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058
H THNG CNG THC VT L LP 12 NNG CAO & C BN
Tp hp cc cng thc trong sch gio khoa mt cch c h thng theo tng phn.
a ra mt s cng thc, kin thc cha ghi trong sch gio khoa nhng c suy ra khi gii mt s
bi tp in hnh.
SCH CUNG CP -NGUN T LU:
1. Vt l 12 Nhng bi tp hay v in hnh Nguyn Cnh He NXB HQG H Ni 2008.
2. Vt l 12 C bn V Quang (ch bin) NXB GD Nm 2008.
3. Vt l 12 Nng cao V Thanh Khit (ch bin) NXB GD Nm 2008.
4. Ni dung n tp mn Vt l 12 Nguyn Trng Su NXB GD Nm 2010.
5. Bi ging trng tm chng trnh chun Vt l 12 V Thanh Khit NXB HQG H Ni 2010.

H THNG CNG THC VT L LP 12 NNG CAO
C1. ng lc hc vt rn_( v so snh vi ng lc hc cht im)_8tit
Cc khi nim , phng trnh ,nh
lut
Chuyn ng QUAY bin i u
(trc quay,chiu quay khng i )
~ ~ Chuyn ng THNG bin i u
(chiu chuyn ng khng i )
cng thc nh ngha =hng s ; (=0 quay u) a= hng s ; (a=0 chuyn ng u)
Phng trnh Tc e=e
0
+t v=v
0
+at
Phng trnh Ta
=
o
+e
o
t+

t
2
x=x
o
+v
o
t+

at
2
Phng trnh c lp kh t e-e
o
2
= 2(-
o
) v-v
o
2
= 2a(x-x
o
)
a.*Mmennglng_*nglng
b. nh lut BoTon:
*Mmennglng_*nglng
L=Ie p=m v
EM
i
=0(iu kin)
EL
i
=EI
i
e
i
=0 ; v chn chiu(+)
Ef
masat
=0(iu kin)
Ep
i
=Em
i
v
i
=0 ; v chn chiu(+)
MmenQuntnhI v khilng m

ngha ca I v m
I=Em
i
r
i
2
;
m=

;
mc qun tnh ca vt Chuyn
ng QUAY

mc qun tnh ca vt Chuyn ng
THNG

Phng trnh ng lc hc
I=M hay dng #

ma=F hay dng #

ng nng

nh l ng nng

AW=W
2
-W
1
=Aca ngai lc ; A=F.s=F.r= Fr.=M. ; thng hin nhin r.=s
[ x , y , z ]: .v.
ca x , y, z
[ e

]:

; [

]:

; [I=Em
i
r
i
2
]: kgm
2
; [L=Ie]:

; [W]: Jun ~ ([ A=F.s]: N.m)


C2,3,... c xem nh VT L LP 12 C BN :
H THNG CNG THC VT L LP 12 C BN



MC
LC
NI DUNG Trang
I. Dao ng c
II. Sng c v sng m
III. Dng in xoay chiu
IV. Dao ng in t
V. Tnh cht sng ca nh sng
VI. Lng t nh sng
VII. Vt l ht nhn
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* -
sino=cos(o+

)
* sino= -
cos(o+

)
* coso=sin(o+

)
I. DAO NG C
1. Dao ng iu ha(DH)
*Li (pt dao ng ): x = Acos(et + ).
*Vn tc(pt vn tc): v = x = -eAsin(et + ) = eAcos(et + +

) ;
v
max
= eA (VTCB) .
Vn tc sm pha

so vi li .
*Gia tc: a = v = -e
2
Acos(et + ) = -e
2
x;
a
max
= e
2
A (VTBin ~ F
phc hi MAX
).
Gia tc ngc pha vi li (sm pha
2
t
so vi vn tc).
*Lin h gia tn s gc, chu k v tn s: e =

= 2tf ;
(Tng quan vi C trn u: e

)
*Cng thc c lp: A
2
= x
2
+

2
A
2
=

2
; a = -e
2
x
* vtr cnbng{pha(et + )=

+kt}: x = 0 ; |v| = v
max
= eA v a = 0.
* vtr bin{pha(et + )=0+kt}: x = A ; v = 0 v |a| = a
max
= e
2
A.

Trong khong thi gian *Qung ng vt dao
ng iu ha i c
Trong mt chu k (1T) 4A.
Trong na chu k (

)
2A.

Trong mt
phn t chu k
(

) .
( hnh phi )
_a) tnh t v tr bin
hoc v tr cn bng
A
_ b) cn tnh t v tr
khc

*khc A.
* di nht l 2 A,
* ngn nht l (2 - 2
)A


*Qung ng ln nht v nh nht vt i
c trong khong thi gian A

:
vt c V
max
khi i qua VTCB v V
min
khi i
qua VTBin nn trong cng mt khong thi
gian qung ng i S cng ln khi vt cng
gn VTCB v S cng nh khi cng gn
VTBin .
Tng quan gia DH v chuyn ng
trn u v cngAt cng A , ta c:
S
max
= 2Asin

; S
min
= 2A(1 - cos

) .
( hnh bn tri) .




Vd: ~Smax VTCB,m

nn=

,nn(

)
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- 0975.893.058)

*Tnh v
tb
ca vt DH trong khong thi gian At : Ta xc nh gc A quay c trong At
ny trn ng trn , t tnh qung ng As i c trong At v tnh vntc trungbnh
theo v
tb
=
A
A
. .

*Tnh At , S khi vt t li X
1
n X
2
, (hnh phi ):

* Tnh At: A

e
A

e
;{ dng: | At
khng b<0 | thi . }
Tnh At
min
(ng vi
1
> 0 ,
2
s t ):
thay A=A
min
; hay tnh
1
,
2
theo x v A ,v d:

Tnh At
max
(ng vi
1
s 0 ,
2
> t ):
thayA=A
max
= A

; hay .

* Tnh S
min
; S
max
khi vt t li X
1
n X
2
; v d:
S
max
= ba on (A-x
1
)+(2A)+(A-|x
2
|) .

*Phng trnh ng lc hc ca vt DH: x + e
2
x = 0 ; {vi: CLlxo: e
2
=

, CLn: e
2
=

}.
(

)
*C nng ca vt DH: E =

me
2
A
2
; {vi: CLloxo: e
2
=

, CLon: e
2
=

}.
ng nng: W

= Esin
2
(et + )

me
2
A
2
sin
2
(e +) ; { ~

}.
Th nng: W
t
= Ecos
2
(et + )

; { ~

}.
Wt v W ca vt DH bin thin iu ha c: tn s gc e = 2e, f = 2f v T=

.
{ cos
2
a= cos2a+cos0 ; cosacosb= cos(a+b) + cos(a-b) } .

2. Con lc l xo
*Phng trnh ng lc : mx= -kx ; { x +

2
x = 0}
*Phng trnh dao ng: x = Acos(et + ).
Vi: e

; cos =
A
x
o

( ly nghim "-"
khi v
0
> 0; ly nghim "+" khi v
0
< 0) ; (vi x
0
v v
0
l li v vn
tc ti thi im ban u t = 0). ( hnh phi )
ruoitrau Web:CaoNguynMyTrng - 0975.893.058
Th nng: W
t
=
2
1
kx
2
=
2
1
kA
2
cos
2
(e + ).
ng nng: W

=
2
1
mv
2
=
2
1
me
2
A
2
sin
2
(e +) =
2
1
kA
2
sin
2
(e + ).
W
t
v W

ca vt DH bin thin iu ha vi tn s gc e = 2e, tn s f = 2f v vi chu k T=

.
Trong mt chu k c 4 ln ng nng v th nng bng nhau nn khong thi gian gia hai ln lin tip
ng nng v th nng bng nhau l
4
T
. ng nng v th nng ca vt dao ng iu ha bng nhau ti
v tr c li x =
2
A
.
C nng: W = W
t
+ W

=
2
1
kx
2
+
2
1
mv
2
=
2
1
kA
2
=
2
1
me
2
A
2
.
Lc n hi ca l xo: F = k(l l
o
) = kAl.
Con lc l xo treo thng ng: Al
o
=
k
mg
; e =
o
l
g
A
.
Chiu di cc i ca l xo: l
max
= l
0
+ Al
0
+ A.
Chiu di cc tiu ca xo: l
min
= l
0
+ Al
0
A.
Lc n hi cc i: F
max
= k(A + Al
0
).
Lc n hi cc tiu: F
min
= 0 nu A > Al
0
; F
min
= k(Al
0
A) nu A < Al
0
.
ln ca lc n hi ti v tr c li x:
F
h
= k|Al
0
+ x| vi chiu dng hng xung.
F
h
= k|Al
0
- x| vi chiu dng hng ln.
Lc ko v: F = - kx.
L xo ghp ni tip: ...
1 1 1
2 1
+ + =
k k k
. cng gim, tn s gim.
L xo ghp song song: k = k
1
+ k
2
+ ... . cng tng, tn s tng.
3. Con lc n
Phng trnh dao ng: s = S
o
cos(et + ) hay o = o
0
cos(et + ); vi s = o.l ; S
0
= o
0
.l (vi o

v o
0
tnh
ra rad).
Tn s gc, chu k, tn s: e =
l
g
; T = 2t
g
l
; f =
l
g
t 2
1
.
ng nng: W

=
2
1
mv
2
= mgl(coso

- coso
0
).
Th nng: W
t
= mgl(1 - coso).
C nng: W = mgl(1 - coso
0
).
Nu o
o
s 10
0
th: W
t
=
2
1
mglo
2
; W

=
2
1
mgl(o
2
0
- o
2
); W =
2
1
mglo
2
0
; o

v o
o
tnh ra rad.
C nng ca con lc n dao ng iu ha: W = W
d
+ W
t
= mgl(1 - coso
o
) =
2
1
mglo
2
0
.
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Vn tc khi i qua v tr c li gc o: v = ) cos (cos 2
0
o o gl .
Vn tc khi i qua v tr cn bng (o = 0): |v| = v
max
= ) cos 1 ( 2
0
o gl .
Nu o
o
s 10
0
th: v = ) (
2 2
0
o o gl ; v
max
= o
o gl ;
o

v o
o
tnh ra rad.
Sc cng ca si dy khi i qua v tr c li gc o:
T
o
= mgcoso +
l
mv
2
= mg(3coso - 2coso
0
).
T
VTCB
= T
max
= mg(3 - 2coso
0
); T
bin
= T
min
= mg coso
0
.
Nu o
o
s 10
0
: T = 1 + o
2
0
-
2
3
o
2
; T
max
= mg(1 + o
2
0
); T
min
= mg(1 -
2
2
o
o
).
Con lc n c chu k T cao h, nhit t. Khi a ti cao h, nhit t th ta c :
2
t
R
h
T
T A
+
A
=
A o
; vi AT = T - T, R = 6400 km l bn knh Tri t, Ah = h - h, At = t - t, o l h s
n di ca thanh treo con lc. Vi ng h m dy s dng con lc n: Khi AT > 0 th ng h chy
chm, AT < 0 th ng h chy nhanh.Thi gian chy sai trong mt ngy m (24 gi): At =
'
86400 .
T
T A
.

Con lc n chu thm cc lc khc ngoi trng lc :
Trng lc biu kin:

' P =

P +

F
Gia tc ri t do biu kin:

' g =

g +
m
F

. Khi : T = 2t
' g
l
.
Thng gp: Lc in trng

F = q

E ; lc qun tnh:

F = - m

a .
Cc trng hp c bit:

F c phng ngang th g =
2 2
) (
m
F
g + . Khi v tr cn bng mi lch vi phng thng ng
gc o c: tano =
P
F
.

F c phng thng ng hng ln th g = g -

m
F
.

F c phng thng ng hng xung th g = g +

m
F
.
Chu k ca con lc n treo trong thang my:
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Khi thang my ng yn hoc chuyn ng thng u : T = 2t
g
l
.
Khi thang my i ln nhanh dn u hoc i xung chm dn u vi gia tc c ln l a (

a hng
ln): T = 2t
a g
l
+
.
Khi thang my i ln chm dn u hoc i xung nhanh dn u vi gia tc c ln l a (

a hng
xung): T = 2t
a g
l

.
4. Dao ng cng bc, cng hng
Con lc l xo dao ng tt dn vi bin ban u l A, h s ma st :
Qung ng vt i c n lc dng li: S =
g
A
mg
kA

e
2 2
2 2 2
= .
gim bin sau mi chu k: AA =
k
mg 4
=
2
4
e
g
.
S dao ng thc hin c: N =
mg
A
mg
Ak
A
A

e
4 4
2
= =
A
.
Hin tng cng hng xy ra khi f = f
0
hay e = e
0
hay T = T
0
.
5. Tng hp cc dao ng iu ho cng phng cng tn s
Nu: x
1
= A
1
cos(et +
1
) v x
2
= A
2
cos(et +
2
) th
x = x
1
+ x
2
= Acos(et + ) vi A v c xc nh bi:
A
2
= A
1
2
+ A
2
2
+ 2 A
1
A
2
cos (
2
-
1
); tan =
2 2 1 1
2 2 1 1
cos cos
sin sin


A A
A A
+
+

+ Hai dao ng cng pha (
2
-
1
= 2kt): A = A
1
+ A
2
.
+ Hai dao ng ngc pha (
2
-
1
)= (2k + 1)t): A = |A
1
- A
2
|.
+ Nu lch pha bt k th: | A
1
- A
2
| s A s A
1
+ A
2
.
Trng hp bit mt dao ng thnh phn x
1
= A
1
cos(et +
1
) v dao ng tng hp l x = Acos(et + )
th dao ng thnh phn cn li x
2
= A
2
cos(et +
2
) vi A
2
v
2
c xc nh bi:
A
2
2
= A
2
+ A
2
1
- 2 AA
1
cos ( -
1
); tan =
1 1
1 1
cos cos
sin sin


A A
A A

.
Trng hp vt tham gia nhiu dao ng iu ha cng phng cng tn s th ta c:
A
x
= Acos = A
1
cos
1
+ A
2
cos
2
+ A
3
cos
3
+
A
y
= Asin = A
1
sin
1
+ A
2
sin
2
+ A
3
sin
3
+
A =
2 2
y x
A A + v tan =
x
y
A
A


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II. SNG C V SNG M
1. Sng c
Lin h gia vn tc, chu k, tn s v bc sng: = vT =
f
v
.
Nng lng sng: W =
2
1
me
2
A
2
.
Ti ngun pht O phng trnh sng l u
0
= acos(et + ) th phng trnh sng ti M trn phng truyn
sng l: u
M
= acos(et + - 2t

OM
) = acos(et + - 2t

x
).
lch pha ca hai dao ng gia hai im cch nhau mt khong d trn phng truyn sng: A =

td 2
.
2. Giao thoa sng
Nu ti hai ngun S
1
v S
2
cng pht ra 2 sng ging ht nhau: u
1
= u
2
= Acoset v b qua mt mt nng
lng khi sng truyn i th th sng ti M (vi S
1
M = d
1
; S
2
M = d
2
) l tng hp hai sng t S
1
v S
2

truyn ti s c phng trnh l:
u
M
= 2Acos

t ) (
1 2
d d
cos(et -

t ) (
1 2
d d +
).
lch pha ca hai sng t hai ngun truyn ti M l: A =

t ) ( 2
1 2
d d
.
Ti M c cc i khi d
2
- d
1
= k; cc tiu khi d
2
- d
1
= (2k + 1)
2

.
S cc i (gn sng) gia 2 ngun S
1
v S
2
dao ng cng pha: k =

2 1
2 S S
; vi k e Z.
Trn on thng S
1
S
2
ni hai ngun, khong cch gia hai cc i hoc hai cc tiu lin tip (gi l
khong vn i) l: i =
2

.

Trng hp sng pht ra t hai ngun lch pha nhau A =
2
-
1
th s cc i v cc tiu trn on
thng l s cc gi tr ca k (e z) tnh theo cng thc:
Cc i:
t

2
2 1
A
+
S S
< k <
t

2
2 1
A
+
S S
.
Cc tiu:
t

2 2
1
2 1
A
+
S S
< k <
t

2 2
1
2 1
A
+
S S
.
3. Sng dng
Khong cch gia 2 nt hoc 2 bng lin k ca sng dng l
2

.
Khong cch gia nt v bng lin k ca sng dng l
4

.
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Hai im i xng nhau qua bng sng lun dao ng cng pha, hai im i xng nhau qua nt sng
lun dao ng ngc pha.
iu kin c bng sng ti im M cch vt cn c nh mt khong d l:
d = k
2

+
4

; vi k e Z.
iu kin c nt sng ti im M cch vt cn c nh mt khong d l:
d = k
2

; k e Z.
iu kin c bng sng ti im M cch vt cn t do mt khong d l:
d = k
2

; vi k e Z.
iu kin c nt sng ti im M cch vt cn t do mt khong d l:
d = k
2

+
4

; k e Z.
iu kin c sng dng trn si dy c chiu di l:
Hai u l hai nt: l = k
2

.
Mt u l nt, mt u l bng: l = (2k + 1)
4

.
4. Sng m
Mc cng m: L = lg
0
I
I

Cng m chun: I
0
= 10
-12
W/m
2
.

Cng m ti im cch ngun m (c cng sut P) mt khong R l: I =
2
4 R
P
t
.
Tn s sng m do dy n pht ra (hai u c nh): f = k
l
v
2
; k = 1, m pht ra l m c bn, k = 2, 3,
4, , m pht ra l cc ha m.
Tn s sng m do ng so pht ra (mt u bt kn, mt u h):
f = (2k + 1)
l
v
4
; k = 0, m pht ra l m c bn, k = 1, 2, 3, , m pht ra l cc ha m.

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III. DNG IN XOAY CHIU
Cm khng ca cun dy: Z
L
= eL.
Dung khng ca t in: Z
C
=
C e
1
.
Tng tr ca on mch RLC: Z =
2
C L
2
) Z - (Z R + .
nh lut m: I =
Z
U
; I
o
=
Z
U
O
.
Cc gi tr hiu dng:
2
o
I
I = ;
2
o
U
U = ; U
R
= IR; U
L
= IZ
L
; U
C
= IZ
C
.
lch pha gia u v i: tan =
R
Z Z
C L

=
R
C
L
e
e
1

.
Cng sut: P = UIcos = I
2
R. H s cng sut: cos =
Z
R
.
in nng tiu th mch in: W = A = P.t.
Biu thc ca u v i:
Nu i = I
o
cos(et +
i
) th u = U
o
cos(et +
i
+ ).
Nu u = U
o
cos(et +
u
) th i = I
o
cos(et +
u
- ).
Trng hp in p gia hai u on mch l u = U
o
cos(et + ). Nu on mch ch c t in th i =
I
o
cos(et + +
2
t
) = - I
0
sin(et + ) hay on mch ch c cun cm th i = I
o
cos(et + -
2
t
) = I
0
sin(et
+ ). Khi ta s c:
2
0
2
2
0
2
U
u
I
i
+ = 1.
Z
L
> Z
C
th u nhanh pha hn i; Z
L
< Z
C
th u chm pha hn i.
Cc i do cng hng in: Khi Z
L
= Z
C
hay e =
LC
1
th u cng pha vi i ( = 0), c cng hng
in. Khi I
max
=
R
U
; P
max
=
R
U
2
.
Cc i ca P theo R: R = |Z
L
Z
C
|. Khi P
max
=
| | 2
2
C L
Z Z
U

=
R
U
2
2
.
Cc i ca U
L
theo Z
L
: Z
L
=
C
C
Z
Z R
2 2
+
. Khi U
Lmax
=
R
Z R U
C
2 2
+
.
Cc i U
L
theo e: e =
2 2
2
2
C R LC
.
Cc i ca U
C
theo Z
C
: Z
C
=
L
L
Z
Z R
2 2
+
. Khi U
Cmax
=
R
Z R U
L
2 2
+
.
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Cc i U
C
theo e: e =
2
2
2
1
L
R
LC
.
Mch ba pha mc hnh sao: U
d
= 3 U
p
; I
d
= I
p
.
Mch ba pha mc hnh tam gic: U
d
= U
p
; I
d
= 3 I
p
.
My bin p:
1
2
U
U
=
2
1
I
I
=
1
2
N
N
.
Cng sut hao ph trn ng dy ti: P
hp
= rI
2
= r(
U
P
)
2
= P
2
2
U
r
.
Khi tng U ln n ln th cng sut hao ph P
hp
gim i n
2
ln.
Hiu sut ti in: H =
P
P P
hp

.
gim in p trn ng dy ti in: AU = Ir.
T thng qua khung dy ca my pht in: u = NBScos(et + ) = u
0
cos(et + ).
Sut ng trong khung dy ca my pht in:
e = -
dt
du
= - u = eNBSsin(et + ) = E
0
cos(et + -
2
t
).
Tn s dng in do my pht in xoay chiu 1 pha c p cp cc khi rto quay vi tc n vng/giy l:
f = pn (Hz); khi r to quay vi tc n vng/pht l: f =
60
pn
(Hz).
Trong 1 giy dng in xoay chiu c tn s f i chiu 2f ln.
My pht in xoay chiu 3 pha mc hnh sao: U
d
= 3 U
p
. Mc hnh tam gic: U
d
= U
p
.
Ti tiu th mc hnh sao: I
d
= I
p
. Mc hnh tam gic: I
d
= 3 I
p
.
Cng sut tiu th trn ng c in: I
2
r + P = UIcos.

IV. DAO NG IN T
Chu k, tn s, tn s gc ca mch dao ng:
T = LC t 2 ; f =
LC t 2
1
; e =
LC
1
.
Bc sng in t: Trong chn khng: =
f
c
; trong mi trng c chit sut n: =
nf
c
.
Mch chn sng ca my thu v tuyn thu c sng in t c bc sng:
=
f
c
= 2tc LC .
Nu mch chn sng c L v C bin i th bc sng m my thu v tuyn thu c s thay i trong
gii hn t
min
= 2tc
min min
C L n
max
= 2tc
max max
C L .
Biu thc in tch trn t: q = q
o
cos(et + ). Khi t = 0 nu t in ang tch in: q tng th i = q > 0
< 0. Khi t = 0 nu t in ang phng in: q gim th i = q < 0 > 0.
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Cng dng in trn mch dao ng: i = I
o
cos(et + +
2
t
).
in p trn t in: u =
C
q
=
C
q
0
cos(et + ) = U
o
cos(et + ).
Nng lng in trng: W
C
=
2
1
Cu
2
=
2
1
C
q
2
.
Nng lng t trng: W
t
=
2
1
Li
2
.
Nng lng in t: W

= W
C
+ W
t
=
2
1
C
q
2
0
=
2
1
CU
2
0

=
2
1
LI
2
0
.
Nng lng in trng v nng lng t trng bin thin vi tn s gc e = 2e =
LC
2
, vi chu k
T =
2
T
= LC t cn nng lng in t th khng thay i theo thi gian.
Nu mch c in tr thun R = 0 th dao ng s tt dn. duy tr dao ng cn cung cp cho mch
mt nng lng c cng sut : P = I
2
R =
L
RC U R U C
2 2
2
0
2
0
2 2
=
e
.
Lin h gia q
o
, U
o
, I
o
: q
o
= CU
o
=
e
o
I
= I
o
LC .
B t mc ni tip: ...
1 1 1
2 1
+ + =
C C C
+
n
C
1
.
B t mc song song: C = C
1
+ C
2
+ + C
n
.

V. TNH CHT SNG CA NH SNG.
V tr vn sng, vn ti, khong vn: x
s
= k
a
D .
; x
t
= (2k + 1)
a
D
2
.
; i =
a
D .
; vi k e Z.
Th nghim giao thoa thc hin trong khng kh o c khong vn l i th khi a vo trong mi trng
trong sut c chit sut n s o c khong vn l i =
n
i
.
Gia n vn sng (hoc vn ti) lin tip l (n 1) khong vn.
Ti M c vn sng khi:
i
OM
i
x
M
= = k, l vn sng bc k.
Ti M c vn ti khi:
i
x
M
= (2k + 1)
2
1
.
S vn sng - ti trong min giao thoa c b rng L: lp t s N =
i
L
2

S vn sng: N
s
= 2N + 1 (ly phn nguyn ca N).
S vn ti: Khi phn thp phn ca N < 0,5: N
t
= 2N (ly phn nguyn ca N). Khi phn thp phn ca
N > 0,5: N
t
= 2N + 2 (ly phn nguyn ca N).
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Giao thoa vi nh sng trng (0,38m s s 0,76m):
nh sng n sc cho vn sng ti v tr ang xt nu:
x = k
a
D .
; k
min
=
d
D
ax

; k
max
=
t
D
ax

; =
Dk
ax
; vi k e Z.
nh sng n sc cho vn ti ti v tr ang xt nu:
x = (2k + 1)
a
D
2
.
; k
min
=
2
1

d
D
ax

; k
max
=
2
1

t
D
ax

; =
) 1 2 (
2
+ k D
ax
.
B rng quang ph bc n trong giao thoa vi nh sng trng: Ax
n
= n
a
D
t d
) (
.
Bc sng nh sng trong chn khng: =
f
c
.
Bc sng nh sng trong mi trng: =
n nf
c
f
v
= = .
Trong ng Culitgi:
2
1
mv
2
max
= eU
0AK
= hf
max
=
min

hc
.
VI. LNG T NH SNG
Nng lng ca phtn nh sng: c = hf =

hc
.
Cng thc Anhxtanh, gii hn quang in, in p hm:
hf =

hc
= A +
2
1
mv
2
max 0
;
o
=
A
hc
; U
h
= -
e
W
d max
.
in th cc i qu cu kim loi c lp v in t c khi chiu chm sng c s
o
: V
max
=
e
W
d max
.
Cng sut ca ngun sng, cng dng quang in bo ho, hiu sut lng t:
P = n

hc
; I
bh
= n
e
|e|; H =

n
n
e
.
Lc Lorrenx, lc hng tm: F
lr
= qvBsino; F
ht
= ma
ht
=
R
mv
2

Quang ph vch ca nguyn t hyr: E
n
E
m
= hf =

hc
.
Bn knh qu o dng th n ca electron trong nguyn t hir: r
n
= n
2
r
1
; vi r
1
= 0,53.10
-11
m l bn
knh Bo ( qu o K).
Nng lng ca electron trong nguyn t hir: E
n
= -
2
6 , 13
n
(eV).

VII. VT L HT NHN
Ht nhn
X
A
Z
, c A nuclon; Z prtn; N = (A Z) ntrn.
S ht nhn, khi lng ca cht phng x cn li sau thi gian t:
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N = N
o
T
t
2 = N
o
e
-t
; m(t) = m
o
T
t
2 = m
o
e
-t
.
S ht nhn mi c to thnh (bng s ht nhn b phn r) sau thi gian t:
N = N
0
N = N
0
(1
T
t
2 ) = N
0
(1 e
-t
).
Khi lng cht mi c to thnh sau thi gian t:
m = m
0
A
A'
(1
T
t
2 ) = m
0
A
A'
(1 e
-t
).
phng x: H = N = N
o
e
-t
= H
o
e
-t
= H
o
T
t
2 .

Vi:
T T
693 , 0 2 ln
= = l hng s phng x; T l chu k bn r.
S ht nhn trong m gam cht n nguyn t: N =
A
N
A
m
.
Lin h gia nng lng v khi lng: E = mc
2
.
Khi lng ng: m =
2
2
0
1
c
v
m

.
ht khi ca ht nhn: Am = Zm
p
+ (A Z)m
n
m
hn
.
Nng lng lin kt: W
lk
= Amc
2
.
Nng lng lin kt ring: c =
A
W
lk
.
Cc nh lut bo ton trong phn ng ht nhn:
1
1
A
Z
X
1
+
2
2
A
Z
X
2

3
3
A
Z
X
3
+
4
4
A
Z
X
4
.
Bo ton s nucln: A
1
+ A
2
= A
3
+ A
4
.
Bo ton in tch: Z
1
+ Z
2
= Z
3
+ Z
4
.
Bo ton ng lng: m
1

1
v + m
2

2
v = m
3

3
v + m
4

4
v .
Bo ton nng lng:
(m
1
+ m
2
)c
2
+
2
1
m
1
v
2
1
+
2
1
m
2
v
2
2
= (m
3
+ m
4
)c
2
+
2
1
m
3
v
2
3
+
2
1
m
4
v
2
4
.
Nng lng ta ra hoc thu vo trong phn ng ht nhn:
AW = (m
1
+ m
2
m
3
m
4
)c
2
= W
3
+ W
4
W
1
W
2
= A
3
c
3
+ A
4
c
4
A
1
c
1
A
2
c
2
.
Cc s liu v n v thng s dng trong vt l ht nhn:
S Avgar: N
A
= 6,022.10
23
mol
-1
.
n v nng lng: 1 eV = 1,6.10
-19
J; 1 MeV = 10
6
eV = 1,6.10
-13
J.
n v khi lng nguyn t: 1u = 1,66055.10
-27
kg = 931,5 MeV/c
2
.
in tch nguyn t: e = 1,6.10
-19
C.
Khi lng prtn: m
p
= 1,0073 u. Khi lng ntrn: m
n
= 1,0087 u.
Khi lng electron: m
e
= 9,1.10
-31
kg = 0,0005 u.


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