4.6. Chun b nhin liu t trong l hi 4.6.1. chun b nhin liu kh Cc kh thin nhin v kh nhn to c t trong bung la l hi.

. Cc kh t c tnh c v d chy nn khi kt cu v vn hnh cc thit b s dng kh cn phi c bin php bo v an ton. Cc cng vic phi lm khi chun b nhin liu kh t l dn kh n bung t v tit lu kh n p sut lm vic. Kh t ng dn kh chnh c p sut bng 0,7 1,3MPa. gim p sut kh n mc cn thit vi phun kh (0,13 0,2MPa) phi tin hnh tit lu trong phng ring m bo an ton v n chy v do n khi tit lu. Trong phng tit lu kh thng t 3 ng ng dn kh v t cc b iu chnh p sut, trong 3 ng ng trn c mt ng ng d phng. Ngoi ra ngi ta t ng ng dn kh i tt khng qua b iu chnh. B lc kh c t trc xupap lm sch cc tp cht c kh c ln trong kh. Cc xupap iu chnh s gi p sut cn thit ca kh pha sau xupap. khng xy ra s c khi tng p sut phi t van an ton trn ng ng dn kh. Thit b o lu lng (lu lng k) s ghi lu lng kh i qua phng tit lu. Trn ng ng dn kh n tng l hi phi t b iu chnh t ng v xupap ct nhanh. B iu chnh s m bo cng sut nhit cn thit ca l hi bt k thi im no. Xupap ct nhanh s ct vic cung cp kh vo bung la l hi trong trng hp s c (gim p sut khng kh vi phun, ngng ng c in ko qut khi hay gi,. . .) 4.6.2. Chun b nhin liu lng Nhin liu lng c dng t trong l hi thng l du FO (Fuel Oil) hay cn gi l mazut. Cc cng vic phi lm khi chun b nhin liu lng t bao gm: sy nng, tch kh cc tp cht c kh, phun thnh sng. Trn hnh 4.39 l s h thng chun b FO t trong l hi. Ti b cha, FO c sy nng bng hi nc t nhit 60 800C nhm gim nht ca du, ti b cha cn c vic tch nc ra khi du, nc s lng xung phn di ca b (y b) v c bm ht thi ra ngoi. Du nhin liu (FO) t b s theo ng ng dn v cc b lc du th n bm du. Khi ra khi bm vo ng ng y c p lc, du c sy trong b sy du v c lc ln th hai (lc tinh). Tip du c bm cao p bm i vi p sut n 3,5 4,5 MPa v s c phun thnh sng trong cc vi phun kiu c kh t trn tng bung la l hi. ngn nga khng cho du ng c li trong ng phi cch nhit ng dn du tht tt, c th phi t ng dn hi nc i km ng dn du v bc cch nhit chung c hai ng dn ny. Ngoi ra du lu ng lin tc khng dng li trnh ng c du trong ng phi t ng du hi lu (ti tun hon) v li b cha.

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Vic sy du nhm lm gim nht ca n do d dng lu ng, lc sch v phun thnh sng. C mt s FO c nht rt cao v ng c nhit kh cao (20 400C). Thng thng FO c sy n 70 900C ty loi du. i vi cc loi FO c nhiu parafin phi sy n nhit cao hn (i khi sy n 105 1300C). FO c sy trong cc thit b trao i nhit b mt kiu ng xon bng hi nc p sut thp (0,6 1,2MPa). Khi dng hi nc phun FO thnh sng th b cha du t cao hn v tr vi phun du mt khong bng 3 7m. 4.6.5. Tnh cht v cc ng c tnh ca bt than 4.6.5.1. Tnh cht ca bt than Bt than l bt kh, bao gm cc ht c hnh dng khng u n v c kch thc khc nhau t 0 n 300 500 m . Bt than c cc tnh cht sau: a- Tnh lu ng: Bt than kh d lu ng. Bt than c kh nng chy ra qua nhng khe h nh. Bt mi sn xut khi hn hp vi khng kh d vn chuyn trong cc ng dn. Khi lng ring ca bt mi bng 0,45 0,5 t/m3, khi lu trong phu cha (bunke) khi lng ring ca n tng ln n 0,8 0,9 t/m3. b- Tnh n: Bt than nhiu cht bc mt nng nht nh trong hn hp vi khng kh c th n gy nguy him. Khi nng xy trong hn hp vi bt than nh hn 15% hay khi hm lng cht bc nh hn 10% th hn hp khng kh v bt than khng c kh nng n. Bng cch b sung cc kh tr (khi bung la) vo hn hp khng kh bt than c th gim c nng xy trong hn hp y. Nng bt than trong khng kh nguy him nht l 0,3 0,6 kg bt than trong 1m3 khng kh. Trong h thng nghin than bt than c th tch ra khi dng v ng li nhng im cht. Sau mt thi gian bt than giu cht bc s t chy m . V th trong h thng nghin phi trnh lm nhng ng dn nm ngang hoc t nghing v tc dng hn hp khng kh bt than qu b. c- m ca bt than: Bt than trong h thng nghin phi c sy n mt m nht nh. Bt khng kh s kh lu ng v kh cp cho cc vi phun. Bt c m cao s kh bc chy do lm gim hiu qu ca qu trnh chy. Bt qu kh tr antraxt v na antraxt c kh nng t bc chy. Thng thng m ca bt than Wb c chn ty thuc loi than theo nhng gii thiu sau y: than gy, antraxit v na antraxit Wb Wpt ( m phn tch), than 0,5 Wpt Wb Wpt ; i vi than nu v du phi m bo Wpt Wb Wpt + 0,8; i vi than bn ct nh: Wb 25%. Vic sy nhin liu thng tin hnh ng thi vi qu trnh nghin, do mi cht sy c cp vo my nghin; mi cht sy c th l khng kh nng hay hn hp khng kh nng vi khi bung la. Mi cht sy ng thi cng dng vn chuyn bt. Vic sy trong qu trnh nghin xy ra rt mnh do cc b mt t do mi ca cc ht than c sinh ra. Qu trnh sy cng c tc dng hon thin qu trnh nghin.

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d- Bt than ra khi h thng nghin phi c nhit ln hn nhit ng sng ca hi nc, nu khng m s b ngng li trn vch ng dn bt v lm bt dnh li. Tuy nhin nhit bt than sau thit b nghin, i vi nhng than c kh nng n, phi thp hn nhit nguy him n. Nhit nguy him n ph thuc vo kiu h thng nghin v vo thnh phn mi cht sy. i vi thit b c phu bt than trung gian v sy bng khng kh nng th nhit gii hn ca hn hp sau my nghin bng 1300C i vi than gy, cn i vi than antraxit v na antraxit khng hn ch nhit ca hn hp. 4.6.6.1. My nghin bi * Nhng u im ca my nghin bi; 1. L loi my nghin vn nng, c th nghin tt c cc loi than. Vic nghin bng bi khng b hn ch v h s kh nng nghin ca nhin liu, m ban u v mn ca bt. Khng c thit b no c u vit nh vy. 2. C th lm vic lin tc, vic b sung bi b mn c th tin hnh c trong lc my ang chy qua ca pha ng dn nhin liu vo. My nghin phi dng thay th bi b mn sau 2000 3000 gi lm vic. 3. C th t c nng sut n v cao. i vi than antraxit ch to c my nghin bi vi nng sut 70 t/h v ln hn. 4. m bo nghin than rt mn. Nhin liu cng km phn ng cng cn phi nghin mn. i vi than antraxit (Kng = 0,95) my nghin bi c th m bo sn lng n nh. 5. C tin cy cao trong vn hnh. 6. S vng quay nh nn d khi ng, n = 16 25 vg/ph. * Mt s nhc im ca my nghin bi: 7. Tiu th nhiu in nng nghin, sut tiu hao in nng > 20 kWh/t; 8. Kim loi ca cc b phn trong my nghin b mi mn: 200 700 g/t than c nghin; 9. Gi thnh cao: c kch thc ln, tiu th nhiu kim loi, c b truyn ng t tin. Phm vi s dng: nghin than c tr lc ln nh antraxit v na antraxit, than c cht bc nh, khi cn m bo nng sut ln m nhng my nghin loi khc khng m bo c. * Cu to v nguyn l lm vic: Thng nghin l mt hnh tr ng knh 2 4 m v di 3 10 m, bn trong cha bi c ng knh t 30 60 mm. Thnh trong c lt mt lp lt ln sng. Tc quay n = 16 25 vg/ph. Khi thng quay th cc vin bi c nng ln n mt cao nht nh v khi ri xung c ng nng ln va p vo cc ht than v nghin nt chng, ng thi nhin liu c nghin c do mi mn gia cc vin bi khi dch chuyn.

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V thng nghin gm cc lp (k t trong ra): Lp lt bn trong nng bi ln v chng mn bng thp mangan; lp amiang cch nhit dy 10 20 mm; thnh thng bng thp dy 20 25 mm; lp n cch m dy 30 40 mm; lp tn bc ngoi dy 2mm. Tc mi cht sy v thng gi trong thng bng 1 3 m/s v tng ng tr lc ca my nghin bng 100 250 mm H2O. Thng my nghin c cht bi n 20 35% th tch ca thng. cha bi c tnh theo cng thc:

=
trong :

Gb , b Vt

(4-25)

G b l khi lng bi, kg; b l khi lng ring cht ng ca bi, b = 4,9 t/m3; Vt l th tch thng nghin, m3.
4.6.6.2. My nghin trung tc My nghin trung tc c tc quay ca rto bng 40 300 vg/ph. C hai loi my nghin trung tc c dng nhiu trong cng nghip l my nghin trung tc kiu qu cu nghin v kiu trc cn. Nguyn l nghin than y l nn v v mi st ca qu cu hay trc cn (hnh v 4.42). Vic nghin than xy ra gia qu cu v hai vnh nghin trn v di, trong vnh trn c nh vnh di chuyn ng quay sung quanh trc ng. ng knh ca qu cu nghin bng 200 400 mm. Qu cu nghin nm trong mng ca vnh di. Khi vnh di quay, qu cu nghin c gi li trong vnh di nh lc do khi lng ca vnh trn v do lc nn ca cc l xo. p lc do qu cu nghin tc dng ln nhin liu vo khong 200 700 N v cn c gi khng i bng cch iu chnh sc cng ca l xo. Nhin liu c cp vo phn trong ca vnh di. Di tc dng ca lc ly tm, nhin liu c di chuyn n vnh nghin v c nghin nt. Khng kh nng c nhit n 3500C c thi vo vi tc 30 50 m/s s mang bt than ln b phn ly th t pha trn. b phn ly th nhng ht than ln s c tch ra v qua ca s tr li my nghin, cn bt mn s c dng khng kh dn ti vi phun lp trn tng bung la. Vic iu chnh mn ca bt than c thc hin ch yu bng cch thay i gc nghing ca cc cnh hng b phn ly th. Cc my nghin trung tc dng qu cu nghin c dng ph bin M, Anh, Cng ha Lin bang c, Sc. 4.6.6.3. My nghin chy nhanh

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My nghin ba v my nghin kiu qut. My nghin loi ny c s vng quay ca rto bng 600 1500 vg/ph. 4.6.7. Chn kiu, s lng v nng sut n v ca my nghin 4.6.7. S h thng nghin than S h thng nghin than c 2 kiu: s tp trung v s phn tn (thi trc tip v c phu bt trung gian). 4.6.7.1. S tp trung

Hnh 4.43. S h thng nghin than tp trung. 1-Phu than nguyn; 2- Thit b sy; 3- My nghin ;4- Phu bt; 5- Bm bt; 6- Phu bt ca l hi; 7- Bung la; 8- Qut gi ca l hi. u im: thit b nghin lm vic c lp vi s lm vic ca l hi. My nghin c th lm vic chu k nhng y ti, nh vy gim c sut tiu hao in nng chun b bt. Nhc im: Phc tp, gi thnh ban u cao, chi ph vn hnh ln. Tuy nhin dng s ny cho cc khi nng lng ln t 300 MW tr ln th c li. 4.6.7.2. S phn tn ( c th l kn hay h)

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a- S thi trc tip: s ny ton b bt than do my nghin sn xut s c thi thng vo bung la; dng my nghin tc nhanh hay my nghin trung tc. Trong s thi trc tip nng sut ca my nghin c xc nh bi cng sut ca l hi. Mun iu chnh cng sut ca l hi th iu chnh lng than v mi cht sy cp vo my nghin. b) S h thng nghin than c phu bt trung gian, kiu kn: dng cho my nghin bi chy chm (hnh v 4.45). * u im: - Gim c mn ca rto qut nghin; - Tng mm do ca vic iu chnh nng sut my cp bt vo bung la; - My nghin lm vic c lp vi l hi, do c th lm vic y ti, kt qu l sut tiu hao in nng s gim xung; - Tng mc tin cy trong vic cung cp bt cho l hi nh c phu bt than trung gian v c th lin h gia cc h thng l hi bng vt ti bt than; - My nghin c t vi d tr v nng sut nh hn. h thng ny khi t 2 my nghin cho 1 l hi th nng sut chung ca chng ch cn ly bng 110% lng tiu hao nhin liu ca l hi. S ny rt thch hp cho l hi c ph ti thay i. * Nhc im: - Tn nhiu cng nhn vn hnh do ta nh c kch thc ln v c thm nhng thit b ph nh xyclon, bunke bt, my cp bt, vt ti bt,..; phc v phc tp; - Tng lng in nng tiu th vn chuyn do lt khng kh lnh vo h thng c chn khng cao; - Gim hiu sut ca l hi do lt khng kh lnh vo h thng nghin. 4.6.8. Cc trang b ca h thng nghin than 4.6.8.1. My cp than nguyn Nng sut ca my cp than nguyn c chn vi h s d tr bng 1,2 ln nng sut tnh ton ca my nghin. ca lp than trn bng ti hoc bng cch thay i s vng quay ca ng c in. Nhc im ca my cp than kiu bng ti l khng kn, khng kh c th lt vo nhiu hn so vi my cp kiu a trn (bn quay). Nng sut my cp than kiu bng ti c tnh theo cng thc sau:

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G = b.h. n .l .v..3600
trong :

, t/h

(4-30)

b l chiu rng lp nhin liu, m; h l chiu cao lp nhin liu, m; n .l l mt cht ng ca nhin liu, t/m3; v l tc chuyn ng ca bng ti, thng v = 0,2 0,5 m/s; l mc y (cht y) th tch ca v, =0,7 0,8. Nng sut ca my cp than ny c th ti 15 t/h v ln hn. 4.6.8.2. B phn phn ly than th kiu ly tm Nh vy K ph thuc vo: - mn ca bt i ra khi my nghin Rb; - mn yu cu ca bt ra khi b phn ly th, Ra; - Hiu qu lm vic ca b phn ly th, tc l vo (%) ca n c trng bi Rc. i vi than antraxit khi dng my nghin bi th K = 3; i vi than na antraxit v than gy K = 2,2 4.6.8.3. B phn ly bt than mn (xyclon) Yu cu c bn i vi xyclon l phi tch ra khi dng hn hp nhiu bt nht vi tr lc tng i nh. Xyclon c hiu sut cao (lm vic tt) s tng c tui th ca qut nghin. S lng bt trong xyclon xy ra do lc ly tm ca dng hn hp khng kh bt than c cp vo tip tuyn phn trn ca xyclon. Hiu sut ca xyclon:

xyc =

B"xyc B 'xyc

100

,%

(4-36)

'' Trong : B xyc l lng bt lng trong xyclon, t/h;

' B xyc l lng bt cp vo xyclon, t/h.

Yu t nh hng n xyc l: ng knh xyclon, nng v tc ca dng i vo xyclon, Tc ca dng vo bng 18 22 m/s th xyc tng ln nhanh, nhng khng ln hn 25 m/s v c th bay c bt theo khng kh ra ngoi. Ming ng dn bt vo xyclon cng nh (khi cho Dxyc) th ng i bt chm thnh xyclon cng ngn v cyc cng cao. 4.6.8.4. My cp bt than: C hai kiu my cp bt than l kiu a c cnh v kiu vt v tn. i vi than antraxit, than na antraxit v mt s than thng dng my cp bt kiu a c cnh, n c kh nng cp bt ng u hn my cp kiu vt. Nng sut c th bng t 1 5 t/h n 8 12 t/h. ng c in c cng sut t 0,9 kW

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n 3,4 kW, dng dng in mt chiu thay i c s vng quay t 1350 n 1450 vg/ph. Nng sut my cp bt than kiu a c cnh xc nh nh sau: B b = 60.C. b .Vh .n , t/h (4-37) 4.6.8.5. Kha kh: Kha kh c t trn ng than th tr v thng nghin v y b phn ly bt than mn. t kha kh ngn nga khng kh lt vo h thng nghin. 4.6.8.6. Phu than v phu bt than * Phu than nguyn t trn thng nghin, lm bng b tng ct thp, mt trong nhn v c dc nht nh m bo tho cn nhin liu cha trong n. Trn phu t ghi (li st) c l 80 x 300 mm trnh lt nhng cc than to xung phu. Gc nghing ca vch 650 than chy xung d dng. Ca than ra phi ln (1200 x 1200 mm). Th tch (dung tch) ca phu than nguyn khi dng antraxit v than c tnh cho 8h lm vic y ti ca l hi. 4.6.8.7. Qut nghin: thng dng qut ly tm Nng sut qut nghin tnh theo iu kin nghin c th xc nh theo cng thc thc nghim sau: Vqn = Vt 10003 K ng + 36 K ng 3 b ,m3/h. (4-43)

trong : Vt l th tch thng nghin, m3; b l cha bi trong thng nghin. 4.6.9. Tnh nhit ca h thng nghin than: Mc ch tnh nhit ca h thng nghin than l xc nh lng mi cht sy cn thit v nhit ca n ng thi l c s chn cc thit b ca h thng nghin than. Tnh nhit cho h thng nghin than c tin hnh cho 1kg than ti (nguyn) tnh t mng dn than ti vo my nghin n trc qut nghin.

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