Chng 9.

TRANG B PH
9.1. Cc loi van Van l mt thit b dng ng v ct mt thit b khi s lin thng vi thit b khc hoc vi h thng. Van phi m bo c tr lc nh khi m cho dng mi cht i qua v kn hon ton khi ng. Phn loi: Theo nguyn tc lm vic, ngi ta phn thnh van kha, van iu chnh, van bo v. Cc loi van kha, van iu chnh c th thao tc bng tay hoc truyn ng bng kh nn, thy lc hoc bng in. Cc loi van bo v (van 1 chiu, van an ton) ng m hon ton t ng theo tc ng ca mi cht i qua n. Trong thc t ch c van van kha v van bo v l yu cu c kn cao, cn van iu chnh th khng cn thit phi kn tuyt i. 9.1.1. Van kha Nhim v ca van kha l ng hoc ct dng mi cht khng cho dng chy qua. Cc loi van kha c biu din trn hnh 9.21, gm van a, van ca, van vi nc.

Hnh 9.21. cc loi van kha a-van a; b-van ca; c-van vi nc 9.1.2. Van iu chnh Van iu chnh dng iu chnh lu lng, p sut ca dong mi cht. Nguyn tc lm vic ca van iu chnh l thay i m ca van iu chnh lu lng mi cht qua nn iu chnh c p sut, lu lng ca mi cht. Trn hnh 9.22 biu din van iu chnh bng tay, hnh 9.23 biu din van iu chnh bng ng c in. 9.1.3 Van bo v Van bo v gm hai loi: van mt chiu v van

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Hnh 9.22. Van iu chnh bng tay Van mt chiu: Van mt chiu l van ch cho mi cht chuyn ng theo mt chiu nht nh, van s t ng ng li khi dng mi cht chuyn ng ngc li. Van mt chiu gm van l xo; van t trng, c biu din trn hnh 9.29. Van mt chiu thng c lp trn ng nc cp vo l, pha u y ca bm, trc van chn nhm bo v bm khi b dng hi nng ph hoi khi ng, ct bm, hoc trn ng ni lin thng cc l tch bit cc l hi khi cn thit (hnh 9.25. Van an ton: Van an ton c tc dng khng ch p sut lm vic ca mi cht khng vt qu tr s cho php, nhm bo v cho thit b lm vic an ton v lu di. Tt c nhng thit b c p sut ln hn 0,7 kG/cm2 u bt buc phi lp t van an ton. Van an ton c 3 loi, van an ton kiu l xo, kiu n by (qu t) v kiu xung lng. Cc loi van an ton c biu din trn hnh 9.26; 9.27 v 9.28. loi van an ton kiu l xo v kiu n by, p sut tc ng ca van s c iu chnh cn bng vi lc nn ca l xo hoc sc ca h thng n by. Do p sut gii hn cho php ca l khng ln hn p sut lm vic nh mc ca l nhiu nn lc ca l xo ln a van tng i b, do van kh kn. Ngoi ra do tit din l thot hi b nn kh nng thot mi cht chm, p sut ca l gim tng i chm. Chnh v vy chng ch c s dng cc l hi c p sut va v nh (di 4Mpa).

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Hnh 9.23. Van iu chnh bng ng c in

Hnh 9.29. van mt chiu a-van l xo; b-van t trng

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Hnh 9.25. Cch ni van mt chiu vi van cp nc

Van an ton kiu n by c u im l lm vic n nh, iu chnh van n gin, nhng cng knh, c dng ch yu cc l hi p sut trung bnh (di 4Mpa).

Hinh 9.26. van an ton kiu l xo

Hinh 9.27.van an ton kiu xung lng

Loi van l xo c cu to n gin, gn nh, nhng kh iu chnh, c dng ch yu cc l hi p sut thp (di 2Mpa), sn lng nh. Van xung lng: i vi nhng l c p sut t 4Mpa tr ln thng s dng van an ton kiu xung lng. Van an ton kiu xung lng c biu din trn hnh 9.27. Van xung lng l mt t hp hai van, van chnh v van xung lng tn hiu. Nguyn l lm vic nh sau: Bnh thng a van c y bng p lc hi pha trc van chnh ln hn lc nn ca l xo nhiu nn rt kn, khi p sut hi vt qu tr s
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cho php th van xung lng tn hiu s m ra a mt phn hi ti pha sau van chnh cn bng vi p lc y pha trc van chnh, do p lc trc v sau van chnh cn bng nhau, khi a van chu tc dng ca lc y l xo nn s m ra cho hi thot ra ngoi. V van c tit din l thot hi ln nn hi thot ra rt nhanh.

Hnh 9.28.Van an ton kiu n by V tr t van an ton: Trong l hi, van an ton c t v tr cao nht khoang hi ca bao hi, cc ng gp ca b qu nhit, ca b hm nc, ng gp hi chung. Trong cc thit b khc, van an ton c t v tr cao nht ca thit b. Trong b hm nc bng gang, ngi ta t van an ton ng gp trc (pha vo ca nc). S lng v kch thc van an ton: Mi l hi phi t t nht l hai van an ton khoang hi, tr mt s l hi nh c th lp mt van. nhng l hi t 2 van an ton th trong c mt van lm vic cn mt van kim tra, 2 van ny s c iu chnh t m cc p sut khc nhau. p sut tc ng ca cc van an ton c iu chnh bng lc p ca l xo hoc sc ca n by theo bng sau: Bng 9.1. Cc gi tr p sut ti cc van an ton bt u m. p sut lm vic p, MN/m2 bao hi, khi p < 1,28 1,28 < p < 3,93 p > 1,93 b qu nhit, khi p < 1,28 p > 1,28 ng gp vo ca b hm nc ng gp ra ca b hm nc p sut m van an ton Van kim tra Van lm vic p + 0,02 p + 0,03 1,03.p 1,05. p 1,05. p 1,08. p p + 0,02 p + 0,02 1,02. p 1,02. p 1,25. p 1,25. p 1,10. p 1,10. p

C th xc nh kch thc ca van an ton t cng thc sau y:

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n.d.h =

D p

(4-1)

n: s lng van an ton. d: ng knh trong ca l van (cm), ng knh ny khng c nh hn 25mm v khng ln hn 125mm. d d h: chiu cao nng ln ca van, c 2 loi: h = v h = 20 4 d d h= i vi loi van khng nng ln hon ton, h = i vi loi van 20 4 nng ln hon ton. A: h s ty thuc vo van nng ln hon ton hay khng hon ton. vi van nng ln khng hon ton: A=0,0075, vi van nng ln hon ton A=0,0150 D: Sn lng hi ca l (kg/h). p: p sut tuyt i ca hi (N/m2). ng knh d ca van c th l 25, 32, 40, 50, 60mm 9.2. p k p k l thit b o p sut ca hi v nc trong l hi. p k c t v tr cao nht ca thit b. Trn ng ni t bao hi ra p k phi t van 3 ng c ng xi phng. Trong ng xi phng c cha nc hoc khng kh bo v ng h khi b mi cht ph hng. ng th ba ca van s ni ng h mu kim tra chnh xc ca ng h ang dng, kim tra xem ng h c lm vic khng. Trn mt p k c thang chia , thang chia ca ng h c chn theo p sut lm vic ca l. Thng thng chn gi tr ln nht ca thang chia bng 1,5 ln p sut lm vic ca l. Vi cc thit b p lc, ng knh mt ng h nh nht l 110mm. Lp t ng h: Nu p k ngang tm mt th c t thng ng. Nu p k trn tm mt, xa khong 2m th phi t nghing khong 300. 9.3. ng thy 9.3.1. Nhim v ng thy ng thy l mt thit b rt quan trng ca l hi, dng theo di mc nc trong l hi. ng thy c ni vi l hi theo nguyn tc bnh thng nhau, mt u ca ng thy c ni vi khoang hi, mt u c ni vi khoang nc. Vi l hi ng la ng, qui nh mc nc trong qu trnh l lm vic lun ngp 2/3-3/4 ng la. Vi l hi ng la nm ngang, qui nh mc nc trong l cao hn ng la trn cng l 10cm. ng thy lun c ni mc nc ca l nm gia ng thy.
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9.3.2. Cc loi ng thy Thng c hai loi ng thy: ng thy sng v ng thy ti. ng thy sng cho php nhn thy mc nc qua ng thy tinh nu l ng thy trn, hoc qua tm thy tinh nu l ng thy dt. y ng hoc tm thy tinh u l thy tinh chu nhit. ng thy tinh ca ng thy trn chu lc km d b v, do thng c dng cho cc l hi c p sut thp, nhit nc nh hn 2500C. cc l p sut cao, ngi ta thng dng ng thy dt. Cu to cc loi ng thy c biu din trn hnh 9.29 v 9.30.

Hnh 9.29. ng thy dt. 1-tm thy tinh; 2-hp kim loi;

Hnh 9.30. ng thy trn. 1. ng thy tinh; 5-hp kim loi; 2, 3, 4 van ni ng thy vi l;

Theo qui phm an ton l hi th mi l hi phi c t nht l 2 ng thy t c lp vi nhau. i vi nhng l hi nh, din tch b mt t nh hn 100m2, c th cho php thay th mt ng thy sng bng mt ng thy ti. ng thy ti thng gm 3 van c ni mc nc cao nht, trung bnh v thp nht ca l. c th t phng iu khin trung tm theo di c mc nc bao hi trn cao, ngi ta dng ng thy di (ng thy ko di). Hnh 9.30 v ng thy ko di ca l hi
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9.4. Bm nc cp- qut gi- qut khi 9.4.1. Bm nc cp * Nhim v ca bm nc cp: bm nc cp c nhim v cp nc cho l trong qu trnh l lm vic. Mi l hi thng yu cu phi c 2 bm nc cp. Ring i vi nhng l cng sut nh hn 500kg/h c th cho php dng 1 bm. * Cu to bm cp: c 2 loi bm cp, bm piston v bm ly tm . + Bm pit tng: Bm piston thng c p sut cao nhng sn lng khng ln nn thng dng cho cc l hi nh. Trong cc x nghip cng nghip, cc l hi nh thng dng bm pit tng chy bng hi lm bm gi tr phng khi mt in. + Bm ly tm: Cc l hi ca nh my in thng lm vic p sut cao nn phi dng bm ly tm nhiu cp (nhiu lt), mi mt cp gm mt dy cnh ng v mt dy cnh tnh, s lng cp ty thuc vo p sut ca l. Khi chn bm phi lu , p sut bm phi ln hn p sut mi cht trong bao hi mc c th khc phc c tr lc ng ng dn t bm n bao hi. Cu to ca bm ly tm c biu din trn hnh 9.31. Hnh 9.31. Bm ly tm. a) bm mt cp; 1-c vo, 2-Cnh ng, 3-v, 4-ming ra,

b) bm nhiu cp 1, 2, 3, 9. cc tng cnh ng

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Cc cnh ng c c gn trn rotor ca bm, cn tt c cc cnh tnh gn trn thn bm gi l stato. Khi lm vic, trc ca bm quay tc l cc cnh ng quay, nn nc trong bm lm cho p sut tng dn t u vo ti u ra. Bm c c th c dn ng bng ng c in hoc hi. i vi cc bm c cng sut ln thng c dn ng bng tuabin hi. Thng s ca bm l: p sut v lu lng 9.4.2. Qut gi- qut khi Vi cc l hi ln c b mt t phn ui, qut gi c nhim v cung cp khng kh cho qu trnh chy, cn qut khi c nhim v ht khi ra khi l. Qut gi v qut khi to nn h thng thng gi cho l hi, h thng gi l h thng thng bng, lun to cho p sut ca khi t bung la n khi ra khi l nh hn p sut kh quyn. to p lc tng i ln th qut gi v qut khi thng dng qut ly tm c dn ng bng ng c in. Nguyn l cu to qut ly tm c ch ra trn hnh 9.32. i vi cc l hi nh, qut gi c nhim v cung cp khng kh cho qu trnh chy nhin liu, cn chiu cao ca ng khi c nhim v ht khi ra khi l. Cc c tnh k thut ca qut: c tnh k thut ca qut l lu lng qut, ct p u ht v u y. * Lu lng qut gi: Khi khng c ti tun hon khng kh nng.

Q g = 1 B tt ( bl bl ng + skk )V0

1: h s an ton, 1 = 1,1; Btt : lng nhin liu tiu hao tnh ton, (kg/h), bl: h s khng kh tha trong bung la; bl: h s khng kh lt vo bung la; ng: h s khng kh lnh lt vo h thng nghin than; s: h s khng kh lnh lt vo b sy khng kh; V0 : lng khng kh l thuyt, (m3 tc/kg), tkkl: nhit khng kh lnh, (0C), * Lu lng qut khi

273 + t kkl m 3 ,( ) h 273

(4-2)

273 + t kkl m 3 ;( ) 273 h Vth: Lng khi thi ra khi l, (m3 tc/kg), tth: nhit khi thi ra khi l, (0C), od: h s khng kh lnh lt trong ng ng dn khng kh; * Cng sut ca qut gi: QgHg , Kw; Ng = 1,1. 3600 g Q g = 1 B tt (Vth + d V0 )

(4-3)

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* Cng sut ca qut khi: Q H Nk = 1,1. k k , Kw; 3600 k Qg, Qk: lu lng khng kh v khi ca l, Hg, Hk: p sut ca u y ca qut gi, qut khi, g, k: hiu sut ca qut gi v qut khi, 9.5. H thng cung cp nhin liu 9.5.1. H thng du t:
Du c th dng lm nhin liu chnh trong cc l hi t nhin liu lng, hoc dng lm nhin liu t ph tr khi cng sut thp hoc khi cng sut cc i hoc khi khi ng l trong cc l hi t nhin liu rn (than, b ma hoc ci). Thng thng du t trong cc l l du FO (du en). H thng du ca nh my c th hin trn hnh 9.33.

nhit mi trng, du c nht ln, do cn phi c thit b sy du gim nht nhm vn chuyn d dng hn, ng thi du c th bc chy. Thng thng c th sy du n nhit khong 900C-1000C. Bn cnh b sy cn c thm b lc loi nhng cn bn trnh hin tng tc vi phun du.

Hnh 9.33. s nguyn l h thng du.

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* Cc loi vi phun du: c 2 loi vi phun du, vi phun thi v vi phun c kh. Yu cu vi phun phi phun du thnh cc ht bi nh, cc ht cng nh cng d bc chy. - Vi phun c kh: du c phun thnh bi nh bm cao p nn ln n p sut t 10 n 30 at v khi i qua cc l nh ca vi phun s phun thnh bi. - Vi phun thi: dng du c phun thnh bi qua vi phun nh ng nng ca dng hi hoc kh nn c p sut t 3-5 at.

9.5.2. H thng chun b bt than

Hnh 9.39. H thng chun b bt than. a) H thng vi my nghin bi v phu than trung gian; b) H thng vi ging nghin thi thng; c) H thng c qut nghin. 1-Phn li mn; 2, 11 v 21-ng dn khng kh; 3-Vt ti rut g; 4-Phu bt than; 5-Qut gi; 6-Bung la; 7-B sy khng kh; 8-Vi phun; 9-Hp khng kh; 10-Bung hn hp; 12-Hp phn phi; 13-Qut nghin; 14-Phn li bt than; 15-My nghin; 16-Hp u vo; 17-My cp than; 18-Phu than nguyn; 19-Cn; 20-Khothan nguyn; 22-Ca ly khi nng.

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H thng chun b bt than c nhim v nghin mn than thnh bt v vn chuyn bt than n cung cp cho l hi. Than c nghin mn nh cc my p ba v cc my nghin. Sau c vn chuyn i trong ng nh khng kh nng. Khng kh nng va c nhim v vn chuyn bt than, va sy nng bt than. Sau bt than c phn li (tch ra khi khng kh) nh cc my phn ly tinh (hay phn ly kiu xiclon). Bt than c cp n cc vi phun ca l nh my cp than bt. H thng cung cp bt than c biu din trn hnh 9.39.

9.6. H thng thi tro x

H thng thi tro x c th dng vt ti rut g; ging thi x hoc thuyn x. - H thng vt ti rut g: gm 1 vt xon rut g t trong 1 ng. - Ging thi x. - Thuyn x.

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