Do An Tot Nghiep-Huong

N TT NGHIP I HC
H v tn : Phm Th Vn Hng
Lp : 03-T2
Kho : 2003 2008
Ngnh : in t Vin thng
TN TI: "TM HIU MT S C CH THCH NGHI S DNG
TRONG H THNG OFDM"
NI DUNG N :
Gm 5 chng
Chng 1: Mt s c tnh knh truyn s dng trong k thut OFDM
Chng 2: K thut OFDM
Chng 3: c tnh cht lng knh v cn bng knh
Chng 4: Mt s c ch thch nghi s dng trong h thng OFDM
Chng 5: Chng trnh m phng
Ngy giao ti:
Ngy np n:
Nng, ngy thng nm 2008
NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN
Nng, ngy thng nm 2008

Gio vin hng dn
NHN XT CA GIO VIN PHN BIN
Ngy thng nm 2008

Gio vin phn bin
Li cm n
Em xin chn thnh cm n thy gio TS.Nguyn Vn Cng hng dn tn
tnh cho em trong sut thi gian lm n. Xin gi li cm n n cc thy c trong
khoa DT-VT dy d, cung cp kin thc v gip ng vin em c th hon
thnh c n ny.
Xin cm n nhng ngi thn trong gia nh ti, cm n nhng ngi bn thn thit
gip ti trong nhng lc kh khn nht.
LI CAM OAN
Ti xin cam oan ni dung ca n ny khng phi l bn sao chp ca bt c
n hay cng trnh c t trc. Nu sai vi nhng g cam oan ti xin hon
ton chu trch nhim.
Tc gi n: Phm Th Vn Hng
Lp: 03DT2
Trng: i Hc Bch Khoa Nng
Nng, ngy.thng.nm 2008
Ch k
MC LC
Chng 1: Mt s c tnh knh truyn trong k thut OFDM ............................ 1
Chng 1: Mt s c tnh knh truyn trong k thut OFDM ............................ 2
Chng 2: K thut OFDM .................................................................................. 4
Q ........................................................................................................................ 14
Bng 2.1 Cc gi tr trong m ha 64-QAM ............................................................................................ 14
TS ...................................................................................................................... 16
HNH 2.8 TIN T LP (CP) TRONG OFDM .................................................... 16
HNH 2.9 P NG XUNG CA KNH TRUYN TRONG MI TRNG
TRUYN A NG ....................................................................................... 16
Chng 3: c tnh cht lng knh v cn bng knh ..................................... 23
3.5.2 B cn bng bnh phng li trung bnh tuyn tnh LMSE .................................................. 28
Chng 4: Mt s phng php thch nghi s dng trong h thng OFDM ...... 32
Chng 5: Chng trnh m phng .................................................................... 44
Chng 5: Chng trnh m phng .................................................................... 46
5.4.1 Giao din chng trnh m phng .......................................................................................... 56
5.4.2 Cc kt qu m phng v nh gi hiu nng ........................................................................ 57
5.4.2.2 Kt qu m phng dng c ch thch nghi mc iu ch .......................................................... 58
5.4.2.3 Kt qu m phng dng c ch thch nghi chn lc sng mang ............................................... 59
Kt lun v hng pht trin ca ti .............................................................. 73
CC T VIT TT
AOFDM
Adaptive Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing
a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc
giao thch nghi
AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise Nhiu Gauss trng cng
BER Bit Error Rate T s li bit
BPS Bit per symbol S bit trn mt k hiu
BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying iu ch pha nh phn
CCI Co-channel interference Nhiu ng knh
CP Cyclic Prefix Tin t lp
CINR
Carrier to interference plus noise
ratio
T s sng mang trn nhiu v giao thoa
CIR Channel impulse response p ng xung knh
DAB Digital Audio Broadcast system H thng pht thanh s
DFT Discrete Fourier Transform Bin i Fourier ri rc
DS Delay Spread Tri tr
DSP Digital Signal Processing X l tn hiu s
DVB Digital Video Broadcast Mng qung b truyn hnh s
FFT Fast Fourier Transform Bin i Fourier nhanh
FIR Finite Impulse Response p ng xung hu hn
HDTV Hight Definition Television Truyn hnh phn gii cao
ICI Inter-Carrier Interference Nhiu giao thoa gia cc sng mang
IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Trasform Bin i Fourier ngc nhanh
ISI Inter Symbol Interference Nhiu giao thoa lin k t
MMSE
Maximum Mean Square Error
Estimation
c tnh li bnh phng ti thiu cc i
OFDM
Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing
Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao
PAPR Peak to Average Power Ratio
T s cng sut nh trn cng sut trung
bnh
PSD Power Spectrum Density Mt ph cng sut
PSAM Pilot Symbol Assisted Modulation iu ch c h tr bi k hiu hoa tiu
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modualtion iu ch bin cu phng
QoS Quality of Service Cht lng dch v
RC Rised Cosin Khong bo v cosin tng
LI M U
X hi thng tin ngy cng pht trin, c bit l thng tin v tuyn i hi
nhng yu cu cao hn v s lng cng nh cht lng dch v. Trc yu cu ny,
nhiu nghin cu c thc hin nhm tng dung lng truyn dn v nng cao
cht lng truyn dn trong cc h thng thng tin di ng. Mt trong nhng nghin
cu , cc gii thut thch nghi ra i v p dng thnh cng hu ht cc k thut
a truy cp ni chung.
Trong nhng nm gn y, k thut ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao
OFDM c xem nh mt bi ton nhm gii quyt vn fading chn lc tn s,
nhiu bng hp v tit kim ph tn. Theo nguyn l c bn ca OFDM l chia dng
d liu tc cao thnh cc dng d liu tc thp hn v pht trn cc sng mang
con. C th thy rng, trong mt s iu kin c th ta c th tng dung lng OFDM
bng cch lm thay i tc d liu trn mi sng mang ty theo t s tn hiu trn
nhiu SNR ca tng sng mang. Trn c s , n a ra mt s gii php c th
nhm nng cao dung lng h thng cng nh cht lng truyn dn tn hiu l: thch
nghi theo SNR pht trn mi sng mang con; thch nghi theo mc iu ch; v thch
nghi theo c ch chn lc sng mang.
Trn nh hng , n c chia thnh nm chng nh sau:
Chng 1: Mt s c tnh knh truyn trong k thut OFDM
Chng mt s trnh by mt s c tnh v knh nh hin tng tri tr, cc
loi Fading, tp m Gauss trng, hin tng Doppler nh hng n qu trnh truyn
dn tn hiu trong h thng OFDM.
Chng 2: K thut OFDM
Trong chng ny trnh by mt s vn c bn ca k thut OFDM nh
tnh trc giao, phng php bin i IFFT/FFT ng thi tm hiu cc thnh phn ca
h thng OFDM v dung lng knh truyn.
ti u, cc my thu cn phi xc nh c cht lng knh. T xy
dng cc gii php i ph ph hp chng hn nh b lc thch nghi. Chng ny
trnh by mt s phng php i ph vi nhng bt li ca knh truyn v tuyn di
ng nh s dng b cn bng: ZF, LMSE, ng thi phn tch vai tr ca vic c
lng knh. Qua , a ra gii php c lng trong min tn s v min thi gian
Chng 4: K thut OFDM thch nghi
Trnh by nguyn l iu ch thch nghi, vai tr ca iu ch thch nghi, xy
dng gii thut thut thch nghi cho truyn dn OFDM thch nghi trong thng tin v
tuyn, phn tch u nhc im ca tng c ch thch nghi, trn c s la chn hai
c ch thch nghi: thch nghi theo mc iu ch (AQAM) v thch nghi chn lc sng
mang. Trnh by m hnh gii thut v lu thut ton thch nghi cho c ch thch
nghi chn lc sng mang.
Tin hnh so snh cc gii thut iu ch trong trng hp khng thc hin
iu ch thch nghi v tin hnh thc hin cc c ch thch nghi theo kiu chuyn mc
iu ch, chn lc sng mang. Sau s tin hnh xem xt hiu nng BER v thng
lng ca h thng trong tng trng hp thc hin cc gii thut thch nghi.
c s quan tm gip tn tnh ca thy gio TS. Nguyn Vn Cng, cng
vi nhng gp qu bu ca cc thy c trong khoa T-VT bn thn em c gng
hon thnh n vi ni dung v mc nht nh. Do kh nng v kin thc cng
nh thi gian c hn, nn nhng thiu st l iu kh trnh khi, knh mong cc thy
c cng cc bn gp n c hon thin.
Xin chn thnh cm n thy Nguyn Vn Cng cng cc thy c trong khoa T-VT
gip em hon thnh n ny.
Nng, ngy thng 06 nm 2008
CHNG 1 MT S C TNH KNH TRUYN
TRONG K THUT OFDM
1.1Gii thiu chng
Chng mt s trnh by mt s c tnh v knh nh hin tng tri tr, cc
loi Fading, tp m Gauss trng, hin tng Doppler nh hng n qu trnh truyn
dn tn hiu trong h thng OFDM.
1.2c tnh chung
Knh truyn tn hiu OFDM l mi trng truyn sng in t gia my pht
v my thu. Trong qu trnh truyn, knh truyn chu nh hng ca cc loi nhiu
nh: nhiu Gauss trng cng (AWGN-Additive White Gaussian Noise), Fading
phng, Fading chn lc tn s, Fading nhiu tiaTrong knh truyn v tuyn th tc
ng ca tp m bn ngoi (external noise) v nhiu giao thoa l rt ln. Knh truyn
v tuyn l mi trng truyn a ng (multipath environment) v chu nh hng
ng k ca Fading nhiu tia, Fading la chn tn s. Vi c tnh l truyn tn hiu
trn cc sng mang trc giao, phn chia bng thng gc thnh rt nhiu cc bng con
u nhau, k thut OFDM khc phc c nh hng ca Fading la chon tn s,
cc knh con c th c coi l cc knh Fading khng la chn tn s. Vi vic s
dng tin t lp (CP), k thut OFDM hn ch c nh hng ca Fading nhiu
tia, m bo s ng b k t v ng b sng mang.
1.3 Tri tr trong hin tng a ng
Tn hiu nhn c ni thu gm tn hiu thu trc tip v cc thnh phn phn
x. Tn hiu phn x n sau tn hiu thu trc tip v n phi truyn qua mt khong
di hn, v nh vy n s lm nng lng thu c tri rng theo thi gian. Khong
tri tr (delay spread) c nh ngha l khong chnh lch thi gian gia tn hiu
thu trc tip v tn hiu phn x thu c cui cng. Trong thng tin v tuyn, tri tr
c th gy nn nhiu xuyn k t nu nh h thng khng c cch khc phc.
- 1 -
1.4 Cc loi Fading
Fading l s bin i cng tn hiu sng mang cao tn ti anten thu do c
s thay i khng ng u v ch s khc x ca kh quyn, cc phn x ca t v
nc trn ng truyn sng v tuyn i qua.
1.4.1 Fading Rayleigh
Fadinh Rayleigh l loi Fading sinh ra do hin tng a ng (Multipath
Signal) v xc sut mc tn hiu thu c suy gim so vi mc tn hiu pht i tun
theo phn b Rayleigh.
1.4.2 Fading chn lc tn s v fading phng
Bng thng kt hp: l mt php o thng k ca di tn s m knh xem
nh l phng. Nu tri tr thi gian a ng l D(s) th bng thng kt hp W
c
(Hz)
xp x bng:
D W
c
2 / 1
Trong fading phng, bng thng kt hp ca knh ln hn bng thng ca tn
hiu. V vy, s lm thay i u tn hiu sng mang trong mt di tn s.
Trong fading chn lc tn s, bng thng kt hp ca knh nh hn bng
thng ca tn hiu. V vy, s lm thay i tn hiu sng mang vi mc thay
i ph thuc tn s.
1.5 Tp m trng Gauss
Tp m trng Gaussian l loi nhiu ph bin nht trong h thng truyn dn.
Loi nhiu ny c mt ph cng sut l ng u trong c bng thng v tun
theo phn b Gaussian. Theo phng thc tc ng th nhiu Gaussian l nhiu cng.
Vy dng knh truyn ph bin l knh truyn chu tc ng ca nhiu Gaussian
trng cng. Nhiu nhit (sinh ra do s chuyn ng nhit ca cc ht mang in gy
ra) l loi nhiu tiu biu cho nhiu Gaussian trng cng tc ng n knh truyn
dn. c bit, trong h thng OFDM, khi s sng mang ph l rt ln th hu ht cc
thnh phn nhiu khc cng c th c coi l nhiu Gaussian trng cng tc ng
trn tng knh con v xt trn tng knh con ring l th c im ca cc loi nhiu
- 2 -
ny tha mn cc iu kin ca nhiu Gaussian trng cng.
1.6 Hin tng Doppler
H thng truyn v tuyn chu s tc ng ca dch tn Doppler. Dch tn
Doppler l hin tng m tn s thu c khng bng tn s ca ngun pht do s
chuyn ng tng i gia ngun pht v ngun thu. C th l : khi ngun pht v
ngun thu chuyn ng hng vo nhau th tn s thu c s ln hn tn s pht i,
khi ngun pht v ngun thu chuyn ng ra xa nhau th tn s thu c s gim i.
Khong tn s dch chuyn trong hin tng Doppler tnh theo cng thc sau :
c
v
f f
0
t
(1.1)
Trong
f
l khong tn s dch chuyn, f
0
l tn s ca ngun pht, v l vn tc
tng i gia ngun pht v ngun thu, c l vn tc nh sng.
1.7 Kt lun chng
Chng mt trnh by mt s khi nim c bn v cn thit v c tnh
knh v tuyn nh cc loi Fading, hin tng tri tr, Doppler, tp m trng Gauss
tc ng ln knh truyn v tuyn ni chung v trong qu trnh truyn dn tn hiu
k thut OFDM ni ring. Chng 2 s tip tc trnh by v phn k thut ca OFDM
hiu r v sao OFDM c kh nng hn ch nh hng ca fading chn lc tn s
v fading nhiu tia nh th no, ng thi s tm hiu mt s u im ni tri khc
ca k thut ny.
- 3 -
Chng 2: K thut OFDM
CHNG 2 K THUT OFDM
2.1 Gii thiu chng
K thut OFDM (Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing) l mt trng
hp c bit ca phng php iu ch a sng mang do R.W Chang pht minh nm
1966 M trong cc sng mang ph trc giao vi nhau, nh vy ph tn hiu
cc sng mang ph cho php chng ln ln nhau m pha thu vn c th khi phc li
tn hiu ban u. S chng ln ph tn hiu lm cho h thng OFDM c hiu sut s
dng ph ln hn nhiu so vi k thut iu ch thng thng. Ngoi ra OFDM c
hai c im ni bt l tng sc mnh chng li fading la chn tn s, nhiu di
bng hp v nng cao hiu sut s dng ph, vic s dng ghp knh phn chia theo
tn s trc giao ofdm cn c u im l cho php thng tin tc cao c truyn
song song vi tc thp trn cc knh bng hp
Trong nhng thp k va qua, nhiu cng trnh khoa hc v k thut ny
c thc hin khp ni trn th gii. c bit l cng trnh khoa hc ca Weistein
v Ebert chng minh rng php iu ch OFDM c th thc hin c thng qua
php bin i IDFT v php gii iu ch OFDM c th thc hin c bng php
bin i DFT. Pht minh ny cng vi s pht trin ca k thut s lm cho k thut
iu ch OFDM c ng dng tr nn rng ri. Thay v s dng IDFT ngi ta c
th s dng php bin i nhan IFFT cho b iu ch OFDM, s dng FFT cho b
gii iu ch OFDM.
Trong chng ny chng ta s i nghin cu v nguyn tc ca OFDM, tnh
trc giao, trnh by thut ton IFFT/FFT v cc thnh phn ca h thng OFDM.
Quan trng chng cng xt n cu trc tn hiu OFDM v vn dung lng knh
lm nn cho cc chng sau.
2.2 Nguyn tc ca OFDM
iu ch a sng mang l nguyn tc truyn d liu tc cao bng cch
phn lung d liu u vo thnh nhiu lung k t c tc thp hn, s dng
nhng lung con ny iu ch bng nhiu sng mang ph. Hnh (2.1) so snh
phng thc iu ch n sng mang (SCM) v a sng mang (MCM).
- 4 -
Chng 2: K thut OFDM
B
SCM
v B
MCM
ch bng thng ca tn hiu MCM v SCM. Vi MCM, f
k
,F
k
(f;t), NSC
v
f
ch tn s ca sng mang ph th k,ph tn ca dng xung ca song mang
ph th k, tng s sng mang ph v khong cch gia hai sng mang ph.
Ph tn s ca tn hiu MCM c vit nh sau
Nsc
k
k MCM
t f F t f S
1
) ; ( ) ; (
(2.1)
Thng qua c tnh ca knh fading la chn tn s bi hm truyn H(f;t), ph tn
ca tn hiu thu scm, mcm c vit nh sau

SC
N
k
k k
MCM MCM
SCM SCM
t f F t f H
t f S t f H t f R
t f S t f H t f R
1
) ; ( ) ; (
) ; ( ) ; ( ) ; (
) ; ( ) ; ( ) ; (
(2.2)
y S
SCM
(f;t) l ph tn ca tn hiu SCM pht v H
k
(f;t) l hm truyn tng ng
vi di tn B
k
. Khi s sng mang ph ln, p ng pha v bin ca H
k
(f;t) c
xem nh l khng i trn B
k
, v vy R
MCM
(f;t) xp x bng

SC
N
k
k k MCM
t f F t H t f R
1
) ; ( ) ( ) ; (
(2.3)
y H
k
(f;t) l suy hao complex-valued trong khong B
k
.
Cng thc (2.3) ch ra rng MCM l tht s hiu qu v mnh m trong truyn knh
v tuyn; c th l n c kh nng chng li fading la chn tn s. Vic khi phc
u thu khng i hi phi c b cn bng nh trong SCM.
2.3 Tnh trc giao
Trc giao ch ra c mi quan h ton hc chnh xc gia cc tn s ca cc
sng mang trong h thng OFDM. Trong h thng FDM thng thng, nhiu sng
mang c cch nhau mt khong ph hp tn hiu thu c th nhn li bng cch
s dng cc b lc v cc b gii iu ch thng thng. Trong cc my nh vy, cc
khong bo v cn c d liu trc gia cc sng mang khc nhau v vic a vo
cc khong bo v lm gim hiu qu s dng ph ca h thng. Tuy nhin c th
sp xp cc sng mang trong OFDM sao cho cc di bin ca chng che ph ln nhau
m cc tn hiu vn c th thu c chnh xc m khng c s can nhiu gia cc
- 5 -
Chng 2: K thut OFDM
sng mang. Mun c nh vy cc sng mang phi trc giao v mt ton hc. My
thu hot ng nh mt b gm b gii iu ch, dch tn mi sng mang xung mc
DC, tn hiu nhn c ly tch phn trn mt chu k ca symbol phc hi d liu
gc. Nu tt c cc sng mang khc u c dch xung tn s tch phn ca sng
mang ny (trong mt chu k symbol T) th kt qu tnh tch phn cho cc sng mang
khc s l zero. Do cc sng mang c lp tuyn tnh vi nhau (trc giao) nu
khong cch gia cc sng l bi s ca 1/T. Bt k s phi tuyn no gy ra bi can
nhiu gia cc sng mang ICI cng lm mt tnh trc giao.
V mt ton hc, trc giao c ngha l cc sng mang c ly ra t nhm trc
chun(Orthogonal basic)
{ } ... 1 , 0 / ) ( i t
i
c tnh cht sau:

'
k i
k i
dt t t
ik k
T
T
i
0
1
) ( ) (
2
1

(2.4)

Vic x l (iu ch v gii iu ch) tn hiu OFDM c thc hin trong min tn
s, bng cch s dng cc thut ton x l tn hiu s DSP (Digital Signal
Processing). Nguyn tc ca tnh trc giao thng c s dng trong phm vi DSP.
Trong ton hc, s hng trc giao c c t vic nghin cu cc vect. Theo inh
ngha, hai vect c gi l trc giao nhau vi nhau khi chng vung gc vi nhau
(to mt gc 90
0
) v tch ca 2 vect l bng 0.
u tin ta ch n hm s thng thng c ga tr trung bnh bng khng. V d
gi tr trung bnh ca hm sin di y.
Nu cng bn k dng v bn k m ca dng sng sin nh di y ta s c
kt qu bng 0. Qu trnh tch phn c th c xem xt khi tm ra din tch di
dng ng cong. Do din tch ca 1 sng sin c th c vit nh sau:
- 6 -
Chng 2: K thut OFDM
Nu chng ta nhn v cng (tch phn) hai dng sng sin c tn s khc nhau th qu
trnh ny cng bng 0
Hnh 2.1 Tch phn ca hai sng sin khc tn s
iu ny gi l tnh trc giao ca dng sng sin. N cho thy rng min l hai dng
sng sin khng cng tn s, th tch phn ca chng s bng khng. y l im mu
cht hiu qu trnh iu ch OFDM.
Nu hai tch phn cng tn s th:
- 7 -
Chng 2: K thut OFDM
Hnh 2.2 Tch phn ca hai sng sin cng tn s
Nu hai sng sin c cng tn s nh nhau th dng sng hp thnh lun dng, gi tr
trung bnh ca s lun khc khng. iu ny rt quan trng trong qu trnh gii iu
ch OFDM. Cc my thu OFDM bin i tn hiu thu c t min tn s nh dng
k thut x l tn hiu s FFT.
Vic gii iu ch cht ch c thc hin k tip trong min tn s (digital domain)
bng cch nhn mt sng mang c to ra trong my thu n vi mt sng mang
c to ra trong my thu c cng chnh xc tn s v pha. Sau thc hin tch
phn tt c cc sng mang v khng ngoi tr sng mang c nhn. Sau dch ln
trc x, tin hnh tch ra hiu qu, v xc nh c gi tr symbol ca n. Ton b
qu trnh ny c thc hin nhanh chng cho mi sng mang, n khi tt c cc
sng mang c gii iu ch.
2.3.1 Tnh trc giao trong min tn s
xem tnh trc giao ca nhng tn hiu OFDM ta tin hnh phn tch ph
ca hm sin(x)/x .
- 8 -
Chng 2: K thut OFDM
Nhn thy mi sng mang gm mt nh ti tn s trung tm v mt s im
khng cch nhau bng khong cch gia cc sng mang. Hin tng trc giao c
th hin l nh ca mi sng mang trng vi im khng ca cc sng mang khc v
mt tn s.
Hnh 2.3 Ph ca tn hiu OFDM gm 5 sng mang
2.4 ng dng k thut IFFT/FFT trong k thut OFDM
Nh cp trong phn khi nim v OFDM, ta bit OFDM l k thut
iu ch a sng mang, trong d liu c truyn song song nh rt nhiu sng
mang con. lm c iu ny, c mi knh con, ta cn mt my pht sng sin,
mt b iu ch v mt b gii iu ch. Trong trng hp s knh con l kh ln th
cch lm trn khng hiu qu, nhiu khi l khng th thc hin c. Nhm gii
quyt vn ny, khi thc hin chc nng bin i DFT/IDFT c dng thay
th ton b cc b to dao ng sng sin, b iu ch, gii iu ch dng trong mi
knh ph. FFT/IFFT c xem l mt thut ton gip cho vic thc hin php bin
i DFT/IDFT nhanh v gn hn bng cch gim s php nhn phc khi thc hin
php bin i DFT/IDFT.
Ta quy c : Chui tn hiu vo X(k) , 0 k N-1 ,
Khong cch gia cc tn s sng mang l : f
Chu k ca mt k t OFDM l : Ts
Tn s trn sng mang th k l f
k
= f
0
+ kf, gi s f
0
= 0, suy ra
f
k
= nf
Tn hiu pht i c th biu din di dng :
- 9 -
Chng 2: K thut OFDM

1
0
2
) ( ) (
N
k
ft k j
a
e k X t x
,
s
T t 0
(2.5)
Nu ly mu tn hiu vi mt chu k T
s
/N, tc l chn N mu trong mt chu k tn
hiu, phng trnh (2.5) c vit li nh sau :

1
0
/ 2
) ( ) ( ) (
N
k
N fT nk j
s
N
n
a a
s
e k X T x n x (2.6)
Nu tha mn iu kin
1
s
fT
,
) (
1
s
T
f
, th cc sng mang s trc giao
vi nhau, lc ny, phng trnh (2.6) c vit li :
{X(k)} . ) ( ) (
1
0
/ 2
IDFT N e k X n x
N
k
N nk j
a

Phng trnh trn chng t tn hiu ra ca b IDFT l mt tn hiu ri rc cng c
chiu di l N nhng trong min thi gian.
Ti b thu, b DFT c s dng ly li tn hiu X(k) ban u
Tht vy, ta c :
N nk j
N
n
a
e n x n DFT k X
/ 2
1
0
a
*
) ( } ) ( {x ) (

1
0
1
0
/ ) ( 2
1
) (
N
n
N
m
N k m n j
N
e m X

1
0
1
0
1
0
1
/ ) ( 2
1
) ( ) ( ) (
N
m
N
n
N
m
N
N k m n j
N
k m N m X e m X
=
1
0
) ( ) (
N
m
k m m X
=
) (k X
(2.7)
y, hm
) ( k m
l hm delta, c nh ngha l :
'
0 0
0 1
) (
n khi
n khi
n
Nhn xt : Vi cc c im nh trn, ta nhn thy k thut OFDM c nhng khc
bit c bn vi k thut FDM c in l :
1)Mi sng mang c mt tn s khc nhau. Nhng tn s ny c chn sao
cho n tha mn iu kin trc giao tng i mt trong khong [0,T
s
]. Tc l, phi
tha mn cng thc sau :
- 10 -
Chng 2: K thut OFDM
l m dt e X e X
t j
l
T
t j
m
l
s
m

, 0
0

Ph ca cc sng mang ph trong OFDM chng chp ln nhau nn k thut OFDM
mang li mt hiu sut s dng bng thng kh cao. Khong cch gia cc sng
mang bng nghch o chu k ca mt tn hiu OFDM (f = 1/T
s
). Hnh 2.4 cng ch
r ti tn s trung tm ca mi sng mang ph khng c nhiu xuyn knh t nhng
knh khc. iu ny s gip chng ta khi phc c d liu pht m khng c nhiu
xuyn knh ti b thu. Trong OFDM, yu cu v iu kin trc giao gia cc sng
mang l rt quan trng, tha mn iu kin ny th i hi v s ng b trong h
thng.
2) B IFFT/FFT ti my pht v my thu ng vai tr then cht trong k thut
OFDM c s dng trong thc t. N lm gim phc tp, gi thnh ca h
thng, ng thi tng chnh xc.
3) Khi yu cu truyn i X(k) di dng phc th hin mc iu ch QAM
khc nhau trn cc sng mang khc nhau (hay s bit truyn i trn cc knh truyn
ph l khc nhau), c th s dng b 2N-IFFT/FFT. Tn hiu vo b 2N-IFFT/FFT l
chui tn hiu thc c di 2N, thay th cho chui tn hiu phc c di N.
Nguyn tc to ra chui tn hiu X(k) c di 2N thay th cho chui tn hiu phc
X(k) c di N l :

'
1 2 ,.., 1 ), 2 (
1 ,..., 1 ), (
) (
*
'
N N n k N X
N n k X
k X
(2.8)
V
) 0 ( Im( ) ( '
) 0 ( Re( ) 0 (
'
X N X
X X
- 11 -
Chng 2: K thut OFDM
Hnh 2.4 Ph ca tn hiu OFDM
2.5 H thng OFDM
Hnh 2.5 S h thng OFDM
Ban u, dng d liu u vo vi tc cao c chia thnh nhiu dng d liu
song song tc thp hn nh b chuyn i ni tip-song song. Mi dng d liu
- 12 -
Chng 2: K thut OFDM
song song sau c iu ch sng mang cao. Sau c a n u vo ca
khi IFFT. Sau khong bo v c chn vo gim nhiu xuyn k t (ISI),
nhiu xuyn knh (ICI) do truyn trn cc knh v tuyn di ng a ng v tin
hnh chn t ng b khung. Cui cng thc hin iu ch cao tn, khuch i cng
sut v pht i t anten.
Trong qu trnh truyn, trn cc knh s c cc ngun nhiu tc ng n nh
nhiu Gausian trng cng (Additive White Gaussian Noise-AWGN).
pha thu, tn hiu thu c chuyn xung tn s thp v tn hiu ri rc
nhn c sau b D/A thu. Khong bo v c loi b v cc mu c chuyn i
t min thi gian sang min tn s bng php bin i FFT dng thut ton FFT
(khi FFT). Sau , ty vo s iu ch c s dng, s dch chuyn v bin
v pha ca cc sng mang con s c sp xp ngc tr li v c gii m. Cui
cng, chng ta nhn li c dng d liu ni tip ban u sau khi chuyn t song
song v ni tip.
2.6 iu ch sng mang con
Sau khi c m ha v xen r, cc dng bit trn cc nhnh s c iu
ch BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, hoc 64-QAM. Dng bit trn mi nhnh c sp xp
thnh cc nhm c N
bs
(1, 2, 4, 6) bit khc nhau tng ng vi cc phng php iu
ch BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM. Hay ni cch khc dng iu ch c quy
nh bi s bit ng vo v cp gi tr (I, Q) ng ra.
Chng hn : khi ta s dng phng php iu ch 64-QAM th s c 6 bit u
vo c t chc thnh mt nhm tng ng cho mt s phc trn th hnh sao
c trng cho kiu iu ch 64-QAM (64-QAM constellation). Trong 6 bit th 3 bit
LSB (b
0
b
1
b
2
) s biu th cho gi tr ca I, cn 3 bit MSB (b
3
b
4
b
5
) biu th cho gi tr
ca Q .
- 13 -
Chng 2: K thut OFDM
Bng 2.1 Cc gi tr trong m ha 64-QAM
2.7 iu ch sng mang cao tn
u ra ca b iu ch OFDM l mt tn hiu bng tn c s, tn hiu ny c
trn nng tn ln tn s truyn dn v tuyn. C th s dng mt trong hai k thut
iu ch sng mang cao tn l: "tng t" c cho hnh (2.6) v "s" c cho
hnh (2.7). Tuy nhin hiu nng ca iu ch s s tt hn, do ng b pha chnh xc
cho nn s ci thin qu trnh ghp cc knh I v Q.
b
0
b
1
b
2
I b
3
b
4
b
5
Q
000 -7 000 -7
001 -5 001 -5
011 -3 011 -3
010 -1 010 -1
110 1 110 1
111 3 111 3
101 5 101 5
100 7 100 7
Hnh 2.6 iu ch cao tn tn hiu OFDM bng tn c s
phc s dng k thut tng t
- 14 -
Chng 2: K thut OFDM
2.8 Tin t lp CP(Cyclic Prefix)
Tin t lp (CP) l mt k thut x l tn hiu trong OFDM nhm hn ch n
mc thp nht nh hng ca nhiu xuyn knh (ICI), nhiu xuyn k t (ISI) n tn
hiu OFDM, m bo yu cu v tnh trc giao ca cc sng mang ph. thc hin
k thut ny, trong qu trnh x l tn hiu, tn hiu OFDM c lp li c chu k v
phn lp li pha trc mi k t OFDM c s dng nh l mt khong thi
gian bo v gia cc k t pht k nhau.Vy sau khi chn thm khong bo v, thi
gian truyn mt k t (T
s
) lc ny bao gm thi gian khong bo v (T
g
) v thi gian
truyn thng tin c ch (cng chnh l khong thi gian b IFFT/FFT pht i mt k
t)
Ta c T
s
= T
g
+ T
FFT

T
s
K t i-1 K t i K t i+1
Hnh 2.7 iu ch cao tn tn hiu OFDM bng tn c s phc
s dng k thut s
- 15 -
Chng 2: K thut OFDM
T
s
Hnh 2.8 Tin t lp (CP) trong OFDM
K t OFDM lc ny c dng :
'

+ +
1 , ,... 1 , 0 ) (
1 , ,... 1 , ) (
) (
N n n x
n N n x
n x
T

(2.9)
Chiu di ca di bo v b hn ch nhm m bo hiu sut s dng di tn.
Tuy nhin, n phi bng hoc ln hn gi tr tri tr cc i (the maximum delay
spread) nhm duy tr tnh trc giao gia cc sng mang nhnh v loi b c cc
xuyn nhiu ICI, ISI. dy, gi tr tri tr cc i l mt thng s xut hin khi tn
hiu truyn trong khng gian chu nh hng ca hin tng a ng (multipath
effect)-tc l tn hiu thu c ti b thu khng ch n t ng trc tip m cn
n t cc ng phn x khc nhau, v cc tn hiu ny n b thu ti cc thi im
khc nhau. Gi tr tri tr cc i c xc nh l khong thi gian chnh lch ln
nht gia thi im tn hiu thu qua ng trc tip v thi im tn hiu thu c
qua ng phn x. Nu pht mt xung RF (xung Dirac) trong mi trng truyn a
ng, ti b thu s nhn c cc p ng xung c dng sau
Hnh 2.9 p ng xung ca knh truyn trong mi trng truyn a ng
p ng xung h(t) ca mt knh truyn chu nh hng ca hin tng a ng :
- 16 -
Chng 2: K thut OFDM

m
k
k k
T t A t h
1
) ( ) (
(2.10)
Vi : A
k
l bin phc ca p ng xung trn ng truyn th k
T
k
l thi gian tr ca p ng trn ng truyn th k so vi gc thi gian.
m l s ng truyn trong mi trng truyn a ng.
Tin t lp (CP) c kh nng loi b nhiu ISI, nhiu ICI v n cho php tng kh
nng ng b (ng b k t, ng b tn s sng mang) trong h thng OFDM.
2.9 Cc thng s c trng trong h thng truyn dn OFDM
2.9.1 Cu trc tn hiu OFDM
Hnh 2.10 cho thy cu trc ca cc k hiu OFDM trong min thi gian.
FFT
T
l thi
gian truyn d liu hiu qu,
G
T
l thi gian bo v. Cng thy cc thng s khc,
win
T
l thi gian ca s. Quan h gia cc thng s l: win G FFT sym
T T T T + +

(2.11)
Ca s c a vo nhm lm mn bin chuyn v khng ti ranh gii k hiu v
gim tnh nhy cm ca dch tn s. Loi ca s c dng ph bin l loi ca s
cosine tng.
Hnh 2.10 Cu trc tn hiu OFDM
- 17 -
Chng 2: K thut OFDM
2.9.2 Cc thng s trong min thi gian
T hnh 2.10 c th tch cc thng s OFDM trong min thi gian: chu k k
hiu sym
T
, thi gian FFT
FFT
T
, thi gian bo v
G
T
, thi gian ca s
win
T
. Nu khng
tnh n thi gian ca s, th cng thc (2.11) tr thnh:
G FFT sym
T T T +

Ngoi ra, xc nh mt thng s mi FSR (t s gia thi gian FFT v thi
gian k hiu) c nh ngha bi.
sym
FFT
T
T
FSR
Thng s ny nh gi hiu qu ti nguyn c dng trong min thi gian v c th
c dng tnh ton thng lng
2.9.3 Cc thng s trong min tn s
Hnh 2.11 sp xp OFDM trong min tn s vi ba thng s chnh l: ton b
rng bng tn cho tt c cc sng mang con B, rng bng tn sng mang con f
v s sng mang con
sub
N
. Quan h gia chng l:
f N B
sub

- 18 -
Chng 2: K thut OFDM
Thc t, ton b rng bng tn kh dng B c cho l hn ch trc khi thit k
h thng. V vy, i vi ngi thit k, cc thng s OFDM trong min tn s c th
c xc nh l rng bng tn sng mang con f v s sng mang con sub
N
.
2.10 Thng lng knh
Thng lng ca knh cho ta bit tc ti a ca tn hiu c th truyn c
qua knh m khng b li. Do , thng lng knh ph thuc vo b rng bng tn
ca knh v tc ng ca cc loi nhiu.
Thng lng knh theo Shannon.
Thng lng knh ph thuc vo t s tn hiu trn tp m (SNR) v rng
bng thng ca tn hiu B c xc nh bng cng thc sau:
2
C =Blog (1+SNR) [bps] (2.12)
trong C l dung lng knh cn B l bng thng.
iu ch thch nghi c s dng thay i cc thng s iu ch thch nghi theo
trng thi knh t c dung lng knh tt nht trong thi im xt m khng
lm nh hng n cht lng truyn dn. V th cn bit cch tnh ton dung lng
Hnh 2.11 rng bng tn h thng v rng bng tn sng mang con
- 19 -
Chng 2: K thut OFDM
knh theo cc thng s diu ch ph hp vi tnh trng knh thi im xt. Di
y ta s xt cng thc tnh ton dung lng knh ny.
Thng lng knh cho cc h thng OFDM.
Xt trng hp cu hnh cc sng mang con ging nhau, ngha l tt c cc
sng mang con u c chung mt cu hnh (iu ch, m ha, bng thng, cng
sut). Khi ny tc bit tng ca h thng OFDM bng:
[bps]
tb
(s bit/sng mang con/k hiu) s sng mang con
R =
thi gian k hiu
(2.13)
Nu gi R
c
l t l m, M l mc iu ch, N
sub
l s sng mang con, T
sym
l thi gian
k hiu, B l rng bng tn ca tn hiu thng tin hay s liu, T
FFT
l thi gian FFT,
khong cch sng mang con l f=1/T
FFT
v FSR l t s thi gian FFT v thi gian
k hiu OFDM, tc bit tng c xc nh nh sau:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , FSR . B M log R T T B M log R
T f B M log R T N M log R R
2 c sym FFT 2 c
sym 2 c sym sub 2 c tb

(2.14)
T cng thc (2.14) cho thy, i vi mt sng mang con hay mt nhm cc sng
mang con, bn thng s sau y s quyt nh tc bit: t l m, mc iu ch,
rng bng v FSR. Trong mt h thng OFDM ta c th thay i cc thng s ny
t c tc bit tt nht nhng vn m bo QoS trong iu kin c th ca knh.
2.11 u im v hn ch ca k thut OFDM
2.11.1 u im
Nh tnh trc giao cc sng mang con khng b xuyn nhiu bi cc sng
mang con khc.
Bng cch p dng k thut a sng mang da trn FFT/IFFT h thng OFDM
t c hiu qu khng phi bng vic lc di thng m bng cng vic x l bng
gc.
- 20 -
Chng 2: K thut OFDM
Thc hin vic chuyn i chui d liu t ni tip sang song song nn thi
gian symbol tng ln do s phn tn theo thi gian gy bi tri tr do truyn dn a
ng gim xung.
Ti u hiu qu ph tn do cho php chng ph gia cc sng mang con. Hn
ch c nh hng ca fading bng cch chia knh fading chn lc tn s thnh cc
knh con phng tng ng vi cc tn s sng mang OFDM khc nhau.
K thut OFDM c u im ni bt l khc phc hin tng khng c ng
dn thng bng tn hiu a ng dn.
H thng OFDM c th loi b hon ton nhiu xuyn k hiu ISI nu di
chui bo v ln hn tr truyn dn ln nht ca knh.
Ph hp cho vic thit k h thng truyn dn bng rng, do nh hng ca s
phn tp v tn s i vi cht lng ca h thng c gim nhiu so vi h thng
truyn dn n sng mang.
Cu trc b thu n gin
2.11.2 Nhc im
ng bao bin ca tn hiu pht khng bng phng, gy mo phi tuyn
cc b khuch i cng sut my pht v my thu.
S dng chui bo v gy gim mt phn hiu sut s dng ng truyn, do
bn thn chui bo v khng mang thng tin c ch.
Do yu cu v iu kin trc giao gia cc sng mang ph, h thng OFDM
rt nhy cm vi hiu ng Doppler cng nh s dch tn v dch thi gian do sai s
ng b.
2.12 Kt lun chng
Trong chng ny trnh by mt s vn c bn ca k thut OFDM nh
tnh trc giao, phng php bin i IFFT/FFT ng thi tm hiu cc thnh phn
ca h thng OFDM v dung lng knh truyn. Ngy nay k thut OFDM cn kt
hp vi phng php m knh s dng trong thng tin v tuyn. Cc h thng ny
cn c gi COFDM (code OFDM). Trong h thng ny tn hiu trc khi c
iu ch OFDM s c m knh vi cc loi m khc nhau nhm mc ch chng
- 21 -
Chng 2: K thut OFDM
li cc li ng truyn. Do cht lng knh (fading v SNR) ca mi sng mang
ph l khc nhau, ngi ta iu ch tn hiu trn mi sng mang vi cc mc iu
ch khc nhau. H thng ny m ra khi nim v h thng truyn dn s dng k
thut OFDM vi b iu ch tn hiu thch nghi. Tuy nhin n khng tp trung tm
hiu v COFDM m s tin hnh tm hiu mt s c ch thch nghi c s dng
trong h thng OFDM chng 4.
- 22 -
CHNG 3 C TNH CHT LNG KNH V
CN BNG KNH
3.1 Gii thiu chng
Thch nghi cc thng s iu ch v cc thng s ca OFDM theo thng s ca
knh pha inh c c hiu nng QoS (BER) v thng lng truyn dn cao nht
yu cu trc ht ta phi bit c thng s c trng ca knh lin quan n hiu
nng h thng. V vy cn phi c cc gii php c tnh cht lng knh. Theo
chng ny cp mt s phng php c tnh cht lng knh v cn bng knh.
3.2 Khi nim
c lng knh (Channel estimation) trong h thng OFDM l xc nh hm
truyn t ca cc knh con v thi gian thc hin gii iu ch bn thu khi bn
pht s dng kiu iu ch kt hp (coherent modulation). c lng knh,
phng php ph bin hin nay l dng tn hiu dn ng (PSAM-Pilot signal
assisted Modulation). Trong phng php ny, tn hiu pilot bn pht s dng l tn
hiu c bn thu bit trc v pha v bin . Ti bn thu, so snh tn hiu thu
c vi tn hiu pilot nguyn thy s cho bit nh hng ca cc knh truyn dn
n tn hiu pht. c lng knh c th c phn tch trong min thi gian v
trong min tn s. Trong min thi gian th cc p ng xung h(n) ca cc knh con
c c lng. Trong min tn s th cc p ng tn s H(k) ca cc knh con
c c lng. C hai vn chnh c quan tm khi s dng PSAM :
Vn th nht l la chn tn hiu pilot : phi m bo yu cu
chng nhiu, hn ch tn hao v nng lng v bng thng khi s dng tn hiu
ny. Vi h thng OFDM, vic la chn tn hiu pilot c th c thc hin trn
gin thi gian-tn s, v vy OFDM cho kh nng la chn cao hn so vi h
thng n sng mang. Vic la chn tn hiu pilot nh hng rt ln n cc ch
tiu h thng.
Vn th hai l vic thit k b c lng knh : phi gim c
phc tp ca thit b trong khi vn m bo c chnh xc yu cu. Yu
- 23 -
cu v tc thng tin cao (tc l thi gian x l gim) v cc ch tiu h thng
l hai yu cu ngc nhau. Chng hn, b c lng knh tuyn tnh ti u
(theo nguyn l bnh phng li nh nht-MMSE) l b lc Wiener hai chiu
(2D-Wiener filter) c ch tiu k thut rt cao nhng cng rt phc tp. V vy,
khi thit k cn phi dung ha hai yu cu trn.
3.3 c lng knh trong min tn s
Trong min tn s, c lng knh c thc hin nh sau : Mt k t
OFDM c xc nh trc v pha v bin (gi l k t hun luyn-training
symbol) c pht i. Ti b c lng knh, thu k t ny ti hai thi im lin tip
nhau v so snh vi k t ban u xc nh p ng tn s H(k) ca cc knh con.
Chng hn, ti b c lng knh, knh con th k, thu c hai k t l R
1
(k)

v
R
2
(k) vi k t hun luyn c pht l X(k), ta c biu thc :
R
1
(k) = H(k)X(k) + W
1
(k) (3.1)
R
2
(k) = H(k)X(k) + W
2
(k) (3.2)
X(k) : k t phc hun luyn pht trn knh con th k
H(k) : p ng tn s ca knh con th k
W
1
(k), W
2
(k) : cc mu nhiu Gaussian trng cng tc ng vo knh con th
k ti hai thi im lin tip kho st.
T (3.1) v (3.2), b c lng knh s xc nh :
) ( )) ( ) ( ( ) (
*
2 1 2
1
k X k R k R k H +

) ( )) ( W ) ( ) ( ) ( W ) ( ) ( (
*
2 1 2
1
k X k k X k H k k X k H + + +

) ( )) ( W ) ( W ( ) ( ) (
*
2 1 2
1
2
k X k k k X k H + +
) ( )) ( W ) ( W ( ) (
*
2 1 2
1
k X k k k H + +
(3.3)
(Lu rng : bin ca cc X(k) c chn bng 1)
T cng thc (3.3), nu bit trc k t pht X(k), cc mu nhiu W
1
(k), W
2
(k), ta c
th xc nh c p ng tn s ca knh con th k.
3.4 c lng knh trong min thi gian
- 24 -
c lng knh thc hin trong min thi gian s gip xc nh c p ng
xung ca tng knh con. Cng tng t nh c lng knh trong min tn s,
ngi ta cng s dng cc k t hun luyn bit trc v t kt qu so snh gia
cc k t thu c ti b c lng, cc p ng xung h(n) ca nhng knh con
c c lng. Cc biu thc xc nh mi quan h gia hai k t thu c ti hai
thi im lin tip nhau v k t hun luyn pht i l :
r
1
(n) = h x(n) + w
1
(n) (3.4)
r
2
(n) = h x(n) + w
2
(n) (3.5)
Trong hai cng thc trn, ta thy u xut hin tng chp trong min thi gian. Gi L
l chiu di p ng xung ln nht m c th c lng trn cc knh con, L nh hn
rt nhiu so vi chiu di N ca tn hiu vo x(n), tn hiu ra y(n). Theo cng thc
tnh tng chp v cng thc (2.9), suy ra p ng xung ca cc knh con c dng l
mt ma trn ( 1 N ), v cc mu tn hiu x(n) c t chc thnh ma trn ch nht (
L N ) c dng nh sau :
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

+
+
) ( ) 2 ( ) 1 (
) 1 ( ) 3 ( ) 2 (
) 2 ( .... ) 0 ( ) 1 (
) 1 ( ... ) 1 ( ) 0 (
L N x N x N x
L N x N x N x
L N x x x
L N x N x x
X
V dng ca ma trn h l :
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
) 1 (
) 3 (
) 2 (
) 1 (
L h
h
h
h
h
Cc cng thc (3.4), (3.5) c vit li :

r
1
(n) = Xh + w
1
(n) (3.6)
r
2
(n) = Xh + w
2
(n) (3.7)
T (3.6) v (3.7), b c lng s xc nh
)) ( ) ( ( ) (
2 1
1
2
1
n r n r X n h +

+

Xh X (
1
2
1
)) ( ) (
2 1
n w Xh n w + +
- 25 -

(
1
2
1
1
+ X Xh X )) ( ) (
2 1
n w n w +

(
1
2
1

+ X h )) ( ) (
2 1
n w n w +
(3.8)
T cng thc (3.8), nu xc nh trc ma trn X v cc mu nhiu cng w
1
(n), w
2
(n)
th c th xc nh c p ng xung h(n) ca cc knh con.
3.5 Cn bng knh
Trong h thng truyn dn v tuyn s th bin v pha tn hiu s b mo do
c tnh phn tn ca knh. Tnh cht ny gy ra ISI cho k hiu thu, tuy nhin c th
khi phc nhng tn hiu nh vy nu chng b mo tuyn tnh bng cch dng mt
b cn bng. B cn bng c th l b lc FIR/IIR tuyn tnh hay b lc khng tuyn
tnh(decision feedback) hay l cc b cn bng . B lc FIR tuyn tnh nh ZF (Zero-
forcing), MMSE. Hnh di y ch ra s h thng truyn dn s dng b cn
bng:
Hnh 3.1 S h thng truyn dn s dng b cn bng
Trong H(f), C(f) l hm truyn t ca knh v ca b cn bng, s(k), v
( ) k s
l tn
hiu pht v tn hiu sau cn bng.
3.5.1 B cn bng ZF
B cn bng ZF c thit k v c ti u bng cch s dng tiu chun
cng bc v khng, tc l buc tt c cc ng gp xung kim ca pha pht, knh v
b cn bng u bng 0 ti cc thi im truyn dn nT ( 0 n ), trong T l khong
thi gian truyn dn. Nh tnh cht ny m ZF m bo ISI xp x bng 0. Trong
min tn s ZF c miu t bng quan h:
( ) ( ) 1 f C f H
(3.9)
- 26 -
Hay
( )
( ) f H
1
f C
(3.10)
V th b cn bng tr thnh b lc FIR (p ng xung kim hu hn). Phn tch b
lc da trn nghin cu MSE c cho bi:
( ) [ ] ( ) ( ) [ ]
2 2
k s s s E k e E (3.11)
( ) ( ) ( ) k s s s k e
(3.12)
Trong
( ) [ ] E
l gi tr ly k vng ca (.) v e i din cho gi tr li tn hiu ti
pha thu. Mt khc:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) k c k n k c k h k s k s +
(3.13)
Trong min tn s s l:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f C f N f C f H f S f S
+ (3.14)
Thay (3.19) vo (3.24) ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) f E
f H
f N
f C f N f S f S

(3.15)
Trong E(f) l bin i Fourier ca e(k). E(f) l mt cng sut tn hiu li, s
dng nh l Parseval ta c sai li trung bnh bnh phng trong min thi gian s l:
[ ] ( )
( )
( )
df
f H
f N
T df f E T e E
T 2
1
T 2
1
2
2
T 2
1
T 2
1
2 2

(3.16)
Nu N(f) l mt ph cng sut hai pha N
0
/2 th:
[ ]
( )
df
f H
1
2
TN
e E
T 2
1
T 2
1
2
0 2
(3.17)
u im ca b cn bng ZF l b p ng knh ti v v p ng knh b suy gim,
tuy nhin c tn hiu v tp m u c tng cng v vy s gim hiu nng ca b
- 27 -
cn bng. MSE u ra b cn bng ch gm c nhiu do hon ton loi b nh
hng ca ISI. V th m MSE u ra b cn bng c th dng o mc tp m gy
ra bi b cn bng. Mt vn na l nu p ng ca knh c im 0 th ti
MSE s v cng, lm cho b cn bng khng tin cy na. khc phc hn ch ny
s dng mt k thut cn bng l LMSE.
3.5.2 B cn bng bnh phng li trung bnh tuyn tnh LMSE
Hnh 3.2 S b cn bng trung bnh li bnh phng tuyn tnh
Trong
n k
C , r
tng ng l tn hiu thu v tham s b cn bng. B cn bng gm
2N+1 nhnh, c nh th t t
1 N
C
+
n
1 N
C

v C
0
l nhnh trung tm ca b
cn bng. C th tnh ton cc h s ca b cn bng theo hai cch: Cch th nht
tnh C
m
bng cch t MSE trong (3.21) bng 0 v sau gii phng trnh ny.
Cch th hai da trn hot ng trc giao, khi coi rng li d ca b cn bng trc
giao vi tn hiu u vo b cn bng, v th ta c:
[ ] 0 r e E
*
l k k

+
(3.18)
T hnh 3.2, tn hiu sau khi cn bng s l:
( )
1 N
1 N m
m k m k
r C s
(3.19)
Tn hiu thu s l:
k
1 L
0 i
i k i k
n s h r
c
+

(3.20)
- 28 -
Trong h
i
l CIR nhnh th i, L
c
l chiu di CIR. S dng phng trnh (3.11),
(3.12) v (3.20) ta c:
[ ] ( )
( ) ( )
( ) 1
1
]
1
,
_
+ +
1
]
1
+ + + +
+ + +
1 N
1 N m
1 L
0 j
1 L
0 i
*
l k
*
i l k
*
i m k j m k j m
1 L
0 i
*
l k
*
i l k
*
i k
*
l k k
c c
c
n s h n s h C E
n s h s E r e E
(3.21)
Gi s cc bit pht l dng theo ngha rng, khi :
[ ]
'
j i 0
j i
s s E
2
s *
j i
(3.22)
Trong
2
s
l cng sut pht tn hiu, v tp m khng tng quan nn ta c:

[ ]
'
j i 0
j i N
n n E
0 *
j i
(3.23)
Thay (3.22) v (3.23) vo tng th nht ca v phi (3.31) s c:
( )
*
l
2
s
1 L
0 i
*
l k
*
i l k
*
i k
h n s h s E
c

1
]
1
+ +
(3.24)
Phn tng th hai ca v phi (3.21) vi cch tnh tng t s c:
( ) ( )
( )
[ ]
( )

+ + + +
+
1
1
]
1
,
_
+ +
1 N
1 N m
1 L
1 i
l m 0
2
s l i m
*
i m
1 N
1 N m
1 L
0 j
1 L
0 i
*
l k
*
i l k
*
i m k j m k j m
c
c c
N h h C
n s h n s h C E
(3.25)
Trong l hm delta dirac. Khi thay phng trnh (3.24) v (3.25) vo (3.21) ta
c:
[ ]
( )
*
l
2
s
1 N
1 N m
1 L
1 i
l m 0
2
s l i m
*
i m
h N h h C
c
+

+
(3.26)
Phng trnh (3.26) to thnh 2N-1 phng trnh tuyn tnh. Gii cc phng trnh
ny s thu c cc tham s b lc ti u theo chun MSE.
- 29 -
Li MMSE c xc nh thng qua cc tham s ca CIR v b cn bng theo
phng trnh:
( )

,
_

1 N
1 N m
m m
2
S
h C 1 MMSE
(3.27)
trong min tn s nh sau :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] ( ) ( ) f C f N f C f H 1 f S f S
f S f E (3.28)
Trong ( )
2
N
f N
0
2
, ( )
2
s
2
f S , vi
2
s
l cng sut pht tn hiu, gi thit rng tp

m v tn hiu khng tng quan vi nhau, v th ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
0
2
2
s
2
f C
2
N
f C f H 1 f E +
(3.29)
c tnh bnh phng ca phng trnh trn ta c:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
s
0
2
0
2
s
0
2
0 2
s
2 2
2
N
f H
1
2
N
2
N
f H
f H
f C
2
N
f H f E
+
+
+

,
_
(3.30)
T (3.16) d dng thy ( ) [ ]
2
e E cc tiu th thnh phn th nht ca (3.20) phi = 0
do ta s tnh c h s cn bng ti u nh sau:
( )
( )
( )
2
s
0
2
opt
2
N
f H
f H
f C
(3.31)
Thay (3.31) vo (3.32) ta c li trung bnh bnh phng cc tiu l:
[ ]
( )
( )
df
2
N
f H
f H
2
TN
e E
T 2
1
T 2
1
2
s
0
2
2
0 2
(3.32)
3.6 Kt lun chng
- 30 -
Cc k thut c tnh v cn bng knh t ra quan trng trong cc h thng
truyn dn v tuyn. Vic c tnh knh chnh xc s xc nh c trng thi knh
hin thi quyt nh thnh cng cho cc gii php cn bng knh v cc cng ngh
iu ch. K thut cn bng knh gip gim ISI, hn ch cc nh hng ca knh
phadinh la chn tn s, hiu ng a ng. Chnh nh th m nng cao tc v
hiu nng truyn dn.
- 31 -
Chng 4: Mt s phng php thch nghi s dng trong h thng OFDM
CHNG 4 MT S PHNG PHP THCH NGHI
S DNG TRONG H THNG OFDM
4.1 Gii thiu chng
K thut OFDM t ra kh hiu qu vi cc nhc im ca mi trng v
tuyn nh fading la chn tn s, nhiu di bng hp v nng cao hiu sut s dng
ph v mt s u im khc trnh by trong chng 2. Tuy nhin, OFDM vn tn
ti mt s nhc im vn c ca k thut trc giao v nhc im m tt c cc k
thut iu ch iu ch truyn thng u c, l:
S dng cc tham s iu ch c nh m bo cht lng truyn dn ti
trng thi xu nht ca knh truyn nn s c thng lng knh nh nhau mi thi
im dn n lng ph hiu qu ph tn h thng.
iu ch thch nghi c s dng thch nghi ng tham s iu ch ng vi cc
thng s tc thi ca knh, nhm mc ch m bo cht lng truyn dn v tng
thng lng. C nhiu phng php thch nghi, y ch tp trung tm hiu 3 thut
ton c bn l:
Thch nghi theo SNR pht trn mi sng mang
Thch nghi theo c ch chuyn mc iu ch
Thch nghi theo c ch chn lc sng mang
vi hai nhim v l:
To ra cht lng dch v truyn dn (QoS) cao.
To thng lng truyn dn cao.
Ngoi ra chng ny cng tin hnh tm hiu chu trnh hot ng ca h thng
AOFDM (Adaptive Orthogonal Frequency Division Modulation), a ra m hnh
thut ton cho c ch chn lc sng mang ng thi i phn tch mt s lu thut
ton quan trng trong qu trnh m phng.
- 32 -
4.2 Lu thut ton
iu ch thch nghi chnh l la chn hnh thc iu ch mt cch ng thu
c thng lng ti u khi mc SNR thu bin i trong phm vi rng theo thi gian.
Trong thut ton iu ch th cc tham s iu ch c xc nh bi thuc tnh ca
knh. Tc l cc tham s iu ch s l mt hm ca cc tham s knh.
Tham s iu ch = f (tham s knh)
Qu trnh thch nghi s c thc hin theo lu thut ton H 4.1
Hnh 4.1 Lu thut ton iu ch thch nghi
4.3 Kin trc ca nhng h thng iu ch thch nghi
Hnh 4.2 Kin trc ca nhng h thng iu ch thch nghi
Hnh 4.2 cho thy iu ch thch nghi c s dng thay i cc tham s iu ch
theo trng thi knh. thc hin iu ny th pha pht phi bit trng thi knh
- 33 -
trc khi truyn dn, v thng tin v knh phi tuyt i chnh xc. Phng php xc
nh trng thi knh cn c gi l c lng knh. C hai phng php c lng
knh khc nhau, cch th nht l pha pht nhn thng tin hi tip v knh t pha thu,
cch th hai l pha pht t c lng knh. Tuy nhin n s tp trung vo phng
php th nht.
4.4 Chu trnh hot ng ca h thng AOFDM
Chu trnh hot ng ca h thng AOFDM bao gm 3 bc c bn:
-c lng cht lng knh
-Chn cc tham s cho qu trnh pht tip theo
-Bo hiu hay tch sng m v cc tham s c s dng
4.4.1 c lng cht lng knh
c lng cht lng knh l nhim v quan trng u tin quyt nh ti
cht lng ca h thng. chn c cc tham s pht ph hp cho ln truyn dn
tip theo, cn phi c lng tng i chnh xc hm truyn ca knh trong sut
khe thi gian truyn tip theo. Phn c lng knh c trnh by trong chng
3 ca n.
4.4.2 Chn cc tham s cho qu trnh pht tip theo
Da trn vic d on cht lng ca knh trong khe thi gian tip theo, my
pht cn la chn cc phng thc iu ch hay m ha ph hp cho cc sng mang
con. Bc tip theo ny ph thuc vo cht lng ca cc b iu ch hay m ha
c s dng.
4.4.3 Bo hiu hay tch sng m cc tham s c s dng
Trong qu trnh thch nghi, my pht v my thu cn phi bo hiu cho nhau
v tnh trng knh hay v tham s ca b gii iu ch c s dng cho gi tin
nhn c. Thng tin ny c th c ti trong bn thn symbol OFDM nh cc sng
mang Pilot hoc cc sng mang d liu. n gin ha nhim v bo hiu, c th
tin hnh thch nghi OFDM trn c s bng con hoc chn cc s tch sng m
cn rt t hoc khng cn cc thng tin bo hiu.
- 34 -
4.5 Mt s c ch thch nghi c s dng trong h thng OFDM
iu ch thch nghi cho php ti u ho cht lng dch v BER (QoS) v thng
lng truyn dn (BPS). Mun vy, cn phi thch nghi cc thng s iu ch theo
cht lng ca knh truyn. Tn ti nhiu c ch thch nghi nh: mc iu ch, s
iu ch, SNR pht, s lng sng mang, v tr sng mang, t l m, tc tri ph
Cc thut ton ny c xy dng trn c s lm thay i mt hay mt s cc tham
s iu ch thch nghi vi trng thi ca knh. y, ta xt mt s c ch in hnh.
4.5.1 Thch nghi theo SNR pht trn mi sng mang
nh hng ca knh v tuyn ln cht lng truyn dn: Do tnh chn lc tn
s ca knh v tuyn ngha l hm truyn t knh truyn khng bng phng dn n
cc thnh phn tn s ca tn hiu tin nm trong khong li lm ca c tuyn hm
truyn t knh b thng ging tng ng. Hu qu lm cho BER tng (gim QoS).
Gii php khc phc hin ti:
Dng cc b cn bng knh v cn bng knh thch nghi trong min tn s
song hiu qu thp v mt khi tc d liu cao th cc b cn bng s khng th san
phng ton b p ng knh.
Phng php lm tng gim SNR ca cc sng mang con theo cc vng tn
s li lm ca hm truyn t knh ngha l: s tng cng sut pht cho cc sng
mang con cc thnh phn tn s nm trong khong lm ca p ng knh v ngc
li lm gim cng sut pht ca cc sng mang i vi thnh phn tn s nm trong
khong li ca p ng knh.
Gii php tng hay gim cng sut pht i vi tng thnh phn sng mang
con trong h thng OFDM rt phc tp do tin hnh bng cch tng hoc gim
nng lng cho cc thnh phn tn s sng mang con ti b iu ch sng mang con
(xem li chng 2) bng cch thay i tham s tri ph cho tng thnh phn sng
mang. Theo , tng cng sut bng cch tng gi tr ca tham s tri ph v gim
cng sut bng cch gim gi tr tham s tri ph. Tuy nhin qu trnh tnh ton
tm ra SNR cho tng thnh phn tn s pha thu rt phc tp.
- 35 -
Nhn xt: Mc d phng php ny rt tt i vi knh pha inh Rayleigh, tuy
nhin qu phc tp v yu cu khi lng x l ln. Thc t hay dng phng php
thch nghi theo c ch chuyn mc iu ch.
4.5.2 Thch nghi theo c ch chuyn mc iu ch
Trong h thng OFDM d liu trc khi iu ch k hiu OFDM u c
iu ch sng mang con. C cc s iu ch chuyn mc khc nhau c s dng
trong h thng OFDM nh: M-PSK, M-ASK, M-QAM. Ty thuc iu kin knh
truyn hay yu cu tit kim nng lng m ta s chn s iu ch ph hp.
Thng thng mc iu ch s da trn c s BER pha thu (hay SNR pha thu). Tuy
nhin vi iu kin knh truyn xu th thng la chn s BPSK. Di y l
cc mc SNR thu iu khin cc mc iu ch (bng 4.1).
Bng 4.1 iu khin mc iu ch da trn cc mc SNR thu
Mc SNR Khng pht BPSK 4QAM 16QAM 64QAM
Di l
1
-k Khng pht Khng pht Khng pht Khng pht Khng pht
l
1
-k n l
1
Khng pht Khng pht Khng pht Khng pht Khng pht
l
1
n l
1
+k Khng pht
Khng
pht
Khng pht
Khng
pht
Khng pht
l
1
+k n l
2
-
k
BPSK BPSK BPSK BPSK BPSK
l
2
-k n l
2
BPSK BPSK BPSK BPSK BPSK
l
2
n l
2
+k BPSK BPSK BPSK BPSK BPSK
l
2
+k n l
3
-
k
4QAM 4QAM 4QAM 4QAM 4QAM
l
3
-k n l
3
l
3
n l
3
+k 4QAM 4QAM 4QAM 4QAM 4QAM
l
3
+k n l
4
-
k
l
4
-k n l
4
l
4
n l
4
Trn l
4
- 36 -
Trong k l di ng iu khin cng sut, di ng cng cao th vng iu khin
cng sut s cng ln, thng thng k c thit lp trong on [0.5;1]. Cc ngng
c n nh nh sau: l
1
=-
, l
2
=8db, l
3
=14db, l
4
=20db cho s AQAM khng b
chn, trong s liu c truyn thng xuyn. Tng t i vi s AQAM c
chn, cc mc ngng l l
1
=5db, l
2
=8db, l
3
=14db, l
4
=20db, trong my pht b cm
khi cng sut tc thi thp hn l
1
. Ta coi rng ti my thu c tnh v b tr cht
lng knh bng hp l hon ho. Mi tn k hiu cho gim cng sut. Hnh 4.3 s
din t trc quan c ch ny.
Hnh 4.3 Ngng SNR chuyn mc cho c ch mc iu ch
Phng php ny c u im l rt n gin ch cn so snh SNR thu vi
SNR ngng quyt nh s iu ch ph hp. Tuy nhin vi phng php ny
s khng tn dng c nhng khong bng tn knh c p ng tt, v nhng
on bng tn knh ny c th cho php mc iu ch cao hn mc thit lp chung.
Do m bo cho mc iu ch ti a c th c cho cc thnh phn sng mang
t b nh hng bi knh th ta phi xy dng thut ton thch nghi da trn c ch
chn lc sng mang.
4.5.3 Thch nghi theo c ch chn lc sng mang
Nguyn l:
- 37 -
Do tnh cht chn lc tn s ca p ng knh nn i vi knh chn lc tn s tn
ti nhng khong bng tn thng ging khc nhau.
- Vng tn s ca p ng knh t b thng ging: Truyn d liu trn cc sng
mang con nm trong khong bng tn c bin ng chp nhn c ci thin
BPS.
- Vng tn s ca p ng knh b thng ging mnh: Khng truyn d liu
trn ci thin QoS.
Xy dng gii thut:
Da trn tnh cht chn lc tn s ca knh ta c th xy dng thut ton
thch nghi theo c ch chn lc sng mang nhm pht huy ti a u im ca phn
tp tn s.
Vi gi thit l: (1) Cng mt rng bng tn c cp pht cho knh (cng tc
bit vo); (2) Cng trng thi knh (cng mt on bng tn b thng ging, cng s
lng cc sng mang con b thng ging ); (3) trong cng mt khong thi gian kho
st, c cng s lng bit c truyn, cng khong thi gian m phng.
Nu s lng sng mang (N
_Sub
) c dng truyn d liu l nh, ngha
l t l gia s cc bit c truyn i b li trn ton b cc bit c truyn i l ln
(BER tng) ngoi ra cn gy li cm (cc li c tnh cht tp trung). Nh vy, khi
N
_Sub
nh khng nhng BER ln m cn tng li cm.
Nu ta dng mt s lng ln sng mang truyn d liu th s c tc
dng gim s lng li v t l sng mang b li so vi ton b sng mang s rt nh
BER gim ngoi ra cn khng gy li cm. Nh vy, khi N
Sub
ln khng nhng BER
gim m cn gim li cm.
Trn y l trng hp cha thc hin thch nghi. Nu b gi thit (3) trn v thc
hin c ch thch nghi bng cch:
Tng, gim s lng cc sng mang con theo trng thi knh: Mt khi ta kho st
trong khong thi gian di v thc hin thch nghi s sng mang con N
Sub
theo
- 38 -
trng thi knh trong min tn s ci thin c c hiu nng BER v QoS hn
ch li.
Khng truyn d liu trn cc sng mang con b li: Tin hnh truyn d
liu trn sng mang c t l li cho php v s khng truyn trn cc sng mang c t
l li vt qu ngng cho php. Tt nhin nu ta dng c ch thch nghi khi dng s
t sng mang con s khng hiu qu v thng lng v c th c trng hp m c
nhiu sng mang con b li qu ngng cho php do d liu c truyn trn mt
s t sng mang cn li, iu ny dn n vic gim mnh tc bit truyn dn. Do
vy nng cao hiu nng ca c ch thch nghi chn lc sng mang th s lng
sng mang con cn phi ln (thng thng > 100).
Vn chnh ca thut ton thch nghi chn lc sng mang l phi xc nh c
BER cho tng thnh phn sng mang, sau so snh vi gi tr BER ngng
quyt nh s khng truyn d liu trn thnh phn sng mang no. Nu gi tr BER
trn sng mang con no thp hn mc ngng th pha pht s tin hnh chn k hiu
hoa tiu vo thnh phn sng mang , cc k hiu hoa tiu ny n gin ta nn
thit lp gi tr l 0. Pha thu s vn tin hnh thu v tnh BER trn cc sng mang
c chn hoa tiu, nu gi tr BER trn cc sng mang ny m thp hn ngng cho
php th ta li truyn d liu bnh thng trn cc sng mang ny. Do vic chn k
hiu hoa tiu ln cc sng mang c t l li ln s gip cho pha thu c tnh chnh
xc trng thi knh truyn dn.
Nhn xt:
u im ni bt ca c ch thch nghi chn lc sng mang l tn dng cc
i ho nhng khong bng tn t bin ng ca knh v gim thiu d liu truyn
trn nhng khong bng tn thng ging ln ca knh hay ni cch khc gim thiu
c nh hng pha inh chn lc tn s. Trong khi cc thut ton khc nh
mc iu ch (M-QAM , M-PSK ...) do x l nh nhau i vi ton b bng tn
knh, nn khng th tn dng u im v i ph nhc im trn p ng knh
truyn trong min tn s. V vy, c th ni rng y l gii thut kh ti u ci
thin BER v thng lng truyn.
- 39 -
4.6 M hnh thut ton theo c ch chn lc sng mang
Ni dung ca thut ton chn lc sng mang c trnh by m hnh gii
thut di y:
Hnh 4.4 M hnh thut ton theo c ch chn lc sng mang cho h thng
truyn dn OFDM
Khi tnh BER: So snh s sai khc gia k hiu pht v thu, tnh s lng li. Sau
khi tnh BER s gi kt qu tnh ton n khi quyt nh chn.
BER ngng: Do ngi dng thit lp tu theo tnh cht dch v yu cu, i vi
thoi thng thng 1% BER , trong khi i vi cc dch v s liu th yu cu
0.01% BER .
Khi quyt nh chn: Da trn gi tr BER ngng thit lp cho tng dch v, khi
quyt nh s tnh chnh xc gi tr BER trung bnh cho tng thnh phn sng mang
m bo c gi tr BER ngng, gi tr BER trung bnh ny gi l gi tr BER
trung bnh ngng (
ng
tb
BER
). u ra ca b quyt nh l mt mng mt chiu (mng
Q) c kch thc bng s lng sng mang. Cng vic ca khi quyt nh l so
- 40 -
snh cc gi tr BER ca tng thnh phn sng mang do b tnh BER a n vi gi
tr
ng
tb
BER
, nu gi tr BER ca thnh phn sng mang no >
ng
tb
BER
th phn t trong
mng Q tng ng vi thnh phn sng mang s c gn bng 1. Nu ngc
li s c gn bng 0. Gi tr 1 c ngha l khng truyn d liu trn sng mang
ny, gi tr 0 c ngha l vn s dng sng mang ny. Lu thut ton cho khi
quyt nh c m t nh sau:
Hnh 4.5 Lu thut ton khi quyt nh
Khi iu khin chn: Khi ny ly thng tin chn t khi quyt nh, nu sng
mang no c BER
ng
tb
BER >
khi phn t trong mng Q c ch s bng s th t
ca sng mang ny s c gi tr l 1 v ta phi tin hnh chn 0 ln sng mang
ny, nu ngc li th s tin hnh truyn d liu bnh thng trn sng mang ny.
Khi iu khin chn s can thip th t ca k hiu pht trn mi sng mang m
bo sao cho nu khng s dng sng mang th s chn thm k hiu 0, v nu s
- 41 -
dng th khng chn. Sau y l lu thut ton m t hot ng ca khi iu
khin chn.
Hnh 4.6 Lu thut ton m t hot ng ca khi iu khin chn
Khi iu khin gii chn: Hot ng ca khi iu khin gii chn hon ton
ngc li vi khi iu khin chn. Khi ny ly thng tin chn t khi quyt nh,
da trn thng tin v cc v tr chn khi ny s tin hnh gii chn tc l loi b
- 42 -
nhng k hiu chn trn nhng sng mang con c chn v a nhng k hiu chn
ny n b c tnh knh tin hnh tm ra p ng knh.
4.7 Kt lun
Chng ny trnh by kh r v iu ch thch nghi, nguyn l chung cho
cc h thng truyn dn thch nghi. a ra ba phng n thch nghi thng c s
dng: thch nghi theo SNR pht, theo mc iu ch v theo c ch chn lc sng
mang ng thi tin hnh phn tch hiu qu ca cc c ch thch nghi. Chng
a ra m hnh h thng truyn dn OFDM s dng thut ton thch nghi theo c ch
chn lc sng mang v mt s thut ton c s dng trong chng trnh m
phng.
- 43 -
CHNG 5 CHNG TRNH M PHNG
5.1 Gii thiu chng
Chng ny s trnh by v m hnh m phng mt h thng AOFDM, a
ra cc kt qu ca chng trnh m phng v tin hnh nh gi hiu nng ca h
thng trong cc trng hp thch nghi. Cui cng l phn kt lun v xut hng
pht trin ca ti.
5.2 M hnh m phng h thng truyn dn OFDM thch nghi
M hnh m phng h thng OFDM c cho hnh 5.1. D liu ca
ngi dng l file nh thuc cc nh dng: JPEG, BITMAP, D liu c c t
file nh s c dng mt vector 3 chiu, vi cc phn t c dng thp phn 1-256. Do
khng th truyn trc tip mt vector 3 chiu c cho nn phi tin hnh chuyn i
vector 3 chiu thnh vector 1 chiu, sau truyn qua h thng OFDM cn tin
hnh chuyn i d liu thp phn sang t nh phn 8 bit. B tnh li s so snh s
khc nhau gia d liu pht v thu v tnh s lng li, sau hin th li tnh
hiu nng ca h thng. D liu nh phn sau c a ln iu ch M-QAM, tip
theo d liu sau iu ch M-QAM c a n b iu ch OFDM. D liu sau
iu ch OFDM c pht qua knh v tuyn n my thu. My thu s thc hin
ngc cc cng vic vi pha pht. D liu cui cng c dng vector 3 chiu vi cc
phn t c dng thp phn s c khi phc di dng file nh v hin th so
snh vi nh ban u. Hot ng ca khi tnh BER, khi quyt nh, khi iu khin
chn, khi iu khin gii chn hon ton tng t nh cc khi ny m hnh c
ch thch nghi chn lc sng mang c trnh by trong chng 4.
Hnh 5.1 ch trnh by m hnh h thng truyn dn OFDM thch nghi dng c ch
chn lc sng mang. M hnh h thng truyn dn OFDM thch nghi dng c ch
chuyn mc iu ch s thay vai tr ca khi iu khin chn v gii chn sng mang
con bng khi iu khin chuyn mc iu ch v s khng cn khi BER ngng.
Khi quyt nh s so snh gi tr BER hin thi ca h thng nhn t b tnh BER
vi gi tr BER ngng chuyn mc, v s quyt nh mc iu ch hp l ng vi
- 44 -
gi tr BER hin thi ny. Thng tin t khi quyt nh s a n khi iu khin
chuyn mc iu ch, khi ny s thc hin cng vic chuyn mc.
Hnh 5.1 M hnh m phng h thng OFDM theo c ch chn lc sng
mang
- 45 -
5.3 Thit lp cc thng s m hnh m phng
Thit lp tnh tng thch cc thng s cho tn hiu OFDM
Trong phn trn ta nghin cu v cu trc mt tn hiu OFDM, tuy nhin m
phng mt tn hiu OFDM s phc tp hn rt nhiu. Hai nhim v chnh cn thc
hin trong qu trnh m phng mt tn hiu OFDM l:
Tng thch gia tc d liu ngi dng v s lng sng mang con s
dng truyn d liu.
Tng thch gia s lng sng mang con s dng truyn d liu v kch
thc FFT.
Ngoi ra, cc cng vic khc nh: chuyn tn hiu t min tn s sang min thi gian,
chn khong bo v.
hiu r qu trnh m phng tn hiu OFDM, xt mt v d m phng mt tn hiu
OFDM c th vi thi gian m phng 1 giy. Gi s cc tham s h thng c m
t trong bng di y.
Bng 5.1 Tham s h thng dng cho m phng tn hiu OFDM
Tham s h thng Gi tr
Tc d liu u vo: R
b
12 Mbps
S lng sng mang: N
sub
90
Kch thc FFT: N
FFT
256
Mc iu ch sng mang: M-QAM 16-QAM
Thi gian m phng: T
sim
1 s
Chu k c bn: T 1/ R
b
= 0,083 s
Thi gian k hiu hu ch: T
FFT
N
sub
log
2
(M) T = 30 s
Thi gian khong bo v: T
G
1/4 T
FFT
= 7,5 s
Thi gian k hiu OFDM: T
sym
T
FFT
+ T
G
= 37,5 s
- 46 -
V tc d liu l 12 Mbps, nn trong khong thi gian 1 giy m phng s c
bit 10 12
6
truyn. Nhng do phng php iu ch sng mang con l 16-QAM, do
s lng k hiu 16-QAM s l:
6
6
10 3
4
10 12

k hiu.
Qu trnh tng thch gia tc d liu ngi dng v s lng sng mang
con
Mi sng mang con trong mt k hiu OFDM s mang mt k hiu d liu. Khi s
lng k hiu khng bng bi s nguyn ln s lng sng mang con, m bo
mi sng mang con u c d liu truyn ta phi tin hnh chn thm cc k hiu 0.
M mi k hiu OFDM s cha ton b chu k ca cc sng mang con, do mt k
hiu OFDM s cha ton b d liu truyn trn cc sng mang con. Trong trng hp
ny mi k hiu OFDM s cha d liu c trong 90 sng mang con. V c iu ny
nn:
s lng k hiu OFDM =
33334
90
10 3
ceil
6
,
_

,
Trong :
( )
[ ]
'
<
> +
0 x , Z x , x
0 x , Z x , 1 ] x [
Z x , x
x ceil
, vi [x] l phn nguyn ca x.
S lng k hiu phi chn thm l: 90 - phn d
60
90
10 3
6
,
_

. Hnh 5.2 s minh
ho qu trnh ny:
- 47 -

Sau khi thc hin tng thch gia tc d liu u vo v s sng mang s dng
truyn d liu, cn tin hnh qu trnh tng thch tip theo gia kch thc FFT v
s sng mang.
Qu trnh tng thch gia kch thc FFT v s sng mang con
Mt k hiu FFT c to nn t bin i IFFT cc mu tn s. Mu tn s l mu
thu c do qu trnh ly mu cc tn s sng mang con. Do trong khong thi
gian bin i IFFT s cha ton b chu k ca cc sng mang con. Trong bin i
Fourier do khong tn s ly t
) ; ( +
, nhng i vi phng php FFT th khong
tn s b gii hn do vy, sau bin i FFT s chu hiu ng bin, hiu ng bin lm
Hnh 5. 2 Tng thch gia tc d liu ngi dng v s sng mang
- 48 -
sai lch cc gi tr tn hiu ng vi cc tn s ngoi ra. V th gim hiu ng bin
ta phi tng kch thc FFT so vi s sng mang, mun vy:
Kch thc FFT/2 > s sng mang con
V th m s lng cc mu tn s ti u vo FFT b thiu, lng thiu = Kch thc
FFT/2 - s sng mang con cho nn ta phi tin hnh chn thm cc tn s 0 trc
khi bin i IFFT.
Theo bng tham s dng m phng ta c: Kch thc FFT/2 = 128, m s sng mang
= 90. Do cn chn thm 128-90 = 38 sng mang 0. Cho nn s lng sng mang
thc t phi dng cho mi k hiu OFDM s l 90 + 38 = 128, tuy nhin 38 sng
mang chn thm s khng mang d liu ngi dng v chng c t l 0. Hnh
5.3 s minh ho qu trnh ny:
Hnh 5.3 Tng thch gia tc d liu ngi dng v s sng mang
Do s lng k hiu 0 phi chn thm l: 1266752 3000000 - 4266752 k hiu.
Ta thy nu chn kch thc FFT qu ln so vi 2 ln s sng mang th s phi chn
rt nhiu k hiu khng mang thng tin. iu ny s lm gim hiu qu truyn dn.
to dng ph thc cho tn hiu OFDM, th phn cn li ca kch thc FFT (c
chiu di FFT/2 l phn c cc mu tn s c gi tr cao hn), s c lp y bng
- 49 -
cch ly lin hp phc phn u ca kch thc FFT (c chiu di FFT/2 gm cc
mu tn s c gi tr thp). Qu trnh ny c m t bng hnh 5.4 di y:
Hnh 5.4 Sp xp cc mu tn s trong k hiu OFDM trc khi bin i
IFFT
Sau khi sp xp cc mu tn s trong k hiu OFDM, s thc hin bin i IFFT ln
k hiu OFDM trong min tn s. Qu trnh ny s chuyn tn hiu OFDM t min
tn s sang min thi gian.
Bc tip theo trong cng on m phng tn hiu OFDM l chn khong bo v, qu
trnh ny c thc hin cho tng k hiu OFDM (xem li phn 2.5). Cui cng ta s
c mt tn hiu OFDM c dng:
- 50 -
Thit lp cc thng s khi to cho h thng truyn dn OFDM thch
nghi
Trc tin hiu nguyn l hot ng ca chng trnh m phng ta hy xt cc
tham s m phng.
Bng 5.2 Thng s m phng h thng OFDM thch ng
Tham s Gi tr
Tc d liu: R
b
2 Mbps
Mc iu ch sng mang M-QAM M = 2, 4, 16, 64
Tn s ly mu: f
s
f
s

S lng sng mang: N
sub
52 - 1024
Kch thc FFT: N
FFT
N
FFT
Chu k c bn: T 1/ R
b
= 0,5 s
Thi gian k hiu hu ch: T
FFT
T
FFT
= N
sub
log
2
(M) T
Khong thi gian bo v: T
G
T
G
Chiu di k hiu OFDM : T
sym
= T
FFT
+ T
G
Thi gian m phng: T
sim
T
sim
= 0,064 s
Ca s Kaiser, = 10
M hnh knh Pha inh Rayleigh
Hnh 5.5 M phng tn hiu OFDM trong min thi gian,
[sim_ofdm_signal.m]
- 51 -
Khong thi gian bo v:
U G
T
n
1
T
, n = 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/64 ....,
Tn s ly mu:
sym
s
T
1
3 f
, trong T
sym
= T
FFT
+ T
G
,
M l s trng thi iu ch QAM (M = 2 ng vi BPSK), v cc thng s c s lin
quan n nhau do ch cn khai bo cc thng s: R
b
, M, N
subcarr
, N
FFT
, T
G
. T kch
thc file nh ta xc nh thi gian m phng:
T
sim
= s lng bit truyn/ R
b
.
Trong chng trnh m phng, cc tham s khi to h thng c tp trung vo
trong mt bng, gi tr ca cc tham s c thit lp khi khi to v c th thay i
trong qu trnh thc hin chng trnh m phng nu chn chc nng iu ch thch
nghi. Tt nhin cc tham s s gi nguyn gi tr nh khi khi to nu khng chn
chc nng iu ch thch nghi. Giao din tham s khi to h thng c m ra c
cu trc nh sau.
- 52 -
hiu hot ng ca chng trnh m phng DATN trc tin cn phi hiu r cc
tham s khi to h thng v nh hng ca n n hot ng ca h thng.
Kch thc FFT: Biu th bng nhn Kch thc FFT, tham s ny chnh l s
im FFT dng trong mt k hiu OFDM hay chnh l di k hiu OFDM.
m bo ph OFDM l thc th kch thc FFT > 2 ln s lng sng mang. Kch
thc FFT nu chn qu ln s lng ph bng tn nhng b li s phn nng lng tn
hiu u trn cc sng mang, iu ny c tc dng phn tn li. Tuy nhin nu kch
thc FFT chn qu nh th mt nng lng trn mi sng mang con s ln v nu
b li th s gy li cm. V vy nn chn gi tr tham s:
2:1< kch thc FFT: s sng mang 5:1 (5.1)
C th n thit lp l 255.
S lng sng mang: hin th bng nhn S sng mang, l s lng sng mang
dng truyn d liu cng phi tho mn phng trnh (5.1). S lng sng mang
cng ln, th tr iu ch cng cao song c li v tnh phn tp, do s phn tn li
u trn bng tn ca knh. Mt khc v c ch thch nghi m n s dng l chn
lc sng mang tc l la chn cc sng mang c SNR cao (hay BER thp) truyn
d liu do s lng sng mang ln c ngha c bit quan trng v khi c ch
chn lc s hot ng hiu qu hn, s la chn chnh xc cc vng tn s tng i
n nh trn knh. Tuy nhin thng chn s lng sng mang 500 v tnh cht m
phng chy trn phn mm. Do tc x l khng cao nh tc x l phn
cng trong thc t. Trong n s lng sng mang s dng l 100.
Khong thi gian bo v: Mi k hiu u c mt khong bo v c gn trc
mi k hiu v khong bo v ny c chn sao cho ln hn thi gian tr cc i
ca knh, th khi cc k hiu thu trc v sau s khng b chng ln ln nhau m
ch chng ln ln cc khong bo v tc khng c hin tng ISI. V vy khong bo
v trong k hiu OFDM c ngha c bit quan trng n gip tng chiu di k
hiu, chng pha inh la chn tn s (xem chng 2), c bit chng li hin tng
ISI gy thu sai tn hiu. Theo chun DAB th khong bo v c chn = 1/4 kch
- 53 -
thc FFT v khong bo v c gn pha trc k hiu. Tuy nhin khong bo v
cng c chn la theo bt k t l no nh: 1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, . Tu theo kch
thc FFT l ln hay nh v gi tr tri tr cc i ca knh. n chn gi tr
khong bo v = 1/4 kch thc FFT, trn giao din nhp d liu khong bo v c
hin th bng nhn 'Khong bo v' (4 c ngha l khong bo v = 1/4 kch thc
FFT).
Ngng BER: Ngng BER l gi tr dng thit lp xem sng mang no s c
dng truyn d liu ngi dng v sng mang no s khng s dng tc l phi tin
hnh chn 0. Hm thc hin chc nng kim tra li cho tng sng mang con l hm
dem_loi. Hm ny s tnh ra gi tr BER ca tng sng mang con v kim tra xem
nu sng mang no c gi tr BER > BER ngng th s gn cho phn t ca mng
Q tng ng vi v tr sng mang ny gi tr l 1, tc l khng dng sng mang
ny. Sau hm chen_song_mang s cn c vo gi tr ca mng Q m s quyt
nh dng v khng dng sng mang no. Nu ngng BER c thit lp qu ln th
s khng c tc dng chn lc sng mang v cc gi tr BER hin thi trn mi sng
mang c th u nh hn gi tr BER ngng. Tuy nhin nu thit lp gi tr BER
ngng qu nh th s sng mang m bo gi tr BER nh hn gi tr BER ngng
s rt t do tc truyn dn s rt chm do ch tin hnh truyn d liu trn mt
s t sng mang. Trong n gi tr BER ngng c thit lp l 10
-3
.
Tn s Doppler: Do chuyn ng tng i gia my thu v my pht gy ra hiu
ng Doppler. iu ny dn n ph tn ca cc sng mang con chng ln qu mc
ln nhau lm mt tnh trc giao ca cc sng mang con. Khi khng cn gi tnh trc
giao th nng lng tn hiu trn cc sng mang s chng ln ln nhau iu ny s dn
ti khng cn phn bit c ranh gii gia cc k hiu trn cc sng mang con do
gy li ti b quyt nh. Tt nhin tn s Doppler trong n ch l gi tr c
ngha m phng m bo tnh thc t ca m hnh knh, thng thng tn s
Doppler < 100 Hz. n thit lp gi tr tn s Doppler l 50 Hz.
- 54 -
Hnh 5.6 p ng xung kim ca knh
Hnh 5.6 cho thy hnh dng p ng ca xung knh, vi ba ng tr. Tng ng
cc gi tr bin trn hnh v l cc gi tr bin suy gim ca nhnh tr ca knh.
Trn bng khi to gi tr ban u cho h thng AOFDM th tng ng vi cc gi tr
ny th hnh dng hm truyn t ca knh s c dng:
Tn s ly mu k hiu pht: Mi k hiu sau khi iu ch k hiu OFDM u
c ly mu vi tn s ly mu f
s
. m bo ly mu c y k hiu pht th
tn s ly mu cn tho mn nh l Nyquist: sym s
f f 2
tc l tn s ly mu ti thiu
phi gp hai ln tn s k hiu.
S trng thi iu ch: Trong n dng phng php iu ch ch yu l M-
QAM, vi s trng thi iu ch thay i vi cc gi tr M = 2, 4, 16, 64. S trng
thi iu ch ban u c thit lp l gi tr nm di nhn 'Mc iu ch QAM'
trong bng khi to.
Hnh 5.7 Hnh dng hm truyn t ca knh
- 55 -
nh dng file truyn:
y ta s tin hnh truyn file hnh bng cch gn file=2.
5.4 Chng trnh m phng
5.4.1 Giao din chng trnh m phng
chy chng trnh m phng AOFDM, t ca s lnh ca MatLab ta g
lnh DATN. Di y l phn giao din bt u ca chng trnh.
Phn giao din chnh ca chng trnh s c m khi nhn chut vo nt tip tc.
Trc khi n vi giao din chnh, giao din minh ho hnh nh dng truyn s
c m ra. Hnh bn tri vi tiu : nh dng pht s l hnh nh phc v cho
sut qu trnh m phng. Trc to cn li bn phi s hin nh sau khi truyn qua
AOFDM. Sau khi hon thin m phng h thng th nh ny s c m ra so
snh gia cht lng nh gc v nh sau khi truyn qua AOFDM.
- 56 -
5.4.2 Cc kt qu m phng v nh gi hiu nng
n s nghin cu hot ng ca h thng truyn dn OFDM khi ch dng
mt c ch thch nghi, khi dng ng thi cc c ch thch nghi v khi khng dng
thch nghi.
5.4.2.1 Kt qu m phng khng dng c ch thch nghi
Tham s ban u c thit lp nh giao din khi to pha trn. Giao din m
phng s nh sau:
- 57 -
Ta thy trn nh thu c hnh thnh nhng vt xc do cc sng mang ti nhng v
tr knh bin ng ln s b li cm. c ch thch nghi chn lc sng mang s gii
quyt trit vn ny.
5.4.2.2 Kt qu m phng dng c ch thch nghi mc iu ch
Gi tr BER thit lp trong n cho cc mc chuyn c cho trong bng 5.2.
Bng 5.2Tham s BER iu khin chuyn mc iu ch
Gi tr BER tng Ngng BER Mc iu ch
BER> 0.2 Khng thit lp Khng pht
BER 0,1 10
-2
BPSK
0.1>BER 0,01 10
-3
4-QAM
4 E 1 BER 01 . 0 >
10
-4
16-QAM
BER 4 E 1 >
10
-5
64-QAM
Di y l giao din hot ng ca c ch thch nghi mc iu ch, mc iu ch
c thit lp ban u l 4-QAM. cc tham s khi to c cho trong giao din khi
to pha trn nh phn m phng khng s dng c ch thch nghi.
- 58 -
Ta thy cht lng nh thu c sau m phng tt hn so vi trng hp khng dng
c ch thch nghi mt cht, cc ng xc nh hn. Tuy nhin s ci thin QoS ny
khng ng k, vn xy ra li cm. Theo quan st gi tr BER tng lun lun > 0.01
do nu theo c ch thch nghi chn mc iu ch th s lun lun khng t mc
pht 16-QAM.
5.4.2.3 Kt qu m phng dng c ch thch nghi chn lc sng mang
Di y l giao din hot ng ca c ch thch nghi chn lc sng mang,
phng php iu ch sng mang con l 4-QAM, cc tham s khi to c cho
trong giao din khi to pha trn nh phn m phng khng s dng c ch thch
nghi.
- 59 -
Dng c ch thch nghi chn lc sng mang kt qu l BER tng lun xp x 0 i
vi 4-QAM, gi tr ny thp hn nhiu so vi khi khng dng c ch thch nghi.
Kt qu nh thu c sau khi truyn qua h thng AOFDM c cht lng cao hn rt
nhiu so vi h thng OFDM khng dng c ch thch nghi.
- 60 -
5.4.2.4 Kt qu m phng dng kt hp hai c ch thch nghi chuyn mc
iu ch v chn lc sng mang
Di y l trng hp khi kt hp hai phng php thch nghi trn vi cng
iu kin knh nh giao din khi to pha trn:
- 61 -
Ta thy vi iu kin knh xu nh vy m khi kt hp hai phng php thch
nghi trn th vn cho php mc iu ch ln n 16-QAM, tt nhin tn sut xut hin
ca 16-QAM s t hn 4-QAM. Tuy nhin nu th mc 16-QAM, s sng
mang dng truyn d liu s rt t thng < 55 sng mang trn tng s 100 sng
mang, nhng vn m bo c tc truyn d liu ngi dng v BER yu cu do
mc iu ch cao v dng kt hp c ch thch nghi chn lc sng mang. iu c
bit l khng c ln no h thng phi chuyn mc pht BPSK. V iu ny m thng
lng ca c ch thch nghi kt hp gia hai c ch thch nghi chn lc sng mang v
thch nghi mc iu ch ln hn hn cc c ch thch nghi c lp.
5.5 nh gi hiu nng ca cc c ch thch nghi
- 62 -
quan st ca mi ln thc hin m phng c th dng hoc khng dng c ch
thch nghi, n thit k giao din hin th:
Hiu nng BER ca h thng thng qua kt qu BER trong mi ln pht k
hiu (gi tr hin th trn nhn 'BER' trong phn hin th kt qu trn giao din m
phng 'OFDM_S')
Hiu nng thng lng ca h thng, c o bng s bit/k hiu iu ch
sng mang con v d 4-QAM s c thng lng l 2 bit/k hiu. Thng lng chnh
l tc bit truyn d liu.
Giao din hin th hiu nng BER v hiu nng thng lng h thng s c m ra
ngay khi kt thc m phng qu trnh truyn d liu, hin th kt qu m phng
cho trng hp mi nht.
Di y l giao din hin th hiu nng BER v hiu nng thng lng cho trng
hp m phng h thng truyn dn OFDM kt hp c hai c ch thch nghi chn lc
sng mang v mc iu ch.
- 63 -
d dng so snh hiu nng BER v hiu nng thng lng ca cc c ch thch
nghi khc nhau, cng nh gia thch nghi v khng thch nghi, n tng kt cc
ln chy chng trnh m phng khc nhau v a ra kt qu tng hp thng qua giao
din so snh.
Kt qu hiu nng BER v hiu nng thng lng ca h thng truyn dn
OFDM thng qua m phng.
Giao din so snh hiu nng v thng lng s c m ra khi kch chut vo nt 'So
snh' trn giao din nh gi hiu nng.
Ch tiu so snh: Gm hai ch tiu l hiu nng (BER) v thng lng (BPS).
i tng so snh: Gia cc h thng s dng cc c ch thch nghi, v gia
h thng dng c ch thch nghi v h thng khng dng thch nghi.
Phng php so snh: So snh hiu nng BER (QoS) v hiu nng thng
lng (BPS) ca cc h thng trn, khi s trng thi iu ch sng mang con bt u
m phng: 4-QAM, 16-QAM, 64-QAM.
Trng hp 1: Mc iu ch sng mang thit lp ban u l BPSK, vi iu kin
ny ta c kt qu:
- 64 -
Phn tch kt qu:
Hiu nng BER:
Khi iu kin knh truyn xu SNR < 17 dB h thng OFDM dng c ch
thch nghi mc iu ch v h thng OFDM khng thch nghi c hiu nng nh nhau
do ch m bo SNR pht BPSK. Cng vi iu kin knh nh vy, h thng OFDM
dng c ch thch nghi chn lc sng mang v h thng OFDM dng c ch thch
- 65 -
nghi kt hp gia chn lc sng mang v mc iu ch li c hiu nng cao hn, do
hai h thng ny ch truyn d liu trn cc vng p ng knh tt. Tuy nhin h
thng dng c ch thch nghi kt hp s cho hiu nng thp hn h thng dng
nguyn c ch chn lc sng mang. V, h thng dng c ch thch nghi chn lc
sng mang gi nguyn mc iu ch BPSK, nhng h thng dng c ch thch nghi
kt hp m bo BER pht 4 -QAM, mt khc mc 4-QAM hiu nng s thp
hn 4-QAM.
Khi iu kin knh truyn tt hn, SNR > 17 dB, ta thy gia cc h thng
c s khc bit r rng. H thng dng nguyn c ch thch nghi chn lc sng mang
c hiu nng cao nht, do gi nguyn mc iu ch BPSK v truyn d liu trn vng
p ng knh tt. H thng dng c ch thch nghi mc iu ch do m bo BER
pht 4-QAM, mc ny s cho hiu nng thp hn hiu nng ca h thng khng
dng thch nghi. H thng dng c ch thch nghi kt hp do m bo BER pht 16-
QAM, mc ny d c c ch thch nghi chn lc sng mang song hiu nng vn
thp hn h thng khng dng thch nghi lun gi nguyn mc iu ch BPSK. Nu
ch ta s thy ng th hin BER ca cc h thng dng c ch thch nghi mc
iu ch c s nhy bc. iu ny xy ra do s chuyn mc iu ch, mc iu ch
cao BER bao gi cng cao hn mc iu ch thp.
Hiu nng thng lng
i vi h thng khng dng mt c ch thch nghi no hoc thch nghi theo
c ch chn lc sng mang s c thng lng khng i, kt qu so snh ch c
ngha i vi hai c ch thch nghi l chuyn mc iu ch (AQAM) v kt hp gia
chn lc sng mang v mc iu ch.
Khi iu knh knh xu (SNR < 8 dB), h thng khng thch nghi v h thng thch
nghi theo mc iu ch c thng lng nh nhau 1 bit/k hiu (cc h thng u pht
BPSK). Song cng vi iu kin knh nh vy, h thng dng c ch thch nghi kt
hp gia chn lc sng mang v mc iu ch c th pht 4-QAM. n khi h
thng thch nghi theo mc iu ch c th pht n nh 4-QAM, th h thng dng c
- 66 -
ch thch nghi kt hp c th pht 16-QAM. Tuy s ln pht 4-QAM v 16-QAM
tng ng nhau, nhng nh th thng lng ca h thng dng c ch thch nghi
kt hp cng cao hn rt nhiu so vi cc h thng khc. thy r u im ca cc
c ch thch nghi chuyn mc iu ch ta hy xt iu kin knh truyn tt hn, v
mc iu ch cao hn.
Trng hp 2: Mc iu ch sng mang con thit lp ban u l 4-QAM. Knh
truyn c thit lp sao cho c ch thch nghi chuyn mc iu ch khng t
ngng pht 64-QAM (v nu nh vy s khng so snh chn vn hiu nng BER v
hiu nng thng lng gia cc c ch thch nghi cho tng mc ngng pht khc
nhau).
- 67 -
Phn tch kt qu:
Hiu nng BER:
Hiu nng so snh trong trng hp ny cng tng t nh trng hp u, h
thng dng nguyn c ch thch nghi chn lc sng mang vn cho hiu nng cao nht.
Khi SNR > 32 dB ta thy hiu nng ca h thng dng c ch thch nghi chuyn mc
iu ch thp nht, v h thng pht 16-QAM s c BER cao hn mc pht 4-QAM
c nh ca h thng khng thch nghi. H thng dng c ch thch nghi kt hp t
ngng pht 16-QAM rt sm (SNR > 22 dB), v hiu nng cng cao hn h thng
dng nguyn c ch chuyn mc iu ch.
Hiu nng thng lng
Thng lng ca h thng dng c ch thch nghi kt hp vn t ra u th hn h
thng dng c ch chuyn mc iu ch thng thng, h thng ny t ngng pht
4-QAM v 16-QAM sm hn h thng dng nguyn c ch thch nghi chuyn mc
iu ch.
Hai trng hp va kho st ta cha thy u im r rt ca cc h thng dng c
ch thch nghi chuyn mc iu ch, tuy nhin vi iu kin knh truyn tt hn v
- 68 -
mc iu ch sng mang con thit lp ban u cao hn ta s thy u im ca cc h
thng ny.
Trng hp 3: Mc iu ch sng mang con thit lp ban u l 16-QAM.
Hiu nng BER v hiu nng thng lng trong trng hp ny c th hin trong
giao din di y:
Phn tch kt qu:
Hiu nng BER
- 69 -
Trng hp ny hiu nng so snh gia cc h thng khc xa so vi hai trng
hp va kho st. Cc h thng dng c ch thch nghi chuyn mc iu ch
chim u th hn hn. Nguyn nhn do c s chuyn mc iu ch t cao xung thp
lm BER gim mnh, trong khi cc h thng khng dng c ch thch nghi chuyn
mc iu ch vn gi nguyn mc iu ch cao (16-QAM). Hiu nng ca c ch
thch nghi kt hp gia chn lc sng mang v mc iu ch cao hn cc h thng
khc. Song khi SNR cao do h thng ny t mc pht 64-QAM, do hiu nng c
phn thp hn h thng dng nguyn c ch thch nghi chn lc sng mang.
Hiu nng thng lng
Trong trng hp ny vn c s khc nhau v thng lng gia hai c ch thch
nghi: chuyn mc iu ch n thun v kt hp gia chn lc sng mang v mc
iu ch. C ch thch nghi kt hp vn t ra hiu qu hn hn, c khi SNR thp v
SNR cao hn. c bit khi SNR > 35 h thng dng c ch thch nghi kt hp c
th pht 64-QAM, trong khi h thng dng nguyn c ch thch nghi chuyn mc
iu ch ch t ngng BER pht 16-QAM. thy r u im vt tri ca h
thng dng c ch thch nghi kt hp gia chn lc sng mang v mc iu ch ta
hy xt trng hp mc iu ch thit lp ban u l 64-QAM.
Trng hp 4: Mc iu ch sng mang con thit lp ban u l 64-QAM.
- 70 -
Phn tch kt qu
Hiu nng BER
Hiu nng ca cc h thng dng c ch thch nghi chuyn mc iu ch chim u
th tuyt i. Trong h thng dng c ch thch nghi kt hp gia chn lc sng
mang v mc iu ch cho hiu nng cao nht.
Hiu nng thng lng
- 71 -
Trong trng hp ny cc h thng khng dng c ch chuyn mc iu ch s cho
thng lng cao nht do gi nguyn mc iu ch 64-QAM. Tuy nhin cn lu
rng, hiu nng BER ca cc h thng ny thp hn rt nhiu so vi cc h thng
dng c ch thch nghi chuyn mc iu ch, do s khng m bo QoS
5.6 Kt lun chng
Chng ny gii thiu tnh nng ca chng trnh m phng h thng truyn dn
OFDM. Phn tch phng php m phng tn hiu OFDM, phn tch cc thng s h
thng truyn dn OFDM. So snh hiu qu ca cc h thng OFDM s dng cc c
ch thch nghi v cc h thng OFDM khng dng c ch thch nghi, tiu ch so snh
c th hin thng qua nh gi cht lng nh ban u v nh truyn qua cc h
thng OFDM. Mt kt qu rt quan trng l chng ny nh gi hiu nng BER
v hiu nng thng lng ca cc c ch thch nghi khc nhau thng qua m phng,
kt qu so snh gia cc h thng s dng cc c ch thch nghi khc nhau v cc h
thng khng dng c ch thch nghi cho thy s kt hp ca hai c ch thch nghi l
thch nghi theo mc iu ch (AQAM) v c ch thch nghi chn lc sng mang
em li hiu nng BER cc i ng thi hiu nng thng lng cng cao hn rt
nhiu so vi cc h thng ch dng mt c ch thch nghi c lp.
- 72 -
Kt lun v hng pht trin ca ti
KT LUN V HNG PHT TRIN CA TI
Kt lun:
n tp trung tm hiu, trnh by tng i chi tit v k thut OFDM
cng nh k thut OFDM thch nghi. Trong k thut AOFDM, n trnh by ba gii
thut chnh tin hnh iu ch thch nghi theo s bin i ca knh truyn. l:
thch nghi theo SNR pht trn mi sng mang, thch nghi theo mc iu ch, thch
nghi theo c ch chn lc sng mang. Thc hin cc c ch thch nghi nhm tng
cng thng lng ca h thng, nng cao cht lng truyn dn m y c
nh gi qua hiu nng BER v hiu nng thng lng. Thng qua chng trnh m
phng, nhn thy s kt hp ca hai c ch thch nghi chn lc sng mang v chuyn
mc iu ch em li hiu nng vt tri hn hn so vi cc c ch ring r khc.
Hng pht trin ca ti:
Qua qu trnh m phng, ta nhn thy c ch thch nghi chn lc sng mang
hot ng rt hiu qu, nhng phng php thch nghi theo mc iu ch cn c
ti u hn. Trong n c ch thch nghi theo mc iu ch s thay i mc iu
ch trn ton b cc sng mang con mt cch ng lot nh nhau nn hiu qu mang
li cha cao. Nu c th xy dng tng s thch nghi mc iu ch c lp cho
mi sng mang con th hiu qu mang li s cao hn.
Ngoi ra do qu trnh thch nghi theo c ch chuyn mc iu ch b gii hn
bi ngng SNR m ti cc b gii m vn c th lm vic tt, v vy vic nghin
cu thit k cc b m tt thch hp vi h thng OFDM iu ch nhiu mc trong
iu kin knh fading l vic c ngha quan trng. Hng nghin cu c th l thit
k cc m thch nghi dng cho OFDM nh m xon, m Turbo, m RSC,
Xut pht t i hi khng ngng v cht lng truyn dn a dch v trong cc
mng v tuyn v thng tin di ng, nng cao kh nng ng dng ca h thng
OFDM, b m cn dng cn c kt cu b m n gin m vn m bo c ch
tiu v t l li bit BER v thng lng thng tin BPS ca ton b h thng. Sau m
Turbo m BICM-ID c xut nghin cu t nhng nm 1990 bi nhm nghin
- 73 -
Kt lun v hng pht trin ca ti
cu X.Li v Ritcey l b m tt cho truyn dn trn knh a ng do tha hng u
im ca cc m xon c s, phng php xo trn bt, gii m lp v cc phng
php khc. Vic ng dng b m ny kt hp vi OFDM thch nghi s mang li cho
chng ta mt h thng mm do, c hiu qu cao trong iu kin truyn dn a
ng.
- 74 -
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, L thuyt tri ph v ng dng. Nh xut bn
bu in 2001.
[2] Cc tp ch bu chnh vin thng.
[3] "Adaptive techniques for multiuser OFDM", for the degree of Doctor of
Philosophy in Electrical and Computer Engineering, Eric Philip Lawrey, 12 -
2001.
[4] http://wikipedia.org
.[5] Shinsuke Hara & Ramjee Prasad, MultiCarrier techniques for 4G Mobile
Communication
[6] Jean-Paul Linnart, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, Colorado State
University
- 75 -
PH LC
Pht tn hiu OFDM
function [sig_out, so_khoi, so_0, giua_0] = phat(sig_in)
% Ham mo phong qua trinh tao va phat tin hieu OFDM
% sig_in: tin hieu da qua dieu che so cap (M-QAM hay M-PSK)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
global dai_fft so_song_mang do_dai bao_ve
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%global use_window
do_dai = size(sig_in,2);
so_khoi = ceil(do_dai/so_song_mang);
phan_du = rem(do_dai,so_song_mang);
% Chen 0 vao du lieu thich ung voi so luong song mang
if phan_du ~=0
dem = zeros(1,do_dai + so_song_mang - phan_du);
dem(1:do_dai) = sig_in;
sig_in = dem;
end
% Dua du lieu vao khoi truyen dan
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%% BIEN DOI NOI TIEP SANG SONG SONG SONG %%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
khoi = reshape(sig_in,so_song_mang,so_khoi);
clear sig_in;
% Chen them song mang
so_song_mang_goc = so_song_mang;
so_0 = 0;
dung = 1;
while dung
if ~rem(dai_fft/2,so_song_mang_goc)
dung = 0;
else
so_song_mang_goc = so_song_mang_goc +1;
so_0 = so_0 +1;
end
end
clear so_song_mang_goc;
% Chen 0 vao khoi truyen de phu hop voi kich thuoc fft
khoi_0 = zeros(so_song_mang + so_0,so_khoi);
% Chen 0 vao phan dau moi khoi truyen
khoi_0(so_0 +1:so_song_mang + so_0,1:so_khoi) = khoi;
clear khoi;
% Tim so luong so 0 chen giua cac khoi sau khi thich ung do
dai fft
giua_0 = (dai_fft/2 - (so_song_mang + so_0))/(so_song_mang +
so_0);
% Sap xep du lieu vao khoi moi de phu hop voi do dai fft
- 76 -
khoi_moi = zeros(dai_fft,so_khoi);
u = 1;
for k = giua_0+1:giua_0+1:dai_fft/2
khoi_moi(k,1:so_khoi) = khoi_0(u,1:so_khoi);
u = u+1;
end
clear khoi_0;
% Thich ung voi ham ifft do ham ifft v fft co tinh chu ky
% Sau khi lay phan thuc cua ifft duoc du lieu goc voi 100%
nang luong
khoi_moi(dai_fft:-1:dai_fft/2+2,1:so_khoi) =
conj(khoi_moi(2:dai_fft/2,1:so_khoi));
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% TAO KY HIEU OFDM %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Qua trinh nay se bien doi ifft len khoi du lieu phat
khoi_ifft = zeros(dai_fft,so_khoi);
for k =1:so_khoi
%khoi_ifft(1:dai_fft,k) =
real(ifft(khoi_moi(1:dai_fft,k)));
khoi_ifft(1:dai_fft,k) = (ifft(khoi_moi(1:dai_fft,k)));
end
clear khoi_moi;
%for k = 1:dai_fft
% khoi_ifft(1:so_khoi,k) =
real(ifft(khoi_moi(1:so_khoi,k)));
%end
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% THEM PHAN BAO VE %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
if bao_ve
khoi_bao_ve = zeros(dai_fft + bao_ve,so_khoi);
khoi_bao_ve(bao_ve +1:dai_fft+bao_ve,1:so_khoi) =
khoi_ifft;
khoi_bao_ve(1:bao_ve,1:so_khoi) = khoi_ifft(dai_fft:-
1:dai_fft-bao_ve+1,1:so_khoi);
clear khoi_ifft;
else
khoi_bao_ve = khoi_ifft;
clear khoi_ifft;
end
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%% BIEN DOI SONG SONG SANG NOI TIEP %%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
noi_tiep = reshape(khoi_bao_ve,1,(dai_fft+bao_ve)*so_khoi);
clear khoi_ifft;
sig_out = noi_tiep;
- 77 -
Thu tn hiu OFDM
function [sig_out] = thu(sig_in,so_khoi, so_0, giua_0)
% Ham mo phong qua trinh thu tin hieu OFDM
global so_song_mang dai_fft do_dai bao_ve
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%LOAI BO PHAN BAO VE VA BIEN DOI NOI TIEP SANG SONG SONG%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
song_song = reshape(sig_in,dai_fft + bao_ve,so_khoi);
song_song = song_song(bao_ve +1:dai_fft+bao_ve,1:so_khoi);
clear sig_in;
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%% BIEN DOI FFT LEN KHOI KY HIEU THU %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
khoi_fft = zeros(dai_fft,so_khoi);
for k =1:so_khoi
khoi_fft(1:dai_fft,k) = fft(song_song(1:dai_fft,k));
end
clear song_song;
% Khoi phuc khoi ky hieu ung voi so song mang them vao
khoi_cu = zeros(so_0 + so_song_mang,so_khoi);
v = 1;
for k = giua_0 +1 :giua_0 +1 :dai_fft/2
khoi_cu(v,1:so_khoi) = khoi_fft(k,1:so_khoi);
v = v+1;
end
clear khoi_fft;
% Khoi phuc khoi ky hieu ung voi so song mang ban dau
khoi = zeros(so_song_mang,so_khoi);
khoi = khoi_cu(so_0 +1:so_song_mang + so_0,1:so_khoi);
clear khoi_cu;
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%% BIEN DOI SONG SONG SANG NOI TIEP%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
noi_tiep = reshape(khoi,1,so_khoi*so_song_mang);
sig_out = noi_tiep(1:do_dai);
%q = floor(q0/2);
Chn sng mang
function [sig_out] = chen_song_mang(sig_in,handles)
% Ham chen 0 vao cac vi tri song mang co BER cao
% Vi tri chen duoc chi ra trong so_chen
% so_chen la mot mang co so luong phan tu = so song mang
% so_chen(i) = 1 khi song mang thu i bi chen
% so_chen (i) = 0 khi giu nguyen song mang thu i
global so_song_mang so_chen
global ch_chon_loc
- 78 -
%global sig_qam_transmites
%sig_qam_transmites = [1 1 1 1 1];
%so_song_mang = 2;
%so_chen = [1 0 ];
%in = sig_qam_transmites;
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
num_carriers_active = so_song_mang - sum(so_chen);
set(handles.num_carriers_active,'String',num_carriers_active)
;
clear num_carriers_active;
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
if ch_chon_loc
n = length(sig_in);
k = 1;
u = 1;
v = 0;
data_out = 0;
while (k<=n)
v = rem(u,so_song_mang);
if ~v
v = so_song_mang;
end
if ~so_chen(v)
data_out(u) = sig_in(k);
u = u+1;
k = k+1;
else
data_out(u) = 0;
u = u+1;
end
end
sig_out = data_out;
else
sig_out = sig_in;
end

Gii chn sng mang
function [sig_out] = giai_chen_song_mang (sig_in)
% Ham thuc hien viec giai chen '0' tai vi tri cac song mang
khong su dung
global so_song_mang so_chen
global ch_chon_loc
if ch_chon_loc
n = length(sig_in);
data_out = 0;
k = 1;
- 79 -
u = 1;
v = 0;
while (k<=n)
v = rem(k,so_song_mang);
if ~ v
v = so_song_mang;
end
if ~so_chen(v)
data_out(u)= sig_in(k);
k = k+1;
u = u+1;
else
k = k+1;
end
end
sig_out = data_out;
else
sig_out = sig_in;
end

- 80 -

Do An Tot Nghiep-Huong

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Copyright:

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Do An Tot Nghiep-Huong

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N TT NGHIP I HC

Nng, ngy thng nm 2008

Ngy thng nm 2008

Cc cng thc (3.4), (3.5) c vit li :

l cng sut pht tn hiu, v tp m khng tng quan nn ta c:

l cng sut pht tn hiu, gi thit rng tp

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