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Trng ai hoc s pham ky thuat

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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------BO GIAO DUC VA AO TAO
AI HOC QUOC GIA THANH PHO HO CH MINH
TRNG AI HOC S PHAM KY THUAT
KHOA IEN IEN T
BO MON IEN T

--888

LUAN
TOT
E TAI :

VAN
NGHIEP

GHEP KENH TRUYEN HNH

SINH VIEN THC HIEN

: NGUYEN NHN

PHU
LP

: 95 K

GIAO VIEN HNG DAN : LE VIET PHU

TP HO CH MINH - THANG 2 - 2000

AI HOC QUOC GIA THANH PHO HO CH MINH


TRONG AI HOC S PHAM KY THUAT
KHOA IEN IEN T
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NGUYEN NHN PHU
GHEP KENH TRUYEN HNH

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---000---

NGUYEN NHN PHU


SINH NGAY 09 THANG 06 NAM 1977

MA SO SINH VIEN : 95101113

A CH LIEN HE : NGUYEN NHN PHU , AP

GOT CHANG, XA AN NHN TAY, HUYEN CU CHI,


THANH PHO HO CH MINH.

CHO HIEN NAY : PHONG C7 KTX AI HOC S

PHAM KY THUAT, SO 1-3 VO VAN NGAN, QUAN


THU C, THANH PHO HO CH MINH

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PHU

LUC

- CHNG 1 : Cac nguyen tac ve vo


tuyen truyen hnh
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8

Vo Tuyen Truyen Hnh La G ?


Nguyen Tac Truyen Tai
Phng Phap Truyen
Tn Hieu Video
Song Vo Tuyen Truyen Hnh
Cac ai Lng Ve Mau
Cac Thuat Ng Trong Truyen Hnh Mau
Tn Hieu Hnh Tong Hp

- CHNG 2 : Ghep kenh truyen hnh


tng t.
2.1 Ghep Tn Hieu Hnh Va Tn Hieu Xoa
2.2 Ghep Tn Hieu Hnh Va Tn Hieu ong Bo
2.3 Ghep Tn Hieu Hnh Anh Va Tn Hieu Tieng
2.4 Ghep Tn Hieu Truyen Hnh en Trang Va
Tn Hieu Mau
2.5 Ghep Kenh Truyen Dan

CHNG 3 : Ghep kenh truyen hnh


so.
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6

M au Ve Video Digital
Cac Ky Thuat Lam Giam Data Video
Qua Trnh Lam Giam Data Video
Cac Ky Thuat Lam Giam Data Audio
Ghep Kenh Tn Hieu Digital
Cac He Thong Quang Ba Truyen Hnh So

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LI

CAM

TA

---***--Trong qua trnh thc hien tap

luan van

"Ghep kenh truyen hnh", em a nhan c rat


nhieu y kien ong gop, giup va hng dan
rat chan tnh t thay co,gia nh, cac anh ch
khoa trc va ban be, ac biet la nhng thay
co khoa ien ien t cua trng. Cu the la
cac thay LE VIET PHU, NGUYEN DUY THAO,
PHUNG ANH SN. Chnh nhng thay nay a tao
moi ieu kien nham tao thuan li cho em tm
hieu, thong suot hn trong lnh vc ghep kenh
truyen hnh.
Em xin chan thanh bay to long biet n sau
sac en tat ca thay co, gia nh, anh ch va ban
be. Chnh nh s tan tam va nhiet thanh cua
moi ngi ma em a hoan thanh luan van nay.
Em cung xin thanh that biet n qu thay co
trong trng a day do em trong suot khoa hoc
va qua e em

co c kien thc thc hien

luan van nay.


Chan thanh cam n
Tp, Ho Ch Minh
Thang 2- 2000
Sinh vien thc hien

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NGUYEN NHN PHU

M AU

Trong thi ai bung no thong tin nh hien nay, vo


tuyen truyen hnh, truyen hnh cap, truyen hnh ve tinh
la bo phan ong vai tro quan trong trong i song
moi ca nhan tren the gii. Truyen hnh noi chung a
va ang ap ng c rat nhieu nhu cau thiet yeu
cua con ngi nh: giai tr, giao duc, van hoa, chnh
tr, nghe thuat,
Cung vi s phat trien khoa hoc k thuat, truyen
hnh a lien tuc c cai tien t nhng he thong
truyen hnh s khai,truyen hnh en trang, truyen hnh
mau va cung vi s phat trien k thuat so truyen
hnh so ra i va pho bien cac nc M, Nhat,v.v
. Tuy truyen hnh a trai qua nhieu giai oan phat
trien nhng ket cau tn hie van ton tai nhieu net
chung. Nhat la trong cac yeu cau ve truyen dan,
phat, lu tr d lieu, tn hieu truyen hnh t anh en
trang, anh en trang long tieng, anh mau co long
tieng va viec quang ba oi hoi phai ghep cac tn
hieu thanh phan thanh tn hieu cua mot kenh duy
nhat. Sau o, nhu cau ve truyen tai nhieu kenh oi
hoi phai ghep tn hieu t nhieu kenh e truyen
tren mot moi trng truyen. Ngay nay cung vi s
ra i cua truyen hnh so, truyen hnh ve tinh, truyen
hnh cap , the gii a xuat hien dang ghep kenh tn
hieu so.Cac van e nay se c e cap trong
luan van nay.
Trong qua trnh thc hien luan van, c s gi y
cua thay hng dan, em a chon e tai:Ghep
kenh truyen hnh. Do kien thc con han che va
thi gian e hoan thanh luan van co gii han nen
chac rang luan van nay con nhieu thieu sot, em
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rat mong c s gop y thang than cua qu thay co


va ban be.

CHNG

CAC
NGUYEN

TAC

VE
VO

TUYEN

TRUYEN

HNH

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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.1 VO TUYEN TRUYEN HNH LA G?
T vo tuyen truyen hnh tam dch t t television. Television
la t ghep cua tele, tieng Hy lap co ngha la xa ( far) va
vision, tieng Latin co ngha la thay (to see). Vo tuyen truyen
hnh co the c nh ngha nh la mot he thong cho phep ta
thay c cac vat tnh hay ong mot ni xa nao o nh nang
lng ien.
1.2 NGUYEN TAC TRUYEN TAI:

H1.1 Cau hnh tram phat vo tuyen truyen hnh


Cau hnh c ban cua mot tram phat vo tuyen truyen hnh
c mo ta hnh 1.1.
_ Anh sang t mot vat nao o, v du nh mot ngi hay mot
vat the, c tap trung vao mot knh quang. Anh sang t knh
quang nay hng thang en mot bo loc mau (chang han nh
lang knh). Tai ay, anh sang b chia ( tach) thanh ba mau c
ban: o (Red: R); xanh luc (Green: G) va xanh dng (Blue: B) .Ba mau
nay c chuyen thanh tn hieu ien nh cac thiet b thu hnh
(plumbicon, CCD, v.v).
_ Cac tn hieu ien t ba mau c ban c x l tao ra tn hieu
choi (luminance Y) va hai tn hieu mau ( R-Y va B-Y) mach ma
tran va sau o, cac tn hieu hieu mau c ieu che va ket
hp lai vi tn hieu choi bo mixer, tao thanh tn hieu video tong
hp.
_ Tn hieu video tong hp nay, sau khi ieu che, c ket hp vi
tn hieu audio a ieu che (ieu tan hay ieu bien) thanh mot
dang song ien.
1.3 PHNG PHAP TRUYEN:
Mot khi mot bc anh hoan chnh c oi sang mot tn hieu
ien, no c thay oi xuat hien tren man anh co o sang
tng ng vi o sang trung bnh cua toan bo bc anh (H.1:2).
Phng phap tai tao nay la phng phap quet lan lt iem. Theo
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------phng phap nay, hnh anh c chia nho thanh cac phan t
anh va chung c chuyen thanh dong ien t trai sang phai
man anh.

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Chuyen oi anh
sang tn hieu ien

anh goc

anh c tai tao


H1.2 : S tai tao anh

* Cau truc man anh:

H1.3 Cau truc man anh


Nh hnh 1.3, nhng phan t anh c phan tch vi camera
thu hnh c sap xep lai tren man anh cua en tia ca-tot
(cathode-ray tube : CRT) theo ung trat t va cung toc o e tai
tao ra mot hnh anh giong nh hnh anh ben phan phat. Qua trnh
tao ra trat t va toc o cua s phan tch va trung lap anh c
goi la s ong bo. Qua trnh chuyen oi cac phan t anh t
trai sang phai thanh mot tn hieu ien goi la s quet ngang; qua
trnh hnh anh di chuyen lien tiep t hang ngang nay en hang
ngang khac t tren xuong di goi la s quet doc.
S chuyen ong cua hnh anh c tao bi hai lan quet doc
au tien va s chuyen ong cua hnh anh c tao bi lan
quet doc th hai co khac nhau chut t, ieu nay lam cho bc
anh c tai tao tren man anh nh ang chuyen ong. Thi gian
mot hnh anh lu anh mat ngi xem tng ng 1/16 (s) . Do
o, neu hnh anh c quet lien tuc vi toc o ln hn 1/16 (s)
th cac hnh anh xem nh ang chuyen ong lien tuc. Tuy nhien, khi
so hnh anh lien tiep c quet nho th s thay oi o sang se
gay hien tng nhap nhay, nen so hnh anh can phai ln. Thc
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------te, so dong quet ngang tren mot anh la 625 hoac 525, so anh
lien tiep trong 1 giay la25 hoac 30.
Tan so va o phan giai cua tn hieu video:
NTSC
CCIR
So dong ngang /
525
625
frame
Thi gian quet doc hu dung thu c bang cach lay thi
gian quet doc tr thi gian xoa doc.
T so quet doc
(262,5 20 + 3) /
(312,5 25 + 2,5) /
hu dung
262,5
312,5
94%
93%
So vong ngang
525 x 0,94 = 493
625 x 0,93 = 581
hu dung tren 1
frame
T le khung anh
4:3
So phan t anh
493 x 4 : 3 = 658
581 x 4 : 3 = 774
theo dong
So chu ky tren 1
658 : 2 = 329
774 : 2 = 387
dong quet ngang
Thi gian quet
63,5 10,9 = 52,6
64 12,05 = 51,95
ngang hu dung
(s)
Tan so tn hieu 329 : 52,6 s = 6,25
387 : 51,95 = 7,45
video ln nhat
(MHz)
T le phan giai
doc co the thay
72%
So lng phan
493 x 0,72 = 355
587 x 0,72 = 423
giai theo chieu
doc
Khi tnh toan o phan giai, kch c hnh anh c xem la hnh
vuong. Do o, thc te o phan giai ngang co the thay ch
gan 90% cua o phan giai doc.
So lng phan
355 x 0,9 = 320
423 x 0,9 = 380
giai co the thay
Tan so tn hieu
6,25 x 0,9 x 0,76 =
7,45 x 0,9 x 0,72 = 4,8
video ln nhat
4.MHz
MHz
yeu cau
Bang tan tieu
4,2 MHz
5,2 MHz
chuan cho video
FH (Hz)
15625
15750
Fv (Hz)
60
50
Bang 1.1
Gia tang so vong quet va so hnh anh tren mot giay cho
phep thu c hnh anh chnh xac vi s nhap nhay nho nhat.
Tuy nhien, neu so lng tren qua ln se lam tang day tan so
cua kenh. Hn na no cung anh hng en s ieu che tn
hieu audio. o phan giai la mot gia tr bieu dien mc o chnh
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------xac nhan dien cac phan t anh tren man anh, va do o co
lien quan en tan so tn hieu video.

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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.4. TN HIEU VIDEO:
H1.4 S bien oi tn hieu

Anh sang thu t camera c chuyen sang dang tn hieu ien


co bien o tng ng vi o choi. Tn hieu nay sau khi ghep vi
tn hieu ong bo, tn hieu xoa tao nen tn hieu video.
Nh hnh 1.4, cac dong quet ngang c chuyen oi thanh
tn hieu ien. Bien o cua tn hieu ln ng vi cac vung sang
va nho ng vi cac vung toi cua hnh anh. Khi khong co tn
hieu nao c tao ra gia cac dong quet ngang, mot tn hieu
ong bo ngang e ch s bat au cua quet ngang c cong
vao e xac nh ranh- bien cua moi dong quet. Thi gian khong
co tn hieu gia moi dong quet ngang c goi la thi gian
xoa ngang. Trong khoang thi gian nay, tia electron cua CRT quay ve
canh trai cua man anh (chum tia tat trong suot thi gian xoa) .
Thi gian t luc hoan tat s quet cua mot anh en luc bat
au s quet anh ke tiep goi la thi gian xoa doc. Mot tn hieu
ong bo doc c cong vao trong suot thi gian e ch s bat
au cua mot anh. Cac tn hieu ong bo ngang va doc cho phep
viec quet cung nhau hoan toan hai ben phat va thu. Qua trnh
nay goi la s ong bo, nh hnh 1.5 va 1.6

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H 1.5 Tieu chuan ve tn hieu ong bo ngang

H.1.6 Tieu chuan ve tn hieu ong bo doc


oi vi vo tuyen truyen hnh mau, tn hieu mau c ghep
vao tn hieu video nh chng sau.
1.4

SONG VO TUYEN TRUYEN HNH:

Song vo tuyen truyen hnh la tong hp cua song video va


song audio. e tranh s can nhieu gia hai tn hieu nay, ngi ta
ieu che bien o oi vi tn hieu video va ieu che tan so oi
vi tn hieu audio .
*
Truyen tai tn hieu video:

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H 1.7 tn hieu c truyen


e truyen tai tn hieu video di dang song ien, tan so cua
song mang can phai gap hn 10 lan tan so ln nhat cua tn
hieu video. V ly do nay, ngi ta dung cac song mang co tan so
thuoc dai VHF hay UHF .
Tn hieu video ieu che bien o vi mot song mang. Nh
hnh 1.7, neu ieu che sao cho bien o cua tn hieu a ieu che
la cc ai ng vi tn hieu ong bo, va cc tieu ng vi bien
o ln cua tn hieu video th qua trnh ieu che nay goi la ieu
che am.
Tn hieu a ieu che co bien o cua cac tan so tn hieu
tren va di tan so song mang nh hnh 1.8. Noi cach khac ,
day tan so cua tn hieu a ieu che ln gap hai lan day tan
so cua tn hieu video (goi la cac bien tan).
8,4MHz
PC

CC

SC

PC:song
Bien tren mang hnh
CC:song
Vung b xoa 1,25
4,2MHz
mang mau
6MHz
SC:song
mang tieng
H1.8 He thong bien tan cut NTSC
Bien di

Tuy nhien, do cac thanh phan tn hieu video th tng t nhau


hai bien nen co the nen bo mot bien. Trong thc te, bien di
c nen. Tuy nhien neu nen bo ca bien di th co the anh
hng en cac thanh phan tn hieu video co tan so thap hn
gan vi tan so song mang. Do o, day bien tan t 0-1,25MHz
(hoac 1,75MHz ) bien di cung c truyen tai. Tn hieu nh
the goi la tn hieu bien tan cut (vestigial side-band) va c dung
tat ca cac he truyen hnh.
* Truyen tai tn hieu audio:
Tn hieu audio c ieu che e truyen tai vi mot song
mang theo cach sao cho cac bien tan song audio khong chong lap
len bien tan tren cua tn hieu video a ieu che (H.1.8).
Tn hieu audio c ieu che tan so vi mot song mang co
tan so tuy thuoc vao he truyen hnh.

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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.6 CAC AI LNG VE MAU:
1.6.1 Anh sang va mau:
Cc tm
Tm Xanh Cy Luc
Van Cam o
dn an
g
g
400
450
500 550
600
750(nm)
H1.9 Anh sang va mau

650

Anh sang la tong hp cua cac song ien t co bc song


cc ngan. Anh sang nhan biet c bi mat ngi co bc
song trong quang t 380- 780 nm. Cam nhan cua mat ngi ve
mau sac thc s la do co s khac biet cua bc song cua anh
sang (H.1.9) .
Co hai loai mau trong thc te: mau cua nguon phat anh
sang nh mat tri, bong en va mau cua anh sang phan xa
t mot vat the v du nh bc tranh hay ly ban. Nhng thong
thng va trong luan an nay, khi noi en mau la e cap
en mau cua vat the.
1.6.2 Mau c ban va mau bo tuc:
o
Vang
Trang
cyan

Magenta
Xanh
dn
g

Luc
H1.10 Ba mau c ban
Theo hnh 1.10, ba vong tron o R, xanh dng B va xanh luc G co
tng phan chong len nhau. nhng cho chong len nhau tao
cac mau la hon hp cua R, G va B bang cach cong cac mau
nay lai. Ngi ta goi R- G- B la ba mau c ban; do t ba mau nay
ngi ta co the tao ra hau het cac mau co trong thc te. Khi
ch co R va B cong lai th tao ra mau o hi xanh dng la
magenta. Mau nay gan giong nh tm (purple) nhng o hn. Khi
cong G va B tao thanh hon hp co mau cyan. Hay mau vang la
hon hp cong mau cua G va R co t le gan bang nhau. ac
biet, qua trnh cong mau cho phep tao ra nhieu mau khac nhau
bang cach thay oi t le hay cng o (o sang) cua ba mau c
ban. Co the thu c mau trang bang cach tron cung t le R, G
va B lai vi nhau. Tuy nhien, neu cng o cua ba mau giam
theo cung t le th hon hp t mau trang chuyen sang xam (gray)
, neu tiep tuc giam ta co hon hp cuoi cung la mau en (black).
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ngi ta thay rang neu cong mau vang (yellow) vao mau lam
th se tao ra mau trang, tng t magenta neu em cong vi mau
luc cung cho hon hp mau trang, cyan cong vi mau o cho hon
hp mau trang. Ngi ta goi mau vang la mau bo tuc cua lam,
magenta la mau bo tuc cua luc va cyan la mau bo tuc cua
o.
Mot mau c ban va mau bo tuc cua no co the xem la hai
mau ngc nhau (opposite). Ly do la mau bo tuc cua bat k mau
c ban nao cung cha hai mau c ban con lai.
1.6.3 Cac thuoc tnh cua anh sang:
Nh tren a noi, cac mau khac nhau co the c tao thanh
bang cach thay oi t le cua ba mau c ban trong hon hp. V du
nh : mau vang la hon hp cua o va luc vi t le 1:1; mau
luc la hon hp cua o, lam, luc vi t le 0:0:1; ieu nay goi la
sac mau (hue).
Mat khac, neu them mot lng nho mau lam cho mau vang
v du tren th no co ve sang hn. Va neu so lng mau lam
u cao th mau vang se tr thanh mau trang. S thay oi cua
mc o mau nay c goi la o bao hoa mau.
Ngi ta cung thay rang, cac anh sang cua cung mot mau
se co ve sang hn hay toi hn tuy thuoc vao cng o cua
anh sang.
Tom lai, ngi ta goi sac mau, o bao hoa va o sang la
ba thuoc tnh cua mau.
Sau ay la bang cac mau va t le hon hp cua ba mau c
ban e tao ra ba mau o.
Mau cua vat
Trang
Xam
en
Lam
Lam toi
(tham)
Lam nhat
Vang
Cam
Cyan
Magenta

o
1
0.5
0
0
0
0.5

Lam
1
0.5
0
1
0.5
1

Luc
1
0.5
0
0
0
0.5

1
1
1
0
1

0
0.25
0
1
1

1
1
0.5
1
0

1.7 CAC THUAT NG TRONG TRUYEN HNH MAU:


Ngi ta nghien cu thay rang bat ky mau nao cung co ba
thuoc tnh a neu tren la sac mau , o bao hoa ,o sang(o
choi). Cac thuoc tnh nay ch nh thong tin ve mau . o bao
hoa ch mc o hay cng o cua mau. o choi ch o sang
hay mc o sang cua mau trong hnh anh en trang.
Trang: anh sang trang xem la hon hp cua o, lam va luc
theo mot t le xac nh. Mot anh sang trang chieu qua lang knh
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Luan van tot nghiep
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------co the cho nhieu mau nh cac mau cau vong. Mau trang
chuan trong Tivi c ch nh la mau nhiet o 65000 K. o la
mau trang hi lam (bluish), giong nh anh sang ban ngay.
Sac mau: mau t than no la sac mau, la cay mau luc co
sac mau luc; tao o co sac mau mau o, v.v. Ta co the nhan
ra c mau cua bat k vat the nao nh sac mau cua no. Mat
ngi cam nhan sac mau khac nhau la do cac bc song cua
ang sang khac nhau se tao ra cam giac ve sac mau khac nhau.
o bao hoa: Cac mau bao hoa th rat choi, manh (intense).
Cac mau tai hay yeu co o bao hoa t. o bao hoa xac nh
mc o cua mau b lam nhat i bi mau trang. V du nh :mau
o rc r la mau bao hoa. Khi mau o nay b lam nhat bi
mau trang se tao ra mau hong (pink): o chnh la mau o cha
bao hoa. Cac mau bao hoa khong co mau trang.
Chrominance: thuat ng dung cho to hp ca sac mau va o
bao hoa. Tivi mau, tn hieu 3,58MHz hay 4,43MHz la tn hieu
chrominance. Noi cach khac, chrominance bao gom tat ca thong tin
mau ngoai tr o sang. Tn hieu chrominance con goi la tn hieu
chroma hay tn hieu C. Ta co the tom tat nh sau :
Tn hieu C: gom ca cac tan so bien tren va di song mang
phu mau.
V du : neu fsc=3,58MHz th dai tan so nay chu yeu t 3,08
en 4,08 MHz.
Tn hieu video R- G- B: gom cac tan so dai nen t 0- 0,5MHz.
Tn hieu hieu mau R- Y, B- Y va G- Y: gom cac tan so dai nen
t 0- 0,5MHz.
o choi (luminance): o choi xac nh mc o cng o
cua anh sang. hnh anh trang- en, cac phan sang hn co o
choi ln hn la cac vung toi. Cac mau khac nhau co mc
o choi khac nhau. Tivi mau, thong tin choi tn hieu choi: Y.
Tn hieu nay cha tin tc ve o sang cua anh.
S tng hp: Tivi mau tng hp vi Tivi trang- en do dung
cac tieu chuan quet giong nhau va tn hieu choi cho phep cac
may thu n sac co the tai tao lai hnh anh en -trang t tn
hieu phat hnh mau. Hn na, cac may thu hnh mau co the thu
tn hieu n sac va tao ra hnh anh en- trang.
Song mang phu mau: Tivi mau, tin tc mau ieu che vi
tn hieu song mang phu mau 3.58MHz hoac 4,43MHz (lam tron). Va
cac tn hieu co tan so nay goi la song mang phu mau.
1.8. TN HIEU HNH TONG HP (TOAN PHAN)
o
nha
y
ma

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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Tm blue luc vang vang-o o
Hnh 1.11 Bieu dien o nhay cam cua mat ngi oi vi anh
sang.
Da vao hnh tren ,ta thay rang, mat ngi cam nhan anh
sang co bc song 555 nm va lan can co o sang nhieu nhat.
Trong ba mau c ban, mau luc la mau sang nhat (0,59), ke en
la o (0,3) va lam la mau toi nhat (0,1).
e thu c tnh hieu choi t le vi o nhay cam cua mat
ngi, ngi ta tao ra camera sao cho tn hieu ra co thanh phan
choi la:
EY = 0,3 ER + 0,59E G + 0,11E B
Vi
EY: ien ap tn hieu choi.
EG: ien ap tn hieu mau luc.
EB: ien ap tn hieu mau lam.
ER: ien ap tn hieu mau o.
Khi hnh anh co mau trang sang th: E G = E B = ER = 1 V va EY =
1V.
Khi hnh anh co mau o th:
ER =1 V, EG = EB = 0v va
EY = 0,3ER .
Nh a e cap, trong truyen hnh mau quang ba, tn hieu choi
c truyen i e tng hp vi he truyen hnh en- trang a ton
tai trc o va hien con ang s dung.
Nh vay, ta co the liet ke cac tn hieu thanh phan trong tn
hieu truyen hnh.
_ Tn hieu choi: phan anh thong tin ve o choi cua hnh anh co
dai tan t 0 4MHz (ECC) hay 0 6M ( ORT).
_ Tn hieu mau: cac tin tc ve mau sac cua hnh anh.
_ Tn hieu xoa: dung e xoa cac ng hoi doc va ng hoi
ngang.
_ Tn hieu ong bo: dung e ong bo viec quet doc va viec
quet ngang. Tn hieu ong bo la phan cua tn hieu video nhng
chung xay ra thi gian xoa, khi khong co tn hieu hnh anh.
_ Tn hieu audio: phan anh thong tin ve am thanh.
Ngoai ra con cac tin tc khac trong thi gian xoa doc va cac
tn hieu khac.

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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CHNG

GHEP

KENH

TRUYEN

HNH

TNG

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GHEP KENH TRUYEN HNH

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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.1. GHEP TN HIEU HNH VI TN HIEU XOA:
_ Hnh anh TV c quet theo chuoi cac dong ngang- doc lien tuc
hay xen ke t trai qua phai, tren xuong di man anh nham tao
ra mot hnh anh hoan chnh. Viec quet nay nh sau:
Tia ien t quet theo mot dong ngang t trai qua phai man
anh, phan anh tat ca cac phan t anh (pixel / pel) tren
dong o.
Tai iem cuoi ben phai moi dong (man anh), tia ien t quay
ngc ve ben trai man anh rat nhanh e bat au quet dong
ngang ke tiep. Thi gian quay ve goi la thi gian hoi (retrace)
ngang va thi gian nay khong co tin tc hnh anh.
Khi tia ien t a quay ve ben trai, th no v tr thap hn v
tr khi trc cua no theo chieu doc e ma tia ien t co the
quet dong ke tiep ma khong quet lap lai dong tren. ieu
nay co c la do hoat ong cua s quet doc, va do o s
quet doc ma hnh anh c quet t tren xuong di. Khi cham
cuoi man anh, tia ien t quay ve pha tren man anh e bat
au qua trnh quet mi, thi gian nay goi la thi gian hoi doc.
Nh a biet, tuy thuoc vao tieu chuan truyen hnh, tan so
quet ngang va tan so quet doc c quy nh bi tieu chuan o
nh bang 1.1. Va trong thi gian hoi doc va thi gian hoi ngang
khong cha tin tc ve hnh anh nhng co xuat hien ng hoi
tren man anh. Khi o tat ca cac thong tin hnh anh eu b xoa.
oi vi quet ngang thi gian hoi ngang gan 10% cua thi gian
mot chu ky quet ngang (1/fH),. Thi gian hoi doc nho hn 5% cua
thi gian mot chu ky quet doc (1/fv), tng ng 19 dong quet
ngang. Do o e xoa cac ng hoi xuat hien gay nhieu tren
man hnh, ngi ta ghep xung xoa vao tn hieu hnh anh vao thi
iem hoi: Xung xoa doc e xoa ng hoi doc cua tia ien t
va c bat au t di ay len tren nh cua tia ien t;
xung nay co tan so 50Hz (OIRT) hay 60Hz (FCC), nh hnh 2.1.
e co the xoa hoan toan ng hoi, be rong xung xoa
thng ln hn thi gian hoi cua tia ien t ma thi gian nay lai
phu thuoc vao mach quet, do o xung xoa ngang se tao nen 2
vach en thang ng mep phai va mep trai cua man hnh.
2.2. GHEP TN HIEU HNH ANH VI TN HIEU ONG BO:
en hnh, tia quet phai tai hp lai cac phan t anh tren
moi dong quet theo ung th t t trai sang phai nh v tr cua
anh ben en thu hnh camera. Tng t nh the, quet doc,
cac dong quet lien tiep tren en hnh phai the hien cac phan
t anh tng ng ung cac dong nh en thu hnh. V the e
ong bo viec quet ngang, ngi ta ghep them xung ong bo
ngang vao tn hieu hnh. Do e xac nh thi iem bat au dong
quet mi nen tn hieu xung ong bo ngang c ghep vao tren
xung xoa nh hnh 2.1. Va e xac nh iem xuat phat cua
tng ban anh, ngi ta ghep xung ong bo doc vao tn hieu hnh,
xung nay xuat hien trong thi gian xoa doc.
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hnh 2.1 Hnh dang xung xoa , xung ong bo, burst mau.
Hnh dang cua cac xung ong bo c minh hoa hnh 2.2.
Cac xung co cung bien o nhng khac nhau o rong xung hay
dang song. Cac xung ong bo tren gom (t trai sang phai) 3
xung ngang, sau xung can bang, mot xung doc b che (thanh cac
xung che) va sau xung can bang them vao, va 3 xung ngang.
Nam xung che xung doc cach nhau H (H la thi gian 1 dong
ngang). Cac xung can bang cung cach nhau H. Cac xung nay
phuc vu cho viec ong bo ngang cac ban anh le va chan. Tuy
nhien ly do dung cac xung can bang co lien quan en viec
ong bo doc. Cac xung can bang a ra cac dang song nhan
dang trong tn hieu ong bo doc b che e xac nh ban anh,
va v the, co the thu c thi iem quet xen ke khong oi cho
tng ban anh.
Cac tn hieu ong bo khong lien quan en viec quet ma
ch nh thi iem quet. Do o, ong bo cho phep tai tao lai tin
tc hnh anh khung song theo v tr chnh xac. Khi khong co xung
ong bo ngang, hnh anh troi sang trai hoac sang phai, sau o b
xe

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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hnh 2.2.Dang xung ong bo


thanh cac thanh xien hi ngang. Khi khong co ong bo doc, hnh
anh se troi len hoac xuong do cac anh lien tiep khong c
nh v chnh xac anh nay ke tiep anh kia. Hnh anh xuat hien
thanh ngang troi theo hnh, thanh ngang nay tng ng vi xoa doc,
bnh thng nh va ay hnh anh va khong xuat hien tren
man anh.
2.3. GHEP TN HIEU HNH VA TN HIEU TIENG:
cac phan tren, tn hieu hnh anh ghep vi xung xoa, xung
ong bo tao nen tn hieu video toan phan (goi tat la tn hieu
video ) co tan so dai goc (baseband) t 04,2MHz (FCC) hoac
06MHz (OIRT). Tn hieu tieng (audio) co tan so t 20Hz15KHz.
vo tuyen truyen hnh luc s khai, ngi ta ch truyen c hnh, sau
nay mi ieu che tn hieu tieng. Khi o, kenh truyen hnh theo
FCC co o rong la 6MHz, theo OIRT la 8MHz, (sau nay vai nc
dung 7MHz). Va do yeu cau truyen tai xa, quang ba nen tn hieu
truyen hnh (gom ca hnh va tieng) can phai ieu che vi song
mang e truyen i. Ngi ta nhan thay rang, neu tn hieu video
c ieu tan th bang tan cua tn hieu a ieu che phai rat
rong mi cha ay u cac thong tin ve hnh. Do o ngi ta a
chon giai phap ieu che bien o tn hieu video. Trong khi o,
ngi ta la chon phng phap ieu tan oi vi tn hieu audio. Ta
se xem xet cac van e nay ky hn tieu chuan kenh truyen
6MHz (FCC).
* Tn hieu video c ieu che AM bien tan cut (vestigial-sidebands).
Giong nh phat thanh AM, tn hieu video c ieu bien vi mot
song mang RF (o chnh la song mang hnh cua kenh truyen). Sau
khi ieu che xuat hien ngo ra hai dai bien tan co o rong
bang nhau va bang bang thong cua tn hieu dai nen. Hai dai
bien tan nay cha thong tin hoan toan giong nhau. Neu truyen
i ca hai bien th bang thong cua kenh rat ln (hn 8MHz). Do o,
ngi ta xet en viec giam bang thong e gia tang so kenh
truyen.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Neu truyen n bien (bien tren hoac bien di) va bien
con lai se b loc bo th se giam c phan na bang thong can
thiet.
Trong truyen hnh, phng phap truyen song mang hnh la s
dung hoa cua hai phng phap ke tren, va c goi la thong tin
bien tan cut, co ngha la truyen i song mang va mot bien ay
u, bien con lai ch truyen mot phan gan vi song mang. Theo
tieu chuan FCC, bien c truyen i gom cac tn hieu hnh co tan
so t thap nhat en cao nhat la 4MHz va mot phan bien con
lai ch co tn hieu co tan so t 0,75MHz tr xuong.
* Tn hieu audio c ieu tan e truyen i nham at cac thuan
li ve t nhieu va can nhieu. Tn hieu tieng FM trong truyen hnh
giong nh tn hieu FM phat thanh, ngoai tr mot ieu la o di
tan ln nhat la 25KHz, thay v la 75KHz nh phat thanh FM.
Mot song mang rieng, ln hn tan so song mang hnh 4,5MHz,
dung e ieu che tn hieu tieng theo tieu chuan FCC. Trong
truyen hnh, phan tram ieu che la 15/25 60%. Phan tram ieu
che thay oi theo cng o tn hieu audio. Neu tn hieu audio co
tn hieu yeu, th s thay oi tan so khoi tan so song mang t va
do o phan tram ieu che nho.
Sau khi a ieu bien tn hieu hnh, ieu tan tn hieu tieng,
ngi ta ghep chung lai tao nen tn hieu dai nen truyen hnh co
o rong bang tan la 6MHz (FCC). Sau o tn hieu nay c a
en bo oi tan e oi tan RF. V tr cua mot kenh nh hnh
ve 2.3. ay, kenh chon la kenh 34 theo tieu chuan FCC. Ta
thay rang, tan so song mang hnh cach bien di cua kenh la
1,25MHz, tan so song mang tieng cach tan so song mang hnh la
4,5MHz. Nhng hien nay, khoang song mang hnh va song mang
tieng tuy thuoc vao quoc gia se la mot trong bon gia tr sau:
4,5MHz, 5,5MHz , 6.0MHz va 6.5MHz.
Song mang hnh
Song mang tieng
4.5MHz

66 66,5 67,25
71,15 71.75 F (MHz)
H2.3 Pho tan kenh 34 (FCC)
Theo hnh 2.3, song mang hnh co tan so 67,25 66 = 1,25MHz.
Song mang tieng cach song mang hnh 4,5MHz nen tr so cua no
la 71,75MHz, tan so tn hieu hnh cao nhat bien tren co bien
o cha b suy giam la 71,25MHz va bien di la 66,5MHz.
u iem cua phng phap truyen bien tan cut la do v tr
song mang hnh lech han ve mot pha, neu tn hieu hnh co tan
so 4MHz co the i trong kenh co o rong 6MHz. Neu song mang
hnh c at gia kenh truyen th ch co tn hieu co tan so
thap nhat en tan so cao nhat la 2,5MHz c truyen i, do o
se lam giam so lng chi tiet anh hay o phan tch anh b
giam.
Nh vay, e nang them so lng phan t anh, ta co the
at v tr song mang hnh ngay tai gii han di cua kenh truyen.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ieu nay kho thc hien do trong thc te cac mach loc bien
khong co c ac tnh ly tng nen khi cat bo cac tan so
qua gan tan so song mang se gay ra hien tng meo pha
tan so thap, ket qua nhan c la hnh anh se b nhoe.
Do o, cac tn hieu hnh co tan so khong ln hn 0,75MHz
xung quanh song mang c truyen i au u ca hai bien, nhng
tn hieu co tan so cao hn 0,75MHz th c truyen i ch bien
tren. ieu nay lam cho cac thanh phan tan so thap se co
bien o ln hn bien o cua cac thanh phan tan so cao. Tuy
nhien, ap ng trung tan hnh may thu se bu lai hien tng
nay.
2.4 GHEP TN HIEU TRUYEN HNH EN- TRANG VA TN HIEU
MAU:
2.4.1 Tn hieu mau:
nhng phan trc tn hieu truyen hnh a c ghep t
cac tn hieu : hnh anh, ong bo, xoa va tieng (mono). o chnh
la tn hieu truyen hnh en- trang do cha co tn hieu mau. Sau
ay ta xem xet viec ghep tn hieu mau vao tn hieu truyen hnh
en- trang.
Nh a biet, camera nhan anh sang R, G, B tng ng vi tin
tc mau cua canh thu, e tao ra tn hieu mau c ban nh hnh
2.4.

o Luc
Tn hieu R
Tn hieu G
Tn hieu B

lam vang trang

100%
0%
100%
0%
100%
0%

H2.4. Tn hieu video R- G- B oi vi mau soc mau.


Cac dang song tren minh hoa cac ien ap thu c khi quet
mot dong ngang tren mau hnh soc mau. Neu iem thu va iem
quet cach nhau khong xa, ta co the truyen ong thi ca ba tn
hieu mau c ban R, G, va B theo ba tuyen cap rieng, cung co
the ieu che chung len ba song RF co tan so khac nhau roi
ong thi truyen sang pha thu. Tat nhien, lam nh vay kha ton
kem, lai khong tiet kiem dai tan so gianh cho lnh vc truyen
hnh.
Bi cach tao ra tn hieu R, G, B camera giong nhau nen pho
tan cua chung giong nhau va giong pho tan tn hieu hnh
truyen hnh en- trang. Do o, neu nh truyen ong thi chung
cung tren mot ng truyen th pha thu khong the nao tach
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------rieng chung. Chnh v the, e truyen tin tc mau, bat buoc phai
dung bien phap dch pho tan.
Tn hieu choi, ve ly thuyet, cha toan bo tn tc ve o
choi cua canh vat truyen i (thc te cha at). V vay, e truyen
tat ca tin tc ve mau sac cua canh vat th can them tn hieu
na, no cha toan bo tin tc ve mau sac (ca sac mau lan
o bao hoa mau). Song trong cac tn hieu mau c ban R, G, B co
cha ca tin tc ve o choi, lan tin tc ve tnh mau cua canh
vat. V vay, neu truyen tn hieu choi va cac tn hieu mau c
ban la cha hp ly. e khac phuc tnh trang nay, cac he NTSC,
PAL va SECAM |||B eu dung cac tn hieu hieu mau hoac cac
to hp tuyen tnh cua no thay the cac tn hieu mau c ban.
Cac tn hieu hieu mau:
E'(R-Y) = E'R E'Y = 0,7E'R 0,59E'G 0.11E'B.
E'(G-Y) = E'G E'Y = 0,3E'G + 0,41E'G 0.11E'B.
E'(B-Y) = E'B E'Y = 0,3E'R 0,59E'G + 0,89E'B.
Cac bieu thc tren thu c nh vao viec s dung ma tran
e hnh thanh cac tn hieu hieu mau. Dau tr trc cac tn hieu
co ngha la phai ao cc tnh cua tn hieu ay.).

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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------E'R
70Kohm
E'G
ER-Y
EB
20Kohm
30Kohm
Hnh 2.5 Ma tran ien tr .
240Kohm
Hnh 2.5 la mot ma tran ien tr e hnh thanh tn hieu E'R-Y
(cung ky hieu R Y). V kha nang phan biet cua mat ngi oi
vi chi tiet mau kem hn oi vi chi tiet en- trang nen co the
thu hep dai tan tn hieu hieu mau en khoang 1,5MHz; ma van
khong giam o ro net cua anh truyen hnh mau.
he PAL, SECAM |||B ch truyen aER-Y va bEB-Y (a va b la hai
hang so va he PAL va SECAM chon khac nhau). Viec khong
truyen tn hieu EG-Y la e cai thien tnh chong nhieu cua he
truyen hnh, bi v oi vi phan ln cac anh thng gap, gia
tr cua tn hieu EG-Y nho hn cac tn hieu EB-Y va ER-Y. he NTSC
truyen tn hieu hieu mau I va Q. Chung la to hp tuyen tnh cua
ER-Y va EB-Y . pha thu co the nhan c tn hieu hieu mau E G-Y
t cac tn hieu ER-Y va EB-Y nh mach ma tran xay dng theo bieu
thc sau:
EG-Y = 0,51ER-Y 0,19EB-Y.
2.4.2 u iem cua viec dung tn hieu hieu mau:
he truyen hnh mau ai chung, viec dung tn hieu hieu
mau thay cho tn hieu mau c ban co cac u iem.
a. Cai thien tnh tng hp, tc giam ro ret nhieu do tn hieu
mau sinh ra tren anh truyen hnh en- trang may thu hnh entrang, va tren cac mang trang cua anh truyen hnh mau.
b. Giam nho anh hng cua nhieu ti o choi cua anh truyen
hnh.
c. Thuan tien trong viec xay dng mach ien may thu hnh
mau.
d. Giam nho c o rong bang tan do ch truyen hai tn hieu
hieu mau.
2.4.3 Truyen tn hieu hnh mau:
V cac tn hieu choi va cac tn hieu hieu mau co pho tan
ri rac va hoan toan giong nhau, nen khong the ong thi
truyen trc tiep tn hieu choi va hai tn hieu hieu mau theo mot
ng truyen, ma ch co tn hieu choi truyen trc tiep, con hai
tn hieu hieu mau phai dch pho ve pha tan so cao nh song
mang phu, nhng neu chon tan so song mang phu cao hn tan so
cao nhat cua tn hieu choi th pho tan tn hieu qua rong. Do o,
ngi ta a xem xet va thay rang : co the thu hep o rong pho
tan tn hieu hnh mau ti mc bang o rong pho tan tn hieu
hnh truyen hnh en- trang, bang cach chon hp ly tan so
song mang phu e cho pho tan tn hieu choi cua tn hieu mau
xen ke nhau, ngha la sap xep pho tan tn hieu mau trong
khoang trong gia cac hai tan so dong cua tn hieu choi.
(H.2.6)
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

H.2.6. Pho tan tn hieu mau ghep vao pho tan tn hieu choi
Tr so cu the cua tan so song mang phu thuoc vao nhieu
yeu to: o rong dai tan tn hieu choi, phng thc ieu che
song mang phu, v.v. Sau ay ta se xet en tng trng hp cu
the.
2.4.4. He truyen hnh mau NTSC:
he truyen hnh mau NTSC s dung hai tn hieu hieu mau
goi tat la I va Q e truyen cung mot luc vi tn hieu choi theo
phng thc ieu che vuong goc tren mot song mang phu co hai
thanh phan vuong goc vi nhau, vi bieu thc cua hai tn hieu
nh sau:
(R_Y)
C (Tn hieu mau)
I

Q
330

H.2.7. S o vect tn hieu mau C cua he NTSC.


Q = 0,522G + 0,211R + 0,311B.
I = 0,274G + 0, 596R 0,322B.
Viec chon cac thanh phan ieu che mau I va Q co lien
quan en s thay oi trong ac tnh cam thu mau cua con ngi.
S cam thu mau cua mat giam khi kch thc vat quan sat
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------giam. Do o cac vat nho, thng bieu dien bi cac tan so t
1,5 2.0MHz gay nen s cam nhan rat t. Sau ay la s o vect
tn hieu mau C cua he NTSC. (H.2.7)
Hai tn hieu I va Q c ieu che vi mot song mang phu theo
phng thc ieu che vuong goc theo dang s o khoi sau: (H.2.8)
Tn hieu Q
ieu
che Q
Dch
ong bo mau
tn hieu
pha 900
hieu mau
Tao dao ong
song mang
Tn hieu Iphu mau

ieu
che I

H2.8 S o khoi ieu che tn hieu mau NTSC


Trong o, tn hieu I co pho tan t 0 1,3MHz, Q co pho tan
0,5MHz. Ly do tn hieu I co pho tan rong la do mien quanh truc
I, mat phan biet c cac chi tiet mau co kch thc trung bnh,
con mien quanh truc Q, mat ch phan biet c chi tiet mau
co kch thc ln.
ieu che vuong goc la ieu che bien o pha. He NTSC
dung ieu che goc vuong nham muc ch s dung co hieu qua
dai thong ng truyen, bi v ch can mot song mang phu ma
truyen c hai tn hieu hieu mau cung mot luc.
Chon tan so song mang phu mau
he NTSC tieu chuan, khi chon tan so song mang phu mau fSC
xuat phat t tnh tng hp cua he truyen hnh mau, tao ieu
kien cho pha thu de dang tach rieng pho tn hieu mau va tn
hieu choi va cac yeu to khac nh sau:
a. e giam tnh ro ret cua anh nhieu do tn hieu mau gay ra
tren anh truyen hnh may thu hnh en- trang va mau nen
chon fSC cao en mc con chap nhan c, nhng lai phai am
bao rang tan so cao nhat cua pho tan tn hieu mau thap
hn tan so cao nhat cua pho tan tn hieu choi. (4,2MHz).
b. Tan so song mang phu phai la boi so le cua na tan so
dong (ngang) nham giam anh hng cua tn hieu mau en
chat lng anh truyen hnh may thu hnh en- trang va cac
mang trang tren anh truyen hnh mau.
e thoa man cac yeu cau tren, he NTSC tieu chuan (525
dong), ngi ta chon tan so song mang phu:
FSC = (n + 1/ 2) fH = 445/ 2 fH = 445/ 2 .15734,256 = 3,579545MHz. (vi n
= 227).
Va o on nh (sai so) la 10Hz.
Vi he NTSC 625 dong, chon n = 283, fH = 15625Hz, fvideo = 50Hz
fSC = (2n + 1) fH/ 2 = 4,4296875MHz 4,43MHz.

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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Hnh 2.9 Pho tan tn hieu NTSC

* Ghep tn hieu ong bo mau (burst mau).


he NTSC, do dung phng thc ieu bien can bang nen
ngo ra bo ieu che, thanh phan song mang phu b triet tieu
nen may thu hnh mau phai tao lai song mang
phu mau e giai ieu che tn hieu mau. Song mang phu mau
nay phai co tan so va goc pha giong nh cua song mang phu
mau pha phat. Do ieu kien nay, pha phat truyen sang pha thu
mot tn hieu ac biet goi la tn hieu ong bo mau, hay burst
mau, e thc hien ong bo va ong pha cng bc song mang
phu chuan c tao ra may thu.
Tn hieu ong bo mau la chuoi xung gom 811 chu ky dao
ong ieu hoa co tan so la fSC, c ghep vao them sau cua
tat ca cac xung xoa ngang, tr 9 dong au cua xung xoa doc
nh H.2.1
Pho tan tn hieu mau va bang thong c minh hoa hnh
2.9.
2.4.5 He truyen hnh mau Pal:
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------He PAL truyen ong thi tn hieu choi va hai tn hieu hieu
mau. Giong nh he NTSC, tn hieu mau c ieu che vuong
goc triet song mang. Tuy nhien, pha cua song mang phu mau e
ieu che tn hieu hieu mau ER-Y th b ao pha (1800) lien tuc theo
moi dong quet.
he PAL, tn hieu choi dai tan rong ti 5MHz (theo tieu
chuan B, G) va hai tn hieu hieu mau la:
V = 0,877 ER-Y = 0,615R 0,515G 0,100B.
U = 0,493 EB-Y = 0,147R 0,293G + 0,437B
Ca hai tn hieu hieu mau nay co o rong dai tan bang
nhau va bang 1,3MHz. Hai tn hieu nay ieu che tren 1 song mang
phu theo phng thc ieu che vuong goc nhng khac vi he
NTSC cho thanh phan song mang phu mang tn hieu Video (ER-Y)
ao pha theo tng dong quet. Viec ao pha nay xay ra trong thi
gian hoi cua quet ngang. S o ieu che ghep tn hieu nh hnh
H.2.10.
ER
EB

EY
Ma

Bay
Fsc

LPF1,3MHz

ieu che can


bang

LPF1,3MHz

ieu che can


bang

Ev

EG

Tra
n

Day
tre

Eu

Bo
co
ng

Song mang
-45

-90

-45

-90

Burstgate
H2.10.S o khoi bo
ma hoa PAL
Viec ao pha thanh phan song mang phu mang tn hieu V
he PAL nham giam anh hng cua meo pha tn hieu mau.
@Chon tan so song mang phu mau
he PAL khi chon tan so song mang phu mau ,ngi ta quan
tam en cac yeu to sau :
Anh hng cua song mang phu en anh truyen hnh en
trang.
Tan so song mang phu phai mien tan so cao cua pho tan
tn hieu choi.
Thuan tien cho viec bien oi tn hieu cua he PAL thanh tn
hieu NTSC va ngc lai.
De thc hien chia tan e tao ra cac tan so quet ngang, tan
so quet doc nham lam cho gia chung co moi quan he mat
thiet vi nhau.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Vi cac yeu cau tren, he PAL 625 dong co Fh = 15625 Hz, Fv
= 50Hz,
Fsc = Fh ( 1135/4) + ( ) Fv = 4,43361815MHz
@Ghep tn hieu ong bo mau
Do pha phat he PAL dung ieu bien can bang e ieu
che tn hieu mau nen phai truyen sang pha thu tn hieu ong bo
mau e cho pha thu tao lai chnh xac pha va tan so song mang
phu chuan.
Ngoai ra ,do he PAL , song mang phu b ao pha tng
dong cho nen pha phat con phai truyen them tin tc bao pha
thu biet dong quet nao song mang phu b ao pha.
Ngay nay, tn hieu ong bo mau am nhan ca hai chc
nang tren. Tn hieu mau he PAL gom 9-11 chu k (tieu chuan
B,G,H,I ) va 9-10 chu k (tieu chuan M, N ), va c ghep vao tn
hieu video them sau xung xoa ngang. iem ac biet cua tn
hieu nay la pha ban au cua no luon thay oi theo tng dong
e am bao chc nang ong pha.
2.4.6 He truyen hnh mau SECAM
@ ac iem:
EB
ER

EG
Fo
b
For

Bay
Fsc

Day
tre
Ma
tra
n

Bo loc
chuong
LPF

Xung
xoa
Sa
trc

Bo
co
ng

Bo tron
xoa
FM

ao
pha

ao
H.2.11 S o khoi bo ma hoa Xung
SECAM
pha

He SECAM phat trien lien tuc t khi c e xuat vao nam


1954.Cho en hien nay, he SECAM IIIB c xem la toi u,co tnh
chong nhieu tng oi cao,v.v. Va luan van nay ch xet en
he tren.
he SECAM IIIB, tn hieu choi giong nh he NTSC va PAL,
ngha la van c xac nh theo bieu thc:
Y = 0,299R + 0,587G + 0,1114B
He s dung hai tn hieu hieu mau goi la DR va DB e
mang tin tc ve mau.Hai tn hieu nay co dai tan bang nhau va
bang 1,3 MHz vi bieu thc nh sau :
DR = -1.9 ER-Y
DB = 1.5 EB-Y

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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

H.2.12.Th t truyen SECAM


He truyen lan lt tn hieu hieu mau DR va DB theo dong
quet tren hai song mang phu co tan so trung tam For va Fob
tng ng, theo phng thc ieu tan,muc ch e tranh nhieu
giao thoa gia chung tren ng truyen trc mach chuyen mach
mau may thu. S o ma hoa SECAM nh hnh 2.11.
Tn hieu hieu mau ieu tan vi hai song mang phu co tan
so la :
Fob = 272* FH = 4,25 MHz
For = 282* FH = 4,40625MHz
Vi FH = 15625Hz.
o di tan tng ng la :
For = 280 KHz oi vi tn hieu DR
Fob = 230 KHz oi vi tn hieu DB
Trnh t truyen tn hieu hieu mau nh hnh 2.12 .
@Ghep tn hieu ong bo mau
Nh tren e cap, tn hieu DR va DB c truyen lan lt,do
o e cho pha thu biet c dong quet nao pha phat truyen
tn hieu DR va dong quet nao pha phat truyen tn hieu DB, pha
phat truyen tn hieu goi la tn hieu ong bo mau. Nh tn hieu
nay ma mach chuyen mach ien t pha thu se hoat ong
ong pha vi mach chuyen mach pha phat. Ngay nay,co ai
phat tn hieu nay theo mat (truyen trong thi gian hoi doc), co
ai truyen theo dong (truyen trong thi gian hoi ngang), co ai
truyen ca hai.
a.Truyen tn hieu ong bo mau theo mat:
Tn hieu ong bo mau theo mat c truyen sang pha thu
di dang tn hieu ieu tan co hnh 2.13,va c truyen lien
tiep trong 9 dong quet ngay sau xung can bang (tieu chuan D,K)
trong thi gian xoa doc ,t dong quet th 7-15 lt quet th
nhat va t dong 30-328 lt quet th hai.
b.Truyen tn hieu ong bo mau theo dong
Tn hieu ong bo mau theo dong gom mot so chu k dao
ong ieu hoa sap xep them sau xung xoa ngang (tr 9 dong
e truyen xung can bang trc, xung can bang sau va xung ong
bo doc),c ghep giong nh cac tn hieu burst mau he NTSC
va PAL.Tuy nhien co cac iem khac nhau nh sau:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Tn hieu ong bo mau theo dong keo dai cho ti khi truyen tn
hieu DR ,DB.
-Tan so tn hieu ong bo mau theo dong hai dong lien tiep
la khac nhau.
-Bien o tn hieu ong bo mau theo dong hai dong lien tiep
khac nhau.
Tn hieu ong bo mau ghep vao them sau xung xoa ngang.

H . 2.13 Tn hieu ong bo mat SECAM


2.5 GHEP KENH TRUYEN DAN
en ay ta a khao sat viec ghep cac tn hieu e tao
thanh tn hieu mot kenh.oi vi truyen hnh en trang , tn hieu
tong hp ch gom cac tn hieu hnh en trang(choi), tn hieu
xoa, tn hieu ong bo ngang va tn hieu ong bo doc, tn hieu
audio.oi vi truyen hnh mau,ngoai cac tn hieu tren con co
them tn hieu mau , tn hieu ong bo mau, tn hieu giai ma
mau.Tat ca tn hieu tren c ghep thanh tn hieu goi la tn
hieu tong hp dai nen cua mot kenh. Tn hieu nay c oi
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------tan len VHF hoac UHF e truyen dan.Do yeu cau truyen dan
nhieu kenh tren mot moi trng truyen,cac tn hieu tong hp
cua mot kenh can c ghep theo mot phng thc nao o
thoa man yeu cau nay.Ngi ta a chon phng thc phan chia
theo tan so e ghep tn hieu, ngha la tn hieu moi kenh chiem
mot quang tan so.Va quang tan so nay phu thuoc vao tieu
chuan cua cac nc, co the rong 6MHz,7MHz hay 8MHZ.(Xem dai
tan cac kenh phan phu luc ).

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CHNG

GHEP

KENH

TRUYEN

HNH

SO

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35
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Luan van tot nghiep
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.1 M AU VE VIDEO DIGITAL (SO):
3.1.1 Tong quan ve video digital :
Video digital c nh ngha la mot cach thc phng thc
mo ta tn hieu video analog di dang mot chuoi cac ch so
digital (so 0 va so 1). T nhng nam 1970 a xuat hien ky
thuat video digital trong cac xng truyen hnh. Ky thuat nay b
gii han cai ngi ta goi la hop en digital. Hop en digital la
mot thiet b co cac port vao / ra analog va bang cach s dung
ky thuat e thc hien cac cong oan x l tn hieu . Nhng nam
1980 SMPTE (society of motion pictures and television engineers) a a
ra cac tieu chuan ve video thanh phan so (4fSC ) va chuan ve
lien ket digital bit-noi tiep .
Qua trnh so hoa tn hieu video bao gom qua trnh loc trc
(prefiltering), lay mau, lng t va ma hoa. Qua trnh loc trc
nham loai bo cac tan so khong can thiet tn hieu cung nh
ca nhieu. Bo loc nay con goi la bo loc chong aliasing
(antialiasing). Sau khi loc trc, tn hieu c lay mau. Qua trnh lay
mau tng t nh qua trnh ieu bien tn hieu vi song mang co
tan so la tan so lay mau. Viec lay mau tuan theo nh ly
Nyquist : oi vi mot tn hieu co bang thong rong fb th tan so
lay mau phai bang hoac ln hn 2fb. Hien nay theo tieu chuan
NTSC 4fSC th tan so lay mau la 4fSC (NTSC), theo tieu chuan PAL
4fSC la 4fSC (PAL).
3.1.2 Cac tieu chuan video gigital
@ tieu chuan NTSC 4fSC : tan so lay mau :fS = 4fSC = 14,3181MHz.
So mau tren mot dong quet la fS/fH = 910 mau. Mot dong tch
cc digital gom 768 mau, con 142 mau tao nen khoang xoa ngang
digital.
@ tieu chuan PAL 4fSC : tan so lay mau : fS = 4fSC = 17,734475MHz.
So mau tren mot dong quet la fS/fH = 1135 mau. Mot dong tch
cc digital gom 948 mau, con 187 mau tao nen khoang xoa ngang
digital.
@Toc o lay mau 4:1:1 : tan so lay mau tn hieu choi la 13,5MHz , va moi
tn hieu hieu mau la 3,375MHz.

@Toc o lay mau 4:2:2 : tan so lay mau tn hieu choi la


13,5MHz , va moi tn hieu hieu mau la 6,75MHz.
@Toc o lay mau 4:4:4 : tan so lay mau tn hieu choi la
13,5MHz , va moi tn hieu hieu mau la 13,5MHz.
Hien nay, toc o lay mau 4:2:2 la thong dung nhat.
Tn hieu sau khi lay mau c lay lng t. Qua trnh lng
t la qua trnh gan cho moi gia tr mau mot gia tr nh phan
hay noi cach khac la lng t chuyen oi cac mc bien o
cua tn hieu a lay mau sang mot trong cac gia tr hu han cac
mc nh phan.
3.2 CAC KY THUAT LAM GIAM DATA VIDEO :
He thong nen (lam giam) data la s ket hp cac cong cu
khac nhau (cac ky thuat x l) dung e giam toc o bit cua tn
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------hieu digital en mot gia tr ma khong gay anh hng xau en
mc chat lng hnh anh a chon oi vi ng dung cu the.
Nhieu ky thuat lam giam data khong ton hao va co ton
hao a ra i trong cac nam qua, nhng ch so t la phu hp cho
ng dung ve video. Hnh 3.3 tom tat cac ky thuat lam giam
data, cac ky thuat nay phoi hp lai e tao ra tn hieu JPEG va
MPEG. Ngoai ra con co vai ky thuat khac ang trien khai hoac
kho thiet ke nen khong c e cap trong luan an nay, nh la
bien oi Karhunen-Loeve, bien oi Walsh-Hadamard, lng t hoa
vector, v.v.
* Tai sao can nen?
_ Toc o bt cua video >=200Mb/s: oi hoi bo nh va bang
tan kenh truyen rong do o phai nen. Nen la mot cach bieu
dien audio va video so bang cach dung data t hn goc ; hay noi
cach khac la qua trnh loai bo cac thong tin d tha sao cho co
the bieu dien moi khung (frame) n bang mot lng d lieu xac
nh nho hn lng cu,hoac vi toc o data thap hn trng
hp audio hay anh thay oi theo thi gian.
_ Tn hieu tong hp analog
(PAL/NTSC/SECAM)
Bo
Ma
Camera
encoder
tran
tong hp
Camer
a

Ma
tran

ADC

digital

Qua
trnh
productio
n

MPEG
Coder
ADC
Tn hieu tong hp

H.3.1 S o ma hoa tn hieu hnh


PCM Video

Entropy
coder delta

Bo coder ly tng

Bo coder khong ly

Gi loi entropy tng gi nhieu hn


gi cang nhieu hn
a)

Bo
ngan

Chat
lng
Xau hn

He
so
nen

Chat
lng
tot
hn tap
o
phc

b)
H 3.2 Quan he gia o phc tap va t so nen
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------u iem:
+Tiet kiem bo nh kch thc may nho hn (ghi hnh
bang nho hn hoac dung a.)
+Tiet kiem bang tan kenh truyen (trong thi gian thc hoac
nhanh hn thc).
+Giam toc o data
+Thuan tien cho thong tin goi: viec goi hoa tn hieu digital
va viec lam giam toc o goi rat quan trong trong viec s dung
chung kenh truyen vi nhieu tn hieu khac nhau.
* ng dung nen:
_ Quet xen ke la dang nen n gian (giam o rong bang
tan 2 :1)
_ Dung tn hieu hieu so mau (thay v tn hieu n sac R, G-B)
la dang nen khac (bang tan giam).
_ He tn hieu video tong hp ( PAL, NTSC, SECAM) la cac dang
nen v dung cung o rong bang tan cho kenh truyen hnh mau
va truyen hnh en trang.
_ Nen MPEG : thay the co hieu qua hn cho tn hieu video
tong hp : o mem deo cao (plexibility) (co the ieu chnh toc
o bit).
Co 2 loai thanh phan (components) cua tn hieu :a) thanh phan
mi va khong d bao trc c ; b) Thanh phan co the d tnh
trc c.
_ Loai a): goi la thanh phan entropy: thong tin thc trong tn hieu
_ Loai b): goi la thanh phan d tha (redundancy) v no khong
chu yeu. D tha co the la khong gian (tren vung anh rong ,
cac pixels gan nhau hau nh co cung gia tr) va co the la thi
gian (giong nhau gia cac anh lien nhau).
_ Cac he thong nen tach thanh phan entropy khoi thanh
phan d tha trong bo encoder: ch co thanh phan entropy c
ghi lai hoac truyen (hnh H.3.2a). Bo encoder ly tng ch truyen i
tat ca entropy en decoder, bo decoder ly tng ch tao lai tn
hieu goc.
3.2.1 Ky thuat lam giam toc o data khong ton hao:
Data video

Khong ton
hao

Co ton hao

Lng
Lng t
DPCM
Loai bo
HRLC
3.3 Tom tat cac ky thuat
nen
.
t
lai
xoa
Mo hnh nen khong ton hao cho phep phuc hoi thong tin data
goc sau khi giai nen. o la qua trnh ghi ma thuan nghch , co
the at c cac t so nen b gii han (< 2 :1) vi hnh anh
thong thng.Lng data giam la phu thuoc vao noi dung hnh
anh, dan en cac ng dung toc o bit khac nhau (variable bit
DCT

VLC

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------rate :VBR) nh trong truyen tai va lu tr hnh anh tnh. Khi mo hnh
giai s trung lap (decorellation) data at trc cac ky thuat
khong ton hao nay th co the at c s giam data hieu qua
nhat. Cac ky thuat nen khong ton hao la :
@ Ky thuat ghi ma o dai thay oi (variable-length coding) : con
goi la ky thuat ghi ma Huffman hay ky thuat entropy , ky thuat
nay da tren xac suat cac gia tr bien o giong nhau trong mot
anh va gan mot ma ngan cho cac gia tr co xac suat xuat
hien ln nhat va ma dai cho cac gia tr khac. Tai pha giai nen
co cac ch nh ma giong nhau c dung e phuc hoi lai cac
gia tr data goc. Ma hoa va giai ma Huffman c thc hien de
dang nh cac bang tra cai at trong phan cng.
@ Ky thuat ghi ma o dai chay (run-length coding) : ky thuat nay
da tren s lap lai cua cung mot gia tr mau data e tao ra cac
ma at biet nham ch bao s bat au va ket thuc cua gia
tr lap lai, ch ma hoa cac gia tr khac 0 , cung vi mot lng
chay (run) cac gia tr mau 0 doc theo dong quet.
@ S loai bo data vung xoa lam giam dong bit goc, con lai
thong tin vung anh tch cc. Co the khong ghi hnh va truyen cac
vung xoa doc va ngang cua khung anh video ma thay vao o la
data ong bo ngan hn dung cho ng dung cu the.
@Qua trnh DCT (discrete cosine transform) thuan cung vi qua trnh
DCT nghch c dung se co hieu qua neu o dai t ma cac
he so la 13-14 bit oi vi mot tn hieu data vao a so hoa
bang cac mau dai 8 bit. Khi dung DCT 11 bit hay t hn th nen DCT
tr nen co ton hao.
3.2.2 Ky thuat giam toc o data co ton hao
Khi ket hp 2 hay hn 2 ky thuat x l e tan dung the manh
cua s bieu dien ghi ma cac tn hieu anh th se tao ra ky thuat
nen co ton hao. Nen co ton hao dung cac t so nen ln hn
nhieu ( t 2:1 en 100:1) va gay nen ton hao data va s suy
giam anh sau khi giai nen do viec xoa va lam tron data trong
mot khung hay gia cac khung. Cac ky thuat nen co ton hao la :
@ Ky thuat ieu che ma xung vi sai (diffirential pulse code modulation
DPCM): la mo hnh ma hoa tien oan, phat i s khac nhau mau
mau hn la phat i gia tr mau ay u. S khac nhau nay
c cong vao gia tr mau a giai ma hien hanh pha giai
ma, e tao ra gia tr mau phuc hoi. Hnh 3.4 mo ta s o khoi
cua bo ma hoa va giai ma DPCM.

video

Bo lng
t
Bo tien
oan

Ma hoa
entropy

Kenh

H 3.4 bo ma hoa va bo giai ma


------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------39
DPCM
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------@Ky thuat lay mau lai mau : ay la phng phap lam giam
data rat hieu qua , nhng ton hao o phan giai hnh anh va cac
thanh phan aliasing se lam giam chat lng noi dung hnh anh.
@Lng t va VLC cac he so DCT : s ket hp ba qua trnh nay cho phep bieu
dien khoi cac byte pel bi mot lng nho cac bit va tao ra ky thuat lam
giam data co hieu qua kinh te nhat.

3.3 QUA TRNH LAM GIAM DATA


3.3.1 Qua trnh ma hoa DCT
Tam pel choi lien tiep lay t mot dong
98 9 95 8 75 8
2
0
2
Bien o pel choi

6
8

5
0
Mc DC pel choi

t
t
a)
Bien o pel choi

b)
Nang lng
t

Tan so
c)
Nang lng

d)
Nang lng

Tan so
Tan so
0 Fp Fp Fp

Fp

Fp Fp Fp
59 10 -1 28 -34 14 18 3
1 6 8

e)

f)

Hnh 3.5 Ma hoa DCT mot chieu


Mo hnh DCT (nh hnh 3.5 ) x l cac gia tr cua khoi data pel
thanh cac khoi cac he so trong mien tan so . Hnh 3.5a mo ta
tom tat qua trnh ma hoa DCT mot chieu cua tam pel choi lien
tiep. Hnh 3.5b va 3.5c mo ta mc DC trung bnh tng ng va s
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40
NGUYEN NHN PHU
GHEP KENH TRUYEN HNH

Trng ai hoc s pham ky thuat


Luan van tot nghiep
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------thay oi pel choi. Hnh 3.5d mo ta pho , bieu dien s thay oi
bien o cua tam pel. Ma hoa DCT chia pho nay ra 8 dai tan so,
tao ra 8 gia tr he so e ch bao nang lng cua pho dang
song moi dai tan so . Hnh 3.5e va 3.5f mo ta s phan chia
dai pho choi va cac gia tr he so tng ng cua moi dai. He
so au tien ben trai bieu dien mc DC trung bnh cua dang
song. T trai sang phai, cac he so khac ch bao cac thanh
phan tan so khong gian cao hn cua dang song ban au , goi la
cac he so AC. Khi s d tha khong gian cao mot anh th nhieu
he so AC gan bang hoac bang 0.
e at c s giai s trung lap cao hn noi dung anh th
dung ma hoa DCT hai chieu (nh hnh 3.6 ) cho khoi 8*8 gia tr pel
choi, thu c khoi he so DCT 8*8, so goc trai tren cung cua
moi khoi DCT la he so DC bieu dien gia tr DC trung bnh cua
khoi pel 8*8 tng ng. Hnh 3.6 mo ta v du ve ma hoa DCT 2
chieu cua khoi 8*8 cac gia tr pel lay t anh thc.
Qua trnh DCT khong lam giam toc o data va la qua trnh
thuan nghch. Qua trnh DCT nghch (inverse DCT :IDCT) phuc hoi
cac gia tr pel goc chnh xac neu cac he so DC c gi khong
oi, mac du o chnh xac tnh toan vi 13-14 bit la can thiet e
tranh sai so do lam tron. ay la s ket hp cac ky thuat ma
hoa hieu qua va lng t nh VLC, e co the lam giam toc o
data.
3.3.2 Qua trnh lng t khoi DCT
Chc nang c ban cua bo lng t la chia moi he so DCT
bang mot so ln hn 1 e tao ra cac so gan bang hay bang 0
ma chung co the c lam tron hay bo qua, e sau o co the
ma hoa co hieu qua qua trnh tiep theo. Y tng la cac he
so nang lng thap nay, tng trng cho cac s thay oi pel pel
c nho, co the b xoa ma khong anh hng en o phan
giai cam nhan c cua anh phuc hoi.
Qua trnh lng t la co ton hao va tao ra cac artifact .
3.3.3 Quet zigzag
Khoi DCT a lng t se trai qua mot mo hnh quet zigzag
e lam de dang hoa s ma hoa tiep theo va truyen tai doc
theo kenh mot chieu.Hnh 3.7 mo ta mang 2 chieu c chuyen
oi thanh chuoi noi tiep cac he so tan so khong gian tang.
Chon mo hnh quet zigzag la e au tien oc cac he so quan
trong va nhom cang nhieu he so cang tot.Loai mo hnh quet
phai c ch bao trong dong bit a ma hoa e ieu khien bo
giai ma.
3.3.4 Ma hoa mc va o dai chay (level and run- length
coding)
Dung DCT ma hoa mc va o dai chay (RLC) e ma hoa
hieu qua cac he so DCT a quet va lng t tren. Moi he
so khac 0 c phat hien sau gia tr Dc se c gan mot t ma
gom 2 thong so: so lng so 0 ng trc he so khac 0 o va
mc cua no sau khi lng t , e tao ra t ma la mot oi (level
va run),nh hnh 3.7
3.3.5 Ma hoa o dai thay oi (variable- length coding : VLC)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41
NGUYEN NHN PHU
GHEP KENH TRUYEN HNH

Trng ai hoc s pham ky thuat


Luan van tot nghiep
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cac t ma RLC c ma hoa tiep bang cach at cac t
ma ngan cho cac mc xay ra thng xuyen va cac t ma dai
cho cac mc kem xay ra hn. Qua trnh nay goi la ma hoa o
dai thay oi.
Bang A.1 mo ta cach nhom cac gia tr he so AC thanh cac
hang loai va bang A.2 bieu dien mot v du ve ma Huffman lien
quan en cac hang loai tren (phu luc).
3.3.6 Ky thuat tien oan bu chuyen ong.
Ky thuat tien oan phat hien s chuyen cho cac chi tiet
anh gia hai khung lien tiep va a ra mot vector chuyen ong
Bien o pel
e ch bao v tr mi cua cac chi tiet nay khung hien hanh,
nh
hnh8*8
3.8.Ky
thuat
Khoi
gia tr
pel tien oan bu chuyen ong da vao
khung trc goi la tien oan Hang
ti (forward).Cac khung c tien
au
oan nh the goi cac khung P.Khi so sanh vi khung I th khung P cho
phep nen data cao hn.Tuy nhien,, cac vung khong c bao
phu th khong the tien oan t anh trc.
T (theo chieu
ngang)
Hnh 3.6 Ma hoa khoi DCTBien
hai chieu
o
pel
Hang
cuoi
Cot
au

Cot cuoi
T (theo chieu
ngang)

Bien o
pel

T
(theo
chie
u
doc)

T
(theo
chie
u
doc)

Nang lng

Nang lng

Tan so
ngang

Hnh 3.7 Ma hoa Huffman va quet zigzag

Ta
n
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------42
so
NGUYEN NHN PHU
GHEP
KENH TRUYEN HNH
doc 8*8 gia tr he so bien
oi DCT

Trng ai hoc s pham ky thuat


Luan van tot nghiep
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.3.7 Cac tieu chuan nen video
4:2:0

Hnh 3.8 Cac vector chuyen ong gia hai anh lien tiep
Trong MPEG co dung 3 loai anh (khung) khac nhau e ho tr
cho ma vi sai va ma hai chieu khi toi thieu hoa ve sai so truyen.
o la anh I, P,B .
Anh I: la anh c ma hoa intra-coded, khong can thong
tin phu cho giai ma. No yeu cau hang loat d lieu so sanh vi
cac loai anh khac, do o no khong c truyen ( them ) eu
an hn mc can thiet. No gom cac he so bien oi va khong
co vector. Anh I cho phep ngi xem chuyen oi cac kenh va
chung ngan chan sai so truyen.

Khoi 8*8 pel

Cb

Cr

macroblock

Lat

Anh (frame)

Nhom anh (GOP)


------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------43
H 3.9 Cau truc dong data video MPEG
NGUYEN NHN PHU
GHEP KENH TRUYEN HNH

Trng ai hoc s pham ky thuat


Luan van tot nghiep
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Anh P: la anh d bao ti tng anh trc o ( la anh I


hoac anh P). D lieu anh P bao gom cac vector bieu dien trong
anh trc. Anh P can khoang d lieu cua 1 anh I.
Anh B: la anh d bao 2 chieu t anh trc hoac sau I,
hoac anh P. D lieu anh B bao gom cac vector bieu dien ( tai
anh trc hoac anh sau), cac he so bien oi can e sa. V d
bao 2 chieu co hieu qua nen d lieu sa la toi thieu va no
giup anh B 1 d lieu cua anh I.
MPEG co pham vi ng dung rong, co hang trieu lien ket
MPEG. Thc te, tieu chuan MPEG-2 c chia thanh cac Profile, va
moi Profile c chia thanh cac Level. Mot Profile c ban la mot
tap con ( subset) cua toan bo danh muc ma hoa (co o phc tap
xac nh). Mot Level la mot thong so, v du nh o ln cua anh
hoac toc o bit c dung vi Profile o. Mot bo giai ma MPEG2 co 1 Profile va Level co the giai ma cac Profile va Level thap
hn.

Ma cuoi
chuoi

Header
chuoi
Lp chuoi

Chuoi # n-1

Lp GOP

GOP#p

GOP#p+
1

GOP#p+
2

GOP#p+
3

GOP#p+
4

Lp khung

Khung -I

Khung -B

Khung -P

Khung -B

Khung -I

Lp lat

MB

MB

MB

MB

MB

Khoi
Y

Khoi
Y

tnh
Lp Thuoc
MB
macroblock

Lp khoi
DCT

MB

Vector chuyen
ong

Chuoi # n-1

MB

Khoi
Y

MB
Khoi
Y

Cac he so
DCT

Chuoi # n-1

MB

MB

Khoi
Cb

EOB

H 3.10 Cau truc data anh a nen MPEG


------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44
NGUYEN NHN PHU
GHEP KENH TRUYEN HNH

Khoi
Cr

Macroblock 4:2:2

Macroblock 4:4:4

Trng ai hoc s pham ky thuat


Luan van tot nghiep
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Y
Y
Macroblock 4:2:0
Y

Y
Y
Macroblock 4:1:1

Cb
Cr
Cb

Cb

H 3.11 Cac cau truc macroblock


khac nhau

Cr

Pel 0

Xoa doc
Pel 8

Cr
Cb

Cr

Pel 711

Dong 1
Dong 21
Dong 22

Ban anh
1

Pel 719
Vung pel
tch cc
720*483
Vung pel
co y
ngha
720*483
Xoa
ngang

Dong 261
Dong 262
H
IGH

2:0

H
IGH-

H 3.12 Cac vung pel tch cc


va co y ngha cua dang
4: anh 720 * 480
thc
19
20 x
1152
80
Mb/s
IP
B
4:
2:0

4:
2:0

4:2:
0 4:2:2
192
0 x 1152
100
Mb/s
I.P.
B
4:2:
0 4:2:2

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45
NGUYEN NHN PHU
GHEP KENH TRUYEN HNH

Trng ai hoc s pham ky thuat


Luan van tot nghiep
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1440
14
14
140
40 x
40 x
0x 1152
1152
1152
80
60
60
Mb/s
Mb/s
Mb/s
I.P.
I.P
I.P
B
.B
.B
M
4
4:
4:
4:
4:2:
AIN
:2:0
2:0
2:2
2:0
0 4:2:0
7
72
72
72
720
20 x
0 x 576
0 x 508
0 x 576
x 576
576
15
50
15
24
1
Mb/s
Mb/s
Mb/s
Mb/s
5Mb/s
I.P
I.P
I.P
I.P.
I.
.B
.B
.B
B
P
L
4:
4:
OW
2:0
2:0
35
35
2 x 283
2 x 283
4
4
Mb/s
Mb/s
I.P
I.P
.B
.B
L
S
M
4:
SN
SP
EVEL
IMPLE
AIN
2:2
R
ATIAL
P
Pr
ROFILE
ofile
@Chuan JPEG : tieu chuan nay a ra mot he thong cap bac cau truc data
vi muc tieu giup cho hnh anh a ma hoa co the trao oi nhau.Cau truc
data video JPEG cha 6 lp co cap bac c tao ra khac nhau tuy vao kieu hoat
ong JPEG.

n v data (data unit DU) :gom mot khoi 8*8 mau thanh phan
trong kieu hoat ong co ton hao .
n v c ghi ma nho nhat (minimum-coded unit MCU) : la
nhom DU xen ke nho nhat, gom hai khoi Y va mot khoi CR
,mot khoi CB .
Phan oan c ghi ma entropy (entropy-coded segment ECS) : c
tao ra t nhieu MCU.
Lp quet (scan) : c nh ngha la lp c quet hoan chnh
t tren xuong di.
Khung (frame) : tao t 1 hay nhieu lan quet.
Lp hnh anh : hnh anh mc cao nhat cua he thong data
a nen.

Cau truc data video MPEG I va II c tao ra t 6 lp nh


hnh 3.9 va 3.10. Cac lp nay la:
Khoi : khoi 8*8 pel tn hieu choi va mau c nh ngha dung
cho nen DCT.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 46
NGUYEN NHN PHU
GHEP KENH TRUYEN HNH

Trng ai hoc s pham ky thuat


Luan van tot nghiep
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Macroblock : nhom cac khoi DCT , tng ng vi noi dung thong
tin cua mot ca so 16*16 pel trong hnh anh goc. Kch c ca
so nay khac nhau dan en cac noi dung macroblock khac nhau
tuy thuoc vao viec dung cau truc lay mau nao.Hnh 3.11 mo
ta 4 trng hp khac nhau..Phan header cua macroblock cha
thong tin ve loai cua no (Y,CR, CB) va cac vector bu chuyen
ong tng ng.
Lat (slice) :1 hay nhieu macroblock lien tiep tao thanh 1 lat.Kch
thc lat ln nhat la 1 anh, nho nhat la 1 macroblock. Phan
header cua lat cha thong tin ve v tr cua no trong anh va
he so cua bo lng t.
Anh: lp anh cho bo giai ma biet loai ma hoa khung. Phan
header co cac thong tin khac nh ong bo, o phan giai,v.v.
Nhom anh (group -of- picture GOP) : co the c tao t cac to
hp khac nhau cac khung I,B,P. Moi GOP bat au vi 1 khung I
va ch bao iem bat au cho viec bien tap va viec tm
kiem. Phan header cha ma ieu khien va ma thi gian 25 bit
cho thong tin nh thi.
Chuoi video: Chuoi gom 1 header,1 hay nhieu GOP va 1 ma cuoi
chuoi.
Cac ac tnh cua tieu chuan JPEG:
-Chon R-G-B hoac khong gian mau Y, CB , CR .
-Chon cau truc 4 : 4 : 4 , 4 : 2 : 2 hay 4 : 2 : 0.
-Kch c anh 65536 pel - 65536 dong.
-o chnh xac mau vao la 8 bit he baseline, 8-12 bit he DCT
m rong.
-o chnh xac qua trnh lng t va DCT la 9 bit.
-Dung lng t tuyen tnh cho he so DC.
-Qua trnh lng t thch nghi cho macroblock.
-o chnh xac ln nhat cua cac he so DC la 11 bit.
-Co cac bang lng t khac nhau cho Y, CB , CR .
-Quet xen ke va quet lien tuc.
@Chuan MPEG -1
Cac ac tnh chnh nh sau:
-Mot cau truc lay mau 4:2:0
-Kch c anh ln nhat la 720 pel 576 dong dung cac thong
so gii han va 4059 pel 4059 dong cho cac thong so u.
-o chnh xac mau vao la 8 bit.
-o chnh xac DCT va lng t la 9 bit.
-Qua trnh lng t thch nghi cho macroblock.
-Dung lng t DPCM chnh xac cho cac he so DC.
-Ch co kha nang quet lien tiep.
Mantissa
-Dung cac P ,B.
Tn hieu
12 bit
vao-o phan giai c lng chuyen ong la pel.
@Chuan
analog MPEG 2:
Bo
Lay t
Dong bit
Cac acBo
tnhA/D
quan trong
ngoai cac

em
leac tnh a co nha
ma
16
bit
tieu chuan MPEG 1 la :
co tre
digital
hoa
Bo
-Cac cau truc lay mau 4:4:4, 4:2:2, 4:2:0.
ghep
-Kha nang quet lien tiep va quet xen ke .
hp
3.4 CAC Ket
KYcau
THUAT
GIAM DATA AUDIO :
he LAMTnh
thong th
toan
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------47
giac
t le
NGUYENngi
NHN PHU
GHEP KENH TRUYEN HNH
H 3.13 He thong iem-troi noi khoi
data audio

Trng ai hoc s pham ky thuat


Luan van tot nghiep
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Cac ky thuat ghi ma nguon (source coding) c dung e


loai bo d tha tn hieu audio (khi co s khac biet mau-mau
bang 0) va dung ky thuat mat na tam l am (psychoacoustic
masking) e nhan dang va loai bo noi dung khong lien quan (cac
mau khong nghe c). Hai ky thuat nen data chnh la:
@Ky thuat ghi ma tien oan mien thi gian : dung ky
thuat ma hoa sai biet e khoi phuc lai s khac biet gia cac
mau lien tiep.
@Ky thuat ghi ma bien oi mien tan so : dung cac
khoi mau audio PCM c bien oi t mien thi gian sang mot
lng cac bang khac nhau mien tan so.
3.4.1 Ky thuat lam giam data khong ton hao :
Mo hnh nen khong ton hao (nh hnh 3.13) cho phep phuc
hoi bit bit cua thong tin data goc sau khi giai nen. Chung loai bo
d tha thong ke ton tai trong tn hieu audio bang cach tien
oan cac gia tr t cac mau trc , co the at c cac t so
nen nho va no phu thuoc vao o phc tap cua tn hieu audio
goc.
@Thuat toan sai biet : tn hieu audio cha cac am lap lai cung
nh mot lng am d tha va khong tng thch ve mat nhan
thc. Data lap lai c loai bo trong qua trnh ma hoa va c
tao lai pha giai ma. Cac ky thuat DPCM cung c dung cho
tn hieu audio. au tien tn hieu audio c chia thanh cac bang
nho cha mot lng tone ri rac nhat nh. Ky thuat ma hoa
nay co tnh thch nghi bang cach xem xet nang lng tn hieu vao
e ho tr qua trnh lng t .
@Cac bo giai ma entropy : khai thac d tha trong s bieu
dien cac he so dai nho a lng t e cai thien hieu suat
ghi ma. Cac he so nay c gi trong mot th t tang dan theo
tan so e tao ra cac gia tr ln cac tan thap va cac oan
chay dai cua cac gia tr gan bang hoac bang 0 cac tan cao.
VLC c lay t cac bang Huffman khac nhau e phoi hp tot
vi so lieu thong ke cua cac gia tr tan cao va tan thap.
@Cac he thong iem- troi noi khoi (block floating point): cac
gia tr nh phan cua qua trnh chuyen oi A/D c nhom thanh
cac khoi data trong mien thi gian , bang cach lay cac mau
khac nhau tai ngo ra A/D ; hay trong mien tan so bang cach lay
cac he so co tan so ke nhau tai ngo ra FDCT (DCT thuan). Sau
o, cac gia tr nh phan trong mot khoi data c lay t le len
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48
NGUYEN NHN PHU
GHEP KENH TRUYEN HNH

Trng ai hoc s pham ky thuat


Luan van tot nghiep
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------sao cho gia tr ln nhat xap x gia tr ay thang. He so t le
nay, goi la so mu (exponent), th chung cho tat ca cac gia tr
trong khoi. Do o co the bieu dien moi gia tr bang mot
mantissa ,tc la gia tr mau, va bi mot so mu ch bao bien
o ung cua mau. ay la qua trnh lng t lai khong eu
(nonuniform) vi cac kch c cua bac lng t c xac nh bi
so bit c gan tren moi khoi.
3.4.2 Ky thuat lam giam data co ton hao :
Co the thu c ky thuat nen co ton hao bang cach phoi
hp 2 hay nhieu ky thuat x l chuyen ong tn hieu . Khi o co
the nen vi t le cao t 2 :1 en 20 :1 . He thong lam giam
data co ton hao dung ky thuat ghi ma nhan thc (perceptual
coding). Nguyen l c ban la loai bo d tha nhan thc trong tn
hieu audio bang cach bo bat k tn hieu nao co bien o di
ng cong ngng mat na. To hp cac ky thuat sau gop phan
tao ra he thong nen khong ton hao ve nhan thc:
@Ky thuat mat na mien thi gian va mien tan so cua
cac thanh phan tn hieu .
@Ky thuat mat na nhieu lng t cho moi tone (co the nghe
thay) bang cach gan u bit e am bao mc nhieu lng t
luon thap hn ng cong mat na.
@Ky thuat ghi ma chung (joint coding) : khai thac d tha trong he
thong a kenh audio.
3.4.3 Qua trnh ghi ma audio.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 49
NGUYEN NHN PHU
GHEP KENH TRUYEN HNH

Trng ai hoc s pham ky thuat


Luan van tot nghiep
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Tn hieu
vao

Bo lng
t va bo
ma hoa

Nhom
bo loc

Bo
ghe
p
hp

Dong bit
a ma
hoa

Kieu
nhan
Bo gan bit
thc
H 3.15 Bo ma hoa audio nhan thc.
H 3.14 Bo ma hoa audio nhan
thc
Cac hien tng mat na quan trong nhat xay ra trong mien
tan so. e khai thac ieu nay,pho tn hieu audio c chia thanh
nhieu dai nho vi o phan giai tan so va thi gian thch ng
vi bang thong ti han cua he thong thnh giac. Hnh 3.14 mo
ta cau truc c ban cua bo ma hoa nhan thc . Bo nay gom:

Mau audio
DPCM
32/44,1/48
KHz

nh tan
so / thi
gian

Ma
hoa
joint

Kieu tam l am
(psyacoustic)

Ghi ma /
lng t /
lay t le

em
khung
Data
phu
tr

H 3.15 Cau truc c ban bo ma hoa


audio
MPEGdai : con goi la nhom bo loc (filter bank):
@Mot bo loc
nhieu
dung e chia lai pho thanh cac dai nho, co ba loai :
-Nhom dai nho : pho tn hieu c chia thanh cac dai tan so
nho co o rong banh nhau ( 32 dai MPEG lp I va II). Di
500Hz moi dai rong 100Hz, o rong dai tang dan len vai Khz
tan so tren 10KHz. V du trong MPEG lp II, mot khung audio gom
1152 mau c chia thanh 32 dai nho co o rong bang nhau
( lay mau 48KHz, ) , moi dai cha 36 mau. Moi tn hieu dai nho
c lng t eu vi s gan bit c ch nh cho dai nho e
duy tr t so mat na tren nhieu dng. T so nay dng khi ng
cong mat na tren mc nhieu.
@Mot bo gan bit : c lng them ngng mat na va gan
cac bit da tren nen tang nang lng pho tn hieu audio va ket
cau tam l am.
@Bo x l lng t va bo t le : cac mau t ngo ra cua
moi bo loc dai nho c lay t le va lng t theo hai phng
phap sau : iem- troi noi khoi ( block floating-point) va lng t co
t le.
@Bo ghep hp data : nhan data a lng t va them cac bit phu ( thong tin
gan bit va he so t le) cho qua trnh giai ma. Cac khoi gom 12 mau data
ngo ra bo lng t c ghep hp vi he so t le va thong tin gan bit tng

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50
NGUYEN NHN PHU
GHEP KENH TRUYEN HNH

Trng ai hoc s pham ky thuat


Luan van tot nghiep
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ng e tao thanh mot khung audio dong bit a ma hoa . Data phu tr cung
co the c chen vao trong dong bit nay.

Data
vao

Nhom
bo loc
32 dai
nho

FFT
512 /
1024
iem

0
1
2
n
31

Bo
t
le

Ngn
g mat
na

0
1
2
n
31

Bo
Lng
T

Bo ghi
ma
va
gan
he so
t le

0
1
2
n
31

Bo
a
Hp

-S gan
bit
-He so
t le

Dong
bit a
ma
hoa

Thong
tin phu
tr

@Chuan MPEG 1 : nh ngha audio 3 lp ma hoa cho PCM vi


3.16 32
S o
khoi
bo ma
hoa
MPEG
toc o lay H
mau
; 44,1
; 48KHz.
Hnh
3.15
va 3.16 la s o c
ban cua cac bo ma hoa audio MPEG.
ac tnh lp I : ( hnh 3.17)
-Toc o data t 32 448 Kb/s.
-Tn hieu vao c chia thanh cac khung cha 384 mau(mot
kenh).
-Toc o khung 8 ms tan so lay mau 48 KHz.
-Audio c chia thanh 32 dai nho co kch c bang nhau, tao
nen cac khoi 12 mau.
-He so t le 6 bit / dai, khac nhau oi vi tng dai.
-Mot kenh hay song kenh (dual), stereo hay joint-stereo.

ac tnh lp II :( hnh 3.17 )


- Toc o data t 32 384 Kb/s.
-Tn hieu vao c chia thanh cac khung cha 1152 mau(mot
kenh).
-Toc o khung 24 ms tan so lay mau 48 KHz.
-Audio c chia thanh 32 dai nho co kch c bang nhau, tao
nen cac khoi 36 mau.
-He so t le 6 bit / dai, khac nhau oi vi tng dai.
-Mot kenh hay song kenh (dual), stereo hay joint-stereo.
ac tnh lp III: ( hnh 3.17 )
- Toc o data t 32 320 Kb/s.
-Tn hieu vao c chia thanh cac khung cha 1152 mau (mot
kenh).
-Toc o khung 24ms tan so lay mau 48 KHz.
-Audio c chia thanh 32 dai nho co kch c bang nhau, moi
dai nho lai c chia nho thanh 18 dai DCT, tao nen 192 dai
DCT.
-Mot kenh hay song kenh (dual), stereo hay joint-stereo.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 51
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GHEP KENH TRUYEN HNH

Trng ai hoc s pham ky thuat


Luan van tot nghiep
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Header CRC Gan
32
0,1 bit
6
128
256

He so
t le
0 384

Header CRC Gan


32
0,1 bit
6
26
188

SCFSI he
0
so
t le
60
0 10
80

Cac mau
384

Data
phu
tr

Lp I

Data
phu
tr

Lp II

Header CRC
Tin tc
Mau data
32
0,1
side
6
136,256
CRC : kiem tra d tha ; SCFSI: thong tin chon he so t le

Lp III

Cac mau
1152

H 3.17 Dang thc dong bit lp I, II, III

3.5 GHEP KENH TN HIEU DIGITAL


Cac goi audio
Bo ma hoa
audio

kenh

Bo ma hoa
video

Cac goi video


Dong ghep
MPEG-2

So lieu
khac

Cac goi so lieu khac

Cac goi so lieu he thong


So lieu he
thong
Hnh 3.18 Ghep kenh goi.
Co hai phng phap thng c s dung e ghep kenh so
t nhieu vung khac nhau thanh 1 dong nh sau:
_ Ghep kenh phan chia theo thi gian TDM (Time Division Multiplexing
Method). Ve nguyen ly, TDM gan cac khe thi gian mot cach tuan
hoan cho cac dong s cap audio, video va so lieu.
_ Ghep kenh goi (Packet Multiplexing method). Trong cach ghep
kenh goi, cac goi so lieu t cac dong s cap audio,video, so
lieu c an xen vao nhau mot cach tuan hoan hoac khong
tuan hoan, goi nay tiep theo goi kia e hnh thanh 1 dong ghep
kenh.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 52
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GHEP KENH TRUYEN HNH

Trng ai hoc s pham ky thuat


Luan van tot nghiep
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------He thong ghep kenh MPEG-2 thuoc loai ghep kenh goi vi
s o nguyen ly nh hnh 3.18. luan van nay ch i sau vao
phng phap ghep kenh goi.
3.5.1 Ghep kenh goi (Packet Multiplexing) MPEG:
Phan he thong cua MPEG mo ta cach thc cua dong so
video nen, audio nen va cac dong so lieu khac c ghep chung
lai vi nhau e tao ra dong ghep kenh MPEG. Mot so
Cac dong s cap cua 1
hay nhieu chng trnh
So lieu rieng
Thong tin dch
kenh
vu
ieu
khien
truy cap co
ieu kien

B
O

Dong

ghep

MPEG-2

GHEP

Thong tin ong bo

H.3.19 : Bo ghep kenh MPEG-2.


thuat ng va cac nguyen ly c ban cua lp he thong MPEG
c trnh bay di ay (nh hnh 3.19 ) :
* Chng trnh (programme): theo ngon ng phat thanh truyen
hnh, chng trnh thng co ngha la cac tiet muc thong tin, giao
duc, giai tr c cac ai phat len song hang ngay. Trong ng
ngha cua MPEG, thuat ng chng trnh co ngha la 1 kenh
(channel) hay 1 dch vu phat song (broadcast service) n. Theo nh
ngha nay th VTV1, VTV3 la cac chng trnh.
* Dong s cap ES ( Elementary Stream) : mot chng trnh gom 1
hay nhieu dong s cap. Chng trnh truyen hnh thong thng
phng Tay bao gom ba dong s cap: dong video, dong audio va
dong so lieu teletext.
* Dong ghep kenh : Lp he thong MPEG-2 mo ta cach thc
cac dong s cap cua mot chng trnh hay cua nhieu chng trnh
c ghep chung vi nhau tao ra 1 dong so lieu thch hp cho lu
tr so hay truyen dan so.
* Cac thong tin can thiet khac:
_ He thong cac nhan thi gian (Time- Stamp TS): s dung e am
bao cac dong s cap lien he c phat lai mot cach ong bo
tai bo giai ma.
_ Cac bang thong tin dch vu (Service Information) : mo ta cac chi
tiet ve thong so mang, ve cac chng trnh ang c ghep kenh
va ve ban chat cua cac dong s cap khac nhau.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53
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Luan van tot nghiep
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------_ Cac thong tin ieu khien viec xao tron (Scrambling) so lieu,
cac thong tin dung e truy cap co ieu kien CA (Conditional
Access).
_ Cac kenh so lieu rieng (private data): so lieu rieng la dong so
lieu ma noi dung cua no khong c quy nh bi tieu chuan
MPEG.
MPEG at c s ong bo thong qua viec s dung nhan
thi gian tan so va chuan ong ho (Clock system CS). TS la mau
data 33 bit ch bao thi gian theo ong ho thi gian he thong
(system time clock STC ) cua mot n v trnh dien (presentation unit PU
: la anh video.audio v.v.) nao o
3.5.2 Tong quat ve he thong ghep kenh/ MPEG-2:
Cac he thong ghep kenh/ MPEG-2 c trnh bay tren hnh 3.20.
Co the phan biet 2 loai he thong: he thong ghep kenh dong
chng trnh va he thong ghep kenh dong truyen tai.
Bo ma hoa video ma hoa tn hieu video so nh dang CCIR 601
thanh dong s cap video (video ES) co chieu dai tuy y. Bo ma
hoa audio ma hoa tn hieu audio so nh dang AES/EBU thanh
dong s cap audio, video c ong goi tao ra cac dong s cap
PES (Packetized Elementary Stream) tng ng vi cac goi co o
dai thay oi. Moi goi PES bao gom 1 header va mot so lieu trch
ra t dong s cap. Cac goi PES lai c ghep vi nhau tao ra
dong chng trnh PS (Program Stream) hay dong truyen tai TS
(Transport Stream).
@Cac lp trong he thong MPEG 2 (nh hnh 3.21 )
Lp nen mo ta cu phap cua dong video va audio da tren
cau truc dong data video va audio a c trnh bay cac
phan trc. Cac chuoi data hay video, audio oc lap c ma
hoa MPEG 2 e tao ra cac dong oc lap goi la dong c ban
(elementary stream ES ).
Lp he thong nh ngha to hp cua cac dong bit audio va
video rieng biet thanh mot dong n e lu tr ( dong chng
trnh PS ) hay truyen tai (dong truyen tai TS ) ,nh mo ta hnh
3.20.He con gom ca thong tin nh thi va thong tin khac can
cho giai a hp dong audio ,video va e ong bo audio video
pha giai ma; thong tin chuan ong ho he thong (system clock
reference SCR ) va nhan thi gian trnh dien ( presentation time
stamp PTS ) c chen vao dong bit MPEG.
ong ho
Video vao Bo ma
hoa
Video
Audio vao

Bo ma
hoa
Audio

Video
ES
on
g
Audio ES
goi

Video PES
Ghep
kenh
Audio PES
chn Dong
chn
g
trnh g trnh

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 54
NGUYEN NHN PHU
GHEP KENH TRUYEN HNH

Trng ai hoc s pham ky thuat


Luan van tot nghiep
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Data khac
ong ho
Dong
Ghep truye
kenh n tai
truye
n tai
H.3.20: He thong ghep kenh MPEG-2.
Chuan MPEG nh ngha mot he thong ba dong data co th
bac : dong s cap a ong goi, dong chng trnh va dong
truyen tai.
Dong s cap a ong goi PES : Qua bo ong goi,
dong s cap c chia thanh cac goi co o dai tuy y.
Noi dung goi co nguon goc t dong data hay dong audio
hay dong video a c ma hoa MPEG 2, nh hnh 3.22.
Dong chng trnh : Cac goi PES co nguon goc t 1 hay
nhieu dong s cap dung chung goc thi gian nh la dong
audio, video, data, c ghep thanh mot dong chng trnh PS
nh cac lo ( pack ) co tnh lap lai, nh hnh 3.23. Trong
phan header cua lo, SCR am bao cac goi audio va video
c nh thi. o la tn hieu thi gian thc ch bao thi
gian truyen lo o. Ca lo PS co o dai tuy y. So lng
va trnh t cac goi trong lo khong c nh ngha, nhng
cac goi c gi theo trnh t thi gian. Mot PS co the
mang ti 32 dong audio , 16 dong video, 16 dong data; tat
ca eu co chung goc thi gian. PS nhay vi loi va c
dung trong ghi hnh a phng tien va phan phoi noi bo,
trong cac ng dung co sai so truyen co the bo qua c.

tn hieu video , audio ,data

Lp nen

Lp he
thong

nh dang nguon

Giai dang thc


nguon

Ma hoa nen

Giai ma nen

ong goi

Giai goi

a hp
dong PS

Giai a
hp
dong PS

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Giai a hp 55
a hp dong TS GHEP KENH TRUYEN HNH
NGUYEN NHN PHU
dong TS
H 3.21 he thong cau truc cac lp MPEG

Trng ai hoc s pham ky thuat


Luan van tot nghiep
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56
NGUYEN NHN PHU
GHEP KENH TRUYEN HNH

Trng ai hoc s pham ky thuat


Luan van tot nghiep
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8 byte
SC

Phan payload ES ln nhat (8kbyte 8byte)


SC

SC
SI
PL
BS

SC

SI

PL

PL

BS

BS

Ma bat au
Nhan dang dong
o dai goi
Kch c bo em

H 3.22 Cau truc PES


Goi ln nhat 8
Kbyte
Payload data dong TS

Dong PS

Header lo
video

Audio

Ma bat au

audio

SCR

data

video

audio

data

Toc o

Dong truyen
tai
TS :truc
co the
c
tao thanh
H 3.23
Cau
dong
chng
trnh t mot to
hp 1 hay nhieu
dong PS co goc thi gian oc lap nhau
PS
hoac t mot to hp cac PES, nh hnh 3.20. Tuy nhien,
PS khong phai la mot bo con cua TS, do TS khong cha
tat ca thong tin ban anh chng trnh. Khi trch PS t TS
phai thu c vai thong tin tren. Cac goi PES co nguon
goc t 1 hay nhieu dong s cap ES dung chung goc thi
gian hay goc thi gian khac nhau nh dong audio, video va
data c ghep hp thanh mot dong truyen tai TS gom
cac goi truyen tai co kch c nho mang tnh lap lai, nh
hnh 3.25. Mot hay nhieu PS co clock chuan khac nhau
cung co the c ghep hp thanh mot TS qua s chuyen
oi trong goi PES. Cac goi TS co chieu dai co nh 188
byte va noi dung data cua chung nh mo ta hnh 3.24.
Chung mang thong tin nh thi, thong tin ong bo va c
che sa jitter e bao am truyen tai khoang cach xa tin
cay c. Hn na, kch c goi data co nh cho phep
chuyen oi TS thanh cac te bao mang ATM ( asynchronous
tranfer mode ). Dong nay co sc e khang vi loi nen
c ch nh cho cac ng dung co sai so khong the bo
qua c.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 57
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GHEP KENH TRUYEN HNH

Trng ai hoc s pham ky thuat


Luan van tot nghiep
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
byte

Goi dai 188 byte


Phan payload data thc te (dai 184
byte)

Header
goi TS

T
ong
bo
47H

Cac bit ch bao sai so


truyen; ch bao bat au
goi;u tien truyen tai; nhan
dang goi; ieu khien xoa
tron v.v.

H 3.24 Cau truc goi dong truyen tai


TS

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58
NGUYEN NHN PHU
GHEP KENH TRUYEN HNH

Trng ai hoc s pham ky thuat


Luan van tot nghiep
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ES- Video

Chuoi
video#n-1

Chuoi
video#n

Chuoi
video#n+1

Chuoi audeo
#n

Chuoi
audio#n+1

PES - Video
Goi
truyen
tai video
ES- Audio

.........

Chuoi
audio#n-1

PES - audio
Goi
truyen
tai audio

Don
g TS

.........

PS # 1

D
V

V
PS # 2

PS # 3
V : video
A : audio
D : data

188 Byte
3.6 CAC HE THONG
QUANG BA TRUYEN HNH SO
Thng thng mot may phat tren ve tinh ch co the
truyen tai mot
chng
truyen
tng
t.
Neu- 2
s dung ky
H 3.25
nhtrnh
dang
donghnh
truyen
tai
MPEG
thuat nen dai tan so th mot bo chuyen phat tren ve tinh co
the ong thi truyen tai 4 chung trnh truyen hnh khac nhau.
Viec phat chng trnh quang ba truyen hnh so (digital video
broadcasting DVB ) chu yeu s dung tieu
chuan nen MPEG 2 hnh, bien ma am thanh va so lieu ; s dung
phng thc ma so MPEG 2 ; no co phng thc sa ma sai;
can c vao cac chng trnh multimedia, se chon la cac phng
thc ieu che tng ng va bien ma cua cac ng thong tin.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 59
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GHEP KENH TRUYEN HNH

Trng ai hoc s pham ky thuat


Luan van tot nghiep
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sau khi xac nh cac tieu chuan cua phat truyen hnh so
DVB, do cac s truyen tai Multimedia khac nhau , lnh vc ng dung
khac nhau nen DVB a c to chc va phan chia thanh vai he
thong, cu the la he thong quang ba truyen hnh so ve tinh DVB
S ( satellite ) ; he thong quang ba truyen hnh so hu tuyen DVB
C (cable ); he thong quang ba truyen hnh so tren trai at DVB
T (terrestrial) ; he thong quang ba truyen hnh so vi ba DVB M
(microwave) ; he thong quang ba truyen hnh so theo mang tng
tac DVB I(interface); he thong truyen hnh so DVB CS (community
system),v.v .
3.6.1 He thong quang ba truyen hnh so ve tinh DVB S
Bo
ma
hoa MPEG
Bo
ma
hoa MPEG

Bo
tron
nhie
u

ng

Bo
ieu
che
QPSK

Bo
oi
tan
len

Phat
len
ve tinh

Bo
ma
hoa MPEG
H 3.26 S o khoi he thong quang ba truyen hnh
so tinh
Nguyen l quang ba truyen hnh so ve tinh trnh bay hnh
3.26 . Thong tin am tan va th tan va cac tn hieu so trc tien
se i qua bo nen bien ma so MPEG 2 (ENC) tien hanh viec nen
bien ma , tn hieu truyen hnh so vi toc o tren 200Mb/s c
nen xuong con 6Mb/s, dong so lieu MPEG2 b nen nhieu ng
se c a vao bo tron nhieu ng so tien hanh viec tron
, ngo ra se nhan c dong ma MPEG2 co toc o cang cao hn
. Can c vao yeu cau cua tac gia cac chng trnh, cac chng
trnh truyen hnh can truyen tai se c thc hien viec ma hoa ,
sau o dong so lieu MPEG2 c a vao bo ieu che so QPSK .
Cuoi cung tien hanh bien tan, tn hieu QPSK b ieu che ti
trung tan IF, at ti tan so vi ba can thiet cua dai song C hoac
KU, thong qua anten phat tien hanh phat xa len truyen hnh ve
tinh .
S o khoi cua he thong thu truyen hnh so ve tinh nh hnh
3.27 . Tn hieu ve tinh qua bo bien tan LNB , may thu ve tinh so
IRD (integrated receiver coder ) se tien hanh viec giai ieu che
QPSK, giai ma a ra tn hieu am tan va th tan, neu dung au
noi thu CATV trc th mang truyen hnh hu tuyen co the c
chia thanh phng thc truyen tai tng t va phng thc truyen
tai so (nh hnh 3.28) . Trong phng thc truyen tai tng t th so
ng truyen at va so lng may thu bang nhau, do tn hieu au
ra cua may thu ve tinh so IRD la AV cho nen can phai dung cac
bo ieu che tng t vi cac kenh tan khac nhau e truyen
tai tn hieu ti ho dung.
e co the truyen tai so trong mang truyen hnh hu tuyen
tn hieu can phai qua bo chuyen oi ieu che so , sau khi bien
tan cao tan th trung tan tn hieu ieu che QPSK se chuyen oi
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 60
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GHEP KENH TRUYEN HNH

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Luan van tot nghiep
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------thanh tn hieu ieu che QAM . Do tn hieu qua bien tan nh tren
nen hoac se c a vao trong mang truyen hnh hu tuyen
hoac se i qua he vi ba nhieu ng MMDS e phat ti ho
dung.
3.6.2 He thong quang ba truyen hnh so hu tuyen DVB-C
Tn hieu t
ve tinh

Bo
bie
n
tan

May
thu
ve
tinh
so

A
V

Tivi
thong
thn
g

H 3.27 S o khoi he thong thu truyen hnh so


Tn
May thu
Bo giai
hieu
ve tinh
ieu
Bo
t ve
so
che so
tron
tinh
Tn
May thu
Bo giai
hieu
Mang
ve tinh
ieu
t ve
hu
so
che so
tinh
tuyen
May
Tn
phat
May thu
Bo giai
hieu
MMDS
ve tinh
ieu
t ve
so
che so
tinh
H 3.28 s o khoi he thong truyen hnh
so hu tuyen
Trong mang truyen hnh hu tuyen do tn hieu hnh anh c
truyen tai tren ng day cap ong truc nen no t b can nhieu
ben ngoai . Trong cac nguyen tac DVB a qui nh s dung cac
phng thc ieu che QAM, can c vao trang thai moi trng
truyen tai co the s dung cac toc o ieu che khac nhau nh
16-QAM ; 128 QAM; 256- QAM .
Hien nay trong mang truyen hnh so hu tuyen s dung toc o
ieu che 64 QAM trong dai tan rong 8MHz co the truyen tai tn
hieu vi toc o at ti 38,1 Mb/s . Hnh 3.28 la s o cua he
thong quang ba truyen hnh so hu tuyen . Neu tn hieu truyen
hnh lay nguon t ve tinh th can mot may thu ve tinh so IRD e
thu cac chng trnh khac nhau va chuyen oi thanh dong data
MPEG2, oi vi tn hieu th tan am tan AV th can bo giai nen
bien ma so e giai ma tn hieu, tao ra dong data MPEG2 . Nguon
tn hieu khac nhau se tao ra dong data MPEG2 bo tron nhieu
ng so e tien hanh tron va thu c dong ma MPEG 2 co
toc o cao hn . Sau o tn hieu nay a vao bo ieu che QAM,
bo bien tan e at c dai tan can thiet cho mang truyen hnh
hu tuyen.
3.6.3 He thong quang ba truyen hnh so tren mat at
DVB T
S truyen tai cua he thong quang ba truyen hnh so tren
mat at tng oi ac biet. Do hien tng phan xa nhieu lan tn
hieu, can nhieu rat nghiem trong . e giai quyet van e nay,
trong he thong s dung phng thc x l cua bo COFDM ieu
che phan tan ma trc giao . ac iem cua no la :
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 61
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GHEP KENH TRUYEN HNH

Trng ai hoc s pham ky thuat


Luan van tot nghiep
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------@ mien tan so s dung phng thc a tai ba , tn hieu
can truyen tai c ieu che ti 2000 hoac 8000 tai ba

Tn
hieu
t
ve tinh
A
V
A
V

May thu
ve tinh
so
May thu
ve tinh
so

Bo tron nhieu
ng
Bo ieu che so

Bo bien tan len


Bo ma
hoa
MPEG - 2
VHF UHF
Bo ma
hoa
MPEG - 2
H 3.29 S o khoi phan bien oi so sang
tng t

@ mien thi gian tn hieu dai goc so c chia thanh cac


oan phan biet e ieu cac tai ba noi tren
@Tat ca cac ai phat cua mang phat xa DVB-T thong qua
he thong nh v toan cau GPS (global positioning system ) c
khoa mot tan so chnh xac lam cho tat ca cac may phat s
dung cung mot tan so va c phat trong cung mot thi gian
. Nguyen l cua he thong nay nh trnh bay hnh 3 .29 . Tn hieu
truyen so sau khi c x l bi bo COFDM co the c qua bo
ieu che QPSK hoac QAM, bien tan va a ra anten phat.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 62
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GHEP KENH TRUYEN HNH

Trng ai hoc s pham ky thuat


Luan van tot nghiep
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

KET

LUAN

Trong qua trnh thc hien luan van nay, em


a co gang tm hieu, tham khao tai lieu va
nghien cu mo hnh ghep kenh tn hieu truyen
hnh, sap xep nhng kien thc nay co he
thong. T cac thong tin rieng le, nh mo hnh
ghep kenh, chung c ghep lai tao ra mot tn
hieu duy nhat la tn hieu tong hp. Bc cao hn
nhng tn hieu tong hp lai c oi tan e tren
cung mot kenh truyen co the truyen c nhieu
tn hieu. o la thuoc lnh vc analog. Sang lnh vc
digital, tn hieu c so hoa, tao ra cac dong bit
hay dong byte e truyen tai.
Khi nhu cau tang, cac dong data tren tng
chng trnh c ghep tao thanh mot dong phan
biet nhau nh phan header.
Tat ca cac viec ghep kenh nay eu nham
muc ch tang dung lng truyen tai cua kenh
truyen sao cho thong tin phuc vu con ngi a dang
nhat va phong phu nhat.
Luan van nay neu bat c cac van e
tren, gii thieu mo hnh ghep tn hieu. Tuy nhien,
do kien thc, tai lieu va thi gian han hep em
cha the i sau nghien cu mo hnh thc te va
o cung la han che cua luan van nay.

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NGUYEN NHN PHU
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Trng ai hoc s pham ky thuat


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BANG CHU THCH CAC T VIET TAT


A/D
ATM
BER
BPM
BRR
CATV
CCIR
CCITT

Analog to digital
Asynchronous transfer mode
Bit error rate
Bi-phase mark
Bit rate reduction
Community antenna (cable) Television
Comite consultatif
international en
Radiodiffusion
Consultative committee on international
CD
telegraphy and telephony
CD-ROM Compact disk
CODEC
Compact -disk read- only memory
COFDM Coder/ Decoder
CRT
Coded
orthogonal
frequency
division
D/A
multiplexing
DC
Cathode- ray tube
DCT
Digital to analog
DBCM
Direct current
DVB
Discrete cosine transform
EBU
Differential pulse code modulation
EOB
Digital video broadcasting
ES
European Broadcast Union
FCC
End of block
FDCT
Elementary stream
FDM
Federal communications commission
FEC
Forward discrete cosine transform
FFT
Frequency division multiplexing
GBR
Forward error correction
GOP
Forward (fast ) Fourier transform
HAS
Green, blue, red
HVS
Group of pictures
IDCT
Human auditory system
IRD
Human visual system
ISO
Inverse discrete cosine transform
ITU
Integrated receiver decoder
JPEG
International standard organization
LPF
International telecommunication union
LSB
Joint photographic expert group
MCP
Low pass filter
MDCT
Least - significant bit
MMDS
Motion - compensated prediction
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GHEP KENH TRUYEN HNH

Trng ai hoc s pham ky thuat


Luan van tot nghiep
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

MNR
MPEG
MSB
NTSC
PAL
PCM
PES
Pixel,pel
PQMT
PS
QAM
RLC
SNR
STM
TDM
TS
VBR
VLC

Modified - discrete cosine transform


Microwave multipoint distribution system
Mask to- noise ratio
Moving pictures experts group
Most significant bit
National television system committee
Phase alternating line
Pulse code modulation
Packetized elementary stream
Picture element
Pseudo quadrature mirror filter
Program stream
Quadrature amplitude modulation
Run length and level coding
Signal to noise ratio
Synchronous tranfer mode
Time division multiflexing
Transport stream
Variable bit rate
Variable length coding

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GHEP KENH TRUYEN HNH

Trng ai hoc s pham ky thuat


Luan van tot nghiep
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

TAI
KHAO

1. TRAN VAN TRONG

LIEU

THAM

- Giao trnh ve truyen

hnh en - trang
2. PHAN VAN HONG

- TV mau Nha xuat ban

ky thuat thanh pho Ho Ch Minh 1999.


3. NGUYEN TIEN

- He truyen hnh mau NTSC,

PAL, SECAM -NXB Khoa hoc k thuat - 1993


4. NGUYEN KIM SACH (chu bien) - Mo hnh ghep

nhieu tn hieu video so co nen e truyen


va phat song tren mot kenh truyen hnh
thong thng - 1999
5. BERNARD GROB - Basic Television And Video

Systems - Mc Graw - Hill Book Company - 1984


6. K. BLAIR BENSON (chu bien) - Television

Engineering Handbook - Mc Graw- Hill Book


Company
7. BARRY G. HASKELL , ATUL PURI, ARUN N. NETRAVALI -

Digital Video : Introduction To MPEG - 2 - 1997


8. MICHEAL ROBIN, MICHEL POULIN - Digital Television

Fundamentals - Mc Graw Companies . Inc - 1997


9. Television Technology Fundamental Version -

Panasonic - 1993

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GHEP KENH TRUYEN HNH

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