 22: S khi ca ht nhn l: A. Tng s ht p, n , e B. Tng s ht n v e C. Tng s ht mang in D. Tng s ht p v n Cu 23: Nguyn t ha hc l nhng nguyn t c cng: A. S khi B. S ntron C. S proton D. S Proton v s ntron Trang 4

Gio khoa & Bi tp Ha 10

Cu 24: K hiu nguyn t biu th y c trng cho nguyn t ca mt nguyn t ha hc v n cho bit: A. S khi A B. S hiu nguyn t Z C. Nguyn t khi ca nguyn t D. S khi A v s hiu nguyn t Z Cu 25: Trong k hiu nguyn t, con s vit pha di l: a. S hiu nguyn t b. S electron trong nguyn t c. S proton trong nhn d. S in tch ht nhn A. a, c, d ng B. c, b ng C. a, d ng D. Tt c u ng Cu 26: Da vo s hiu nguyn t c th bit c : A. S proton trong ht nhn nguyn t hay s n v in tch ht nhn nguyn t. B. S electron trong v nguyn t. C. S th t nguyn t trong bng tun hon. D. Tt c A, B, C Cu 27: Hy in vo nhng trng trong bng: S hiu K hiu S khi S proton S ntron S electron nguyn t nguyn t 7 9 39 56 Cu 28: Trong nguyn t A. 37
56 26 86 37

7 10 19

26 Rb c tng s ht proton v ntron l: B. 49 C. 86 D. 123

Cu 29: Nguyn t st 2 Fe c cha: A. 26e ; 26p ; 56n Cu 30: Nhng nguyn t

40 20

B. 56e ; 26p ; 26n Ca ;

39 19

C. 26e ; 26p ; 30n

D.56e ; 56p ; 30n

K ;

41 21

Sc c cng:

A. S electron B S hiu ngt C. S khi D. S ntron Cu 31: Vit k hiu nguyn t theo ng tn nguyn t ca cc nguyn t sau: a- Nguyn t A (13p ; 14n) b- Trong nguyn t X c 30 ht mang in v 16 ht khng mang in. Cu 32: Trong nguyn t M c tng s phn t l 48, trong ht mang in gp 2 ln s ht khng mang in. Vit k hiu nguyn t M. S: Z = N = 16 Cu 33: Nguyn t Y c tng s ht l 155. Tm in tch ht nhn, s khi v vit k hiu nguyn t Y, bit trong nguyn t Y s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 33. S: Z = 47 ; N = 61 Cu 34: Nguyn t M c tng s cc phn t l 95, trong t s gia s ht mang in v s ht khng mang in l 12 : 7. Tm in tch ht nhn v khi lng nguyn t M. S: Z = 30 ; N = 35 Cu 35: Tng s cc loi ht trong nguyn t R l 52. Nu nguyn t R nhn thm 1e th s ht mang in bng s khi. Tm in tch ht nhn, nguyn t khi v vit k hiu nguyn t M.

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Gio khoa & Bi tp Ha 10

S: Z = 17 ; N = 18 Cu 36: a- Tng s ht trong nguyn t X l 40, nguyn t X c nguyn t khi khng qu 27. Tm in tch ht nhn ca nguyn t X. S: Z = 13 ; N = 14 b- Nguyn t R c tng s phn t l 52. Trong s ht khng mang in nhiu hn s ht mang in m khng qu 3 ht. Xc nh in tch ht nhn ca nguyn t R. S: Z = 17 ; N = 18 c- Nguyn t M c tng s phn t l 34 v c s khi khng qu 23. Vit k hiu (theo ng tn nguyn t) ca nguyn t M. S: Z = 11 ; N = 12 Cu 37: Ytri (Y) dng lm vt liu siu dn c A= 88. Da vo BTH, hy xc nh s p, n, e ca nguyn t nguyn t Y. Cu 38: Trong nguyn t M c tng s phn t l 95. S ht khng mang in bng 58,33% s ht mang in. S proton v s ntron ca nguyn t M ln lt l: A. 30 ; 35 B. 35 ; 30 C. 60 ; 35 D. 31 ; 33 Cu 39: Nguyn t M c tng s ht l 82. S ht khng mang in hn s ht mang in m l 4. S ht proton, ntron, electron trong nguyn t M ln lt l: Vn 3: NG V - NGUYN T KHI TRUNG BNH

TM TT GIO KHOA
I. NG V

Cc ng v ca mt nguyn t ha hc l nhng nguyn t c cng s proton (cng Z) nhng khc nhau v s ntron, do s khi A ca chng khc nhau. II. NGUYN T KHI TRUNG BNH A = A1x1 + A x + ......... 2
2

Trong : A1 , A2 , : l s khi ca cc ng v x1 , x2 , : l s nguyn t hoc % s nguyn t ca mi ng v

x1 + x 2 + ............ Aa + Bb 100

Hay:

A =

Trong : A, B l s khi cc ng v. a, b l % s nguyn t ca cc ng v (a + b = 100)

A =

Aa + (100 a)B 100

BI TP
------

Cu 40: ng v l nhng: A. Hp cht c cng in tch ht nhn B. Nguyn t c cng in tch ht nhn C. Nguyn t c cng s khi A D. Nguyn t c cng in tch ht nhn v khc nhau v s khi

Cu 41: Hai ng v ca nguyn t X khc nhau v: A. S electron trong nguyn t Trang 6

B. S proton trong ht nhn

Gio khoa & Bi tp Ha 10

C. S hiu nguyn t Cu 42: Cho cc nguyn t sau: A , B , C , D , t no l ng v? ng khi ? ng ntron? Cu 43: Trong t nhin: - Oxi c 3 ng v - Hidro c 3 ng v - Cacbon c 2 ng v
14 7 16 8 17 8 15 7

D. S khi
20 10

E , 11 F , 10 G , 8 H . Hy cho bit nguyn O , 8 O ,8 O

2 3 17 18

22

22

18

16 8 1

: 1H , 1 H , 1H :
12 6

C,6C

13

Hy tm xem c bao nhiu kiu phn t O2 , H2 , CO2 , H2O c to thnh t cc ngt trn. Cu 44: Hai ng v 1 H (k hiu l H)
1 2 1

H (k hiu l D)

a- Vit cc cng thc phn t ca hidro c th c. b- Tnh phn t khi ca mi loi phn t. c- Mt lt hidro giu teri ( 1 H ) kc nng 0,1g. Tnh thnh phn % khi lng tng
2

ng v ca hidro.
Cu 45: Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca cc nguyn t: B, Ni, Br, Cu. Bit rng trong t nhin t l s nguyn t ca cc ng v nh sau: 10 11 a/ B (18,66%) , B (81,34%) b/ Ni (67,76%) , Ni (26,16%) , Ni (2,42%), c/ Br : Br = 27 : 23 d/ Cu : Cu = 18,25 : 6,75 Cu 46: Hai ng v Hidro v hai ng v Clo vi t l % s nguyn t chim trong t nhin nh 1 2 35 37 sau: H (99,984%) ; H (0,016%) ; Cl (75,77%) ; Cl (24,23%) a- Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca mi nguyn t. b- C th c bao nhiu loi phn t HCl khc nhau to nn t 2 ng v ca 2 ngt . c- Tnh phn t khi ca mi loi phn t trn. Cu 47: Nguyn t X c 2 ng v. ng v th nht c s khi l 35. ng v th 2 c nhiu hn ng v th nht 2 ntron. T l nguyn t ca ng v th nht v th hai l 98,25 : 32,75. a- Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh v gi tn nguyn t X. b- Tnh th tch ( ktc) ca 10,65g kh X. S: 35,5 ; A l Clo ; 3,36 lt 107 Cu 48: Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca Ag l 107,973. Bc c 2 ng v, ng v th nht Ag chim 51,35%. Tm ng v th hai. S: Ag 63 65 Cu 49: Trong t nhin ng c 2 ng v Cu v Cu. Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca ng l 63,54vC. Tm % s nguyn t mi ng v. S: 73% ; 27% 10 11 Cu 50: Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca Bo l 10,81. Nguyn t Bo c 2 ng v: B v B a/ Tnh % s nguyn t mi ng v. b/ Tnh % v khi lng ca ng v B trong phn t H3BO3. Ly H = 1 ; O = 16. S: 19% ; 81% ; 14,4% Trang 7
11 109 63 65 79 81 58 60 61 62

Ni (3,66%)

Gio khoa & Bi tp Ha 10

Cu 51: Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca Clo l 35,5. Clo trong t nhin c 2 ng v l 35 v 37. 37 Hi Cl chim bao nhiu % v khi lng trong phn t axit pecloric HClO4. S: 9,204% 24 25 Cu 52: Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca Mg l 24,2vC. Mg c 2 loi ng v: Mg v Mg, Hi 24 25 nu c 500 nguyn t Mg th s c bao nhiu nguyn t Mg? S : 125 A1 A2 A3 Cu 53: Nguyn t X c 3 ng v : X , X , X - Tng s khi ca 3 ng v l 51. - S khi ca ng v - S khi ca ng v
A2 A3

X hn s khi ca ng v X bng 9/8 s khi ca

A1

A1

X l 1.

X.

a/ Tnh s khi mi ng v. b/ Bit

A1

X chim 99,577%,

A2

X chim 0,339%. Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca X.

A1

c/ Hy xc nh s ht p, n, e trong mi ng v, bit rng ng v

X c s p = s n.

S : A1 = 16 ; A2 = 17 ; A3 = 18 ; A = 16,00507 Cu 54: Nguyn t R c 3 ng v : X , Y , T - Tng s khi ca 3 ng v l 120. - Tng s ht ca ng v T gp 3 ln s ntron ca X. - S ht mang in trong X nhiu hn s ht khng mang in ca Y l 17. - S ntron ca Y bng trung bnh cng s ntron ca X v T. a/ Tm s proton ca R v s ntron ca X, Y, T. b/ Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca R, bit t l s nguyn t ca 3 ng v : X : Y = 2327.5 : 0.5 v Y : T = 2 : 688 S : Z = 19; Nx = 20 ; NY = 21 ; NT = 22 ; A = 39,138 Cu 55: Nguyn t R c 3 ng v : B, C, D - Tng s phn t ca 3 ng v l 129. - ng v D c s ntron nhiu hn ng v B l 1 ht. - ng v C c s ntron bng s electron. a/ Tnh in tch ht nhn v s khi mi ng v. b/Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca R, bit t l s nguyn t ca cc ng v l: D : B = 195 : 305.5 v B : C = 282 : 5538 S : Z = 14; AB = 29 ; AC = 28 ; AD = 30 ; A = 16,00507 Cu 56: Ha tan hon ton 6.082g kim loi X (ha tr II) vo dd HCl thu c 5,6 lt kh (kc). a/ Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh v gi tn X. b/ X c 3 ng v. Tng s khi ca 3 ng v l 75. S khi ca ng v 2 bng trung bnh cng s khi ca 2 ng v cn li. ng v 3 chim 11.4% v c s khi nhiu hn ng v 2 l 1 n v. Tnh s khi v % s nguyn t mi ng v. S: A = 24,328 ; X l Mg ; A1 = 24 ; 78,6% ; A2 = 25 ; 10% ; A3 = 26 Cu 57: Cho mt dung dch cha 8,19g mui NaX tc dng vi mt lng d dung dch AgNO3 thu c 20,09g kt ta. a/ Tm khi lng nguyn t v gi tn X. Trang 8

Gio khoa & Bi tp Ha 10

b/ X c 2 ng v t nhin, trong ng v 1 c s nguyn t nhiu hn ng v 2: 50%, ht nhn ng v 1 c t hn ht nhn ng v 2: 2 ntron. Tm s khi mi ng v. S: A = 35,5 ; X l Clo ; A1 = 35 ; A2 = 37

Trang 9

Gio khoa & Bi tp Ha 10

Vn 4:

V NGUYN T
TM TT GIO KHOA

I.

S CHUYN NG CA ELECTRON TRONG NGUYN T Trong nguyn t, cc electron chuyn ng rt nhanh xung quanh nhn khng theo qu o no. Khi chuyn ng trong nguyn t, cc electron chim nhng mc nng lng khc nhau c trng cho trng thi chuyn ng ca n. II. ORBITAN NGUYN T Orbitan nguyn t l khu vc khng gian xung quanh ht nhn m xc sut c mt electron l ln nht > 90% Da trn s khc nhau v trng thi chuyn ng ca electron trong nguyn t, ngi ta phn loi cc orbitan thnh orbitan s, orbitan p, orbitan d, orbitan f. III. LP V PHN LP ELECTRON 1/ Lp electron (hay mc nng lng): nguyn t c ti a 7 lp Cc electron c mc nng lng gn bng nhau thuc cng mt lp electron. Cc lp electron: Tn lp K L M N O P Q Th t lp 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

2/ Phn lp electron (hay phn mc nng lng) Mi lp electron c chia thnh cc phn lp : s , p , d , f. Vi s phn lp = STT lp Trong mi phn lp cc electron c mc nng lng bng nhau. Electron phn lp no th gi theo phn lp . 3/ S obitan trong mt lp v mt phn lp: Trong mt phn lp: Phn lp s p d S obitan Trong mt lp: Lp K L M N n 1 2 3 4 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 1 3 Cc phn lp 5

f 7 s orbitan 1 4 9 16

IV. CU HNH ELECTRON TRONG NGUYN T 1/ Cc nguyn l v quy tc phn b electron trong nguyn t:

Trang 10

Gio khoa & Bi tp Ha 10

Nguyn l Pau-li: Trn mt obitan ch c th nhiu nht l 2 electron v 2 electron ny chuyn ng t quay khc nhau xung quanh trc ring ca mi electron. electron c thn Phn lp s c 1 orbitan, c ti a 2e. Phn lp p c 3 orbitan, c ti a 6e. Phn lp d c 5 orbitan, c ti a 10e. Phn lp f c 7 orbitan, c ti a 14e. electron ghp i

Vy:

Nguyn l vng bn: trng thi c bn cc electron chim ln lt nhng obitan c mc nng lng t thp n cao. T thc nghim v l thuyt, mc nng lng ca cc obitan nguyn t tng dn theo th t: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s . Quy tc Hund: Trong cng mt phn lp, cc electron s phn b trn cc obitan sao cho s electron c thn l ti a v cc electron ny c chiu t quay ging nhau. 2/ c im lp e ngoi cng: Lp ngoi cng ti a 8e. Cc electron ngoi cng quyt nh tnh cht ha hc ca mt nguyn t - Ngt c 8e lp ngoi cng, bn vng: l kh him (tr He c 2e lp ngoi cng). - Ngt c 1, 2, 3e lp ngoi cng: l kim loi (tr H, He, B). - Ngt c 5, 6, 7e lp ngoi cng: l phi kim. - Ngt c 4e lp ngoi cng: - Nu Z < 20 l phi kim. - Nu Z > 20 l kim loi Electron ha tr: l nhng electron c kh nng tham gia hnh thnh lin kt ha hc. Chng thng nm lp ngoi cng hoc c phn lp st ngoi cng nu phn lp cha bo ha. S to thnh ion * Ion dng (Cation): Ngt kim loi c 1, 2, 3e lp ngoi cng d nhng e to thnh Ion dng. M - ne M
n+

(n = s e lp ngoi cng v thng bng ha tr)

* Ion m (Anion): Ngt phi kim c 5, 6, 7e lp ngoi cng d nhn e to thnh Ion m. X + me X
m-

(m = 8 - s e lp ngoi cng)

BI TP
------

Cu 58: a- C th m t s chuyn ng ca electron trong nguyn t bng cc qu o chuyn ng khng? Ti sao? b-Theo thuyt hin i, trng thi chuyn ng ca electron trong nguyn t dcm t bng hnh nh g? Cu 59: Trong nguyn t, cc electron thng c tm thy: Trang 11

Gio khoa & Bi tp Ha 10

a- trong ht nhn nguyn t. b- bn ngoi ht nhn, song rt gn nhn v cc electron ny b ht bi cc ht proton. c- bn ngoi ht nhn v thng xa nhn v th tch nguyn t l m my electron ca nguyn t . d- c bn trong v bn ngoi nhn, v cc electron lun c tm thy bt k ch no trong nguyn t. 39 40 27 Cu 60: Cho cc nguyn t: 19 K ; 20 Ca ; 13 Al ; 15 31P ; 16 32S ; 3579 Br ; 3686 Kr ; 26 56Fe ; 30 65Zn a- Vit cu hnh electron. Suy ra s lp electron, s e lp ngoi cng, s electron ha tr v tnh cht ca mi nguyn t. b- Vit s phn b e vo cc obitan phn lp nng lng cao nht. Suy ra s e c thn. c- Vit s to thnh ion t cc nguyn t trn v cu hnh e ca ion to thnh. 54 63 109 Cu 61: Vit cu hnh e ca cc nguyn t: 24 Cr ; 29 Cu ; 47 Ag Cu 62: Hai phn lp ngoi cng ca mt s ion nh sau: a/ X : 2s 2p
2 6

b/ Y

2+

: 2s 2p

c/ Z

3+

: 3s 3p

d/ R

4+

: 3p 3d

Hy vit y cu hnh electron ca cc ion v ca cc nguyn t trung ha in tng ng ca chng. Xc nh xem cc nguyn t tng ng l kim loi hay phi kim. 2+ 3+ 23+ Cu 63: Vit cu hnh e (dng ch v obitan) ca Fe ; Fe ; Fe ; S ; S . Gii thch v sao Fe bn 2+ 2+ 3+ 2hn Fe (hay Fe d b oxi ha hn Fe )? Ion S bn. Cu 64: Cho cc nguyn t v ion :
40 18

Ar , 19K , 17Cl ,

39

37

14 7

, 20Ca

40

2+

Xc nh s ht proton, notron, electron, T nhn, T v v vit cu hnh e ca chng. Cu 65: Cho cc nguyn t: 1H ; 7N ; 8O ; 16S. Hy xc nh s e trong cc phn t v ion: NO 2 , NO2 , NO

, SO3 , SO24 , NH+ 4

Cu 66: Vit cu hnh e y v xc nh s electron s, s electron p ca cc nguyn t sau: a/ Cho bit cu hnh electron phn mc nng lng cao nht ca cc nguyn t ln lt l: A : 3p ; B : 3d ; C : 4p ; D : 3d ; E : 4p ; F : 5p G : 3s ; H : 4p ; I : 4s ; J : 4s ; K : 5s
1 2 1 2 1 1 2 4 6 1 3

b/ Cho bit cu hnh electron phn lp electron cui ca cc nugyn t ln lt l: Cu 67: Vit cu hnh e ca cc nguyn t trong cc trng hp sau: a/ Nguyn t A c 7 electron s ; nguyn t B c 11 electron p. b/ Nguyn t R c 3 lp e v c 4e lp ngoi cng; Nguyn t M c 4 lp 4 v c 6e lp ngoi cng. c/ Nguyn t X c Z < 12 v c 2e c thn. d/ Nguyn t Y c 3 lp e v c 1 e c thn. Cu 68: Phn mc nng lng cao nht ca 2 nguyn t A v B ln lt l 4s v 3p. Tng s e ca 2 phn lp ny bng 5 v hiu s e ca chng bng 3. Vit cu hnh e v suy ra THN ca cc nguyn t A v B. Cu 69: Phn lp e ngoi cng ca 2 nguyn t A v B ln lt l 3p v 4s. Tng s e ca 2 phn lp l 5 v hiu s e ca chng bng 3. a- Vit cu hnh e ca 2 nguyn t ny. Suy ra s hiu nguyn t ca 2 nguyn t .

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Gio khoa & Bi tp Ha 10

b- Hai nguyn t c s ntron hn km nhau 4 ht v c tng s khi bng 71. Tnh s ntron v s khi ca mi nguyn t. Vit k hiu nguyn t ca A v B. Cu 70: Hai nguyn t X v Y c phn lp e ngoi cng ln lt l 4p v 3s. Tng s 3 2 phn lp ny l 4. X l phi kim. Suy ra cu hnh e ca X v Y. Cu 71: Nguyn t nguyn t A, B u c phn lp ngoi cng l 3p. Hai phn lp ny cch nhau 1e. B c 3e lp ngoi cng. Xc nh s hiu nguyn t ca A, B. A, B l kim loi? Phi kim? Hay kh him? Cu 72: Tng s ht p, n, e trong nguyn t ca mt nguyn t l 13. a/ Xc nh s hiu nguyn t, s n, s khi ca nguyn t . b/ Xc nh khi lng nguyn t ca nguyn t . c/ Vit cu hnh e ca nguyn t (dng ch v dng obitan). d/ Nguyn t thuc loi g? Cu 73: Tng s cc loi ht trong nguyn t phi kim X l 30; trong nguyn t kim loi Y l 58; trong nguyn t kh him Z l 56. Vit k hiu nguyn t ca X, Y , Z.
21 S : 9 F ; 39 19

K ;

38 18

Ar

Cu 74: Hp cht M3X c tng s ht l 195. Trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng + 3+ mang in l 61. S khi ca ion M hn s khi ca X l 25. Tng cc loi ht trong M 3hn X l 33. Tnh KLNT ca M v X, suy ra cng thc phn t ca hp cht. S : K(39u) ; N(14u) ; K3N + 2Cu 75: Mt hp cht A c to bi ion X v Y c cng thc X2Y. Tng s phn t ca A bng 2+ 164 v tng s ht khng mang in bng 56. Ion Y c s proton bng s ntron. Ion X c s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 17. nh tn X, Y v vit cu hnh e ca cc ion. S :K ; S

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Gio khoa & Bi tp Ha 10

Chuyn 2

BNG TUN HON CC NGUYN T HA HC

Vn 1:

BNG TUN HON CC NGUYN T HA HC

TM TT GIO KHOA

I.

NGUYN TC SP XP Cc nguyn t c sp xp theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nht nguyn t. Cc nguyn t c cng s lp electron trong nguyn t c xp thnh mt hng ngang. Cc nguyn t c cng s electron ha tr trong nguyn t c xp thnh mt ct. II. CU TO BNG TUN HON 1/ 2/ nguyn t STT ca = Z = s p Chu k a- nh ngha: Chu k l dy cc nguyn t m nguyn t ca chng c cng s lp electron, c xp theo chiu in tch ht nhn tng dn. Vy : STT chu k = s lp e b- Phn loi: HTTH c 7 chu k: - Chu k 1, 2, 3 : l chu k nh. - Chu k 4, 5, 6 : l chu k ln.

3/ Nhm nguyn t a- nh ngha: Nhm nguyn t l tp hp cc nguyn t c cu hnh electron tng t nhau, do tnh cht ha hc gn ging nhau v c xp thnh mt ct. Vy : STT nhm = s electron ha tr b- Cc nhm nguyn t: HTTH c 8 nhm A v 8 nhm B. Cc nhm A : - Nhm A gm cc nguyn t s (nhm IA v IIA) v p (t nhm IIIA n VIIIA) - STT nhm A = S e ha tr = S e lp ngoi cng - Nguyn t cc nguyn t nhm A c s e lp ngoi cng bng nhau (cu hnh e ging nhau) nn ging nhau v tnh cht ha hc. - Cu hnh e ca cc nguyn t nhm A bin i tun hon dn n s bin i tun hon tnh cht ca cc nguyn t. Cc nhm B: - Nhm B gm cc nguyn t d (IB n VIIIB) v f (2 hng cui bng gm h Lantan v h Actini). - STT ca nhm B = S electron ha tr NHN XT B SUNG: * Hai nguyn t A v B k tip nhau trong 1 chu k: ZA ZB = 1 * Hai nguyn t A v B cng PNC v thuc 2 chu k lin tip: ZA ZB = 8, 18 hoc 32

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Gio khoa & Bi tp Ha 10

BI TP
------

Cu 76: Xc nh v tr cc nguyn t sau trong bng tun hon: a/ Br (Z = 35) , Na (Z = 11), Al (Z = 13) , S (Z = 16) b/ Fe (Z = 26) , Zn (Z = 30), Cu (Z = 29) , Cr (Z = 24) Cu 77: Vit cu hnh e ca cc nguyn t sau: a/ Asen (As) 33 trong HTTH b/ Al chu k 3 v c 3e lp ngoi cng c/ Selen (Se) chu k 4, phn nhm VIA d/ Kali chu k 4, nhm IA e/ Silich chu k 3, nhm IV A f/ Nt X ck 3 v ngt c 3e c thn 1 Cu 78: Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c cu hnh e ngoi cng l 3s . a/ Xc nh v tr (chu k, nhm, phn nhm). Suy ra cu hnh 3 nguyn t X. b/ Cho 5,52g X vo 144,72g nc. Tnh C% v CM ca dd thu c, bit dd thu c c D = 1,2g/ml. S: 6,4% ; 1,92M Cu 79: Nguyn t Y c tt c 48 ht v thuc nhm VIA: a/ Hy xc nh s p, n, e v tn ca Y. b/ Y to 2 hp cht vi Oxy l A v B. Tnh % ca Y trong A b B. c/ Vit PTPU ca A v B vi nc. Cu 80: Nguyn t M thuc nhm IIIA, tng s phn t trong nguyn t M l 40 a/ Tm s p, n, e trong nguyn t M. b/ Vit PTPU khi cho M tc dng ln lt vi Cl2, HCl, H2SO4, Fe2O3, CuSO 4 S: Z = 13 ; N = 14 ; Al Cu 81: Cho 3 nguyn t A, B, C. Nguyn t A chu k 3, nhm IIA. B chu k 2, nhm IVA. C chu k 2, nhm VIA. a/ Vit cu hnh e v gi tn A, B, C. b/ Trong thin nhin ta thng gp hp cht X c to bi A, B, C. trong X khi lng ca B bng khi lng ca A. Khi lng ca A bng khi lng ca C. Xc nh CT ca X. S: MgCO3 Cu 82: Nguyn t A khng phi l kh him, nguyn t A c phn lp e ngoi cng l 4p. Nguyn t ca nguyn t B c phn lp e ngoi cng l 4s. a/ Nguyn t no l kim loi, nguyn t no l phi kim? b/ Suy ra v tr ca A, B trong HTTH. Bit tng s e ca hai phn lp ny l 7. Cu 83: Hai nguyn t A, B ng k tip nhau trong 1 chu k trong HTTH v c tng in tch ht nhn 25+. Xc nh v tr cc nguyn t A v B trong HTTH v gi tn chng. S: Al (Z = 13) ; Mg (Z = 12) Cu 84: Hai nguyn t X v Y thuc cng phn nhm chnh v hai chu k lin tip nhau trong HTTH. Tng s hiu nguyn t ca hai nguyn t l 32. a/ Tm 2 nguyn t X, Y. Bit X c s lp e t hn Y. b/ Nguyn t X c ng v X , X , X. Tng s khi ca ba ng v l 75. ng v A2 X c s khi bng trung bnh cng s khi ca hai ng v cn li. S ht mang in A1 A2 A3 trong hai ng v X v X hn s ht khng mang in trong X l 34. Tm A1, A2, A3.
A1 A2 A3

Trang 15

Gio khoa & Bi tp Ha 10

S : Mg (Z = 12) ; Ca (Z = 20) ; A1 = 24 ; A2 = 25 ; A3 = 26 Cu 85: Hai nguyn t A, B cng nm trong mt nhm A ca hai chu k lin tip, tng s in tch ht nhn ca chng l 24. Hai nguyn t C v D ng k tip nhau trong mt chu k, tng s khi ca chng l 51. S ntron ca D hn C l 2. S e ca C bng s ntron ca n. Tm in tch ht nhn ca A, B, C, D. S : O (Z = 8) ; S (Z = 16) ; M (12p ; 12n) ; Al (13p ; 14n)

Vn 2:

S BIN I MT S I LNG VT L CA CC NGUYN T HA HC

TM TT GIO KHOA
I. BN KNH NGUYN T Trong 1 chu k: Tuy nguyn t ca cc nguyn t c cng s lp e, nhng khi in tch ht nhn tng, lc ht gia ht nhn vi e lp ngoi cng tng theo do bn knh nguyn t gim. Trong mt nhm A: Theo chiu t trn xung di, mc d in tch ht nhn tng nhanh nhng s lp e tng do bn knh nguyn t tng. Vy: Bn knh nguyn t ca cc nguyn t nhm A bin i tun hon theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn.

II. NNG LNG ION HA Nng lng ion ha th nht (I1) ca nguyn t l nng lng ti thiu cn tch e th nht ra khi nguyn t trng thi c bn. Trong 1 chu k: Theo chiu tng in tch ht nhn, lc lin kt gia ht nhn v e lp ngoi cng tng, do nng lng ion ha tng. Trong mt nhm A: Theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, khong cch gia ht nhn vi e lp ngoi cng tng, lc lin kt gia ht nhn vi e lp ngoi cng gim, do nng lng ion ha gim. Vy: Nng lng ion ha th nht ca nguyn t cc nguyn t nhm A bin i tun hon theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn. III. M IN m in ca mt nguyn t c trng cho kh nng ht e ca nguyn t khi to thnh lin kt. Trong 1 chu k: Theo chiu tng in tch ht nhn, m in tng. Trong mt nhm A: Theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, m in gim. Vy: m in ca nguyn t cc nguyn t bin i tun hon theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn. Tm li: Trong 1 chu k, Z tng Trong mt nhm A, Z tng : R gim, I tng, m in tng. : R tng, I gim, m in gim

Trang 16

Gio khoa & Bi tp Ha 10

BI TP
------

Cu 86: Trong 1 chu k, bn knh nguyn t ca cc nguyn t: A. Tng theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn. B. Gim theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn. C. Tng theo chiu gim ca in tch ht nhn. D. Cu B v C. Cu 87: Trong mt nhm A, bn knh nguyn t ca cc nguyn t: A. Tng theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn. B. Gim theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn. C. Tng theo chiu gim ca m in. D. C A v C Cu 88: m in c trng cho kh nng: A. Ht e ca nguyn t trong phn t B. Nhng e ca nguyn t cho nguyn t khc. C. Tham gia phn ng mnh hay yu. D.Nhng e ca nguyn t ny cho nguyn t khc. Cu 89: Cho cc nguyn t : Ca (Z = 20), K (Z = 19), Mg (Z = 12) a- Xc nh v tr cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon. b- Sp xp theo chiu tng bn knh nguyn t cc nguyn t. c- Sp xp theo chiu tng nng lng ion ha ca nguyn t cc nguyn t. d- Sp xp theo chiu gim m in ca nguyn t cc nguyn t. Cu 90: Tng t bi 89 vi cc nguyn t S (Z = 16) , As (Z = 33) , F (Z = 9) , P (Z = 15) Cu 91: Nguyn t R c 8 electron p; Nguyn t T c 5 electron s. a- Xc nh v tr R v T trong HTTH v gi tn cc nguyn t. b- So snh m in, bn knh nguyn t v nng lng ion ha ca R v T. Cu 92: Tng s ht trong nguyn t ca nguyn t X l 46, trong s ht mang in bng 15/8 s ht khng mang in. a- Xc nh nguyn t X. b- Nguyn t Y c s e t hn ca X l 8. So snh m in, bn knh nguyn t v nng lng ion ha ca X v Y. S: P (Z = 15) Cu 93: X v Y l 2 ngt nm lin tip trong mt chu k c tng s n v in tch nhn l 17. a- Xc nh 2 nguyn t X, Y b- So snh m in, bn knh nguyn t v nng lng ion ha ca X v Y. S: O (Z = 8) ; F (Z = 9) Cu 94: A v B l 2 ngt trong cng mt nhm v 2 chu k lin tip c tng s proton bng 24. a- Xc nh 2 nguyn t A, B. b- So snh m in, bn knh nguyn t v nng lng ion ha ca A v B. S: O (Z = 8) ; S (Z = 16)

Trang 17

Gio khoa & Bi tp Ha 10

Cu 95: Mt hp cht cu to t ion M v X . Trong phn t M2X c tng s ht (p, n, e) l 44, + trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 12. S khi ca ion M 2+ 2nh hn s khi ca X l 9. Tng s ht (p, n, e) trong M t hn trong X l 17. a- Xc nh 2nguyn t M, X. b- So snh m in, bn knh nguyn t v nng lng ion ha ca M v X. S: Li (Z = 3) ; O (Z = 8) Vn 3:
+ 2-

NH LUT TUN HON CC NGUYN T HA HC

TM TT GIO KHOA

I.

S BIN I TNH KIM LOI, TNH PHI KIM CA CC YU T Tnh kim loi l tnh cht ca mt nguyn t m nguyn t ca n d nhng electron tr thnh ion dng Cng d nhng e, tnh kim loi cng mnh. Tnh phi kim l tnh cht ca mt nguyn t m nguyn t ca n d nhn electron tr thnh ion m Cng d nhn e, tnh phi kim cng mnh. 1/ Trong mt chu k: i t tri sang phi theo chiu tng in tch ht nhn tnh phi kim tng dn, ng thi tnh kim loi gim dn. 2/ Trong mt nhm A: i t trn xung di theo chiu tng in tch ht nhn tnh kim loi tng dn, ng thi tnh phi kim gim dn. Vy: Tnh kim loi, tnh phi kim ca cc nguyn t nhm A bin i tun hon theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn. II. S BIN I V HA TR CA CC NGUYN T Trong mt chu k, i t tri sang phi, ha tr cao nht ca cc nugyn t vi oxi tng dn t I n VII, cn ha tr vi hidro ca cc phi kim gim dn t IV n I. PNC Cng thc oxit cao nht R 2 On Cng thc hp cht kh vi Hidro RH 8 S nhm I R2O II RO III R2O3 IV RO2 RH4 V R2O5 RH3 VI RO3 RH2 VII R2O7 RH

Cht kh

Vy: Ha tr cao nht ca cc nguyn t vi oxi v ha tr vi hidro ca cc phi kim bin i tun hon theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn. III. S BIN I TNH AXIT BAZ CA OXIT HIDROXIT V d: Cc nguyn t thuc chu k 3:
Nguyn t Na Mg Tnh kim loi gim Oxit cao nht v hidroxit tng ng Na2O NaOH Baz mnh MgO Mg(OH) 2 Baz yu Tnh baz gim Tnh Baz bin i cng chiu vi tnh kim loi Al2O3 Al(OH) 3 Lng tnh SiO2 H SiO 2 3 Axit yu Al Si P S Cl Tnh phi kim tng P2 O5 H PO Axit 2 4 T.bnh SO3 H SO Axit 2 4 mnh Cl2O7 HClO 4 Axit rt mnh

Tnh axit tng Tnh axit bin i cng chiu vi tnh tnh phi kim

Trang 18

Gio khoa & Bi tp Ha 10

1/ Trong mt chu k: Theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, tnh baz ca cc oxit v hidro xit gim, ng thi tnh axit tng. 2/ Trong mt nhm A: Theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, tnh baz ca cc oxit v hidro xit tng ng tng, ng thi tnh axit gim. Vy: Tnh axit baz ca cc oxit h hidroxit ca cc nguyn t bin i tun hon theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn Tm li: Trong 1 chu k, Z tng Trong mt nhm A, Z tng : Tnh KL & Baz gim. Tnh PK & Axit tng : Tnh KL & Baz tng. Tnh PK & Axit gim

IV. NH LUT TUN HON CC NGUYN T HA HC Tnh cht ca cc nguyn t v n cht cng nh thnh phn v tnh cht ca cc hp cht to nn t nguyn t u bin i tun hon theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn nguyn t.

BI TP
------

Cu 96:

Nguyn t Na Ca Al C Si N P S Cl Br

Nhm

Tnh cht nguyn t

Oxi cao nht Cng thc Tnh cht

Hidroxit tng ng Cng thc Tnh cht

Cu 97: Cho cc nguyn t : X (Z = 12) , Y (Z = 16), R (Z = 35) , T (Z = 25) a. Xc nh chu k v nhm ca cc nguyn t trong HTTH. b. Nu tnh cht ha hc c bn ca cc nguyn t. Cu 98: Cho bit: Clo thuc chu k 3 v nhm VIIA Natri thuc chu k 3 v nhm IA Hy cho bit c im v cu hnh electron v tnh cht ha hc c bn ca clo v natri. Cu 99: Cho cc nguyn t : Mg (Z = 12), Na (Z = 11), K (Z = 19), Al (Z = 13) a. So snh tnh kim loi ca cc nguyn t trn. b. So snh tnh baz ca cc oxyt v hidroxyt. Cu 100: Cho cc nguyn t N (Z = 7) Si (Z = 14) P (Z = 15)

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Gio khoa & Bi tp Ha 10

a. So snh tnh phi kim ca cc nguyn t trn. b. So snh tnh axir ca cc oxyt v hidroxyt tng ng. Cu 101: Cation X v anion Y u c cu hnh e lp ngoi cng l 2p . Xc nh X, Y v v tr ca chng trong HTTH. Nguyn t no l kim loi? Nguyn t no l phi kim? Cu 102: A thuc PNC nhm VI v c tng s ht c bn l 24. a. Xc nh tn A v cu hnh electrton ca A. b. B l nguyn t t hn A 2 ntron, 2 proton. Cho bit k hiu nguyn t ca B. 12 S: Oxi (Z = 8) ; 6 C Cu 103: Tng s ht proton, ntron, electron ca mt nguyn t mt nguyn t thuc phn nhm VIIA l 28. a. Tnh khi lng nguyn t. b. Vit cu hnh electron. S: Z = 9 ; N = 10 ; 19u 1 Cu 104: Cc nguyn t no c cu hnh electron ngoi cng l 4s . Tm v tr cc nguyn t trong bng HTTH. Cu 105: Hp cht kh vi hidro ca nguyn t c cng thc AH3. Oxyt cao nht ca A c cha 25.93% khi lng A. nh tn nguyn t A. S: MA = 14 (Nit) Cu 106: Oxyt cao nht ca nguyn t c dng RO3. Trong hp cht kh c hidro R chim 94.12% v khi lng. nh tn nguyn t R, suy ra cu hnh e nguyn t R. S: MR = 32 (Lu hunh) Cu 107: Hp cht kh vi hidro ca nguyn t c cng thc RH. Oxyt cao nht ca R c cha 41.2% oxi v khi lng. nh tn nguyn t R. S: MR = 80 (Brom) Cu 108: Oxyt cao nht ca nguyn t c cng thc XO2. Hp cht vi hidro ca X c cha 25% khi lng hidro. a. Tm nguyn t X. b. Vit PTPU khi cho oxit trn vo dd NaOH. S: MX = 12 (Cacbon) Cu 109: Oxyt cao nht ca nguyn t l A2O5. Trong hp cht vi hidro nguyn t A chim 91,18%. a. Tm nguyn t A, vit cu hnh e ca A. b. Cho m gam oxyt trn vo nc c 200ml ddX 0,3M. Tnh m v th tch dd NaOH 2M cn trung ha ddX. S: MA = 31 (Photpho) ; m = 4,26h ; 0,09 lt Cu 110: Hp cht kh vi hidro ca nguyn t c cng thc RH2. Oxit cao nht ca R c cha 60% oxi v khi lng. a. Tm nguyn t R. b. Cho 16g oxit cao nht ca R vo 144g H2O c ddX. Tnh C% ca ddX. c. Nu cho 12g oxit cao nht ca R vo 88g H2SO4 10% c ddY. Tnh C% ddY. d. trung ha ddX phi dng bao nhiu ml dd (KOH 1M ; Ba(OH)2 0.5M) S: MR = 32 (Lu hunh) ; 12,25% ; 23,5% ; 200ml
3+ 36

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Gio khoa & Bi tp Ha 10

Cu 111: Hp cht kh vi hidro ca nguyn t l RH. Oxit cao nht ca R c cha 38.8%R v khi lng. a. Tm nguyn t R. b. Cho RH vo nc c 250ml ddA v dd ny lm tan va 6,75g kim loi PNC nhm III. nh tn kim loi. S: Clo (M = 35,5) ; Al (M = 27) Cu 112: Nguyn t R kt hp vi oxit to ra oxit cao nht c cng thc R2OX. Phn t lng ca oxit bng 183vC trong oxit chim 61.2%. a. Tm nguyn t R. Suy ra Z v vit cu hnh e ca nguyn t R. b. Nguyn t R c 2 ng v l X v Y. T s nguyn t ca 2 ng v X v Y l 112,5 : 37,5 v tng s ht ca ng v X t hn tng s ht ca ng v Y l 2. Tm s khi mi ng v. Cu 113: Cho A v B l 2 nguyn t thuc cc phn nhm chnh. Nguyn t A c 2e lpngoai2 cng, nguyn t B c 7e lp ngoi cng. a. Gi X l hp cht ca A vi hidro, trong X c cha 4.76% hidro v khi lng. Tm nguyn t A. b. Y l hp cht ca B vi hidro. Bit rng 16.8g X tc dng va vi 200g ddY 14.6% thu c kh C v ddD. Tm nguyn t B v C% ca ddD. c. Cho tt c kh C thu c qua ng ng bt CuO un nng. Sau khi phn ng kt thc thy khi lng trong ng gim m gam. Tnh m? (Cho H = 100%) S: Ca ; Clo ; 20,63% ; gim 6,4g Cu 114: Mt nguyn t R chim 95.238% khi lng trong hp cht vi hidro. a. Tm nguyn t R, vit cu hnh e v xc nh v tr R trong HTTH. b. Nguyn t X c s khi bng 4 ln s e ca nguyn t R v c hiu s ntron v proton bng 10. Xc nh nguyn t lng v v tr ca X trong HTTH, suy ra tn nguyn t X. c. Hp cht ca X vi oxi c cha 33.3% oxi v khi lng. Lp cng thc oxit ny. S: Ca (M = 40) ; Br (35p ; 45n) ; Br2O5 Cu 115: Oxyt bc cao nht ca nguyn t R c phn t lng bng 80vC. a. nh tn nguyn t R. b. Ha tan ht 12.8g oxyt ny vo 147.2g dd H2SO4 10%. Tnh nng %dd thu c. S: S (M = 32) ; 19% Cu 116: Mt nguyn t A c th to ra 2 oxyt: - Oxyt th nht c cng thc AOx c cha 50% oxi v khi lng. - Oxyt th 2 l AOy c cha 60% oxi v khi lng. nh tn nguyn t R. S: Lu hunh Cu 117: Nguyn t A phn nhm III trong HTTH. Phn t lng ca mui sunfua v phn t lng ca mui bromua ca nguyn t ny c t l vi nhau l 50 : 89. nh tn nguyn t A. S: Al Cu 118: Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c 3e lp ngoi cng. Trong oxyt cao nht X chim 52,94% v khi lng. a/ Tm nguyn t X. b/ Oxyt cao nht v hidroxyt ca X c tnh g?

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c/ Vit PTPU xy ra (nu c) khi ln lt cho X, oxyt cao nht v hidroxyt ca X tc dng vi: HCl ; H2SO4 ; NaOH ; KOH ; CuSO4 S: X l Al Cu 119: Nguyn t ca nguyn t R c cu hnh e ngoi cng l np . Hidroxyt ca R c cha 63.68% oxi v khi lng. Tm nguyn t R? S: R c Clo Cu 120: Cho 23.4g kim loi kim tan hon ton trong nc thu c 6.72 lt kh (ktc) v 400ml ddX. a/ Tm kim loi v CM ca ddX. b/ Tnh th tch ddH2SO4 0,1M cn trung ha 100ml ddX. c/ Tnh th tch dd 2 axit (H2SO4 0,1M ; HCl 0,3M) trung ha ddX cn li. S: Kali : 1,5M ; 0,75 lt ; 0,9 lt Cu 121: Khi cho 0,6g mt kim loi nhm IIA tc dng vi nc to ra 0,336 lt kh (ktc). a/ nh tn kim loi. b/ Tnh khi lng ddHCl 10% cn dng trung ha dung dch thu c. S: Ca ; 10,95g Cu 122: Cho mt lng kim loi phn nhm chnh nhm III tan hon ton trong ddH2SO4 0,4M. Sau phn ng thu c 2,016 lt kh (ktc) v ddA c cha 10,26g mui. a/ nh tn kim loi. b/ trung ha axit cn d phi dng 40g ddKOH 4,2%. Tnh th tch dd H2SO4 dng. c/ Cng lng kim loi trn c cho vo ddKOH 4,2% trn. Tnh khi lng ddKOH cn dng ha tan lng kim loi . S: Al ; 0,2626 lt ; 80g Cu 123: Nguyn t kim loi A c cu hnh e ngoi cng l np . Cho 1,08g A tan ht trong dd HCl 2M. Sau phn ng thu c kh X v ddY c cha 5,34g mui. Nu cho ton b ddY tc dng vi dd AgNO3 d thu c 20,09 kt ta. a/ Xc nh kim loi A v th tch kh X (ktc). b/ Tnh mdd HCl dng (d = 1,1 g/ml) S: Al (M = 27) ; 1,344 lt ; 77g 2 Cu 124: Kim loi A phn nhm chnh v c cu hnh e cui cng l ns . Cho m gam A tc dng vi dd HCl 2M va thu c 42,75g mui v 10,08 lt (ktc). a/ Xc nh A v tm m? b/ Tnh th tch dd HCl dng. S : Mg (M = 24) ; 10,8g ; 0,45 lt Cu 125: Cho 5,85g hn hp gm 1 kim loi chu k 4, nhm IA v 1 kim loi chu k 6, nhm IIA tan ht trong 44,26g H2O thu c 1,344 lt kh (ktc) v ddX (d = 1,25 g/ml). a/ Tnh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp. b/ Tnh C% v CM cc cht trong ddX. c/ Tnh th tch ddH2SO4 0,3M cn dng trung ha ddX. S: 3,12g K ; 2,74g Ba ; 2M ; 0,5M ; 0,2 lt Cu 126: Cho 11g hn hp gm Fe v kim loi c Z = 13 vo ddH2SO4 thu c 8,96 lt kh (ktc). a/ Tnh %m mi kim loi trong hn hp. b/ Tnh th tch ddH2SO4 20% (d = 1,2) cn dng. Trang 22
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Gio khoa & Bi tp Ha 10

S: 50,9% Fe ; 49,1% Al ; 163,3 ml Cu 127: Cho 8,5g hn hp gm hai kim loi kim thuc hai chu k lin tip trong HTTH tc dng ht vi nc c 3,36 lt kh (ktc) v ddX. a/ nh tn kim loi v %m mi kim loi trong hn hp. b/ Tnh V ddH2SO4 0,25M cn trung ha ddX. c/ Nu dng ddH2SO4 0,2M ; HNO3 0,1M th phi dng bao nhiu ml dd trung ha dd X. S : Na (54,1%) ; K (45,9%) ; 600ml Cu 128: Ha tan 20,2g hn hp hai kim loi kim hai chu k lin tip vo bc c ddX. trung ha ddX phi dng 100ml ddH2SO4 3M. a/ nh tn kim loi. b/ Tnh th tch dd hai axit (H2SO4 0,2M ; HCl 0,2M) cn trung ha dd X. S : Na ; K ; 1 lt Cu 129: Cho 4,4g hn hp 2 kim loi nm 2 chu k lin tip v u thuc nhm IIA tc dng vi axit axit HCl d th thu c 3,36 lt kh hidro (ktc). Hy xc nh 2 kim loi. S : Mg v Ca Cu 130: Cho 12,4g hn hp gm 2 kim loi kim tan hon ton trong nc thu c 4,48 lt kh (ktc) v 200ml ddX (d = 1,1g/ml). a/ Xc nh 2 kim loi kim bit chng c s mol bng nhau. b/ Tnh CM cc cht trong ddX. c/ Tnh khi lng nc dng. Cu 131: X v Y l hai nguyn t chnh nhm VIIA v thuc hai chu k lin tip. Cho 3,02g hn hp gm X v Y tc dng va vi Hidro thu c 1,344 lt hn hp kh A (ktc). a/ nh tn hai nguyn t X v Y. b/ Cho A tan hon tn trong 200ml H2SO. Tnh CM ca dd A. Cu 132: Cho 13.9g hn hp gm kim loi kim v oxyt ca n tan hon ton trong 146.3g H2O thu c 2.24 lt kh v dung dch X. trung ha dung dch X phi dng 250ml dung dch HCl 2M. a/ nh tn kim loi v % khi lng mi cht trong hn hp. b/ Tnh C% ca ddX. c/ Tnh th tch dd (HCl 2M ; H2SO4 3M) cn trung ha dd X. Cu 133: Ha tan hon ton 3,36g kim loi A trong ddHCl. Sau phn ng thu c 3,136 lt kh (ktc) v 163,08g ddX. trung ha ddX phi dng 100ml dd Ba(OH)2 8,55% (d = 1,2g/ml). a/ nh tn kim loi A. Bit A thuc PNC v c cu hnh e ngoi cng l ns . b/ Tnh C% ddHCl dng. S: Mg (M = 24) ; 9,215% 5 Cu 134: Nguyn t X c cu hnh e ngoi cng l np . Cho X tc dng vi Na thu mui A. Lng mui A tc dng va vi 250ml dd AgNO3 0,2M, sau phn ng thu c 7,175g kt ta. Vit PTPU xy ra v xc nh nguyn t X. S: Clo
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