Chng 7.

B HM NC v b sy khng kh
7.1. B hm nc tn dng nhit tha ca khi sau b qu nhit nhm nng cao hiu sut ca l hi, ngi ta b tr thm cc b mt nhn nhit nh b hm nc, b sy khng kh, chng cn c gi l b tit kim nhit. 7.1.1. Cng dng v phn loi b hm nc Nhim v ca b hm nc l gia nhit cho nc cp n nhit si hoc gn si trc khi nc vo bao hi. Theo nhim v c th phn thnh hai kiu b hm: B hm nc kiu si v kiu cha si. - b hm nc kiu si, nc ra khi b hm t n trng thi si, si c th t ti 30%. B hm nc kiu si c th c ch to bng ng thp trn hoc ng thp c cnh. - b hm nc kiu cha si, nc ra khi b hm nc cha t n nhit si. B hm nc kiu cha si c th c ch to bng thp hay bng gang ty theo thnh phn lu hunh trong nhin liu Khi tng p sut hi th phn nhit lng un nc n si tng ln, do phn nhit lng hp thu trong b hm nc phi tng ln. Khi phi ch to b hm nc kiu si (i vi cc l trung p, phn nhit lng sinh hi chim khong 60% ton b nhit lng cp cho l). 7.1.2. B hm nc ng thp trn: B hm nc ng thp trn c cu to gn nh b qu nhit, c biu din trn hnh 4.15. gm cc ng thp c ng knh t 28 n 38mm c un gp nhiu ln v hai u c ni vo hai ng gp ca b hm nc. B hm nc c ch to thnh tng cm c chiu cao khong 1m v cc cm c t cch nhau 0,6m nhm to khong trng cho vic lm v sinh c d dng. Thng thng cc ng xon ca b hm nc c b tr sole, to tc dng khi ln v xoy nhiu nhm tng cng truyn nhit. 7.1.3. B hm nc ng thp c cnh:
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Hnh 4.15. ng xon ca b hm nc 1-Van; 2-,4 ng gp;3-ng xon

V cu to, b hm nc bng ng thp c cnh ging b hm nc ng thp trn, ch khc l ngoi ng ngi ta lm thm cc cnh lm tng din tch b mt trao i nhit nhm tng cng truyn nhit. B hm nc kiu c cnh c nhc im: Kh nng bm bi rt ln, kh lm v sinh do t c dng. 7.1.4. B hm nc bng gang: Gang c u im l chu c s n mn ca cc axt v mi mn ca tro, do vy nhng l hi t nhit liu c nhiu lu hunh ngi ta dng b hm nc bng gang. Tt nhin gang li c nhc im l chu lc va p km, do trnh hin tng thy kch gy lc va p trong cc ng ca b hm, nc trong b hm phi khng c si, ngha l b hm nc bng gang ch c trang b cho nhng l cn b hm nc kiu cha si. Gang c h s dn nhit nh hn thp, do pha ngoi ng c c thm cc cnh tng cng kh nng trao i nhit. B hm nc bng gang c biu din trn hnh 4.16, gm nhng ng gang c c ng knh trong t 76-120 mm, di t 1,5-3m, c ni vi nhau bng cc ct ni c mt bch v bu lng nn lp t rt d dng. B hm nc bng gang c nhc im l kch thc ln, nng n. B ng bng gang thng c dng cho nhng l cng sut nh hoc trung bnh. Thng thng cc l loi ny cha c h thng x l nc hoc c nhng cha hon thin nn trong nc cn nhiu cht c kh nng gy ra n mn, m gang chu n mn v mi mn tt nn tui th s cao hn so vi b hm nc bng thp. 7.1.5. Cch ni b hm nc Hnh 4.16. B hm nc bng gang 1-Cnh tn nhit; 2-Bch ni; 3-Van; 4-ct ni; 5- ng gang

Nc i t cc bnh gia nhit vo b hm nc v ra khi b hm nc i vo bao hi. Vic ni b hm nc vi bao hi thc hin bng 2 cch: ngt c ra khi l hoc khng
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ngt c ra khi l. Kiu ngt c ra khi l c dng cho loi b hm nc bng gang, c biu din trn hnh 4.17a. Vic t b hm nc kiu ngt c ra khi l ch yu l bo v nc khng si trong b hm khi khi ng l hoc lc lm vic vi ph ti thp. Khi cho khi i ng tt, khi khng i qua b hm nc hoc cho nc t b hm ti tun hon v b cha nc cp. Mun ni kiu ngt c th cn phi c ng khi tt lm cho phc tp thm l. Kiu khng ngt c ra khi l c dng cho loi b hm nc bng thp, c biu din trn hnh 4.17b.

Hnh 4.17. S ni b hm nc vi bao hi a) s ngt c; b) s khng ngt c. 1, 3, 5-van kha; 2-van mt chiu; 4-van an ton;

7.2. B SY KHNG KH. 7.2.1. Cng dng v phn loi tng cng hiu qu qu trnh chy, m bo qu trnh bc chy nhanh vchy n nh, khng kh cp vo l cn c sy nng n mt nhit nht nh. Nhit khng kh nng yu cu ty thuc vo loai nhin liu t. Nhin liu lng c sy nng bng hi n khong 1000C v l loi nhin liu d bc chy, do khng kh nng khng cn phi c nhit cao lm, thng khong 1500C. i vi cc l hi t than, khng kh nng cn c nhim v bc m trong than v sy than do yu cu nhit kh cao, khong t 250 n 4000C L t than trn ghi, do ghi l tip xc trc tip vi cc ht than ang chy c nhit cao, do khng kh i qua ghi ngoi nhim v cung cp oxy cho qu trnh chy cn c nhim v lm mt ghi l. Thng thng nhit khng kh nng qua ghi khong 1500C. Theo nguyn l truyn nhit, c th phn thnh hai loi b sy khng kh: B sy khng kh kiu thu nhit v b sy khng kh kiu hi nhit. 7.2.2. B sy khng kh kiu thu nhit
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Hin nay b sy khng kh thu nhit thng c ch to kiu ng, c th l ng thp hoc ng gang. S cu to b sy khng kh kiu thu nhit ng bng thp c biu din trn hnh 4.18. B sy khng kh kiu thu nhit bng ng thp gm cc ng thp c ng knh 25 - 51mm. Cc ng ca b sy khng chu p lc nn c chiu dy nh, thng t 1,5 - 2 mm v c lin kt vi nhau bi mt sng c chiu dy 15-25mm. y khi i trong ng cn khng kh s i ct ngang pha ngoi ng. Hnh 4.18. B sy khng kh kiu thu nhit 1-Mt sng; 2-ng thp; 3- Vch ngn; 4- Hp khi; 5- Hp khng kh

B sy khng kh thng c ch to thnh nhiu cm (khi) vn chuyn v lp rp c d dng, ng thi khi lp thnh b sy th cc mt sng s to thnh tng lung khng kh i ngang qua ng. S ln ct nhau ca khng kh v khi ph thuc vo lu lng khng kh cn thit v kt cu phn ui l. + u im ca b sy khng kh kiu ng: - n gin khi ch to, lp rp. - Khi chuyn ng dc ng do tro t bm trong ng, nu bm cng d lm sch. - t b lt khng kh vo trong ng khi. - Lng tiu hao kim loi t. + Nhc im: - V l ng thp nn chu c nhit khng cao lm. - Kh nng chu n mn v mi mn km. khc phc 2 nhc im ny, ngi ta ch to b sy khng kh kiu ng bng gang, nhng b sy khng kh bng gang c nhc im l nng n, tn kim loi v ng gang phi c dy hn, gang c dn nhit km nn phi lm cnh pha ngoi tng cng truyn nhit. B sy khng kh bng gang thng c dng lm phn u vo ca khng kh (phn c nhit thp ca b sy cp mt) cc l t nhin liu nhiu lu hunh, hoc lm phn u ra (phn c nhit cao ca b sy cp hai) cc l t nhin liu c m ln, kh chy, cn khng kh nng c nhit cao. 7.2.3. B sy khng kh kiu hi nhit: B phn chnh ca b sy khng kh kiu hi nhit l mt rotor quay quanh 1 trc thng ng vi tc khong 2-5 vng/pht. Trn roto gn cc cnh bng kim
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loi nhn nhit. Khi Rotor quay, cc cnh kim loi ln lt khi th tip xc vi khi, khi th tip xc vi khng kh lnh. ng khi v ng khng kh c b tr v hai pha c nh ca b sy v c ngn cch bi vch ngn. Khi cc cnh ca rotor tip xc vi khi s b khi t nng ln v lc quay sang phn khng kh lnh s nh nhit lm cho khng kh nng ln. + u imca b sy khng kh kiu hi nhit: - Khng b n mn bi nhit thp do nhit thp n tip xc vi khng kh khng phi l mi trng n mn. Hnh 4.19. B sy khng kh kiu hi nhit. 6-ng c in; 7-Cnh nhn nhit; 8-Chn v; 9-Hp khng kh, khi vo v ra; 10- trc; 11-Trc; 12- v hnh tr; 13-Tang trng

+ Nhc im ca b sy khng kh kiu hi nhit: - Nhit khng kh s khng cao lm. - Do c cu quay nn tui th khng cao. - C s lt khi qua ng khng kh tng i ln. Do nhit khng kh nng khng cao lm nn loi ny thng dng cho l hi t du. 7.2.4. B tr b hm nc v b sy khng kh Cu to v chc nng ca b hm nc v b sy khng kh khc hn nhau, nhng chng c lin quan mt thit vi nhau khi b tr chng trong ng khi. B hm nc v b sy khng kh c b tr trn on ng khi sau b qu nhit, c th b tr mt cp hoc hai cp t xen k. Vic chn cch b tr mt hay hai cp hon ton ty thuc vo nhit khng kh nng yu cu. i vi cc l ghi xch, qu trnh chy nhin liu xy ra trn ghi, khng kh thi t di ln qua ghi. phi bo v ghi khi b qu nng, nhit khng kh nng thng khng qu 1500C. Khi ch cn b tr b sy khng kh mt cp v do
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 b hm nc cng mt cp. i vi l t than phun, yu cu khng kh nng c th ti 4000C. thu c khng kh nng c nhit cao nh vy, cn phi t mt phn u ra ca b sy khng kh trong vng khi c nhit cao, ngha l phn b sy khng kh thnh hai cp. Khi b hm nc cng c phn thnh hai cp v t xen k nhau. S b tr v bin thin nhit ca mi cht khi i qua b hm nc v b sy khng kh c biu din trn hnh 4.20.

Hnh 4.20. B tr b hm nc v b sy khng kh

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