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Chng 10.

Kim loi ch to l hi v tnh sc bn cc chi tit ca l hi


10.1 c im lm vic ca kim loi trong l hi iu kin lm vic ca kim loi cc phn t v chi tit khc nhau ca l hi rt khc nhau. Khung l lm vic iu kin nhit khng kh xung quanh. Kim loi ng b sy khng kh chu ng sut khng ng k. Cc chi tit khng c lm lnh nh gi treo, gi , mc gi lm vic trong nhng iu kin rt nng, nhit kim loi cc chi tit ny c th n 800 oC. Cc ng gp ra v c bit cc ng b qu nhit ca l hi cao p v siu cao p lm vic trong iu kin nng n nht, v mi trng lu ng bn trong ng c nhit cao. Nhit vch v p sut bn trong l cc thng s c dng xc nh vic chn mc thp. Nhit kim loi tng ln th kh nng lm vic ca kim loi s gim khng nhng do gim bn m cn do cc qu trnh n mn s xy ra mnh hn. Do c n mn m vic s dng thp b hn ch, v d thp cacbon c th dng lm b mt t nu nhit b mt kim loi khng ln hn 500 oC v nhit cao hn thp s g rt mnh. t Tiu chun nh gi hin tng ro l bn lu di D , l kh nng ca kim loi tip nhn ph ti trong mt thi gian nht nh m khng b ph hy. 10.2 Cc loi thp dng trong ch to l hi 10.2.1 Nhng yu cu chung i vi thp ch to l hi Thp dng ch to l hi cn phi p ng c nhng yu cu chung sau y: - C bn v do cao; - C n nh cu trc cao. Trong qu trnh lm vic ca l hi th cu trc thp khng c php c thay i g ng k; - C bn nhit cao, tc l kh nng gi nguyn c nhng c tnh bn cn thit khi lm vic trong iu kin ng sut v nhit cao; - C n nh ha hc cao. Tnh n nh ha hc l cn thit ngn nga n mn b mt t ca l; - C hm lng cc tp cht c hi mc ti thiu (P, S, As, cc kh ha tan), v chng c nh hng xu n tnh cht ca thp khi lm vic lu di; - C tnh hn tt, khng yu cu dng cc phng php hn v nhit luyn phc tp v t tin. Trong thc t, thp cacbon, thp hp kim thp v thp hp kim cao c s dng rng ri ch to cc b phn ca l hi. 10.2.2 Thp cacbon a s cc chi tit ca l hi c ch to bng thp cacbon. Khi tng hm lng cacbon (C) trong thp th bn ca n tng v tnh do gim xung. Trn

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quan im bn th dng thp c hm lng C cao, tuy nhin khi cht lng mi hn ni s gim v c s ti thp trong khng kh khi hn. V th hm lng C trong thp cacbon dng ch to l hi c hn ch rt nghim ngt, c th l C 0, 25% . Ngoi ra, trong thp cn c cc thnh phn khc l Mn, Si, S, P v O2. Mangan (Mn) c a vo thp kh xy ca thp trong qu trnh nu chy v n nm trong thp di trng thi ha tan (vi s lng 0,3 0,8% ). Silic (Si) cng ging nh Mn, c a vo thp lm cht kh xy. Mt lng nh Si < 0,5% cn li sau khi kh xy c ha tan trong ferit. Si lm tng bn ca thp nhng cng lm tng c khuynh hng kt tinh li sau khi c bin dng do nh. Photpho (P) l nguyn t khng mun c trong thp v n lm gim dai va p ak v c kh nng sinh ra gin ngui. Hm lng P trong thp l hi khng c ln hn 0, 045% . Lu hunh (S) l tp cht c hi v n to iu kin sinh ra gin nng, ngha l ph hy gin thp nhit 800 1200 oC. Trong cc thp l hi hm lng S c hn ch tr s 0, 03 0, 045% . xy (O2) cng nh nit (N2) v hydr (H2) nm li trong thp do kh kh khng hon ton. O2 trong thp vi mt lng nh cng lm gim tnh chng n mn ca thp. Hm lng O2 v N2 trong thp c cht lng 0, 01% v hm lng H2 0, 001% . ch to bao hi ca l hi c p sut thp, p sut trung bnh v p sut nng cao, p < 6, 0 MPa, ta dng thp cacbon c cht lng nhn hiu 15K, 20K, 25K (ca Nga) hoc tng ng. i vi l hi c p sut p < 0, 08 MPa c th dng thp cacbon cht lng thng CT3 , nu nhit kim loi khng ln hn 120 oC. ch to bao hi ca l cao p, p = 6 12,5 MPa th phi dng thp cacbon nhn hiu c bit 22K hoc tng ng. Cc ng dn nc, dn hi v ng b mt t thng c ch to t thp 10 v 20 v tng ng. Khi y nhit kim loi ng b mt t khng c ln hn 500 oC, kim loi ng gp v ng dn hi khng ln hn 450 oC. 10.2.3 Thp hp kim thp v hp kim cao 10.2.3.1. Thp hp kim thp 10.2.3.2. Thp hp kim cao 10.2.3.3. Cc loi thp c bit

Cc gi treo, gi , cc chi tit gi, thit b thi tro bi lm vic trong iu kin nng n khng c lm mt nn thp dng ch to cc chi tit y phi c tnh

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chu nng cao. Cc mc thp dng ch to cc chi tit gi gm c 30CrMo, 35CrMo, 38Cr, v 40Cr. Nhng chi tit nh gi , gi treo, kp, thit b thi thng c ch to bng cc mc thp nh c cho trong bng 10.2.
10.3 Tnh sc bn ca nhng chi tit chnh ca l hi 10.3.1 Phng php tnh

Yu cu nht thit i vi l hi l t an ton ti a khi tiu hao kim loi l ti thiu. y tn ti hai phng php tnh sc bn cc chi tit ca l hi l phng php ng sut gii hn v phng php ph ti gii hn. Cc nh khoa hc i n kt lun l tnh sc bn theo ph ti gii hn s kinh t hn, v i vi mt chi tit c th cho php mang ph ti ln hn ph ti ng vi ng sut gii hn. Trong cc tiu chun tnh ton ngi ta dng phng php ph ti gii hn tnh sc bn cc chi tit l hi.
10.3.1.1. Chn ng sut cho php

Trc khi tnh sc bn phi xc nh ng sut cho php i vi vt liu cho v nhit tnh ca tng chi tit. ng sut cho php c xc nh da vo nhit tnh ton ca vch (nhit kim loi) v mc thp. Tnh sc bn cc chi tit l hi theo ng sut cho php sau: * cp = cp , (11-6)
* trong : l h s k n c im cu to v vn hnh ca chi tit; cp l ng sut cho php nh mc, ly theo bng. Nu nh thp s dng m khng c nhng s liu * v cp th n c ly bng gi tr nh nht trong ba gi tr sau y:

, (11-7) 2, 6 1,5 1,5 t t t y: b , ch , D l nhng gi tr c bo m nhit lm vic t ca vch.


10.3.1.2. Nhit tnh ton ca vch
* Nhit tnh ton ca vch xc nh cp c ly ph thuc vo loi v nhit mi cht cha trong phn t tnh ton v vo nhng iu kin t nng phn t bi khi v lm lnh bi mi cht. Trong mi trng hp nhit tnh ton ca vch khng c ly thp hn 250 oC. a- Nhit tnh ton ca vch bao hi v cc panen cha cht lng hay hi bo ha ly nh sau: - i vi bao hi t ngoi ng khi hay cch nhit tt th tv = tbha (11-8)

* cp

t b

* ; cp

t ch

* ; cp

t D

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i vi bao hi khng cch nhit c t trong ng khi i lu, khi nhit khi tkhi 600 oC:

tv = tbha + 1, 2S + 10, o C (11-9) t = (tmax ttb ) v khng c ly nh hn 10 oC; l h s khuch tn nhit khng u theo chu vi ng; qmax l cng dng nhit ln nht hay sut ph ti nhit ln nht ca b mt hp thu nhit, kW/mK; l t s gia ng knh ngoi v ng knh trong ca ng = Dn / Dt = Dn /( Dn 2S ) ; S l chiu dy vch (thnh) ng, mm; l h s dn nhit ca kim loi ng, kW/mK. - i vi cc ng ca b qu nhit i lu cc l hi c plv 2,5 MPa v nhit hi qu nhit khng cao hn 425 oC th: tv = tqn + 70 o C (11-16) e- Nhit tnh ton ca vch cc ng b hm nc c tnh theo cc cng thc sau: - i vi b hm nc ca l c tun hon t nhin v tun hon cng bc nhiu ln kiu khng si: (11-17) tv = tbha + 30 o C - i vi b hm nc kiu si tnh theo cng thc ca cc ng si. - i vi b hm nc ca l hi trc lu: (11-18) tv = ttb + t + 40 o C f- Nhit tnh ton ca vch ng gp dn ng sinh hi, ng gp b hm nc v b qu nhit ly nh sau: - i vi nhng ng gp khng b t nng (t ngoi ng khi hay cch nhit chc chn) ca b hm nc, ca dn ng sinh hi v ng gp hi bo ha ca l hi c tun hon t nhin v tun hon cng bc nhiu ln, ng gp vo ca b hm nc l trc lu, ta ly: tv = ttb (11-19) - i vi cc ng gp ca b qu nhit (tr ng gp hi bo ha) ly: tv = ttb + xt , (vi x = 0,5 ) (11-20)
10.3.2. Tnh sc bn mt s chi tit (phn t) ca l hi 10.3.2.1. Chiu dy vch ca chi tit hnh tr chu p sut bn trong (bao hi, ng gp):

Chiu dy vch ca chi tit hnh tr chu p sut bn trong (bao hi, ng gp) c xc nh theo cc cng thc sau: - Khi tnh theo ng knh trong ta c: p Dt (11-21) +C, m S= 2 cp p - Khi tnh theo ng knh ngoi ta c:

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S=

p Dng 2 cp p

+C, m

(11-22)

trong : p l p sut tnh ton, MPa; Dt v Dng l ng knh trong v ng knh ngoi, m; l h s bn ca chi tit b yu i do cc mi hn hay c cc l ni ng; cp l ng sut cho php ca vt liu, MPa; C l b sung cho chiu dy tnh ton ca vch, khi chiu dy tm thp nh hn 20 mm ly C = 1 mm, khi chiu dy tm thp ln hn 20 mm ly C = 0.
11.3.2.2. Chiu dy vch y bao hi c dng elip hay dng cu:

Chiu dy vch y bao hi c dng elip hay dng cu c xc nh theo cng thc sau: p Dt Dt (11-23) +C, m S= 4 z cp p 2ht nu tho mn iu kin: ht S C d 0, 2; 0,1; 0, 6. Dt Dt Dt Trong cng thc trn k hiu: p l p sut tnh ton, MPa; Dt l ng knh trong, m; ht l chiu cao phn li ca y tnh n b mt bn trong, m; cp l ng sut cho php ca vt liu, MPa; C l b sung cho chiu dy tnh ton, C = 0,05 (S - C) nhng khng nh hn 1 mm; z l h s tnh n s lm yu y do c cc l, ly tu thuc thng s d : a= Dt ( S C ) khi a 0, 4 ly z = 1,0; khi 0, 4 a < 2 ly z = 2(a + 2).
2 ; khi a > 2 ly z = (1, 25a + 1,5)

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Hnh 10.4. y li dng elip. a - khng c l tm; b - c l tm.

10.3.2.3. Chiu dy vch y trn phng v np phng :

Chiu dy vch y trn phng v np phng c xc nh theo cng thc: K Dt p S1 = ,m (11-24) K 0 cp trong : K l h s k n t s gia chiu dy vch ng gp v chiu dy y, S K = 0, 411 0, 23 phi khng nh hn 0,31; S1 K0 l h s c ly tu thuc vo t s gia ng knh l y d v ng d : knh trong ca ng gp Dt, tc l t s Dt d d < 0,35 c K0 = 1- 0,43 , Khi Dt Dt d Khi 0,35 0, 75 ly K0 = 0,85; Dt p l p sut tnh ton, MPa; cp l ng sut cho php ca vt liu, MPa.

Hnh 10.5. Cc kiu y v np phng.

10.4.2.4. Chiu dy vch cc ng b mt truyn nhit v ng dn:

Chiu dy vch cc ng b mt truyn nhit (sinh hi, qu nhit, hm nc) v ng dn c xc nh theo cc cng thc sau:

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Khi tnh theo ng knh trong ca ng: p dt (11-25) + C1 , m S 2 cp p Khi tnh theo ng knh ngoi ca ng: p d ng S= + C1 , m (11-26) 2 cp + p trong : p l p sut tnh ton, MPa; d ng , dt l ng knh ngoi v ng knh trong ca ng, m;

cp l ng sut ca vt liu lm ng, MPa;


C1 l b sung cho chiu dy tnh ton, thng ly C1 = 0,5 mm.

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