Trang 1

BI TON GIAO IM CA HAI TH HM S V NG DNG

BIN LUN S NGHIM CA PHNG TRNH
Trnh Ba

1. Bi ton m u
Cho hm s
2 1
2 1
x
y
x
+
=

c th (C). Xc nh ta giao im ca th (C)

v ng thng y = x + 2.
(trch thi tt nghip THPT nm 2011)
Gii
Phng trnh honh giao im ca th (C) v ng thng y = x + 2

2 1
2
2 1
x
x
x
+
= +

2 1 ( 2)(2 1) x x x + = + (do x = 1/2 khng l nghim ca phng trnh ny)
2
1
2 3 0
3
2
x
x x
x
=

+ =

=

Vi
3 1
2 2
x y = =
Vi 1 3 x y = =
Vy ta giao im ca (C) v ng thng y = x + 2 l
3 1
; , (1;3)
2 2
| |

|
\ .

2. C s l lun
Cho hai hm s y = f(x) v y = g(x) c th ln lt l (F) v (G), nu im
( , )
M M
M x y l giao im ca (F) v (G) th ( )
M M
y f x = v ( )
M M
y g x = . Ni cch
khc, ta M l nghim ca h phng trnh
( )
( )
y f x
y g x
=

. Do honh ca M l
nghim ca phng trnh f(x) = g(x) (1). Ta ni (1) l phng trnh honh giao
im ca (F) v (G); s nghim ca (1) bng s giao im ca (F) v (G). Do ta c
mi lin h gia hai bi ton: giao im ca hai th v nghim ca phng trnh
honh giao im. Trong nhiu trng hp, tm giao im (hay s giao im)
ca hai th ta phi xt phng trnh honh giao im ca chng v ngc li
bin lun s nghim ca mt phng trnh th ta xem l phng trnh honh giao
im ca hai th v dng th bin lun.

3. Mt s bi ton v giao im ca hai th

Bi ton 1 (trch thi tt nghip THPT nm hc 1997)
Cho hm s y =
3
x 3x 1. +
1. Kho st s bin thin v v th ( C ) ca hm s.
2. Mt ng thng d i qua im un ca th (C) v c h s gc k. Bin lun theo k
s giao im ca th (C) v ng thng d. Tm ta cc giao im trong trng
hp k = 1.
Gii
1. Bn c t gii
2. im un ca (C) l I(0;1)
Trang 2

Phng trnh ng thng d: y = kx + 1
Phng trnh honh giao im ca (C) v d

3
2
2
x 3x 1 = kx + 1 (1)
x(x 3 ) 0
0
3 (2)
k
x
x k
+
=
=

= +

- Vi k < - 3 th (2) v nghim nn (1) c 1 nghim, do d v (C) c 1 im chung.
- Vi k = -3 th (2) c nghim kp bng 0, do (1) c 1 nghim nn d v (C) c 1 im
chung.
- Vi k > -3 th (2) c hai nghim phn bit khc 0 nn (1) c 3 nghim phn bit, do
d v (C) c 3 im chung.
- Trng hp k = 1 th (2) c 2 nghim l x = 2 nn d ct (C) ti 3 im phn bit l
(0;0), (2;3), (-2; -1).

Bi tng t (trch thi tt nghip THPT nm hc 1996)
Cho hm s y=
2
x (m 3)x m
x 1
+ + +
+
, m l tham s, th l (C
m
).
1. Kho st s bin thin v v th ( C ) ca hm s khi m = -2.
2. ng thng d i qua gc ta c h s gc l k. Bin lun theo k s giao im ca
ng thng d v th (C).

Bi ton 2 (trch thi i hc khi A 2010)
Cho hm s
3 2
2 (1 ) y x x m x m = + + (1), m l tham s thc.
1. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s khi m = 1.
2. Tm m th hm s (1) ct trc honh ti 3 im phn bit c honh
1 2 3
, , x x x
tha mn iu kin
2 2 2
1 2 3
4 x x x + + <
Gii
1. Bn c t gii
2. Phng trnh honh giao im ca (C
m
) v trc honh c dng

3 2
2
2
2 (1 ) 0
( 1)( ) 0
1
0 (1)
x x m x m
x x x m
x
x x m
+ + =
=
=

iu kin bi ton c tho mn khi phng trnh (1) c hai nghim
1 2
, x x phn bit
khc 1 sao cho
2 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
1 4 3 ( ) 2 3 x x x x x x x x + + < + < + < . iu ny xy ra
khi

1 4 0
1
1
0
4
0
1 2 3
m
m
m
m
m
A = + >

< <

=


=
+ <

Vy vi
{ }
1
;1 \ 0
4
m
| |
e
|
\ .
th th hm s (1) ct trc honh ti 3 im phn bit c honh

1 2 3
, , x x x tha mn iu kin
2 2 2
1 2 3
4 x x x + + <
Nhn xt. gii bi ton trn cn ch mt s im:
Trang 3

- Nhm c mt nghim ca phng trnh bc ba ( c s l nhm x kh m trc, bn
cht ca nghim ny l honh ca im c nh ca th hm s bc ba m im nm
trn trc honh). Sau quy phng trnh bc ba v phng trnh tch, ri tm iu kin
phng trnh bc hai c hai nghim phn bit khc nghim nhm c v tho thm iu
kin no ca bi ton.
- tm m sao cho tho iu kin
2 2 2
1 2 3
4 x x x + + < , trong nhm c 1 nghim, v
tri ca bt ng thc ny l biu thc i xng gia cc nghim gi ta dng nh l Viet.
Nu hc sinh no khng nh nh l Viet th vn c th gii quyt trc tip iu kin trn.
Chng hn:
Khng mt tng qut, xem
3
1 x = , ta c
2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2
4 3 x x x x x + + < + < , trong
1 2
, x x l hai nghim ca phng trnh (1), ta c :

1,2
1 1 4
2
m
x
+
= , do

2 2
2 2
1 2
1 1 4 1 1 4
3 3
2 2
1 2 3
1


m m
x x
m
m
| | | |
+ + +
+ < + <
| |
\ . \ .
+ <
<

Kt hp vi iu kin c hai nghim phn bit khc 1 ta c kt qu ca m.
- Nhng nu iu kin i vi 3 honh giao im l
3 3 3
1 2 3
4 x x x + + < hay thm ch l
4 4 4
1 2 3
4 x x x + + < th cch tm nghim ri th trc tip vo s gp nhiu phc tp. Tt nht,
hc sinh nn nh c nh l Viet v mt s biu thc i xng gia cc nghim. (
3 3 3 4 4 2 2 2
1 2 1 2
3 , ( 2 ) 2 x x S PS x x S P P + = + = )

Bi ton 3 (trch thi i hc khi A 2011)
Cho hm s
1
2 1
x
y
x
+
=

1. Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s cho.
2. Chng minh rng vi mi m ng thng y = x + m lun ct th (C) ti hai im
phn bit A v B. Gi
1 2
, k k ln lt l h s gc ca cc tip tuyn vi (C) ti A v B.
Tm m tng
1 2
k k + t gi tr ln nht.


Gii
1. Bn c t gii
2. Phng trnh honh giao im ca ng thng y = x + m v (C)
1
2 1
x
x m
x
+
+ =

(1)
1 ( )(2 1) x x m x + = + (do x = 1/2 khng l nghim ca phng trnh ny)
2
2 2 1 0 x mx m + = (2)
2 2
' 2( 1) ( 1) 1 0, m m m m R A = = + + > e
Do phng trnh (1) lun c hai nghim phn bit vi mi m nn ng thng y = x +
m lun ct (C) ti hai im phn bit A, B. Gi ( , ), ( , )
A A B B
A x y B x y th ,
A B
x x l hai
nghim ca phng trnh (2). Khi

( )
1 2
1
'( )
2 1
A
A
k f x
x

= =

Trang 4


( )
2 2
1
'( )
2 1
B
B
k f x
x

= =

Khi
( ) ( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )
| |
2 2
1 2 2 2 2
2 2
2
1 1 4 4 1 4 4 1
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
4 4 2
4 2( ) 1
B B A A
A B A B
A B A B
A B A B
x x x x
k k
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
+ + +
+ = + =
(

+ + +
=
+ +

M
2 2 2
1
; . 1
2
A B A B A B
m
x x m x x x x m m
+
+ = = + = + +
Do
| |
2
2
1 2 2
4( 1) 2( 1) 2
(4 6 8) ( )
2( 1) 2 1
m m m
k k m m g m
m m
+ + + + +
+ = = + + =
+ + +
Hm g(m) l mt parabol c nh
3 23
( ; )
4 4
I v c b lm quay xung nn t gi tr ln
nht ti I, tc l ti
3
4
m = .
Bnh lun
Trong bi ton trn ta thy honh hai im A, B l nghim ca phng trnh (2) nu tnh ra
th ph thuc tham s m, nn ta hy khoan ngh n vic phi tm honh A, B m hy xem
( )
1 2
1
'( )
2 1
A
A
k f x
x

= =

( )
2 2
1
'( )
2 1
B
B
k f x
x

= =

Th k
1
+ k
2
l biu thc i xng vi i vi hai nghim ca phng trnh honh giao
im, do ta c th dng nh l Viet gii quyt bi ton.

By gi ta s xt bi ton sau m vic nhm nghim ca phng trnh honh giao im (l
phng trnh bc ba ph thuc m) khng d nh nhng bi trc v khng c nghim nguyn
m l nghim hu t (thc cht ta c phng php nhm nghim hu t cho mt phng trnh
a thc bc n bt k, nhng y l bi ton ph thuc tham s m). y ta da vo im c
nh ca h th m im thuc ng thng cn xt tng giao vi h th. Khi
honh im c nh l nghim ca phng trnh honh giao im m ta xt n. Xt h
th y = f(x,m), khi im (x
0
;y
0
) l im c nh nu phng trnh y
0
=f(x
0
;m) vi bin m
c nghim vi mi m. T y ta tm c im (x
0
;y
0
).

Bi ton 4. Cho hm s
3 2
2 (2 5) 3 5 y x m x mx m = + . Tm m th hm s ct trc
honh ti ba im phn bit c honh ln hn -2.

Gii. (nhm nghim ca phng trnh honh giao im, quy v tm iu kin cho phng
trnh bc hai).
Trang 5

Trc ht ta d dng tm c im (5/2;0) l im c nh ca hm s trn trc honh, do
hm s cho c th vit di dng:
2
(2 5)( ) y x x mx m = + +
Phng trnh honh giao im ca th hm s v trc honh:
2
2
(2 5)( ) 0
5
2
0 (1)
x x mx m
x
x mx m
+ + =

+ + =

Yu cu bi ton (1) c hai nghim phn bit
1 2
, x x khc 5/2 v ln hn -2.
2
1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2
1 2
0
4 0
( 2)( 2) 0
2( ) 4 0 0
25 4 2
2
14
25
25 5
0
14
4 2
m m
x x
x x x x m
x x
x x
m
m m
m
A >
A = >

+ + >

+ + + > <

+

+ > >
=

=
+ + =

Ch y ta s dng nh l Viet tnh cho tng v tch hai nghim. Ta c th tnh trc
tip cc biu thc nghim ca phng trnh (1) l
2
4
2
m m m
x

= . Khi (1) c hai
nghim phn bit ln hn 2 khi v ch khi
2
2
2
4 )
4
2
2
4 5
2 2
m m
m m m
m m m

>

>

v d nhin php tnh s phc tp hn.
Cn trng hp ta khng th nhm c mt nghim ca phng trnh honh giao
im th ta c th da vo hnh dng th c cch gii bi ton nh sau:

th ct trc honh ti 3 im phn bit c honh ln hn -2 th cn tha mn
cc iu kin sau: y =0 c hai nghim phn bit
1 2
, x x ln hn -2 v f(-2) < 0 v
. 0
CD CT
y y < .
Nhng theo cch ny th khi lng tnh ton kh nhiu, ch ring vic tnh c gi
tr ti cc im cc tr phc tp (mc d c mo tnh: ly y chia y c thng l p(x) v
d q(x)th c th vit y = y.p(x) + r(x) khi gi tr cc tr ( ), 1, 2
CT i
y r x i = = . V bi ton
ph thuc tham s m.)










-2 O
Trang 6



bi ton sau ta s khng da vo hnh dng th nh trn c na v ng thng
ct h th by gi l mt ng xin m khng phi trc Ox.
Bi ton 5. Cho hm s
3 2
2 (2 5) 3 5 y x m x mx m = + c th (C
m
). Tm m ng
thng d: y = 2x 5 ct h th cho ti 3 im phn bit c honh ln hn -2.

Gii. phng trnh honh giao im ca d v (C
m
) l:

3 2
2
2
2 (2 5) 3 5 2 5 (1)
5
2( )( 1) 0
2
5
2
1 0 (2)
x m x mx m x
x x mx m
x
x mx m
+ =
+ + =

+ + =

ng thng d ct h th (C
m
) ti ba im phn bit c honh ln hn -2 khi v ch khi
phng trnh (1) c 3 nghim phn bit c honh ln hn -2, iu ny tng ng (2) c
hai nghim phn bit c honh ln hn -2 .
( )( )
2
2
1 2
1 2
4( 1) 0
2
5 5
1 0 3 3
2 2
2 3
2,
2 2 0
1 2 4 0
2
4
2
2
m m
m
m m m
m
m
x x
m m
x x
m
A = >
=
| |

+ + = <
|
=

\ .


=
+ + >

+ >


+
<

>

.
Vy vi
3
3
2,
2
m
m
<

th ng thng d ct h th (C
m
) ti ba im phn bit c honh
ln hn -2.

Ch rng c nghim 5/2 ca phng trnh (1), trc tin ta tm im c nh
0 0
( , ) M x y ca h th (C
m
) nh sau:
Gi
0 0
( , ) M x y l im c nh ca (C
m
). khi phng trnh
3 2
0 0 0 0
2 3 2
0 0 0 0 0
2 (2 5) 3 5
(2 3 5) 2 5 0
y x m x mx m
x x m x x y
= +
+ =

i vi bin m c tp nghim l R
2
0 0 0 0
3 2
0 0 0 0
0
5
2 3 5 0 1
2
7 2 5 0
0
x x x x
y x x y
y

= = =

v

= =

=

Hn na im (5/2;0) thuc ng thng d: y = 2x 5. Do 5/2 l mt nghim ca phng
trnh honh giao im.

Cc bi tng t.
Bi ton 6 (trch thi i hc khi D 2003)
Cho hm s
2
2 4
2
x x
y
x
+
=

(1)
Trang 7

1. Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s (1)
2. Tm m ng thng : 2 2
m
d y mx m = + ct th hm s (1) ti hai im phn
bit.
Bi ton 7 (trch thi i hc khi D 2008)
Cho hm s
3 2
3 4 y x x = + (1)
1. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s (1).
2. Chng minh rng mi ng thng i qua im I(1;2) c h s gc k ( k > -3) u ct
th hm s ti 3 im phn bit I, A, B ng thi I l trung im ca on AB.
Bi ton 8 (trch thi i hc khi D 2011)
Cho hm s
2 1
1
x
y
x
+
=
+

1. Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s cho.
2. Tm k ng thng 2 1 y kx k = + + ct th (C) ti hai im phn bit A, B sao
cho khong cch t A v B n trc honh bng nhau.

Bi ton 9 (trch thi i hc khi D 2006)
Cho hm s
3
3 2 y x x = + .
1. Kho st s bin thin v v th ( C ) ca hm s.
2. gi d l ng thng i qua im A(3;20) v c h s gc m. Tm m d ct th (
C) ti 3 im phn bit.
Bi ton 10 (trch thi i hc khi B 2010)
Cho hm s
2 1
1
x
y
x
+
=
+

1. Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s cho.
2. Tm m ng thng 2 y x m = + ct th (C) ti hai im phn bit A, B sao
cho tam gic OAB c din tch bng 3 (O l gc ta ).
Bi ton 11 (trch thi i hc khi D 2009)
Cho hm s
4 2
(3 2) 3 y x m x m = + + c th l ( C
m
), m l tham s.
1. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s cho khi m = 0.
2. Tm m ng thng y = -1 ct th ( C
m
) ti 4 im phn bit u c honh
nh hn 2.
Bi ton 12 (trch thi i hc khi A 2004)
Cho hm s
2
3 3
2( 1)
x x
y
x
+
=

(1)
1. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s (1).
2. Tm m th hm s (1) ct ng thng y = m ti 2 im A, B sao cho
AB =1 .
Bi ton 13 (trch thi i hc khi A 2003)
Cho hm s
2
1
mx x m
y
x
+ +
=

(1)
1. Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s (1) khi m = -1.
2. Tm m th hm s ct trc honh ti hai im phn bit c honh dng. (KA
2003).
Bi ton 14. Cho hm s
3 2
3 9 y x x x m = + .
1. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s ( C) ng vi m = 0.
2. Tm m th hm s ct trc honh ti ba im phn bit c honh lp thnh
mt cp s cng.
Bi ton 15. Cho hm s
4 2
2( 1) 2 1 y x m x m = + + .
Trang 8

1. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s ( C) ng vi m = 0.
2. Xc nh m phng trnh f(x) = 0 c 4 nghim phn bit lp thnh cp s cng.





4. Mt s bi ton ng dng th bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh.

Bi ton 1 (trch thi tt nghip THPT nm 2010)
Cho hm s
3 2
1 3
y x x 5
4 2
= +
1) Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s cho.
2) Tm cc gi tr ca tham s m phng trnh
3 2
6 0 + = x x m (1) c 3 nghim
thc phn bit.

Gii
1) Bn c t gii
2)
3 2 3 2 3 2
1 3 1 3
6 0 5 5
4 2 4 4 2 4
m m
x x m x x x x + = = + = + (2)
(2) l phng trnh honh giao im ca (C) v ng thng d(m):
5
4
m
y = + song song vi trc Ox. Da vo th ta thy (1) c 3 nghim thc
phn bit khi v ch khi 5 5 13 32 0
4
m
m < + < < <


Bi ton tng t.
Bi ton 2 (trch thi tt nghip THPT nm 2008 ln 2)
Cho hm s
3 2
3 y x x =
1) Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s cho.
2)Tm cc gi tr ca tham s m phng trnh
3 2
3 0 x x m = c ba nghim
phn bit.
Bi ton 3 (trch thi tt nghip THPT nm 2002)
Cho hm s 3 x 2 x y
2 4
+ + = c th (C).
1. Kho st hm s.
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
-10 -5 5
d(m)
g x ( ) =
1
4
( )
x3+
3
2
( )
x2+5
Trang 9

x
y
1
2. Da vo th (C), hy xc nh cc gi tr m phng trnh x
4
2x
2
+ m = 0
c bn nghim phn bit.
Bi ton 4 (trch thi tt nghip THPT nm 1993)
Cho hm s
3 2
y x 6x 9x = + .
1. Kho st s bin thin v v th ( C ) ca hm s.
2. Da vo th ( C ), bin lun theo tham s m s nghim ca phng trnh

3 2
x 6x 9x m 0 + = .
Bi ton 5 (trch thi tuyn sinh i hc khi A nm 2006)
Cho hm s
3 2
2 9 12 4 y x x x = + .
1. Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s.
2. Tm m phng trnh sau c 6 nghim phn bit
3
2
2 9 12 4 x x x m + = (1)
Phn tch
- Ch rng x x = , ( )
2
2
x x = nn biu thc v tri ca phng trnh l
cng thc ca mt hm s chn.
- V phi l tham s nn th ca n l ng thng bin thin song song vi
trc Ox.
- Biu thc v tri ca phng trnh, nu khng c du gi tr tuyt i th n
chnh l cng thc ca hm s v th cu 1. Do t th hm s
cu 1 ta suy ra th hm s v tri ca phng trnh cu 2.
Xin nhc li nh ngha hm chn v c im th ca n: cho hm s y = f(x)
c tp xc nh D, f goi l achan tr en D neu xD -x D vaf(-x) = f(x), othca
n nhan Oy l am t ruc oi xng.
Gii bi ton trn
1. Bn c t gii
2. t
3
2
( ) 2 9 12 4 g x x x x = +
Tp xc nh ca g(x) l D = nn x D x D e e v g(-x) = g(x) nn g(x)
l hm chn. Hn na

3
2 3 2
( ) 2 9 12 4 2 9 12 4, 0 g x x x x x x x x = + = + >
Gi (C) l th hm s y = g(x) th (C) gm 2 phn:
Phn 1: gi nguyn phn th ca (C) bn phi trc Oy, gm c nhng im nm
trn trc Oy. Ta gi phn ny l (C
1
).
Phn 2: ly i xng (C
1
) qua Oy . Ta gi phn ny l (C
2
).
Khi (C) gm (C
1
) v (C
2
).














Trang 10

x
y
g x ( ) = 2x4-4x2
f x ( ) = 2x4-4x2
1


(1) l phng trnh honh giao im ca th hm s (C) v ng thng d: y = m
song song vi trc Ox, da vo th ta thy (1) c 6 nghim phn bit khi v ch khi
0 < m < 2.

Bi ton 6 (trch thi tuyn sinh i hc khi B - 2009)
Cho hm s
4 2
2 4 y x x = (1)
1. Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s (1).
2. Vi cc gi tr no ca m th phng trnh
2 2
2 x x m = (1) ng 6 nghim thc
phn bit .
Phn tch
- Do v phi ca phng trnh (1) l tham s m nn th ca n l ng thng bin
thin song song vi trc Ox, nn ta dng th bin lun phng trnh trn. Do vy
ta tm cch suy ra th hm s v tri ca (1) t th (C).
- Ch rng a b ab =
Gii
1. Bn c t gii
2.
2 2 4 2
2 2 4 2 x x m x x m = = (2)
t
( )
4 2 4 2
4 2
4 2 4 2
2 4 , 2 4 0
( ) 2 4
2 4 , 2 4 0
x x x x
g x x x
x x x x
>

= =

<

Tp xc nh ca hm g(x) l R. Gi Gi (C) l th hm s y = g(x) th (C) gm 2
phn:
Phn 1: Gi nguyn phn th
ca (C) bn trn trc Ox, gm
c nhng im nm trn trc Ox.
Ta gi phn ny l (C
1
).
Phn 2: ly i xng (C
1
) qua
Ox . Ta gi phn ny l (C
2
).
Khi (C) gm (C
1
) v (C
2
).
(2) l phng trnh honh
giao im ca (C) v ng
thng y = 2m song song vi trc
Ox, da vo th ta c (1) c 6
nghim thc phn bit khi
0 2 2 0 1 m m < < < <


Bi tng t
Bi ton 7
Cho hm s
3
3 y x x =
1. kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s.
2. tm m phng trnh sau c 4 nghim phn bit
3
1 3
2 2
x x m =