CN BNG HO HC

1. Biu thc ca hng s cn bng ho hc:

Phn ng xA + yB zAB c chiu thun xy ra vi
t
= k
t
[A]
a
[B]
b
v chiu nghch xy ra vi
n
= k
n
[AB]
d
Khi
t
=
n
th h t ti CBHH hng s cn bng K =
[ ]
[ ] [ ]
d
t
a b
n
AB
k
k
A B

2. Tr s K tnh theo tng phng trnh ho hc:

Phng trnh c h s nguyn: N
2
+ 3H
2
2NH
3
c K =
[ ]
[ ] [ ]
2
3
3
2 2
NH
N H
Phng trnh c h s gp n: nN
2
+ 3nH
2
2nNH
3
c K
n
=
[ ]
[ ] [ ]
2
3
3
2 2
n
n n
NH
N H

= (K)
n
Phng trnh c h s bng
1
n
:
1
n
N
2
+
3
n
H
2

2
n
NH
3
c K
1
n
= (K)
1
n
hay =
n
K
Phng trnh biu din h d th: CaCO
3
(r) CaO (r) + CO
2
(k) c K
p
=
P 2
CO
C (r) + CO
2
(k) 2CO (k) c K
p
=
( )
2
2
CO
CO
P
P
BaSO
4
(r) Ba
2+
(dd) + SO
2
4

(dd) c K
sp
= [Ba
2+
].[SO
2
4

] cn gi l
tch s tan
3. Quan h gia cc loi hng s cn bng: K
p
= K
c
(RT)
n
= K
N
(P)
n
.
4. Quan h gia K vi nng lng: G = RT ln K = nF E

1
2
2 1
1 1
ln
T
T
K
H
K R T T
_


,
vi R = 8,314 v H tnh ra Jun
1. 600
0
K i vi phn ng: H
2
+ CO
2
H
2
O(k) + CO c nng cn
bng ca H
2
, CO
2
, H
2
O v CO ln lt bng 0,600; 0,459; 0,500 v 0,425
mol./1.
a) Tm Kc, Kp ca phn ng.
b) Nu lng ban u ca H
2
v CO
2
bng nhau v bng 1 mol c t vo
bnh 5 lt th nng cn bng cc cht l bao nhiu?
a) Kc =
[ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ]
2
2 2
.
.
H O CO
H CO
=
0, 5 0, 425
0, 6 0, 459

= 0,7716 ; Kp = Kc(RT)
n
= 0,7716 (do n
= 0)
b) Ti CBHH: [H
2
O] = a ; [CO] = a ; [H
2
] = [CO
2
] = 0,2 a
Ta c :
2
2
(0, 2 )
a
a
= 0,7716 a = 0,094 v 0,2 a = 0,106
p s: Kc = Kp = 0,772; [H
2
] = [CO
2
] = 0,106 M v [H
2
O] =
[CO] = 0,094 M.
2. 1000K hng s cn bng Kp ca phn ng 2SO
2
+ O
2
2SO
3
bng
3,50 atm

1
.
Tnh p sut ring lc cn bng ca SO
2
v SO
3
nu p sut chung ca h
bng 1atm v p sut cn bng ca O
2
bng 0,1atm.
Gi x l p sut ring ca SO
2
th p sut ring ca SO
3
= 1 0,1 x = 0,9
x
Kp =
2
2
(0, 9 )
0,1
x
x

= 3,50 x = 0,57 atm v 3

P
SO = 0,33 atm
3. a) Tnh hng s cn bng Kp i vi phn ng: N
2
+ 3H
2
2NH
3
. 25
0
C
Bit G
0
ht ca NH
3
= 16,64 kJ/mol
b) Kp s thay i th no khi phn ng cho c vit di dng:
1
2
N
2
+
3
2
H
2
NH
3
.
G = 2. 16,64 = 33,28 kJ/mol G
0
= RTlnKp lnKp =
33, 28
8, 314 298
_

,
= 13,43
Vy Kp = 6,8. 10
5
.
Kp =
3
2 2
2
3
.
NH
N H
P
P P
nn i vi phn ng
1
2
N
2
+
3
2
H
2
NH
3
. c Kp =
3
2 2
1 3
2 2
.
NH
N H
P
P P
= P
K

= 825
4. Cn bng ca phn ng: NH
4
HS (r) NH
3
(k) + H
2
S (k) c thit lp
200
0
C trong mt th tch V. Phn ng cho l thu nhit. Cho bit p sut
ring ca NH
3
s thay i th no khi cn bng c ti lp sau khi: a) Thm
NH
3
; b) Thm H
2
S ; c) Thm NH
4
HS ; d) Tng nhit ;
e) p sut ton phn s tng do thm Ar vo h ; f) Th tch bnh tng ti
2V.
a) tng ; b) gim ; c) khng i ; d) tng ; e) khng i ; f) tng.
5. Cn bng ca phn ng kh CO
2
bng C : C + CO
2
2CO xy ra
1090K vi hng s cn bng Kp = 10.
a) Tm hm lng kh CO trong hn hp cn bng, bit p sut chung ca h
l 1,5atm.
b) c hm lng CO bng 50% v th tch th p sut chung l bao
nhiu?
a) C + CO
2
2CO

n
[ ] (1 - x) 2x 1 + x (mol)
Phn mol
1
1
x
x

+

2
1
x
x +
Ta c : Kp =
2
2
CO
CO
P
P
=
2
2
1
1
1
x
x
x
x
1
1
+
]

+
. 1,5 = 10 x = 0,79
Vy hn hp lc cn bng cha 2. 0,79 = 1,58 mol CO (88%)v 1 0,79 =
0,21 mol CO
2
(12%)
b) Suy ra Kp =
( )
2
0, 5
0, 5
. P = 10 P = 20 atm.
6. 50
0
C v di p sut 0,344 atm phn ly ca N
2
O
4
(k) thnh NO
2
(k)
bng 63%. Xc nh Kp; Kc; Kx.
N
2
O
4
(k) NO
2
(k)

n
[ ] 1 - 2 1 + ( l phn ly)
Phn mol
1
1

+

2
1

+
Kp =
2
2
CO
CO
P
P
=
2
2
1
1
1

1
1
+
]

+
. 0,344 thay = 0,63 tnh c Kp = 0,9
p dng Kc = Kp.(RT)

n
vi n = 1 v Kx = Kp. P

n
tnh c Kc =
0,034 v Kx = 2,63
7. Mt bnh 5 lt cha 1 mol HI (k) c un nng ti 800
0
C. Xc nh phn
trm phn li ca HI 800
0
C theo phn ng 2HI H
2
+ I
2
(k) Bit Kc =
6,34. 10
4

p s: 4,8%
8. 25
0
c hng s cn bng Kp i vi phn ng N
2
+ 3H
2
2NH
3
bng
6,8.10
5
.
a) Tnh G
0
ca phn ng.
b) Nu cng nhit trn, p sut u ca N
2
, H
2
, NH
3
l 0,250; 0,550 v
0,950 atm. Tm G ca phn ng.
p s: a) -33,28
kJ; b) -25,7kJ
9. Ngi ta tin hnh phn ng: PCl
5
PCl
3
+ Cl
2
vi 0,3 mol PCl
5
; p
sut u l 1 atm. Khi cn bng c thit lp, p sut o c bng 1,25
atm (V,T = const)
a) Tnh phn li v p sut ring ca tng cu t.
b) Thit lp biu thc lin h gia phn li v p sut chung ca h.
p s: a) 0,25;
P = P
0
( 1 + )
10. Xc nh nhit i vi phn ng CaCO
3
CaO + CO
2
bit rng 800
0
C
p sut phn li bng 201,8mm Hg v 900
0
C bng 992 mm Hg.
p s: -166,82
kJ/mol
6. Trong mt th nghim ngi ta t mt mpun cha N
2
O
4
lng c m = 4,6 g
vo mt bnh phn ng ui ht khng kh c dung tch 5,7lt. p v
mpun ri a nhit ca bnh
phn ng ln 50
0
C; Kt qu l N
2
O
4
bay hi v b phn li, p sut trong bnh
o c l 0,4586 atm. Tnh phn li ca N
2
O
4
v hng s cn bng Kc
i vi phn ng N
2
O
4
2NO
2
.
p s: 97,4% ;
Kc = 8,58
7. Mt hn hp u gm 7% SO
2
, 11% O
2
v 82% N
2
di p sut 1 atm,
c un nng ti 1000
0
K vi s c mt ca mt cht xc tc. Sau khi cn
bng c thit lp, trong hn hp cn bng SO
2
chim 4,7%. Tm mc
oxi ha SO
2
thnh SO
3
v hng s cn bng Kp v Kc ca phn ng: 2SO
2
+
O
2
2SO
3
(ghi ch: mc oxi ha c o bng t s gia p sut cn
bng v p sut u) .
p s: 32,9% , Kp =
2,44 ; Kc = 200
8. Trong s tng hp NH
3
400
0
C theo phn ng N
2
+ 3H
2
2NH
3
hn hp
u gm N
2
v H
2
c ly theo ng t l hp thc ri a vo bnh phn
ng dung tch 1lt. Trong hn hp cn bng, ngi ta thy c 0,0385 mol
NH
3
. Tnh Kc, Kp.
p s: Kc = 5,12. 10
7
;
Kp = 1,68.10
4
9. 25
0
C hng s cn bng Kp ca phn ng thu nhit
2NO + Br
2
(k) 2NOBr (k) bng 116,6 atm
1
.
a) Nu em trn NOBr c P = 0,108 atm vi NO c P = 0,1atm v Br
2
c P
= 0,01 atm to ra mt hn hp kh 0
0
C th v tr cn bng s nh th no
(cu tr li phi nh lng).
b) a NOBr c P = 5 atm vo bnh phn ng 50
0
C th thy trong hn
hp cn bng c NOBr P = 4.30 atm. Tnh Kp 50
0
C . So snh gi tr Kp
ny vi Kp 25
0
C. Gii thch?
p s: Kp (50
0
C) =
179 atm
1
10. 820
0
C c cc phn ng sau vi hng s cn bng tng ng:
CaCO
3
(r) CaO (r) + CO
2
(k)

K
1
= 0,2
C (r) + CO
2
(k) 2CO (k) K
2
= 2,0
Ly hn hp gm 1 mol CaCO
3
v 1 mol C cho vo bnh chn khng c
th tch 22,4 lt gi 820
0
C.
1- Tnh s mol cc cht lng c trong bnh khi phn ng t ti trng thi
cn bng.
2- S phn hu CaCO
3
s hon ton khi th tch bnh bng nhiu (p sut
ring ca cc kh khng i). Kt qu ny c ph hp vi nguyn l LSa T
Lic khng? Lin h thc t sn xut vi sng.
11. Cho cn bng ho hc:
2NO
2
N
2
O
4

kJ H 04 , 58
Cn bng s chuyn dch nh th no , gii thch, khi:
1/ Tng nhit .
2/ Tng p sut.
3/ Thm kh tr Ar trong 2 trng hp: a) Gi p sut khng i.
b) Gi th tch khng i.
4/ Thm xc tc.
12. Phtgen c dng lm cht clo ho rt tt cho phn ng tng hp hu c,
c iu ch theo phng trnh:
CO(k) + Cl
2
(k) = COCl
2
(k) ; H
o
= -111,3 kJ.mol
-1
Magi c iu ch theo phng trnh:
MgO(r) + C(r) = Mg(r) + CO(k) ; H
o
= 491,0 kJ.mol
-1
Cn tc ng nh th no vo nhit v p sut ring phn ca kh mi
phn ng trn thu c nhiu sn phm hn? Ti sao phi tc ng nh vy ?
1996:
1. Khi ho tan SO
2
vo H
2
O, c cc cn bng sau:
SO
2
+ H
2
O H
2
SO
3
(1)
H
2
SO
3
H
+
+ HSO
3
-
(2)
HSO
3
-
H
+
+ SO
3
2-
(3)
Nng ca SO
2
cn bng thay i ra sao (c gii thch) mi trng hp
sau:
a) un nng dung dch. b) Thm HCl
c) Thm NaOH d) Thm KMnO
4
1. (1) SO
2
(K) = SO
2
(tan) + H
2
O H
2
SO
3
(1)
a/ Khi un nng SO
2
(K) nn nng SO
2
tan gm i
b/ Thm dd HCl: Cn bng SO
2
+ H
2
O H
+
+ HSO
3
-
dch chuyn sang tri
nng SO
2
tng .
c/ Thm dd NaOH: do NaOH + SO
2
NaHSO
3
2NaOH + SO
2
Na
2
SO
3
+ H
2
O
nn nng SO
2
gim i.
d/ Thm KMnO
4
: c p 5SO
2
+2KMnO
4
+2H
2
O K
2
SO
4
+2MnSO
4
+2H
2
SO
4
nn nng SO
2
gim i.
2. T thc nghim ngi ta xc nh c: khi phn ng
NH
4
HS (rn) NH
3
(kh) + H
2
S (kh) (1)
t ti cn bng th tch s PNH
3
. PH
2
S = 0,109 (tr s ny l hng s nhit
25
o
C)
a) Hy xc nh p sut chung ca kh tc dng ln h (1) nu ban u bnh
chn khng v ch a vo NH
4
HS rn.
b) Nu ban u a vo bnh (chn khng) mt lng NH
4
HS rn v kh
NH
3
, khi t ti cn bng ho hc th c PNH
3
= 0,549 atm.
Hy tnh p sut kh NH
3
trong bnh trc khi phn ng (1) xy ra ti
25
o
C
1. a) V ban u ch c NH
4
HS rn nn p sut kh tc dng ln h cn bng
l do NH
3
v H
2
S to ra.
Vy P 3
NH
= P 2
H S
=
1
2
P chung
Theo gt P 3
NH
P 2
H S
= 0,109
2
2
chung
P _

,
= 0,109 P chung 0,66 atm.
b) Do vn xt 25
o
C nn P
NH3
(CBHH) P 2
H S
(CBHH) = K
P
= 0,109
Vi P 3
NH
(CBHH) = 0,549 atm th P 2
H S
(CBHH) =
0,109
0,549
= 0,1985atm.
Theo pt p P 3
NH
mi to ra = P 2
H S
= 0,1985atm
nn P 3
NH
ban u = 0,549 0,1985 0,35 atm
1997:
KMnO
4
l thuc th c dng xc nh nng cc mui st (II).
Phn ng gia KMnO
4
v FeSO
4
trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
din ra theo s :
KMnO
4
+ FeSO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
K
2
SO
4
+ MnO
4
+ Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ H
2
O (1)
1. Hy vit phng trnh phn ng (1) di dng phng trnh ion (k hiu
phng trnh ion l (2)).
2. Gi thit phn ng l thun nghch, hy thit lp biu thc hng s
cn bng ca phn ng da vo (2) theo nng cn bng ca cc cht.
3. Gi tr logarit hng s cn bng ca phn ng oxi ho-kh 25
0
C dc
tnh theo biu thc:
lgK =
0
0,059
n E

(E
0
l hiu th in cc tiu chun ca cc cp cht phn ng, n l s
electron tham gia vo qu trnh oxi ho hoc kh trong phn ng).
Hy tnh hng s cn bng ca phn ng theo (2).
Cho E
0
4
2
MnO
Mn

+
= 1,51V; E
0
3
Fe
Fe
+
+
= 0,77V; E
0
2
2
Cl
Cl
= 1,36V
4. Mi yu t sau y nh hng nh th no n (2):
a) Tng pH ca dung dch;
b) Thay H
2
SO
4
bng HCl
c) Thm lng nh KSCN vo dung dch.
1. MnO4

+ 5Fe
2+
+ 8H
+
= Mn
2+
+ 5Fe
3+
+ 4H
2
O (2)
2. K =
5
2+ 3+
5 8
- 2+ +
4
Mn Fe
MnO Fe H
1 1
] ]
1 1 1
] ] ]
3. Thay s vo biu thc ta c lg K =
5(1,51 0,77)
0,059

= 62,7 Vy K = 1062,7
5. Xt nh hng ca tng yu t n cn bng
a) Tng pH tc gim C
H+
. Theo nguyn l L Satli-Born cn bng s
chuyn di v pha tri (chiu nghch). (ch : nu tng pH nn qu ln s
c Fe(OH)
2
, phn ng (2) khng xy ra nh vy).
b) Thay H
2
SO
4
bng HCl:
+ Ban u vn xy ra (2) v vn c C
Fe2+
ln.
+ Khi C
2
Fe
+
gim ti mc no s xy ra phn ng
2MnO
4
+ 10Cl + 16H
+
2Mn
2+
+ 5Cl
2
+ 8H
2
O (3)
Phn ng ny xy ra khng c ch i
c) Khi thm KSCN th c Fe
3+
+ 3SCN Fe(SCN)
3

Phn ng (2) s xy ra theo chiu thun (cn bng ho hc chuyn di sang

pha phi)
1999:
Phtgen c dng lm cht clo ho rt tt cho phn ng tng hp
hu c, c iu ch theo phng trnh:
CO(k) + Cl
2
(k) = COCl
2
(k) ; H
o
= -111,3 kJ.mol
-1
Magi c iu ch theo phng trnh:
MgO(r) + C(r) = Mg(r) + CO(k) ; H
o
= 491,0 kJ.mol
-1
Cn tc ng nh th no vo nhit v p sut ring phn ca kh mi
phn ng trn thu c nhiu sn phm hn? Ti sao phi tc ng nh vy ?
thu c nhiu COCl
2
(k) t cn bng
CO(k) + Cl
2
(k)

COCl
2
(k) ; H
o
= 111,3 kJ.mol
-1
Ta cn tng p sut ring phn ca cc kh v phn ng ny c (k) < 0, lc
cn bng s chuyn dch sang phi.
Ta cn h nhit v y l phn ng to nhit (H
o
< 0), lc cn bng
s chuyn dch sang phi.
thu c nhiu Mg, tc l phi lm cho cn bng
MgO(r) + C(r)

Mg(r) + CO(k) ; H
o
= +491,0kJ,mol
-1
chuyn dch sang phi, ta phi:
Gim p sut kh v phn ng c o > 0 (thc t ngi ta thc hin phn ng
trong chn khng).
Tng nhit v y l phn ng thu nhit H
o
> 0).
2001:
Sunfuryl iclorua SO
2
Cl
2
l ho cht ph bin trong phn ng clo ho. Ti
350
o
C, 2 atm phn ng SO
2
Cl
2
(kh)

SO
2
(kh) + Cl
2
(kh)
(1) C Kp = 50 .
a) Hy cho bit n v ca tr s v gii thch: hng s cn bng Kp
ny phi c n v nh vy.
b) Tnh phn trm theo th tch SO
2
Cl
2
(kh) cn li khi (1) t ti cn
bng iu kin cho.
c) Ban u dng 150 mol SO
2
Cl
2
(kh), tnh s mol Cl
2
(kh) thu c khi
(1) t ti cn bng.
Cc kh c coi l kh l tng.
1. a) Gi s mol SO
2
Cl
2
ban u l 1, phn li l , ta c:
SO
2
Cl
2
(kh)

SO
2
(kh) + Cl
2
(kh)
(1)
Ban u 1 0 0
Phn li
Cn bng (1 )
Kp =
2 2
2 2
( ) ( )
( )
SO Cl
SO Cl
P atm P atm
P atm

= 50 atm
(2)
b) V cc kh u l kh l tng nn pi = P . Xi
(3)
m
i
i
i
n
X
n

(4)
y : nSO
2
= nCl
2
= ; nSO
2
Cl
2
= (1 ) ; cn nj = 1 +
(5)
c) T hp (5) v (4) , (3) v (2) ta c:


S mol SO
2
Cl
2
cn l (1 ) 0,0194 (mol)
Do SO
2
Cl
2
cn li chim
0,0194
1,9804
100% 0,98%
y l % theo s mol, cng l % theo th tch. Vy khi (1) t ti cn
bng SO
2
Cl
2
cn li chim 0,98%v s mol hay th tch ca h.
(Hoc SO
2
Cl
2
(kh)

SO
2
(kh) + Cl
2
(kh) Kp = 50 (1)
2 atm
2 - (P + p) p p
p
SO
2
Cl
2
= 2 - 2 0,9902 = 0,0196 (atm)
p
SO
2
Cl
2


= P . n
SO
2
Cl
2
n
SO
2
Cl
2
= 0,0196 : 2 = 0,0098 hay
0,98%
% theo s mol cng l % theo th tch. Vy khi (1) t ti cn bng SO
2
Cl
2
cn li chim 0,98%v s mol hay th tch ca h.)
2002:
Kh NO kt hp vi hi Br
2
to ra mt kh duy nht trong phn t c 3
nguyn t.
1. Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra.
2
2
1
. P Kp

50 2
50
Kp P
Kp
+

9806 , 0
0 100 p 100 p 50
p 2 2
p
2
2
+

2. Bit phn ng trn thu nhit, ti 25

o
C c Kp = 116,6. Hy tnh Kp (ghi r
n v) ti 0
o
C ; 50
o
C. Gi thit rng t s gia hai tr s hng s cn bng ti
0
o
C vi 25
o
C hay 25
o
C vi 50
o
C u bng 1,54.
3. Xt ti 25
o
C, cn bng ho hc c thit lp. Cn bng s chuyn
dch nh th no? Nu:
a) Tng lng kh NO.
b) Gim lng hi Br
2
.
c) Gim nhit .
d) Thm kh N
2
vo h m:
- Th tch bnh phn ng khng i (V = const)
- p sut chung ca h khng i (P = const).
L i gii:
1. 2 NO(k) + Br
2
(hi) 2 NOBr (k) ; H > 0 (1)
Phn ng pha kh, c n = -1 n v Kp l atm
-1
(2)
2. Do phn ng thu nhit nn c lin h
K
p
ti O
2
< K
p
ti 252 < K
p
ti 502 (3)
Vy : K
p
ti 250 = 1 / 1,54 x K
p
ti 252 = 116,6 / 1,54 = 75,71 (atm
-1
)
K
p
ti 252 = 1,54 x K
p
ti 252 = 116,6 x 1,54 179, 56 (atm
-1
)
3. Xt s chuyn di cn bng ho hc ti 25
O
C.
Trng hp a v b: v nguyn tc cn xt t s: Q = 2
( )
NOBr
NO
P
P
(4) (Khi thm
NO hay Br
2
)
Sau so snh tr s Kp vi Q kt lun.
Tuy nhin, y khng c iu kin xt (4); do xt theo nguyn l
Lsatlie.
a. Nu tng lng NO, CBHH chuyn di sang phi.
b. Nu gim lng Br
2
, CBHH chuyn di sang tri.
c. Theo nguyn l Lsatlie, s gim nhit lm cho CBHH chuyn di
sang tri, chng li s gim nhit .
d. Thm N
2
l kh tr.
+ Nu V = const: khng nh hng ti CBHH v N
2
khng gy nh hng no
lin h (theo nh ngha p sut ring phn).
+ Nu P = const ta xt lin h.
Nu cha c N
2
: P = p
NO
+ pBr
2
+ p
NOBr
(a)
Nu c thm N
2
: P = p
NO
+ pBr
2
+ p
NOBr
+ Pn
2
(b)
V P = const nn pi < pi
Lc ta xt Q theo (4) lin h / tng quan vi Kp:
1. Nu Q = Kp: khng nh hng
2. Nu Q > Kp : CBHH chuyn di sang tri, Q gim ti tr s Kp.
3. Nu Q <Kp: CBHH chuyn di sang phi, Q tng ti tr s Kp.
Xy ra trng hp no trong 3 trng hp trn l tu thuc vo pi ti cn
bng ho hc.
2003:
Khi nung nng n nhit cao PCl
5
b phn li theo phng trnh
PCl
5
(k) PCl
3
(k) + Cl
2
(k)
1. Cho m gam PCl
5
vo mt bnh dung tch V, un nng bnh n nhit T
(K) xy ra
phn ng phn li PCl
5
. Sau khi t ti cn bng p sut kh trong bnh bng
p. Hy thit
lp biu thc ca Kp theo phn li v p sut p. Thit lp biu thc ca
kc theo , m, V.
2. Trong th nghim 1 thc hin nhit T
1
ngi ta cho 83,300 gam PCl
5
vo bnh dung tch V
1
. Sau khi t ti cn bng o c p bng 2,700 atm.
Hn hp kh trong bnh c t khi so vi hiro bng 68,862. Tnh v Kp.
3. Trong th nghim 2 gi nguyn lng PCl
5
v nhit nh th nghim 1
nhng thay
dung tch l V
2
th o c p sut cn bng l 0,500 atm. Tnh t s
2
1
V
V
.
4. Trong th nghim 3 gi nguyn lng PCl
5
v dung tch bnh V
1
nh th
nghim 1
nhng h nhit ca bnh n T
3
= 0,9 T
1
th o c p sut cn bng l
1,944 atm.
Tnh Kp v . T cho bit phn ng phn li PCl
5
thu nhit hay pht nhit.
Cho: Cl = 35,453 ; P : 30,974 ; H = 1,008 ; Cc kh u l kh l
tng.
Li gii:
1. Thit lp biu thc cho Kp, Kc
PCl
5
(k) PCl
3
(k) + Cl
2
(k)
ban u a mol
cn bng a x x x (mol)
Tng s mol kh lc cn bng : a + x = n
=
x
a
; Khi lng mol: 5
PCl
M
= 30,974 + 5 x 35,453 = 208,239 (g/mol)

3
PCl
M
= 30,974 + 3 x 35,453 = 137,333 (g/mol)

2
Cl
M
= 70,906 (g/mol)

gam
208,239 gam/mol
m
= a mol PCl
5
ban u
*p sut ring phn lc cn bng ca mi kh:

5
PCl
P
=
p
a x
a x

+
trong
3
PCl
P
=
2
Cl
P
=
+
x
P
a x

Kp =

2 3
5
Cl PCl
PCl
P P
P
=
_

+
,
_

+
,
2
-
x
p
a x
a x
p
a x
=
( )

+
2
2
2
x
p
a x

+ _

,
a x
a x


1
p

Kp =

+
2
( ) ( )
x p
a x a x
=

2
2 2
x
a x

p ; Kp =

2
2
2 2
2 2
x
a
p
a x
a a
=

2
2
1
p
* Kc = [PCl
5
] =
(1 ) a
V
trong [PCl
3
] = [Cl
2
] =
a
V
Kc =
[ ] [ ]
3 2
5
Cl
[ ]
PCl
PCl
=
( )
2
2
a
V

( )

1
V
a
=

2
(1 )
a
V
=

2

208,239 (1 )
m
V
Hoc: Kp = Kc (RT)
V
V
kh
= 1
Kp = Kc (RT) pV = nRT = (a + x) RT RT =
+
pV
a x
=
+ (1 )
pV
a

Kp = Kc
+
pV
a x

2
1
p
= Kc
+
pV
a x

Thay x = a

2
2
1
p
= Kc
+ (1 )
pV
a
Kc =

2
2
(1 )
1
a
V

Kc =
( )


+

+
2
(1 )
1 (1- )
a
V
=

2
(1 )
a
V
=

2

208,239 V (1 )
m
* Quan h Kp v Kc. T cch 1 : Kc = Kp
1
RT
Thay RT =
pV
a(1 ) +
Kc = Kp
a(1 )
pV
+

= 2
a(1 )
1 pV
p

=
2
a
V(1 )

2. Th nghim 1 :
5
PCl
n
ban u = a =
83, 30 g
208,239 g/mol
= 0,400 mol
M ca hn hp cn bng: 68,826

2,016 = 138,753 g/mol

Tng s mol kh lc cn bng: n
1
= a (l +
1
) =
83, 30 g
138, 753 g/mol
= 0,600 mol
n
1
= a (1 +
1
) = 0,400 (1 +
1
) = 0,600
1
= 0,500
* Tm Kp ti nhit T
1
: Kp =
2
2

1

p =
2
2
(0, 5)
1 (0, 5)

2,70 = 0,900
3. Th nghim 2: - Gi nguyn nhit Kp khng i.
- Gi nguyn s mol PC
5
ban u: a = 0,400mol.
- p sut cn bng P
2
= 0,500 atm.
Ta c
2
2
2
2
1

p
2
= Kp =
2
2
2
2
1

0,500 = 0,900
2
2
= 0,64286
2
= 0,802
Tng s mol kh lc cn bng: n
2
= 0,400 + (1+
2
) 0,721 (mol).
* Th tch bnh trong TN 2: V
2
=
2 1
2
n RT
p
so vi V
1
=
1 1
1
n RT
p

2
1
V
V
=
2 1
1 2
n p
n p

=
0, 721 2, 700
0, 600 0, 500

= 6,486 (ln)
4. Th nghim 3:
- Thay i nhit Kp thay i.
- Gi nguyn s mol PCl
5
ban u a = 0,400 mol v V
1
- p sut cn bng P
3
thay i do: nhit gim (T
3
= 0,9
T
1
), tng s mol kh thay i (n
3
n
1
).
P
3
= 1,944 atm ; Tnh
3
:
n
3
= a (1+
3
) = 0,400

(1+
3
) ; p
3
V
1
= n
3
RT
3
= 0,9 n
3
RT
1
; P
1
V
1
=
n
1
RT
1
.

3 3
1 1
P 0, 9n
P n

3
0, 400 (1 ) 0, 9 1, 944
2, 700 0, 600
+

3
= 0,200 n
3
= 0,48 mol
* K
P
(T
3
) =
2
3
3 2
3
p
1

=
2
2
(0, 200)
1 (0, 200)

1,944 = 0,081
* Khi h nhit , Kp gim cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu nghch. Chiu
nghch l
chiu pht nhit Chiu thun l chiu thu nhit.
2004 :
Ti 20
0
C,

phn ng: H
2
(k) + Br
2
(lng)

2 HBr (k) (1)

c hng s cn bng K
p
= 9,0 .10
16
. K hiu (k) ch trng thi kh.
a) Hy tnh K
p
ca phn ng: H
2
(k) + Br
2
(k) 2 HBr (k) (2)

ti 20
0
C v p sut = 0,25 atm.
p
Br
2
(k)

b) Hy cho bit s chuyn dch cn bng ho hc ca phn ng (2) nu
gim th tch bnh phn ng hai trng hp:
*) Trongbnh khng c Br
2
(lng) ; **) Trongbnh c Br
2
(lng).
a) Phn ng H
2
(k) + Br
2
(lng)

2 HBr (k) (1)

c (Kp)
1
= p
2
HBr
/ p H
2
(a)
cn phn ng: H
2
(k) + Br
2
(k)

2 HBr (k) (2)

c (Kp)
2
= p
2
HBr
/ p H
2
p Br
2
(b)
Xt cn bng Br
2
(lng)

Br
2
(k) (3)
c (Kp)
3
= pBr
2 (k)
(c)
Khi t hp (1) vi (3) ta c cn bng (2):
H
2
(k) + Br
2
(lng)

2 HBr (k) (1)

Br
2
(l)

Br
2
(k) (3)
H
2
(k) + Br
2
(k)

2 HBr (k) (2)

Vy (Kp)
2
= (Kp)
1
/ (Kp)
3
Thay s ta c (Kp)
2
= 9,0 10
16
atm / 0,25 atm
(Kp)
2
= 3,6 . 10
17

b) Khi gim th tch bnh phn ng ngha l tng p sut ring phn ca kh
trong h. Xt Q = p
2
HBr
/ p H
2
p Br
2
(d)
Trng hp 1 : Khng c brom lng trong bnh: Phn ng (2) c tng s mol
kh trc v sau phn ng bng nhau (n = 0) nn s thay i p sut
khng dn ti chuyn dch cn bng (2).
Trg hp 2: C brom lng trong bnh: Xt thm cn bng (3) ta thy: p
sut ring phn ca cc kh H
2
, HBr tng; trong lc p sut ring phn ca
Br
2
kh li gim do nh hng ca cn bng (3). V vy Q > K nn cn bng
ho hc (2) chuyn di sang tri.
2006 :
a) Khi kho st phn ng H
2
(k) +

Br
2
(k)

2 HBr (k) (1)
ti hai nhit T
1
v T
2
m T
1
< T
2
, thy hng s cn bng ha hc (vit tt l
cbhh) theo nng c tr s tng ng l K
1
, K
2
m K
1
> K
2
.
Phn ng ny to nhit hay thu nhit? Hy gii thch.
b) Ti nhit 1024
0
C, phn ng (1) c K = 1,6.10
5
. Hy tnh tr s hng s
cbhh ca phn ng


1
2

H
2
(k) +

1
2
Br
2
(k)

HBr (k) ti nhit ny.
S thay i tr s hng s cbhh c ngha ho hc hay khng? Ti sao?
c) Ngi ta cho mt lng HBr nguyn cht vo bnh kn c th tch c nh
ri a nhit ti 1024
o
C.
Hy tnh t l HBr b phn hu ti

1024
0
C (dng phng trnh (1)). Ti
sao c kt qu ?

2.a) Theo iu kin ca bi: T
1
< T
2
m K
1
> K
2
, ngha l khi nhit
tng cbhh li chuyn di sang tri. Vy theo nguyn l L Satlie, (1) l phn
ng to nhit.
b) Phn ng


1
2
H
2
(k) +

1
2
Br
2
(k)



HBr (k) (b)
c hng s cbhh c k hiu l K
b
. So snh h s cc cht tng ng trong
(b) ny vi (1) ca bi, r rng K
b
= K

1/2
.
S thay i ca tr s hng s cbhh hon ton do thun tu lm ton ch
khng c ngha ho hc. (S thay i ca hng s cbhh nh d c xt a)
trn y mi c ngha ho hc).
c) Ta xt

H
2
(k) +

Br
2
(k)



2

HBr (k) (1)
S mol ban u 0 0 n
S mol cbhh
1
2
n
1
2
n n - n
Vi l t l HBr b phn hu m ta cn tnh. Ch iu kin: 0 < < 1 ( *)
V phn ng (1) c n = 0 nn biu thc ca hng s cbhh K biu th c
theo s mol cc cht ti cbhh:
K =
[ ] [ ]
2 2
2
2
(1 ) 2(1 )
1
2
n
n

_

,
hay K
1/2
=
[ ]
2(1 )

[ ]
2(1 )

= 4 10
2
0,005
Kt qu ny tho mn iu kin: 0 < < 1 (*).
Vy t l HBr b phn hu thnh

H
2
v Br
2
ti 1024
0
C l ~ 0,005 hay
0,5%. T l ny rt nh, ngha l HBr rt bn, kh b phn hu, mc d phn
ng (1) c thc hin nhit rt cao, 1024
0
C. l s th hin ca phn
ng (1) c tr s ca hng s cbhh kh ln, ti 1,6.10
5
ti nhit ny. S liu
trn cho thy phn ng thun trong phn ng thun nghch (1) xy ra kh d
dng

ti nhit . Tt nhin phn ng nghch, tc l s phn hu HBr xy
ra kh khn.