Gian Anten Thich Ung Cho CDMA Do An VU XUAN DAI - D01VT

MC LC
MC LC............................................................................................................i
MC LC HNH...............................................................................................iv
THUT NG VIT TT...................................................................................v
LI NI U ....................................................................................................1
Chng I: TNG QUAN V THNG TIN DI NG ................................3
1.1. S lc v h thng thng tin di ng ......................................................3
1.1.1. Qu trnh pht trin .............................................................................3
1.1.2. Cu trc chung ca h thng thng tin di ng ..................................6
1.1.2.1. M hnh h thng thng tin di ng .............................................6
1.1.2.2. Cu trc a l ca h thng thng tin di ng ............................8
1.1.3. c im truyn dn di ng ..............................................................9
1.1.3.1. Suy hao ng truyn .................................................................10
1.1.3.2. Pha inh .....................................................................................12
1.1.3.3. ng chnh thi gian ..................................................................12
1.2. H thng thng tin di ng CDMA.........................................................14
1.2.1. Tri ph ...........................................................................................14
1.2.2. a truy nhp v tuyn .....................................................................17
1.2.3. H thng thng tin di ng CDMA .................................................19
1.3. Tnh hnh pht trin thng tin di ng hin nay ...................................21
1.3.1. Tnh hnh chung trn th gii ...........................................................21
1.3.2. Vic pht trin thng tin di ng ti Vit Nam ................................22
1.4. Tng kt chng I ....................................................................................23
Chng II: TNG QUAN V GIN ANTEN THCH NG ....................24
2.1 Khi nim chung .......................................................................................24
2.1.1. Anten v anten thng minh .............................................................24
2.1.1.1. Khi nim chung v anten ..........................................................24
i
2.1.1.2. Anten thng minh .......................................................................25
2.2.2. Anten gin thch ng (AAA) ..........................................................29
2.2.2.1. Khi nim ...................................................................................29
2.2.2.2. Dng tn hiu trong gin anten thch ng ...................................31
2.2. To bp sng thch ng ...........................................................................34
2.3. Tiu chun chn la hiu nng ...............................................................38
2.3.1. Bnh phng trung bnh li nh nht (MMSE) ..............................38
2.3.2. T s tn hiu trn tp m v nhiu ln nht (MSINR)....................40
2.3.2. dao ng nh nht (MV) ...........................................................42
2.4. Thut ton thch ng ...............................................................................42
2.4.1. Thut ton bnh phng trung bnh ti thiu (LMS) ......................44
2.4.2. Thut ton quy bnh phng ti thiu ........................................45
2.4.3. Thut ton nghch o ma trn mu ................................................46
2.5. Li ch ca gin anten thch ng ............................................................47
2.5.1. Ci thin cht lng tn hiu ...........................................................47
2.5.2. M rng phm vi truyn tin ............................................................48
2.5.3. Tit kim cng sut .........................................................................50
2.6. Tng kt chng II ..................................................................................50
Chng III: GIN ANTEN THCH NG CHO H THNG CDMA ....51
3.1. Cc k thut ca anten thng minh cho thng tin di ng ..................51
3.1.1. B x l khng gian CDMA khng lin kt ...................................52
3.1.2. B x l khng gian CDMA lin kt ..............................................53
3.1.3. B x l khng gian cho h thng a ngi dng ..........................55
3.1.4. To bp sng ng xung cho h thng CDMA ..........................56
3.2. Gin anten thch ng cho h thng DS-CDMA .....................................58
3.2.1. Cu hnh h thng gin thch ng cho DS-CDMA .........................59
3.2.2. Dng tn hiu ...................................................................................60
3.2.3. T s tn hiu trn nhiu SNIR.........................................................63
ii
3.2.4. So snh vi my thu RAKE ..............................................................64
3.2.4.1. i vi knh truyn thng n ng ........................................66
3.2.4.2. i vi knh phainh la chn tn s a ng ........................67
3.2.4.3. phc tp ca tnh ton ..........................................................67
3.3. Gin anten thch ng cho h thng DS-CDMA a m, a tc .......68
3.3.1. Th h DS-CDMA a m a tc ..................................................68
3.3.2. Cu hnh SBAA cho h thng DS-CDMA a m .............................70
3.3.3. Dng tn hiu .....................................................................................72
3.3.4. T s SINR ........................................................................................75
3.3.5. khuch i ln nht s dng m tri ph Cyclic .........................75
3.4. Tng kt chng III ................................................................................77
KT LUN........................................................................................................79
TI LIU THAM KHO.................................................................................80
iii
n tt nghip i hc Mc lc hnh
MC LC HNH
Hnh 1.1 Qu trnh pht trin ca cc h thng thng tin di ng ......................3
Hnh 1.2 Cc th h thng tin di ng ...............................................................4
Hnh 1.3 Cu trc h thng thng tin di ng .....................................................7
Hnh 1.4 Cc vng phc v MSC/VLR ..............................................................8
Hnh 1.5 Phn chia trong cc vng v vng phc v MSC/VLR....................9
Hnh 1.6 Dng tn hiu tri ph .......................................................................17
Hnh 2.1 S thay i th bc x khi thu bao di chuyn..............................26
Hnh 2.2 Cc loi cu trc anten thng minh ...................................................27
Hnh 2.3 Mt mng SB dng mt mng to tia to M tia
t M phn t anten.............................................29
Hnh 2.4 Gin anten thch ng M phn t .......................................................30
Hnh 2.5 Cu trc gin anten thch ng ...........................................................30
Hnh 2.6 Dng tn hiu trong gin anten thch ng ..........................................31
Hnh 2.7 Cu trc ca b to bp bng hp .....................................................35
Hnh 2.8 B to bp bng hp s dng TDL ...................................................36
Hnh 2.9 B to bp min tn s s dng FFT ................................................37
Hnh 2.10 Cht lng tn hiu ca gin anten thch ng ..................................48
Hnh 2.11 Ci thin vng ph sng nh gin anten thch ng ..........................49
Hnh 3.1 M hnh b lc khng gian cho trm gc CDMA ............................52
Hnh 3.2 Trin khai h thng nhiu anten khng lin kt cho
b thu trm gc CDMA...........................................52
Hnh 3.3 Gin lin kt cho thit b thu ca h thng CDMA ..................54
Hnh 3.4 B x l khng gian cho nhiu ngi s dng .........................55
Hnh 3.5 H thng iu khin cng sut khng gian ng xung cho
h thng CDMA ...................................................................58
Hnh 3.6 Gin anten thch ng cho DS-CDMA .......................................59
Hnh 3.7 My thu RAKE hai chiu tiu chun cho DS-CDMA ..............65
Hnh 3.8 H thng DS-CDMA a m hai tc .....................................69
Hnh 3.9 Cu trc gin anten thch ng cho h thng DS-CDMA a m
a tc ...............................................................................71
Hnh 3.10 M tri ph tin t Cyclic cho DS-CDMA .........................76
V xun i - Lp D2001 VT
iv
n tt nghip i hc Thut ng vit tt
THUT NG VIT TT
1D RAKE one Dimensional RAKE My thu RAKE mt chiu
2D RAKE two Dimensional RAKE My thu RAKE hai chiu
1G 1
st
Generator Thng tin di ng th h th 1
2G 2
nd
Generator Thng tin di ng th h hai
3G 3
rd

Generator Th h thng tin di ng th ba
AAA Adaptive Array Antenna Anten gin thch ng
AGC Automatic Gain Control T ng iu chnh h s
khuch i
AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone
Service
Dch v in thoi di ng tin
tin.
AOA Angle Of Arrival Gc ti
AUC AUthentication Center Trung tm nhn thc
BCCH Broadcast Control CHannel Knh iu khin qung b
BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying iu ch kho chuyn pha c
hai
BS Base Station Trm gc
BSC Base Station Controller B iu khin trm gc
BTS Base Transceiver Station Trm thu pht gc
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access a truy nhp phn chia theo m
CRC Cyclic Redundancy Code M d vng
CT-2 Cordless Telecommunication in thoi khng dy.
D-AMPS Digital AMPS AMPS s
DECT Digital Enhanced Cordless
Telecommunication
Vin thng khng dy s tin
tin.
DOA Direction Of Arrival Hng ti
DoF Degree of Freedom di
DS-CDMA Direct Sequence CDMA CDMA tri ph chui trc tip
DSSS Direct Sequence Spread
Spectrum
Tri ph chui trc tip
EDGE Enhanced Data Rates for GSM
Evolution
Tc d liu gi tng cng
pht trin GSM
EIR Equipment Identify Register B nhn dng thit b
ETACS Extended TACS TACS m rng.
FDD Frequency Division Duplex Ghp song cng theo tn s
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple
Access
a truy nhp phn chia theo tn
s.
FFT Fast Fourier Transform Bin i Fourier nhanh
v
FHSS Frequency Hopping Spread
Spectrum
tri ph nhy tn (FHSS
GMSC Gateway Mobile service
Switching Center
Trung tm chuyn mch cc
dch v cng
GPRS General Packet Radio Service Dch v v tuyn gi chung
GPRS General Packet Radio System H thng v tuyn gi chung
GSM Global System for Mobile
Communication
H thng thng tin di ng ton
cu.
HSCSD High Speed Circuit-Switched
Data
D liu chuyn mch knh tc
cao
IF Intermidiate Frequency Tn hiu trung tn
IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform Bin i ngc Fourier nhanh
IS-136 Interim Standard -136 Tiu chun thng tin di ng
TDMA ci tin ca M do
AT&T xut.
IS-54 Interim Standard 54 Tiu chun thng tin di ng
TDMA ca M do AT&T pht
trin
ISI Inter Symbol Interference Nhiu giao thoa k t
IWF InterWorking Functions Cc chc nng tng tc
JTACS Japanish TACS TACS do Nht Bn pht trin.
LA Location Area Vng nh v
LMS Least Mean Square Bnh phng trung bnh ti
thiu
LUSA Linear Uniform Space Array Gin cch u tuyn tnh
MAI Multiple Access Interference Nhiu a truy nhp
ML Maximum Likelihood Gi tr ln nht c th
MMSE Minimum Mean Square Error Trung bnh bnh phng li nh
nht
MS Mobile Station Trm di ng
MSC Mobile service Switching
Center
Trung tm chuyn mch dch v
di ng
MSE Mean Square Error Trung bnh bnh phng li
MSINR Maximum Signal to
Interference plus Noise Ratio
T s tn hiu trn tng nhiu v
tp m ln nht
MT Mobile Terminal Kt cui trm di ng
MV Minimum Variance dao ng nh nht
NAMPS Narrow AMPS AMPS bng hp
vi
NMT450 Nordic Mobile Telephone 450
MHz
H thng in thoi di ng Bc
u bng tn 450 MHz.
NMT900 Nordic Mobile Telephone 900
MHz
H thng thng tin di ng Bc
u bng tn 900 MHz.
NRZ Null Return to Zero Chui xung khng tri v khng
NTACS Narrow TACS TACS bng hp.
NTT Nippon Telegraph and
Telephone
H thng in thoi v in bo
do Nippon pht trin.
P/S Parallel-to-Serial conversion. B bin i song song sang ni
tip
PCN Personal Communication
Network
Mng thng tin c nhn.
PDC Personal Digital Cellular H thng t ong s c nhn.
PIC Parallel Interference Canceler B chng nhiu song song
PN Pseudo Noise Gi tp m ngu nhin
REF Range Extension Factor Nhn t m rng di
RF Radio Frequency Tn s v tuyn
RLS Recursive Least Squares quy bnh phng ti thiu
S/P Serial to Parallel conversion. B chuyn i ni tip sang
song song
SB Switched Beam H thng chuyn bp sng
SBA Switched Beam Antenna Anten chuyn bp
SBAA Subband Adaptive Antennas H thng anten thch ng
SI Self Interference T nhiu
SINR Signal to Interference plus
Noise Ratio
T s tn hiu trn tng nhiu v
tp m
SMI Sample Matrix Inversion Nghch o ma trn mu
SNR Signal to Noise Rate T s tn hiu trn nhiu
SS Spread Spectrum Tri ph
TACS Total Access Communication
System
H thng vin thng truy nhp
ton b
TAF Terminal Adaptive Function B thch ng u cui
TDD Time Division Duplex Ghp song cng theo thi gian
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access a truy nhp phn chia theo thi
gian
TE Termianl Equipment Thit b u cui
THSS Time Hopping Spread
Spectrum
tri ph dch thi gian
TRAU Transcoder/Adapter Rate Unit Khi chuyn i m v tc
vii
UMTS Universal Mobile
Telecommunication System
H thng vin thng di ng
ton cu
VLR Visitor Location Register B ghi nh v thng ch
WCDMA Wideband CDMA CDMA Bng rng
WCMF Walsh Chip Matched Filter B lc i xng chip Walsh
[a /b] Tham kho ti trang b, ca ti liu tham kho th a (trong danh
mc ti liu tham kho)
[a] Ti liu tham kho th a
viii
n Tt nghip i hc Chng I. Tng quan v thng tin di ng CDMA
LI NI U
Trong nhng thp nin gn y, cng vi s pht trin vt bc v khoa
hc k thut, nhng nh nghin cu khng ngng a ra nhng phng
php truyn tin mi, hiu qu v tin dng hn p ng nhu cu thng tin ngy
cng cao ca con ngi. Phng php truyn dn di ng l mt trong nhng
phng php tiu biu. Cc th h truyn dn di ng lin tc ra i v thay th
cng ngh c, ban u l cng ngh a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s FDMA
ca thng tin di ng th h th nht. Khc phc nhng hn ch ca th h th
nht, h thng thng tin di ng GSM ra i v pht trin rng ri vi nhiu
u im vt tri. Tuy nhin, h thng GSM vn cha p ng c yu cu l
mt h thng thng tin thch hp vi c truyn dn thoi v d liu, li tit
kim bng tn truyn dn. Mt yu cu mi t ra l phi c mt h thng
thng tin mi vi nhng tnh nng u vit hn h thng GSM. H thng
CDMA ra i vi k thut a truy nhp phn chia theo m cho php nhiu
ngi s dng dng chung mt di tn truyn dn, vi tc truyn dn cao
chng t v tr v tnh u vit ca n. Vit Nam, cng ngh CDMA ang
c khai thc v ang rt c quan tm. Tuy nhin, s pht trin ca cng
ngh hin i lun lun i hi phi c nhng sng to mi, v th m ngi ta
khng ngng ci tin h thng thng tin di ng CDMA tng thm nhng
tin ch cho h thng.
Mt phng php rt c quan tm l s dng thit b thu pht
thng minh. H thng anten thng minh l mt s la chn kh hp l cho cc
nh nghin cu cng nh khai thc h thng. Gin anten thch ng l mt loi
anten thng minh cho hiu qu truyn dn kh cao. Trin khai gin anten thch
ng cho h thng thng tin di ng CDMA l mt la chn kh ph hp. V vy
n rt cn c nghin cu mt cch c h thng v c ph bin rng ri.
L mt sinh vin chuyn ngnh in t - vin thng, vi mong mun tm
hiu su hn v vic ng dng h thng anten thng minh v gp phn vo
V Xun i - Lp D2001 VT
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cng cuc xy dng cng nh pht trin nng cao cht lng truyn dn di
ng nc ta thng qua vic ng dng anten thng minh, ti quyt nh
la chn ti ng dng gin anten thch ng cho thng tin di ng
CDMA lm ti n tt nghip ca mnh.
ti ng dng gin anten thch ng cho thng tin di ng
CDMA bao gm phn m u, kt lun v phn ni dung n vi gn 80
trang c chia lm ba chng:
Chng I Tng quan v thng tin di ng CDMA
Chng II Tng quan v gin anten thch ng.
Chng III Gin anten thch ng cho h thng CDMA.
thc hin n tt nghip ny, chng ti s dng nhng kin thc
c trang b trong 4 nm i hc v nhng kin thc chn lc t cc ti liu
ca cc thy gio, c gio trong v ngoi hc vin. Ngoi ra, n cn s dng
nhng ti liu v anten thng minh c ph bin rng ri trn Internet.
Mc d rt c gng, nhng do hn ch v thi gian cng nh nhng
hiu bit c hn ca mt sinh vin nn n khng trnh khi thiu st.
n c hon thin hn, ti rt mong nhn c cc kin ng gp ca cc
thy gio, c gio cng nh cc bn sinh vin.
Trong qu trnh thc hin n, ti nhn c s gip nhit tnh
t pha cc thy gio, c gio. Qua y, ti xin gi li cm n chn thnh ti
cc thy c gio trong B mn V tuyn v cc thy c trong Hc vin cng
ngh Bu chnh Vin thng v c bit l c gio, thc s Phm Th Thu
Hin gip v hng dn ti hon thnh bn n ny.
Em xin chn thnh cm n!
H Ni ngy 22 thng 10 nmg 2005
2
Sinh vin V Xun i
3
CHNG I
TNG QUAN V THNG TIN DI NG CDMA
1.1. S lc v h thng thng tin di ng
1.1.1. Qu trnh pht trin
Th k qua chng kin mt s thay i ln trong s pht trin ca
cng ngh truyn tin. Cc cng ngh mi lin tc ra i thay th cng ngh c
vi nhiu u im vt tri. C th ni s ra i ca thng tin di ng l mt
bc t ph ln trong cng ngh truyn tin. Lch s pht trin ca thng tin di
ng c th hin mt cch s lc trong hnh 1.1 [3 /6]
AMPS
U
M
T
S
I
M
T
2
0
0
0
I
F
P
L
M
T
S
NAMPS
IS-54B
TACS
IS136
IS95
ETACS
NMT45
NMT900 `
NTT
NTT
mi
PDC
JTACS NTACS
PHS
Ps
POCSAG
ERMES
FLEX
PCN
M
CMTS
Chu u
Nht
CDMA
GSM
TDMA
DEC
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 Nm
Hnh 1.1 Qu trnh pht trin ca cc h thng thng tin di ng
CT-2
Ln u tin xut hin vo nm 1920 trong cc c quan qun s Hoa K,
chic my di ng lc l phng tin lc gi cc n v trinh st, mi n
nm 1960 n mi thc s c pht trin thnh mt h thng s dng c.
My in thoi di ng lc ny rt t tin ch v c dung lng rt nh.
4
Mng in thoi di ng u tin c a vo thng mi ho l vo
u nhng nm 1980, h thng thng tin di ng ny s dng cng ngh a
truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA), v s dng k thut truyn dn tng
t (Analoge). H thng ny c trin khai Bc M vi tn gi l AMPS
(Analoge Mobile Phone System), v v sau ny c gi l h thng thng tin
di ng th h th nht (1G).
TACS
GSM
900
NMT 900
GPRS WCDMA
GPRS
IS 136
1900
IS - 95
1900
EDGE
IS - 95
800
CDMA
one
Cdma 2000
MX
AMPS
SMR
iDEN
800
GSM
1800
GSM
1900
IS - 136
800
1 G 2 G 2 . 5 G 3 G
.
Hnh 1.2. Cc th h thng tin di ng
Ngoi AMPS, Th h thng tin di ng th nht gm c cc h thng
c khai thc nh:
- TACS (Total Access Communication System): H thng thng
tin di ng truy nhp ton b.
- NMT450 (Nordic Mobile Telephone 450): H thng in thoi
di ng Bc u bng tn 450 MHz.
- NMT900: H thng thng tin di ng Bc u bng tn 900
MHz.
5
- NTT (Nippon Telegraph and Telephone): H thng in thoi
v in bo do Nippon pht trin.
Do nhng hn ch ca cng ngh a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s
(FDMA) nh: hn ch v dung lng, tn s, cht lng, kh nng truyn
dn thc y cc nh nghin cu tm ra mt k thut truyn tin vi
phng php a truy nhp mi khc phc nhng hn ch trn. c pht trin
t nm 1982 vi tn gi ban u l Nhm c trch di ng (Group Special
Mobile) nh du mt bc pht trin mi trong truyn dn di ng bng vic
s dng cng ngh s bng thp. H thng GSM s dng c hai cng ngh a
truy nhp FDMA v TDMA v di tn s dng l 900 MHz. H thng thng tin
di ng ny c gi l h thng thng tin di ng th h hai (2G). H thng
2G v ang pht trin rt mnh vi nhiu u im vt tri so vi h thng
1G.
Cc h thng s dng cng ngh ca th h 2G l:
- IS-54 TDMA (Interim Standard 54 TDMA).
- IS-136 TDMA.
- GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication): H thng
thng tin di ng ton cu.
- PCN (Personal Communication Network): Mng thng tin c
nhn.
- CT-2 (Cordless Telecommunication): in thoi khng dy.
- DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunication): Vin
thng khng dy s tin tin.
OS
HLR
AUC EIR
VLR
MSC
DMH
6
- PDC (Personal Digital Cellular): H thng t ong s c nhn.
Ngoi ra cn c cc h thng nhn tin cng tn ti song song nh:
POCSAG, ERMES.
Vic ng dng cc kt qu nghin cu mi gip cc nh khai thc dch
v vin thng ci thin ng k vn truyn dn ca mnh. H thng GSM,
PDC v cc h thng s dng TDMA khc pht trin cng ngh 2G+ (hay
th h 2,5G), da trn chuyn mch gi v v tng tc truyn s liu ln ti
384kbps. Cc h thng 2G+ da trn cc cng ngh: HSCSD (High Speed
Circuit-Switched Data), GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) v EDGE
(Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution).
H thng thng tin di ng th h ba (3G) l s hi t ca nhiu h thng
vin thng v tuyn 2G trong mt h thng ton cu bao gm c cc thnh
phn v tinh v mt t. L mt h thng ng dng cng ngh CDMA, lm
vic di tn 2 GHz cho php cung cp rt nhiu dch v tc thp cng nh
tc cao. Mt trong nhng c im quan trng ca 3G l kh nng thng
nht cc tiu chun nh CDMA, GSM, TDMA. C ba phng thc t c
kt qu ny l WCDMA, CDMA2000 v UWC136 (Universal Wireless
Communication)
CDMA2000 tng thch vi CDMA th h hai IS-95 phn ln c
s dng M.
UWC, cn c gi l IS-136HS, c xut bi TIA v thit k
theo chun ANSI-136, mt tiu chun TDMA Bc M.
WCDMA tng thch vi mng 2G GSM ph bin chu u v a
phn chu . WCDMA s dng bng tn 5MHz v 10 MHz, to nn mt nn
tng thch hp cho cc nhiu ng dng. N c th t trn cc mng GSM,
TDMA hay IS-95 sn c. Mng WCDMA s c s dng cho cc ng dng
tc cao v cc h thng 2G c s dng cho cc cuc gi thoi thng
thng.
OS
HLR
AUC EIR
VLR
MSC
DMH
7
1.1.2. Cu trc chung ca h thng thng tin di ng
1.1.2.1. M hnh h thng thng tin di ng
H thng thng tin di ng c th hiu l mt tp hp cc phn t vt l
thc hin cc chc nng v thu, pht, truyn dn v tng thch gia cc phn
t vi nhau. Hu nh tt c cc thit b ny u c chun ho, v vy m nh
cung cp dch v v ngi s dng c th dng cc thit b ca nhng hng
khc nhau truy nhp vo cng mt h thng. M hnh tham kho ca mt h
thng thng tin di ng thng thng c dng nh hnh 1.3.
Hnh 1.3 Cu trc h thng thng tin di ng
Cu trc ca h thng thng tin di ng bao gm cc khi thc hin cc
chc nng khc nhau. Ta c th tm phn h thng thng tin di ng ra thnh:
khi thit b di ng, khi cc thit b tp trung v khi thit b giao tip vi
mng ngoi.
Trong cu trc ca h thng gm c cc khi thit b chnh sau:[1 /26]
- MS (Mobile Station): Trm di ng thc hin cc chc nng
truy nhp vo h thng di ng thng qua giao din v tuyn.
Cc b phn qun l di ng
PSPDN
PSTN
ISDN
PLMN
MT0
MT0 TE2 R
m
MT0 TE3 R
m
MT0 TE2 S
m
U
m
BTS
BS
C
OS AUX
HLR
AUC EIR
VLR
MSC
MSC
DMH
Cc VLR
khc
A-bis
IWF
Cc mng ngoi
MS
8
- BTS (Base Transceivar Station): Trm thu pht gc bao gm
cc thit b thc hin nhiu chc nng phc tp. Trong b phn quan
trng nht ca BTS l TRAU thc hin cc chc nng v m ho v gii
m.
- BSC (Base Station Control): B iu khin trm gc thc hin
cc chc nng qun l tt c cc thit b truy nhp h thng thng qua
giao din v tuyn.
- MSC (Mobile service Switching Center): Trung tm chuyn
mch cc dch v di ng thc hin cc chc nng thit lp cc cuc gi
n ngi s dng mng di ng. N cung cp cc giao din giao tip
BSC vi mng ngoi.
1.1.2.2. Cu trc a l ca h thng thng tin di ng
Khng ging nh vi mng truyn thng c nh, vic qun l thit b di
ng l mt vn rt phc tp. thun tin trong vic qun l mng cng
nh cc thit b di ng ngi ta phn chia mng di ng theo cu trc a l.
y l mt phng php rt hiu qu cho php ngi ta c th d dng qun l
thit b cng nh xc nh cng sut pht hay lu lng cc b ca mng.
Theo nh phng php , ngi ta phn mng di ng ra thnh vng
mng, vng phc v, vng nh v v .
- Phn chia theo vng mng: mi quc gia thng c phn thnh nhiu
vng mng vin thng. Mi vng mng c i din bng tng i
GMSC lm vic nh mt tng i trung k, thc hin cc chc nng hi
nh tuyn v kt cui trm di ng.
9
- Phn chia theo vng phc v MSC/VLR: Mi mng c chia thnh
nhiu vng nh, mi vng ny c phc v bi mt MSC/VLR ta gi
l vng phc v MSC/VLR
- Vng nh v: Mi vng phc v MSC/VLR c chia thnh mt s
vng nh v LA. Khi trong LA, trm di ng c th di chuyn t do
m khng cn phi cp nht thng tin v tr cho MSC/VLR. vng ny,
thng bo s c pht qung b tm thu bao di ng b gi.
MSC
VLR
MSC
VLR
MSC
VLR
MSC
VLR
GMSC
Hnh 1.4 Cc vng phc v MSC/VLR
Hnh 1.5 Phn chia trong cc vng v vng phc v MSC/VLR
O
2
O
1
LA
1
LA
1
LA
1
LA
1
LA
1
LA
1
MSC
VLR
O
3
10
- Phn : l phm vi nh v nh nht, n c xc nh bng mt vng
ph v tuyn v c mng nhn dng bng ton cu (CGI Cell
Global Identify).
1.1.3. c im truyn dn di ng
Vic truyn dn trong thng tin di ng s dng giao din truyn dn v
tuyn, v th vic truyn dn ny lun b nh hng bi mi trng truyn dn
h v s hn ch v bng tn.
Mi trng truyn dn h gy rt nhiu kh khn cho vic m bo v
cht lng truyn tin. Bi l, vi mi trng h, vic truyn tin lun phi chu
nhng nh hng ca mi trng bn ngoi nh: nh hng ca thi tit, kh
hu, ca a hnh, ca cc ngun nhiu trong t nhin, hay cc thit b v tuyn
khc, suy hao ln, y chng ta xt mt s c im ni bt ca truyn
dn thng tin di ng.
11
1.1.3.1 Suy hao ng truyn
Do tn hiu c truyn i trong mi trng h nn truyn dn di ng
chu suy hao rt ln. Hn na, thit b di ng li c anten thu t gn mt t,
v vy suy hao t l vi lu tha bc n ca khong cch R gia anten thu v
pht, vi n > 2.
Trn l thuyt, tn hao ng truyn t BS ti MS c biu din bi
cng thc sau:
P(R) = N(R,) + n lg
0
R
R
(1.1)
Trong :
P(R) : l tn hao ti khong cch R so vi tn hao ti khong
cch tham kho R
0
.
n : Lu tha t hao ng truyn.
: Lch chun thng thng 8 dB. [1 /76]
Ngi ta a ra mt s m hnh tham kho trong thc t, trong hai m
hnh: Hata-Okumura v Walfisch-Ikegami l nhng m hnh c chnh xc
cao.
a. M hnh Hata-Okumura
Hata-Okumura a ra hai cng thc tnh tn hao trung bnh L
p
p
dng khc nhau i vi khu vc khc nhau.
Vng thnh ph:
L
p
= 69,55 + 26,16lgf
c
13,82lgh
b
a(h
m
) + (44,9 6,55lgh
b
) dB (1.2)
Trong cng thc (1.2):
f
c
: Tn s (MHz).
L
p
: Tn hao trung bnh (dB) .
12
h
b
: cao anten trm gc (m).
a(h
m
) : H s hiu chnh cho cao anten di ng (dB).
R : Khong cch t trm gc (km).
Di thng s dng cho m hnh ny l:
150 f
c
< 1500 MHz
30 h
b
200 m
1 h
m
10 m
1 R 20 km
Vng nng thn.
Vi vng nng thn thng thong, tn hao c Hata a ra theo
cng thc sau:
L
p
= L
p
(thnh ph) 4,78lg(lgf
c
)
2
+ 18,33(lgf
c
) 40,49 dB
b. M hnh Walfisch-Ikegami
M hnh ny cho php nh gi tn hao ng truyn vng thnh ph
trong di tn 800 2000 MHz vi h thng thng tin t ong.
Biu thc s dng cho m hnh ny l:
L
p
= L
f
+L
rts
+ L
ms
dB
Hoc
L
p
= L
f
Khi L
rts
+ L
ms
0
Trong :
L
r
: Tn hao khng gian t do.
L
rts
: Nhiu x mi nh - ph v tn hao tn x.
L
ms
: Tn hao vt che chn. [1 /7879]
1.1.3.2 Pha inh
13
(1.4)
(1.3)
(1.5)
iu khc bit rt ln trong truyn dn c nh l cc MS trong truyn
dn di ng lun di chuyn, trong qu trnh di chuyn c nhiu trng hp
cc MS ny gp phi nhng vt che chn nh i ni, nh ca, iu ny lm
cho cng tn hiu m MS thu c khng n nh gy ra hin tng pha
inh. Hin tng ny gy ra nhiu bt li trong qu trnh truyn tin nh: gy
thng ging cng tn hiu thu, gy ra nhiu giao thoa k hiu (ISI Inter
Symbol Interference).
Ngi ta a ra mt s phng php chng pha inh nh:
- M ho knh chng li kt hp vi an xen tn hiu.
- S dng a sng mang.
- Phn tp: tn s, phn cc, gc,
- Cn bng thch ng
- Tri ph
1.1.3.3 ng chnh thi gian
Chnh v trm di ng l thit b c th di chuyn ngay c khi ang kt
ni, nn mt vn c th xy ra l hin tng MS di chuyn gy thay i
khong cch so vi BS. Hin tng ny gy mt ng chnh pha ca cc kkhe
thi gian thu c BTS i vi h thng TDMA, cn i vi th thng
CDMA th n lm tng nhiu ng knh.
V vy vn t ra l cn phi ng chnh khe thi gian, v iu khin
cng sut pht h thng CDMA.
a. ng chnh thi gian
Mt vn t ra trong h thng TDMA l mi MS ch pht trong mt
khe thi gian c n nh no . V vy, khi MS di chuyn s lm thay i
khong cch ca n i vi BTS s c th lm BTS nhn sai khe thi gian m
n ang s dng. iu ny c th lm cho BTS nhn nhm MS vi mt MS
khc pht cng tn s.
14
khc phc hin tng ny, trong qu trnh gi BTS s gim st khe
thi gian ca mi MS v BTS s pht i cc lnh cc MS pht sm hn khi
chng ri xa BTS, v ngc li.
b. iu khin cng sut h thng CDMA
h thng CDMA cc my di ng u pht chung tn s cng thi
gian nn chng s gy ra nhiu ng knh vi nhau. Cht lng truyn dn i
vi ngi s dng ph thuc vo t s gia nng lng mi bit trn mt tp
m trng (E
b
/N
0
). Nhng cng khng th tng cng sut ca ngi s dng ln
qu ln, v hn na do s trnh lch cng sut c th gy nhiu cho ngi
dng khc. m bo t s ny khng i hoc ln hn mt mc ngng no
m khng lm nh hng n my thu khc, ngi ta phi iu khin cho
cng sut ca cc my pht ca ngi s dng theo khong cch n trm gc.
Dung lng ca h thng CDMA t cc i khi cng sut thu c ti
BTS ca tt c cc MS l nh nhau. Vic iu khin cng sut c s dng
cho ng ln trnh hin tng gn xa v lm gim nh hng ca
nhiu ln dung lng ca h thng.
i vi cng sut ca ng xung h thng n , nhiu do ngi s
dng khc lun mc khng i i vi tn hiu c ch. Tt c cc tn hiu u
c pht chung nn khng xy ra s khc bit v tn hao truyn sng. Do ,
khng cn phi iu chnh cng sut pht ca ng xung.
Mt phng php iu khin cng sut l t iu khuch (AGC
Automatic Gain Control), trc khi pht trm di ng gim st tng cng sut
thu c t trm gc. Cng sut o c cho php xc nh tn hao ng
truyn i vi ngi s dng. Trm di ng s phi iu chnh cng sut pht
ca mnh t l nghch i vi tng cng sut m n thu c.
Phng php th hai gip ta c th iu chnh cng sut trung bnh thi
gian di hiu qu hn bng s iu khin cng sut vng kn (Close loop
15
Power Control). Phng php ny yu cu MS phi lin h thng xuyn vi
trm gc. Trm gc thu tn hiu t ng ln, nh gi so snh n vi cng
sut ngng danh nh. Trn c s mc thu cao hay thp hn ngng, trm gc
s pht lnh n trm di ng h thp hay nng cao cng sut pht ca trm
di ng ln mt nc no .
h thng thc t, ngi ta s dng phng php kt hp iu khin
vng h v kn. Cng sut danh nh c th c gn vi mc cng sut thc t
t c t s li bit cho trc. Tuy nhin, do hin tng che ti nn mc
cng sut ny khng n nh. V vy cn mt vng iu chnh cng sut c
gi l vng ngoi (Outer Loop) iu chnh mc cng sut nh danh n t
s li bit yu cu.
1.2. H thng thng tin di ng CDMA
t c hiu qu truyn dn cao ngi ta khng ngng ci tin
cc phng php truyn dn v truy nhp v tuyn. Lin tc c cc phng
php a truy nhp v tuyn mi ra i dn n s ra i ca cc th h thng
tin di ng khc nhau.
hiu r v h thng thng tin di ng CDMA, trc tin chng ta
cng xem xt s lc v cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn. T nhng
kin thc , chng ta nghin cu cc vn tng quan v h thng thng tin
di ng s dng phng php a truy nhp phn chia theo m CDMA.
1.2.1. Tri ph
Trong truyn dn v tuyn, s dng ti a dung lng, tng kh nng
chng nhiu cho h thng, ngi ta s dng phng php tri ph.
Mt cch tng qut, c th ni tri ph l mt k thut ng thc hin
iu ch li tn hiu iu ch, to ra tn hiu giao thoa vi cc tn hiu ang
cng hot ng trong cng mt bng tn nhng my thu vn tch c tn hiu
mong mun vi mt t l li cho trc. t c iu , iu ch tri ph
16
phi gim mt cng sut pht xung di mc nhiu nhit ca bt k my
thu no.
H thng s dng tri ph cho dung lng knh tng ln theo cng thc
Shanon:
C = B * log
2
(1 + S/N) (1.6)
Trong :
C : L dung lng knh (bit/s).
B : rng bng tn
S : Cng sut tn hiu
N : Cng sut tp m
Nh vy, khi s dng tri ph, dung lng knh truyn dn s tng ln
mt khong ph thuc vo t s tn hiu trn tp m (SNR = S/N).
Ngi ta t G
p
l li x l, c tnh theo cng thc:

i
t
p
B
B
G
Hay
R
B
G
p

(1.7)
Trong :
B
t
: l rng bng tn truyn dn.
B
i
: rng bng tn ca tn hiu mng thng tin
B : rng bng tn v tuyn
R : Tc thng tin
Xt mi lin h gia t s tn hiu trn tp m v t s nng lng mi bit
trn mt ph cng sut tp m, ta c:
P
b b
G I
E
B I
R E
N
S
SNR
1
0 0

(1.8)
Trong :
E
b
: l nng lng trn bit.
17
d(t)
g(t)
d(t).g(t)
I
0
: L mt ph cng sut tp m
Theo cng thc (1.8) ta thy, Ti mt t s E
b
/I
0
nht nh, nu li x
l cng cao th t s S/N yu cu cng thp.
C ba kiu h thng thng tin tri ph c bn l: Tri ph chui trc tip
(DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum), tri ph nhy tn (FHSS
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum), v tri ph dch (nhy) thi gian (THSS
Time Hopping Spread Spectrum).
H thng tri ph nhy tn FHSS l h thng thc hin tri ph tn hiu
bng cch chuyn i sng mang mt tp hp cc tn s theo mu c xc
nh bng mt chui m gi tp m ngu nhin PN. Trong , chui m nhy
tn c th c tc nhanh hn hoc chm hn tc s liu, v vy ta c h
thng nhy tn nhanh hoc chm.
H thng tri ph dch thi gian tng t nh iu ch xung, cc dy m
ng/m b pht, thi gian ng m ny c chuyn i thnh dng tn hiu
gi ngu nhin theo m.
Trong phn ny, n ch tp trung trnh by v phng php tri ph
chui trc tip, v ng dng ca phng php ny cho h thng thng tin di
ng CDMA.
Phng php tri ph chui trc tip (DS - Direct Sequence) l k thut
x l s quan trng c s dng cho h thng thng tin di ng CDMA. H
thng DSSS thc hin tri ph bng cch nhn tn hiu ngun vi tn hiu gi
ngu nhin (PN). Tn hiu tri ph chui trc tip l tn hiu trong bin
ca tn hiu iu ch c iu bin vi mt dng s liu nh phn NRZ tc
rt cao. Nh vy, nu tn hiu ban u l s(t) l tn hiu iu pha c dng
BPSK.
t t d P t s
s 0
cos ) ( 2 ) ( (1.9)
Th tn hiu sau tri ph DS l :
18
d(t)
g(t)
d(t).g(t)
t t d t g P t s t g t
s 0
cos ). ( ) ( 2 ) ( ). ( ) ( (1.10)
y g(t) l dy nh phn ngu nhin gi tp m (PN) nhn cc gi tr
bng 1, c chu k rt di. Dy PN l tng phi thc s ngu nhin, khng
tng quan.
Tn hiu tri ph v gii tri ph c dng nh hnh v
Trong hnh 1.6, d(t) l dng sng s liu, g(t) l dng sng tn hiu
chip, v d(t).g(t) l tn hiu.
pha thu, qu trnh gii tri ph c thc hin bng cch nhn tip tn
hiu tri ph vi tn hiu chip tng t cho ra tn hiu s liu gc. Tn hiu
chip ny c my thu to ra bng cc phng php ng b v c dng ging
nh tn hiu chip a vo tri ph my pht.
1.2.2. a truy nhp v tuyn
Vic chia s bng tn v tuyn l mt vn rt au u ca nh qun l.
s dng tt di tn kh eo hp trong truyn dn ngi ta a ra nhng
phng php a truy nhp v tuyn khc nhau.
Phng php a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian TDMA (Time
Division Multiple Access), TDMA cc my u cui v tuyn pht khng
lin tc trong di thi gian. Mi my pht ch pht i mt cm, cc cm c
19
d(t)
g(t)
d(t).g(t)
Hnh 1.6. Dng tn hiu tri ph
a v mt cu trc thi gian di hn gi l chu k khung. phn chia ng
pht v ng thu, phng php truy nhp ny s dng cc cp tn s song
cng cho TDMA gi l a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian ghp song cng
theo tn s TDMA/FDD (TDMA Frequency Division Duplex). Ngoi ra ngi
ta cng c th s dng c ng ln v xung vi chung mt tn s nhng li
phn chia cho thu v pht nhng khe thi gian thu pht khc nhau, phng
php ny gi l phng php a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian ghp song
cng theo thi gian TDMA/TDD (TDMA Time Division Duplex).
Phng php a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s FDMA (Frequency
Division Multiple Access), FDMA l phng php truy nhp v tuyn m
trong rng bng tn cp pht cho h thng c chia thnh cc bng tn
con. Mi knh c cp pht mt bng tn xc nh, cc knh ln cn c
cung cp mt khong bo v trnh giao thoa knh ln cn. C hai phng
phng php thng c s dng l FDMA ghp song cng theo thi gian
FDMA/TDD (FDMA Time Division Duplex), v FDMA ghp song cng theo
tn s FDMA/FDD (Frequency Division Duplex).
Phng php a truy nhp phn chia theo m CDMA (Code Division
Multiple Access), CDMA l phng php a truy nhp m mi knh c
cung cp mt cp tn s mt m duy nht. CDMA s dng ba phng php
tri ph l: Tri ph nhy tn, tri ph nhy thi gian v tri ph chui trc
tip. y l phng php a truy nhp mi vi nhiu u im mnh v ang
c ng dng rng ri.
Phng php a truy nhp CDMA v ang c ng dng trong
thng tin di ng, vi nhng tnh nng ca n, h thng thng tin di ng
CDMA ang th hin nhiu u im vt tri so vi cc th h di ng trc.
1.2.3. H thng thng tin di ng CDMA
20
ci tin cc h thng thng tin di ng s dng cc cng ngh truy
nhp cho cht lng thp nh: AMPS, IS - 54, IS 136, L thuyt v h
thng thng tin di ng s dng cng ngh a truy nhp phn chia theo m
(CDMA) ra i vo nm 1950 v c p dng trong thng tin qun s t
nhng nm 1960, sau ny h thng ny c gi tt l h thng thng tin di
ng CDMA. Trong thng tin CDMA, nhiu ngi s dng chung thi gian v
tn s, m PN vi s tng quan cho thp c n nh cho mi ngi s
dng, ngi s dng truyn i nhng tn hiu tri ph bng m tri ph PN
c n nh trc.V c bn, h thng thng tin di ng CDMA cng mang
nhng c tnh chung ca mt h thng thng tin di ng nh chu nh hng
ca mi trng truyn dn, phainh,
CDMA s dng k thut tri ph nn nhiu ngi s dng c th chim
cng knh v tuyn ng thi tin hnh cc cuc gi. Nhng ngi s dng ni
trn c phn bit ln nhau nh vic s dng mt m c trng khng trng
vi bt k ai. Cc knh v tuyn c dng li mi t bo (cell) trong ton
mng, v nhng knh ny c phn bit nhau nh m tri ph gi ngu nhin.
Dng d liu gc c m ho v iu ch tc ct (tc chip ca m tri
ph). Bng phng php ny, nng lng ca tn hiu gc c phn b vo
mt di tn rt rng, pha thu, ph ca tn hiu li c nn tr li v ph ca
tn hiu gc.
S dng cng ngh CDMA trong thng tin di ng gip cho h thng
ny c nhng u im hn hn vi cc cng ngh trc . Di y l mt s
c im ni bt ca h thng thng tin di ng CDMA s dng tri ph chui
trc tip:
- C tnh a dng phn tp, h thng CDMA cho php s dng nhiu dng
phn tp c v thi gian, khng gian v tn s. iu ny cho php hn ch
ng k nhiu do tp m v phainh.
- iu khin cng sut pht thu hai chiu hiu qu cao dn n gim ng
21
k cng sut pht. H thng CDMA thc hin iu khin cng sut theo c
hai chiu (T BS n MS v ngc li), gip tit kim cng sut pht,
gim nhiu gia nhng ngi s dng. Hn na, h thng gip gim t s
E
b
/N
0
yu cu lm gim dung lng h thng v gim cng sut pht.
- B m - gii m thoi ca h thng CDMA c thit kt vi tc bin
i 8 Kb/s, cho php cung cp nhiu dch v a dng vi tc d liu
khc nhau.
- Bo mt cuc gi mc cao nh tn hiu CDMA c trn
(scrambling) trc khi pht. Ngoi ra h thng cn s dng phng php
bo mt h thng rt hiu qu DES v nhiu cng ngh m tiu chun
khc.
- H tr chuyn giao mm, iu ny thc hin khi MS di chuyn gia cc
BTS, n lun thu tn hiu t cc BS khc khi ang trong cuc gi v tin
hnh so snh chn ra BS cho cng tn hiu cao nht.
- Dung lng h thng ln, h thng CDMA c c tnh gt giao thoa rt
cao, hn na, h thng ny cho hiu qu ti s dng bng tn cao do
khng yu cu t s tn hiu trn tp m mc cao.
Hin nay, h thng CDMA ang pht trin rt mnh v tin n nhng
yu cu xa hn, h thng thng tin di ng CDMA bng rng (WCDMA) ang
l xu hng pht trin ca CDMA trong thng tin di ng th h ba.
1.3. Tnh hnh pht trin Thng tin di ng hin nay
1.3.1. Tnh hnh chung trn th gii
C th ni: cha bao gi thng tin di ng li pht trin nhanh nh hin
nay. Chnh v l do m cc h thng truyn tin, nht l thng tin di ng
ang pht trin rt mnh. Tuy rng h thng ra i v sau h thng in thoi
c nh rt nhiu, nhng nh nhng u im hn hn my in thoi c nh
nn mng in thoi di ng pht trin hn hn. Tnh n thng chn va
22
qua (nm 2005), c th gii c n 3 t thu bao di ng v d kin con s
ny s ln ti 6 t vo nm 2015.
Cng vi s pht trin v s lng thu bao, cht lng dch v c
cung cp cng lin tc c nng cao. Khng ch dng li chc nng nh
mt chic in thoi thng thng, chic my di ng dn dn c tch hp
thm cc cng c tin ch hn nh: my tnh, cng c t in, V hn th
na, cc nh cung cp dch v cn lin tc a thm vo h thng cc dch v
km theo thu ht khch hng nh cc dch v d liu, truy cp wap, S
lin kt gia nh cung cp dch v di ng v nh cung cp dch v gii tr cn
cho php ngi dng in thoi di ng c th xem ti vi, chi tr chi trc
tuyn trn chic my in thoi ca mnh.
H thng in thoi ang c hu ht cc nc s dng hoc hng ti
l h thng thng tin di ng 3G, s dng cng ngh a truy nhp phn chia
theo m CDMA. Tuy nhin, tu vo iu kin mi nc v hng nghin cu
ban u m cng ngh s dng thc t c th khng hon ton ging nhau.
Hin nay, y l h thng di ng tin tin nht, nhng do nhu cu ca ngi
dng khng ngng i hi cc nh nghin cu v pht trin cc cng ngh mi.
Thi gian va qua, cc nh cung cp dch v di ng ca Trung Quc v Nht
Bn k kt hp tc cng nhau pht trin th h di ng th t (4G) nhm s
dng cc thnh qu cng ngh ca Nht Bn v ngun th trng rt ln ca
Trung Quc.
1.3.2. Vic pht trin thng tin di ng ti Vit Nam
nc ta, tuy l mt nc c nn kinh t c th ni l pht trin chm
hn so vi cc nc cng nghip trn th gii, nhng dch v thng tin di ng
ca chng ta a c pht trin kh sm. T nm 1993, nc ta c nh cung
cp dch v di ng u tin, n nm 1995, nc ta c hai nh cung cp
cng tn ti cho n nay. Tuy nhin, cc dch v c cung cp khi cn kh
ngho nn. n nay, hai nh cung cp tr thnh nhng nh cung cp dch
23
v di ng ln nht Vit Nam hin nay, GPC c n hn 3,5 triu thu bao,
v VMS c n hn 3,2 triu thu bao. Ngoi hai nh cung cp dch v trn,
di tn GSM nc ta c thm Cng ty vin thng Qun i tuy mi ra i
nhng cng a c s lng thu bao ln n gn 1.4 triu. ng dng cng ngh
CDMA, nc ta cung c n ba nh cung cp dch v in thoi di ng
CDMA l: Saigon Postel vi mng di ng S-phone, Cng ty vin thng in
lc (VP Telecom hay EVN telecom) v H Ni telecom.
Do nhu cu ngi ca ngi s dng cha ln, nn cc dch v km theo
cc mng di ng nc ta cn kh ngho nn so vi cc nc pht trin.
Tuy nhin, hu ht cc nh cung cp dch v ny u c vng ph sng kh ln
(cc nh cung cp dch v GSM u ph sng rng khp c nc), cc dch
v cung cp khng ch l thoi v nhn tin m c thm cc dch v cng
thm nh: dch v chuyn vng quc t, wap, GPRS, tin nhn a phng tin
MMS, v mi y n v ch qun mng Vinaphone l GPC va a vo cung
cp min ph dch v bo cuc gi nh cho thu bao khi khng lin lc c.
Vi tc pht trin nhanh nh hin nay, s lng thu bao nc ta s
khng ngng tng cao. Cng vi n, nhu cu s dng cc dch v cng thm s
ngy mt tng. Do , cc nh cung cp dch v nc ta vn khng ngng ci
tin cng ngh cung cp cho khch hng nhng dch v tt hn. Hin ti cc
nh cung cp dch v GSM u ang dn ci tin cht lng v cng ngh
dn tin ln s dng cng ngh CDMA.
1.4. Tng kt chng I
Trong chng I, n trnh by mt cch s lng v cc h thng
thng tin di ng, cc cng ngh c s dng trong truyn dn thng tin di
ng. Trong , tp trung trnh by mt cch tng quan v h thng thng tin di
ng CDMA s dng phng php tri ph chui trc tip.
24
Trong chng tip theo, n trnh by v h thng anten thng minh v
gin anten thch ng, qua nghin cu phng php ng dng ca gin
anten thch ng cho h thng thng tin di ng CDMA tri ph chui trc tip.
25
n tt nghip i hc Chng II. Tng quan v gin anten thch ng
CHNG II
TNG QUAN V GIN ANTEN THCH NG
2.1. Khi nim chung
c th hiu v nghin cu v gin anten thch ng cng nh cc k
thut v thut ton thch ng c s dng, chng ta cng xem xt cc khi
nim chung nht v anten ni chung v anten thng minh ni ring.
2.1.1. Anten v anten thng minh
2.1.1.1. Khi nim chung v anten
Sng in t ch c th c truyn dn bng mt trong hai phng
php: th nht truyn dn trong cc thit b nh hng nh: dy song hnh,
cp ng trc, ng dn sng, cc thit b ny, sng in t ch c th c
truyn lan trong mi trng gii hn nn c gi l sng in t rng buc.
Phng php th hai l bc x sng ra mi trng bn ngoi cho sng t do
truyn i trong mi trng thc gi l sng in t t do. Vic truyn dn sng
in t t do cn c cc thit b bc x sng in t v nhn sng in t,
thit b c gi l anten [6 /83].
Anten thc hin nhng nhim v ht sc quan trng trong truyn dn v
tuyn. pha pht, sau khi my pht to ra dao ng, anten pht c ngha v
chuyn i nhng dao ng sng in t rng buc trong cc phi- thnh cc
sng in t t do, bc x ra khng gian. pha thu, anten thu c nhim v
ngc vi anten pht, ngha l tip nhn sng in t t do trong khng gian
ngoi v bin i chng thnh sng in t rng buc, sng ny c truyn ti
phi- v my thu. Vi cc tnh nng nh vy, nn cu to ca anten s c
quyt nh rt ln n s bin i nng lng ni trn.
S pht trin ca truyn dn v tuyn thc y cc nh khoa hc
khng ngng nghin cu ra cc th h anten sao cho hiu sut truyn tin c
24
hiu qu cao. Chnh v l , c rt nhiu thit k anten ra i: S khai nht
l chn t i xng, n anten gin, anten parabol,
2.1.1.2. Anten thng minh
Khi nim
Cho n nay, vn cha c mt khi nim c th no v anten thng minh.
Ngi ta thng a ra khi nim v anten thng mnh da vo nhng li ch
m n mang li cho qu trnh truyn dn v tuyn.
Anten thng minh ra i do s pht trin ca truyn dn v tuyn yu
cu c mt thit b thu pht cho php di truyn dn rng ci thin hiu nng
ca h thng. Thc cht khng c mt loi anten no c th p ng c yu
cu , ngi ta kt hp gia anten thng thng v cc iu khin c
mt h thng c kh nng cung cp di thu pht rng, gim gi thnh truyn
dn v tng dung lng ca h thng, nh vo vic lm tng kh nng lin kt
gia h thng vi thit b t mi trng ngoi.
Mt h thng nh trn c gi l h thng anten thng minh m ta vn
thng gi l tt l anten thng minh [8 /31].
Nguyn l hot ng ca anten thng minh
H thng anten thng minh l mt h thng gin anten gm nhiu phn
t kt hp vi b x l tn hiu s (DSP : Digital Signal Proccessor) cho php
thay i th bc x pht hay thu ca h thng sao cho thch nghi vi mi
trng tn hiu trong t bo di ng.
Trong hnh 2.1, khi ngi dng xa BS th bc x c tm ph ln v
ngc li khi ngi dng gn th bc x c tm ph sng nh.
Lc u anten ch n gin l bc x v nhn nng lng nh nhau theo
mi hng. truyn tn hiu n thu bao n pht sng ng hng theo
phng ngang. Khi truyn tn hiu nh vy th n khng c thc no v vng
ln cn thu bao, nng lng tn hiu truyn i mt cch phn tn, phn truyn
25
a) Gin ng thng
x
W
0
A
/
D
U
R
C
V
R
i
t
a
n

x
u
o
n
g
W
0
A
/
D
R
C
V
R
i
t
a
n

x
u
o
n
g
g
Hnh 2.1 S thay i th bc x khi thu bao di chuyn
Trong hnh trn:
Mu ghi : Anten hnh qut 65
0
chun,
Mu xanh : Bp sng khi ngi dng di chuyn gn BS.
Mu : Bp sng khi ngi dng di chuyn xa BS
Mu xm : Cc hnh qut khc.
n thu bao ch l mt lng rt b so vi truyn ra mi trng xung quanh.
Do hn ch ny m cng sut tn hiu phi ln th u thu mi nhn mt
nng lng tn hiu cn thit (SNR ti ni thu ln). Trong trng hp c
nhiu thu bao ng knh, khi nng cng sut truyn, phn nng lng khng
n c thu bao mong mun li tr thnh ngun nhiu ng knh cho cc
thu bao khc. tng ca h thng anten thng minh l th bc x nng
lng ti cc t bo khng c nh na m li linh hot nh hnh 2.1. H
thng anten thng minh ch tp trung nng lng v pha thu bao mong mun
m n phc v. Mi thu bao c phc v bi mt th bc x ca ring n.
Ch c trm gc BS mi c kh nng tch hp anten thng minh thc hin
truyn dn. Cc thu bao vn pht v nhn nng lng mt cch ng hng.
L do v kch thc ca thu bao qu nh tch hp c mt h thng anten
26
x
U
M
W
0
A/D
RCV
R
o
W
0
A/
D
RC
VR
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ta
n
xuo
ng
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Bo

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ly
gia
n
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ng
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VR
o
i
ta
n
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ng
W
0
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RC
VR
o
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ta
n
xuo
ng
g
a) Gin ng thng
y
U
M
W
0
A/D
RCV
R
o
W
0
A/
D
RC
VR
o
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ta
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xuo
ng
bbb
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Bo

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ly
gia
n
g
ng
URC
VR
o
i
ta
n
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ng
W
0
A/
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RC
VR
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ta
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g
U
M
W
0
A/D
RCV
R
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W
0
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RC
VR
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ta
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bbb
bBo
Bo

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ly
gia
n
g
ng
x
W
0
A
/
D
U
R
C
V
R
i
t
a
n

x
u
o
n
g
W
0
A
/
D
R
C
V
R
i
t
a
n

x
u
o
n
g
g
x
U
M
W
0
A/D
RCV
R
o
W
0
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D
RC
VR
o
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ta
n
xuo
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bbb
bBo
Bo

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ly
gia
n
g
ng
URC
VR
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ta
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W
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RC
VR
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ta
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g
U
M-1
U
1
trong . Mi phn t anten phi cch nhau khong /2 sng cao tn, vi h
thng GSM 800 Hz khong cch ny vo khong 15cm.
Theo nguyn l hot ng , ngi ta a ra ba loi kin trc phn t
cho h thng anten thch ng nh trong hnh 2.2.
- Gin ng thng: c kin trc n gin, h thng c dng khi BS
chia thnh nhiu vng ph sng c kin trc hnh qut.
- Gin hnh trn: cc phn t anten to vi tm h thng mt gc
=2/N. Bp sng chnh ca th bc x ph ton vng ngang.
- Gin hnh ch nht v hnh lp phng: cho php iu khin bp sng
theo c hai hng ngang v dc. Cu trc ny rt thch hp khi truyn
sng trong mi trng phc tp
Phn loi anten thng minh
H thng anten thng minh c th c chia thnh hai loi: anten
chuyn bp SBA (Switched Beam Antenna), v anten gin thch ng AAA
(Adaptive Array Antenna).
Anten chuyn bp SBA
H thng anten SBA nh r mt con s xc nh trn th m
nh trc cc hng bc x. H thng SBA c to bi nhiu chn t nh
27
My thu cho
ngi dng th 1
x
W
0
A
/
D
y
W
0
A
/
D
x
U
M
W
0
A/D
RCV
R
o
W
0
A/
D
RC
VR
o
i
ta
n
xuo
ng
bbb
bBo
Bo

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ly
gia
n
g
ng
URC
VR
o
i
ta
n
xuo
ng
W
0
A/
D
RC
VR
o
i
ta
n
xuo
ng
g
a) Gin ng thng
y
U
M
W
0
A/D
RCV
R
o
W
0
A/
D
RC
VR
o
i
ta
n
xuo
ng
bbb
bBo
Bo

x
ly
gia
n
g
ng
URC
VR
o
i
ta
n
xuo
ng
W
0
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D
RC
VR
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i
ta
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ng
g
U
M
W
0
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RCV
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W
0
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D
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VR
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ta
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ng
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Bo

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ly
gia
n
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ng
x
W
0
A
/
D
U
R
C
V
R
i
t
a
n

x
u
o
n
g
W
0
A
/
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R
C
V
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i
t
a
n

x
u
o
n
g
g
y
U
U
0
W
0
A
/
D
x
U
M
W
0
A/D
RCV
R
o
W
0
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VR
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ta
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ly
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VR
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ta
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0
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D
RC
VR
o
i
ta
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xuo
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g
U
M-1
U
1
b) Gin hnh ch nht
Hnh 2.2 Cc loi cu trc anten thng minh
trc vi nhy cao theo mt hng xc nh. H thng anten ny pht hin
cng tn hiu, chn t mt trong nhng chn t c nh xc nh m n c
kh nng pht v thu tt nht tn hiu t thu bao gi ti. Khi thu bao di
chuyn cng tn m BS nhn c do n gi v cng thay i theo. BS
cm nhn c iu ny v chuyn t chn t ny n chn t khc khi my
di ng di chuyn t u n cui t bo.
H thng chuyn bp sng (SB) kt hp hng bc x ca nhiu anten
ging nh lm mn nhng chn t phn on, c nhiu s la chn khng
gian hn c th t c s n gn cc anten thnh phn hn. to c
th bc x theo hng c nh xc nh trc, h thng SB s thc hin nh
sau:
* Khi thu (uplink): H thng SBA kt ni cc tn hiu thu v theo mt
quan h no v pha v bin , iu ny lm h thng anten thu nng lng
tp trung ti hng mong mun.
* Khi pht (downlink): H thng SBA truyn tn hiu cn pht n cc
chn t anten vi cng mt di tn v tuyn, nhng cc tn hiu ny c thit
lp nhng quan h khc nhau v pha v bin . Bng cch ny th bc x
(pht hoc thu) c bp hng hp hn nhiu so vi vic ch dng mt anten.
Hn na khi mun thay i hng thu hoc pht nu ch dng mt anten ta
phi thay i anten khc hoc quay chnh anten mt cch c hc. Trong khi
h thng SB d dng thay i th bc x bng cch thay i vect trng s
ngha l thay i cch kt hp cc tn hiu cao tn RF thu c t cc phn t
anten khi thu hoc thay i pha v bin cc RF gi n cc phn t anten
khi pht i.
* Cu to: Anten SBA c cu to kh n gin. H thng SB c cu trc
ging vi cc anten thng thng, ngoi ra n cn c trang b thm nhng
b phn mi pht trin m rng h thng t bo, ngi ta c th b sung
bng cch cng thm nhng a ch thng minh cn thit trong mng sau khi
tnh ton k cng.
28
My thu cho
ngi dng th 1
y
U
M
W
0
A/D
RCV
R
o
W
0
A/
D
RC
VR
o
i
ta
n
xuo
ng
bbb
bBo
Bo

x
ly
gia
n
g
ng
URC
VR
o
i
ta
n
xuo
ng
W
0
A/
D
RC
VR
o
i
ta
n
xuo
ng
g
U
M
W
0
A/D
RCV
R
o
W
0
A/
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RC
VR
o
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ta
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ng
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bBo
Bo

x
ly
gia
n
g
ng
x
U
M
W
0
A/D
RCV
R
o
W
0
A/
D
RC
VR
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ta
n
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ng
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bBo
Bo

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gia
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VR
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ta
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W
0
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U
M-1
U
1
Hnh 2.3. Mt mng SB dng mt mng to tia to M tia t
M phn t anten [8 /94]
Hnh 2.3 m t mt h thng SB n gin bao gm mt b to tia, mt
chuyn mch RF v logic iu khin la chn tia c bit.
* Cng dng: H thng SBA c th nng cao vng ph ca trm gc hn
t 20% n 200% so vi h thng phn vng t bo c in ph thuc vo hon
cnh mi trng phn cng v phn mm c dng. Vng ph sng c
cng thm c th tit kim ngun nhn lc, gi c s h tng thc t v gi
trung bnh cho ngi tiu dng s thp hn.
2.1.1. Anten gin thch ng (AAA)
Trong hai loi anten thng minh nu trn, anten chuyn bp c u
im l n gin, nhng tnh linh hot khng cao. Chnh v vy, ngy nay
ngi ta tp trung vo nghin cu h thng anten gin thch ng.
2.1.2.1. S lc v gin anten thch ng
Mt gin thch ng (AAA Adaptive Array Antenna) l mt h thng
bao gm mt gin cc chn t anten v mt b x l thch ng thi gian thc
cho php iu khin bp sng t ng thng qua cc tiu chun la chn thut
ton. Mt gin anten thch ng c cu trc c bn c a ra trong hnh 2.4.
29
My thu cho
ngi dng th 1
iu khin
cng tc
My thu cho
ngi dng th i
iu khin
cng tc
Mng
to tia
Mx M
Cc chn t ca gin anten thch ng c th c sp xp theo cc cu
trc hnh hc khc nhau, cc cu trc ph bin nht l sp xp theo dng gin
ng thng, trn, hoc gin phng (dng hnh ch nht) nh trong hnh 2.5.

Gin ng thng l gin anten bao gm cc chn t c xp dc theo mt
ng thng, nu khong cch cc chn t bng nhau th gi l gin cch u
tuyn tnh (LUSA). Tng t nh th, gin hnh trn l gin anten bao gm cc
chn t c xp nm trong mt hnh trn ng nht. V cui cng, gin phng
l gin bao gm mt dy cc phn t anten b mt li thp, ng phn cc
c phn b ng nht theo khng gian v cng hng theo mt hng cc
chn t c gin u trn mt mt phng. Trong khi gin ng thng v gin
trn ch cho bp sng n hng (hng ngang), th gin phng cho bp sng
song hng (c hng ngang v dc).
x
1
(t)
x
2
(t)
x
M
(t)
Hnh 2.4 Gin anten thch ng M phn t
Cc bp sng
.
Chn t
anten
1
2
M
B x l thch ng
Tn hiu ra
y(t)
X l
tn hiu
iu khin thut
ton
M
30
b. Gin hnh trn
a. Gin ng thng
c. Gin hnh ch nht
Hnh 2.5 Cc cu trc gin anten thch ng
Tuy c cu trc hnh hc khc nhau, nhng nguyn l ca gin anten
thch ng l hon ton ging nhau. Bng cc phng php ton hc ngi ta c
th a ra c thm cc cu trc hnh hc mi.
2.1.2.2. Dng tn hiu trong anten gin thch ng
Xt mt gin anten thch ng n gin l mt gin cch u tuyn tnh
gm c M chn t. Cc chn t cch u nhau mt khong l d.
Ta gi nh rng, mt phng sng ti gin anten lch gc mt hng so
vi php tuyn ca hng anten thu. Gc c o theo chiu kim ng h
tnh t hng ca anten thu, c gi l hng ti (DOA Direction Of
Arrival) hay gc ti (AOA Angle Of Arrival) ca tn hiu ti. Pha u ca
sng ti ti chn t th m + 1 s chm pha hn ti chn t th m mt khong
bng dsin. Ta coi chn t u tin l chn t tham chiu gc, v tn hiu ti
chn t gc l s(t), pha ca tn hiu ti chn t th m tr so vi ti chn t th
n
M
(t)
n
m
(t)
+
m
d
+
1
+
M
Hng ca
sng phng
dsin
Pha u ca
sng phng
+
2
n
2
(t) n
1
(t)
M

m

2

1
Hng php
tuyn sng
31
Hnh 2.6 Dng tn hiu trong gin anten thch ng
nht mt khong bng (m - 1)kdsin, vi
2
k
l s sng v l bc sng.
Khi tn hiu nhn c ti chn t th m l x
m
(t) c dng
sin ) 1 (
2
). ( ) (
d m j
m
e t s t x

(2.1)
Vi m = 1,2,,M.
Ta vit x
m
(t) di dng vect, ta c:
x(t) = [x
1
(t) x
2
(t) x
M
(t)]
T
(2.2)
v t a() c dng:
a() = [ 1
sin
2
d j
e
sin ) 1 (
2
d M j
e

]
T
(2.3)
Trong : [.]
T
l php chuyn v vct hoc ma trn.
Khi cng thc (2.2) tr thnh.
x(t) = s(t).a() (2.4)
Vect x(t) c gi l vect d liu u vo ca gin v a() c gi l
vect p ng hay vect li gin. Tp hp vect p ng trong trng hp ny
ch ph thuc vo hng ca tn hiu ti. Ni chung, vect p ng ch c th
ph thuc vo p ng ca cc chn t ring l, cu trc gin v tn s tn
hiu ti. Vic thit lp mt gin anten vi vct p ng cho trc cho tt c
cc hng v cc tn s s cho ra mt kt qu ht sc a dng. Xt mt gin
n gin nh gin u tuyn tnh c ni n trn, s a dng ca gin
anten thch ng s c th hin trong vic tnh ton cc tham s. Trn thc t,
vic xc nh mt im ngun p ng cho cc gi tr v hng v tn s v
qu trnh x l s cho php thit k nn mt gin thch ng c kch c xc nh.
Ta xt trng hp xut hin tp m u vo, lc ny, tn hiu u vo
ca cc chn t xt trn tr thnh
32
x(t) = s(t).a() + n(t) (2.5)
Trong : n(t) l vct tp m u vo v c nh ngha dng
n(t) = [ n
1
(t) n
2
(t) n
M
(t) ] (2.6)
So snh kt qu trn vi cng thc (2.1) ta thy vi cng mt bng tn
truyn dn, nhng nhiu do cc tn hiu gn nhau trong gin nh hn rt nhiu.
Mt tn hiu u vo tho mn mt iu kin no s c quy vo l tn hiu
bng hp, trng hp khc s l tn hiu bng rng.
Trong trng hp tng qut, khi xut hin c pha-inh nhiu ng v
cc hiu ng ngi dng. Vect tn hiu thu c cho ngi dng th i c th
c biu din nh sau

i
Pi
p
p i p i p i p i i
t s a t x
1
, , , ,
) ( ) ( ) (
(2.7)
Trong :
s
i,p
(t) : l tn hiu ca ngi dng th i khi c phainh.
i,p
: l bin tn hiu tng hp.
i, p
: l gc ti.
P
i
: l Pha inh nhiu ng
p i,
: l thi gian tr.

Khi c nh hng ca tt c mi ngi dng v nhiu cc b, vect d
liu u vo c th c vit di dng chung nh sau:

+
U
i
P
p
p i p i p i p i
t n t s a t x
i
1 1
, , , ,
) ( ) ( ). ( . ) (
(2.8)
Trong : U: l tng s ngi s dng.
Hnh 2.7 Cu trc ca b to bp bng hp
33
Trong hai cng thc (2.7) v (2.8), phn cng thc
i
P
p
p i p i
a
1
, ,
) (
c
gi l vect ch th khng gian cho ngi dng th i.
2.2. To bp sng thch ng
To bp sng (beamforming) l mt dng x l tn hiu nh dng cho
bp sng trn gin anten theo dng ca tn hiu mong mun trong qu trnh m
phng khng b nh hng ca cc loi nhiu. Vic x l tn hiu mong mun
ring l cho tng ngi t cc nhiu c s trn cc c tnh ca chng trong
khng gian gi l qu trnh lc khng gian. ng ln, mc ch to bp sng
l lm sao cho t s tn hiu trn nhiu cng tp m (SINR) ca tn hiu mong
mun pha thu t gi tr ln nht. Cn ng xung, yu cu lm sao c
c cng sut truyn dn t trm gc (BS) ti my di ng t gi tr ln nht.
Qu trnh iu khin to bp sng s dng x l tn hiu thch ng c gi l
to bp sng thch ng. Trong mt s trng hp, tn hiu li khng to bp
sng, nhng gin anten c chc nng nh v chnh xc v hiu cc loi
nhiu, trng hp gi l qu trnh x l tn hiu khng nh dng.
B to bp sng ca gin anten thch ng l mt h thng bao gm mt
thit b x l v gin anten hot ng linh hot ca b lc thch ng [16]. C
hi loi b to bp sng l b to bp bng hp v b to bp bng rng.
B to bp bng hp
B to bp bng hp ly mu tn hiu u vo trong min khng gian
x l tn hiu bng hp. Cu trc mt b to bp bng hp c a ra hnh
di.
34
Tn hiu u ra s l kt qu cng tuyn tnh c trng s ca tn hiu thu
c trn mi chn t, cho bi cng thc
y(t) =
H
x(t) (2.9)
Trong : x(t) : l vct d liu u vo.
(.)
H
: l php chuyn v lin hp phc.
: Vct trng s, c xc inh bi.
= [
1

2

M
]
T
(2.10)
B to bp bng rng
im khc bit so vi b to bp bng hp l b to bp bng rng ly
mu c tn hiu u vo trong min khng gian v thi gian x l tn hiu
M
1
2
) (
1
t x
) (
2
t x
) (t x
M
M
..
35
1
Z
-1
Z
-1`
Z
-1
x
1
(t)
x
1
(t-T
s
) x
1
(t-[K-1]T
s
)
W
1,K-1
W
1,K
W
1,2
W
1,1
2 Z
-1
Z
-1`
Z
-1
x
2
(t)
x
2
(t-T
s
) x
2
(t-[K-1]T
s
)
W
2,K-1
W
2,K
W
2,2
W
2,1
M Z
-1
Z
-1`
Z
-1
x
M
(t)
x
M
(t-T
s
) x
M
(t-[K-1]T
s
)
W
M,K-1
W
M,K
W
M,2
W
M,1
...
...
...
..
Hnh 2.8 B to bp bng rng TDL
y(t)
bng rng. Mt b to bp bng rng c gi l b x l khng gian v thi
gian hay b cn bng khng gian thi gian. Cu trc mt b to bp bng rng
thng c mt ng tr (TDLs Tapped Delay line), hay cn c gi l b
lc phn cc ngang trong mi chn t n trn gin. Nu khong cch cc b
tr di v c ch s ln, khi TDL c tnh mt b lc l tng cho
php iu khin chnh xc khuch i v pha ti mt tn s nht nh trong
di tn cho php [17 ]. TDL khng ch c ch trong vic iu khin khuch
i v pha ca tn hiu ti tn s no trong tn hiu bng rng, n cn c tc
dng hn ch pha inh a ng, cc loi tr v hin tng nhiu xuyn knh.
Cu trc n gin ca mt b to bp s dng TDL c nu trong hnh 2.8.
36
Tn hiu sau b tr th K ca chn t th m trong b tp bp c dng
x
'
m
(t) = [x
m
(t) x
m
(t-T
s
) x
m
(t-(K-1)T
s
)]
T
(2.11)
= [
m1
m2

mK
] (2.12)
Tn hiu u ra c dng:
x
m
(t) = [x
T
1
(t) x
T
2
(t) x
T
M
(t)]
T
(2.13)
= [
T
1
T
2

T
M
] (2.14)
Tn hiu u ra ca b to bp bng rng cng c xc nh tng t
nh b to bp bng hp trong cng thc (2.9).
y(t) =
H
x(t) (2.15)
1
S
/
P
F
F
T
1
K
k
x
1
(t)
2
S
/
P
F
F
T
1
K
k
x
2
(t)
M
S
/
P
F
F
T
1
K
k
x
M
(t)
+
y(t)
y(f
1
)
y(f
K
)
y(f
k
)
I
F
F
T
P
/
S
W
1,k
W
2,k
W
M,k
.
Trong :
S/P (Seria - Parallel conversion ) : B bin i ni tip song song
P/S (Parallel - Seria conversion ) : B bin i song song - ni tip.
Hnh 2.9 B to bp min tn s s dng FFT
Do b to bp s dng TDLs x l tn hiu trong min thi gian nn c
nhiu im hn ch. Gn y, b to bp sng s dng bin i Fourier nhanh
(FFT Fast Fourier Transform) thay th cho b to bp s dng TDLs. Kt qu
ca vic s dng FFT to ra mt b to bp bng rng trong min tn s.
Cu trc ca b to bp sng s dng FFT c dng nh hnh (2.9)
37
u im ca cc thit b lm vic trong min tn s l lm gim s phc
tp trong tnh ton v tng t l hi t. Vic iu khin trng s trong h thng
t c s c lp so vi mi di tn s, vic x l la chn trng s c th
lm vic trong ch song song, iu ny cho tc cp nht trng s nhanh
hn. Hn na, khi s dng thut ton thch ng bnh phng trung bnh cc
tiu (LMS) th s sai khc gia cc khung tn s c th c chp nhn v kt
qu c c s hi t nhanh hn [10].
2.3. Tiu chun la chn hiu nng
Vi nhng nguyn tc hot ng nh trn, b iu khin x l bc sng
s la chn bp sng thu pht nh th no? C bn phng php thng c
ng dng cho gin anten trong thng tin di ng l: Phng php trung bnh
bnh phng li nh nht (MMSE), phng php t s tn hiu trn tng tp m
v nhiu ln nhp (MSINR), phng php gi tr ln nht c th (ML) v
phng php dao ng nh nht (MV).
Trong phn ny, n trnh by v ba phng php xc nh vct trng
s cho gin anten thch ng l phng php MMSE, MSINR v MV.
2.3.1. Bnh phng trung bnh li nh nht (MMSE)
Phng php bnh phng trung bnh li nh nht (MMSE - Minimum
Mean Square Error) c a ra bi Widrow et al. S chn la theo yu cu
sai khc nh nht gia tn hiu u ra y(t) v tn hiu mong mun s(t). Trn thc
t, tn hiu mong mun s(t) khng c bit trc. Tuy nhin c th dng mt
s k thut, phng php c tnh mt s tham s cho tn hiu mong mun s
c mt tn hiu tham kho r(t) gn ng nh tn hiu yu cu. Khi , vct
d liu u vo c cho bi:
x(t) = s(t).a() + u(t) (2.16)
x(t) = s(t) + u(t)
38
Trong , a() l p ng gin, u(t) bao gm vct tp m trung bnh
mc khng v cc nhiu khng tng quan. i vi gin thch ng bng hp,
tn hiu u ra c th c biu din theo cng thc:
y(t) =
H
x(t) (2.17)
Cc tn hiu li c m t theo cng thc:
e(t) = r(t) - y(t) (2.18)
= r(t) -
H
x(t)
V trng s c chn la li bnh phng trung bnh l nh nht
trong tn hiu li
{|e(t)|
2
} = {|r(t) -
H
x(t)|
2
} (2.19)
Trong : {.} l php ton th hin bin i ca h thng.
Khai trin cng thc (2.19) ta c:
{|e(t)|
2
} = {|r(t)|
2
} -
T
{x
*
(t).r(t)}
H
{x(t).r
*
(t)} +
H
{x(t).x
H
(t)}
= {|r(t)|
2
}-
T
r
*
xr

H
r
xr
+
H
R
xx
(2.20)
Trong :
r
xr
= {x
*
(t).r(t)} : gi l Vct tng quan
R
xx
= {x(t).x
H
(t)} : gi l Ma trn thng k.
(.)
*
: php lin hp phc
Vct trng s c th c la chn bng cch thit lp Graien trong
cng thc (2.20), c th l xc nh sao cho hm li bnh phng trung bnh
nh nht, tc l khi Graien ca n gn n khng (zero) [8 /96 ].
{ } 0 ) (
2
t e
(2.21)
Vi
i
= a
i
+ jb
i
, A l hm khng ph thuc vo , c l hng s th:
39
0 ) (
2 ) (
2 ) (

H
H
H
c
c c
A A
(2.22)
p dng cng thc (2.22) v (2.20) vo (2.21) ta c:
-2r + 2R = 0
Vy kt qu thu c l:
MMSE
=
opt
= R
-1
r (2.23)
Khi , ta tnh c gi tr li trung bnh bnh phng bng cch thay kt
qu (2.23) vo cng thc (2.20) ta c:
MMSE = {|e(t)|
2
} = {|r(t)|
2
} - r
xr
H
R
xx
-1
r
xr
(2.24)
2.3.2. T s tn hiu trn tp m v nhiu ln nht (MSINR)
Phng php t s tn hiu trn nhiu v tp m ln nht (MSINR -
Maximum Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio), l phng php la chn
vct trng s sao cho t s tn hiu trn tng nhiu v tp m t cc i. Ta
xt li cng thc (2.9) v (2.16), ta c hm tn hiu u ra c vit di dng
y(t) =
H
x(t)
=
H
s(t) +
H
u(t)
= y
s
(t) + y
u
(t) (2.25)
Gi tr trung bnh ca SINR u ra c dng:

uu
H
ss
H
H H
H H
u
s
R
R
t u t u
t s t s
t y
t y
'
'
) ( ). (
) ( ). (
) (
) (
SINR
2
2

(2.26)
Trong :
R
ss
= {s(t).s
H
(t)}
R
uu
= {u(t).u
H
(t)}
40
Ly graien ca SINR trong cng thc (2.26) ta c:

2
) (
) ( . ) ( ) ).( (
R

uu
H
uu
H
ss
H
uu
H
ss
H
R
R R R R
SIN

2
) (
. ) ( 2 ) .( 2

uu
H
ss
H
uu uu
H
ss
R
R R R R
(2.27)
Ta c th xc nh c trng s
opt
bng cch cho
R SIN
=0, khi :

uu uu
uu
H
uu
H
ss
R SIN R
R
R
R R.
(2.28)
Tn ti nghch o ca R
uu
, v vy cng thc (2.28) c th vit di dng
R
-1
uu
R
ss
= SINR (2.29)
Trong cc trng hp tng qut cn ch n v phi ca cng thc
(2.27), n c th t n gi tr cc tr khi R
-1
uu
R
ss
t gi tr cc i hoc cc
tiu. Gi tr cc i
max
tho mn cng thc:
R
uu
-1
.
R
ss
=
max
(2.30)
So snh hai cng thc (2.30) v (2.29), thay
max
bng SINR, khi tn ti
max
s cho ta gi tr ca trng s
opt
cn tm bi cng thc:
SINR
a t s a t s R
SINR
R R
H
uu
opt ss uu
opt
)} ( ) ( ). ( ) ( {
1
1

SINR
t s a a R
opt
H
uu
} | ) ( {| . ). ( ). ( .
2 1

(2.31)
t
SINR
t s a
opt
H
} | ) ( {| . ). (
2

ta c (2.32)
Vct trng s c dng tng t nh cng thc Wiener-Hopf:
SINR
=
opt
=
1
uu
R
a() (2.33)
41
2.3.3. dao ng nh nht (MV)
Ta xt li cng thc (2.9), (2.16) v (2.4) ta c:
y(t) =
H
x(t)
=
H
s(t) +
H
u(t)
=
H
a()s(t) +
H
u(t)
t g =
H
a(). Khi , dao ng ca tn hiu u ra ca gin c
cho bi cng thc:
var{y(t)} = {[y(t) - gs(t)][y(t) gs(t)]
*
}
= {
H
u(t)[
H
u(t)]
H
} =
H
R
uu
(2.34)
S dng phng php Lagrange,
{
H
R
uu
(g-
H
a())} = 0 (2.35)
Suy ra: R
uu
a() = 0 (2.36)
Do R
uu
tn ti gi tr nghch o, nn vct trng s trong phng php
ny xc nh theo cng thc:
MV
=
opt
= R
uu
-1
a() (2.37)
Vi
) ( ) (
1

a R a
g
uu
H
(2.38)
2.4. Thut ton thch ng
Vn t ra trong vic nghin cu ch to gin anten thch ng l cn
iu khin cc tham s trng s ca b to tia sao cho gim c ti a tn
hiu can nhiu ca nhng ngi dng khng mong mun. Yu cu t ra l
phi tm ra c nhng phng php iu khin b to tia thay i kp vi s
bin i ca tn hiu.
Vic iu khin b x l bt k thng tun theo hai bc sau:
42
- Thit lp hm mc tiu nh gi.
- To ra mt tp cc chng trnh thay i cc trng s ca b to
tia sao cho tha mn hm mc tiu ra.
Cc phng php to ra chng trnh iu khin trng s ca b to
tia trong gin anten thch ng c gi l nhng thut ton thch ng (adaptive
algorithm). Mt s thut ton thch ng nh:
1. Trung bnh bnh phng b nht (LMS).
2. Nghch o ma trn mu (SMI)
3. quy bnh phng ti thiu (RLS)
4. Hiu phng sai b nht.
5. Cng sut u ra cc i.
6. li cc i
Cc tiu chun ny thng c biu th bng hm mc tiu v gn cht
vi cht lng ti u ra ca gin. Vic iu chnh cc trng s s lm cho hm
mc tiu cng b dn theo tng bc lp. Khi hm mc tiu t gi tr b nht,
lc tiu chun c ra l t c v thut ton c gi l hi t.
i vi gin anten thch ng c th s dng c nhiu thut ton.
Nhng chn thut ton no th phi cn c vo bi ton t ra v cc yu t sau:
- Tc hi t: N c xc nh bng s bc lp cn thit thut ton
hi t n nghim ti u.
- bm: Khi thut ton ti u hot ng trong mi trng khng dng,
thut ton cn phi bm c cc thay i thng k trong mi trng.
- thng minh: Biu th nng lc ca thut ton tha mn cc iu kin s
liu u vo.
- phc tp tnh ton: Bao gm s thut ton, dung lng b nh cn
thit lu tr s liu v chng trnh, chi ph thp.
43
- n gin c phn cng ln phn mm v phng thc t chc h thng.
- Nng cao hiu qu s dng bng tn truyn dn
Sau y, n trnh by v ba thut ton thng c s dng nht l
thut ton bnh phng ti thiu (LMS), thut ton quy bnh phng nh
nht (RLS), thut ton nghch o ma trn mu (SMI).
2.4.1 Thut ton bnh phng trung bnh ti thiu (LMS)
Thut ton bnh phng trung bnh ti thiu (LMS - Least Mean Square)
l thut ton thch ng ph bin nht cho thch nghi cao. N cho php chn
la vct trng s bnh phng trung bnh li tin n gi tr nh nht.
Thut ton LMS cho php cp nht vct trng s ti thi im (n + 1) theo
cng thc:
} ) ( {
2
) ( ) 1 (
2
n e n n
+ (2.39)
Trong l khong kch thc iu khin cc tham s hi t ca
(n), tho mn:
max
1
1
< <
(2.40)
max
l gi tr thch hp ln nht ca ma trn dao ng R
xx
, mt khc:
{e
2
(n)} = -2r
rx
+ 2
xx
(n) (2.41)
Thay (2.41) vo cng thc (2.39) ta c:
(n+1) = (n) - [ -r
rx
+ R
xx
(n)] (2.42)
Vic cp nht trng s theo cng thc (2.42) cn phi bit trc b hai
tham s R
xx
v r
rx
. n gin, ngi ta thay cc cng thc tnh R
xx
v r
rx:
R
xx
(n) = x(n).x
H
(n)
r
xr
(n) = x(n).r
H
(n) (2.43)
Thay vo (2.42) ta c:
(n+1) = (n) + [x(n).r
H
(n) - x(n)x
H
(n)(n)]
= (n) + x(n)[r
*
(n) - x
H
(n)(n)]
44
= (n) + x(n)[r
*
(n) y
*
(n)]
= (n) + x(n)e
*
(n) (2.44)
Tc hi t ca thut ton LMS ph thuc vo gi tr ca , v n t l
nghch vi s cc gi tr thay i ca ma trn thng k R
xx.
2.4.2 Thut ton quy bnh phng ti thiu (RLS)
Thut ton quy bnh phng ti thiu (RLS - Recursive Least
Squares) s dng bnh phng li nh nht c tnh vct trng s.Vct
trng s c chn khi gi tr ca hm tnh tng cc bnh phng li l nh
nht thng qua khung thi gian.
2
1
) ( ) (

n
i
i n
i e n Q (2.45)
Trong : e(i) c nh ngha bi cng thc (2.18) v 0 < < 1 l h
s qun. S dng phng php bnh phng cc tiu, vct tng quan v ma
trn thng k c cho bi cng thc:
n
i
H i n
xx
i x i x n R
1
) ( ) ( ) (
(2.46)
n
i
i n
xr
i r i x n r
1
*
) ( ) ( ) (
(2.47)
Cc h s ngoi xc nh tng ng khi i = n, ta nh c:
R
xx
(n) = R
xx
(n-1) + x(n).x
H
(n) (2.48)
r
xr
(n) = r
xr
(n-1) + x(n).r
*
(n) (2.49)
p dng nh ngha ca Woodbury, ta xc nh c nghch o ca ma trn
thng k
R
xx
-1
=
-1
[R
xx
-1
(n-1) + q(n)x(n).R
xx
-1
(n-1)] (2.50)
Trong :
45
) ( ) 1 ( ) ( 1
) ( ) 1 (
) (
1 1
1 1
n x n R n x
n x n R
n q
xx
H
xx
+
(2.51)
Ta thy, vct trng s c th c cp nht theo cng thc (2.23):
(n) =
1
xx
R
(n).r
xr
(n) (2.52)
=
-1
[R
xx
-1
(n-1) + q(n)x(n).R
xx
-1
(n-1)][r
xr
(n-1) + x(n).r
*
(n)]
Kt qu cui cng ta c:
(n) = (n-1) + q(n)[r
*
(n) +
H
(n-1)x(n)] (2.53)
2.4.3. Thut ton nghch o ma trn mu (SMI)
Thut ton nghch o ma trn mu SMI (Sample Matrix Inversion) s
dng cng thc (2.24) trong phng phng php trung bnh bnh phng cc
tiu (MMSE), khi m c tn hiu mong i v tn hiu tham kho u bit v
coi nh c cng u tin. Nu nh c tn hiu yu cu v tn hiu tham kho
u cha bit, ta cng c th c tnh n thng qua vct d liu u vo.
n
i
xr
n
i
H
xx
i r i x
n
n r
i x i x
n
n R
1
*
1
) ( ). (
1
) (
) ( ). (
1
) (
(2.54)
p dng vo cng thc (2.23) ta c tnh c vct trng s s dng
phng php SMI nh sau:
(n) = R
xx
-1
(n).r
xr
(n) (2.55)
Thut ton SMI l mt thut ton khi thch ng nn c c tc c
tnh vic chn la vct trng s mt cch nhanh nht. Tuy nhin, vic tnh
ton rt phc tp do vic phi tnh ma trn nghch o ca ma trn thng k R
xx
l mt ma trn kh ln.
2.5. Li ch ca gin anten thch ng
46
Vic ng dng gin anten thch ng cho cc h thng truyn dn, nht l
i vi h thng thng tin di ng s mang li rt nhiu ch li, v d nh: ci
thin cht lng tn hiu, m rng phm vi truyn tin, tng cng sut pht,
2.5.1. Ci thin cht lng tn hiu
Vic s dng anten gin thch ng nhiu chn t c th s c cung cp
thm b khuch i anten, cht lng tn ph thuc vo ch s c th ca cc
chn t. Anten gin thch ng gip ci tin ng k t s tn hiu trn tp m v
nhiu SINR.
T s tn hiu trn tp m v nhiu u vo c nh ngha l SINR
in
.
Nu nh mc nhiu nh hn ch s mc ri (DoF Degree of Freedom)
DoF = M 1, v SINR u ra nm trong mi trng n hng (khng c pha
inh nhiu ng) s c xc nh theo cng thc:
SINR
out
= M.SINR
in
(2.56)
Hoc l:
SINR
out
[dB] = 10log
10
M + SINR
in
[dB] (2.57)
Vi M l s chn t ca gin.
Trong mi trng c pha inh nhiu ng, nu vic x l tn hiu thc
hin c trong min khng gian v thi gian, i vi h thng bng rng th
SINR cn ph thuc vo ch s ca thit b TDLs v tham s pha inh. Xt
trng hp pha inh hai ng, tr hng ti l t 0
0
n 30
0
, khi , SINR
out
c c tnh theo cng thc
SINR
out
[dB] = 10log
10
M + 10 log
10
2 + SINR
in
[dB] (2.58)
N c ngha l SINR u ra s tng thm 3dB trong mi trng pha inh
nhiu ng. Tc l nu mi trng truyn dn l pha inh nhiu ng hn,
th cc tn hiu khc s b chn vo nhiu hn. Hnh sau l th biu th s
ph thuc ca SINR u ra vo s chn t anten v SINR u vo.
47
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
S chn t ca gin anten
S
N
R

u

r
a

[
d
B
]
SNRin=-10dB SNRin=0dB SNRin=10dB
2.5.2. M rng phm vi truyn tin
T cng thc (2.57), ta thy nu ch xt n khuch i ca gin anten
G = 10log
10
M (2.59)
Nh vy, vic c thm khuch i trn s gip cho trm gc c th
m rng kh nng truyn dn. S dng gin anten thch ng c gc pht tn
hiu nh ( tnh hng cao), s ng mt tn hiu s c dng lu tha bc ,
Phm vi truyn dn REF (Range Extension Factor) c cho bi cng thc
[20]
1
r
REF M
r
conv
array
(2.60)
Trong :
r
conv
: L di ph sng ca gin anten n chn t.
r
array
: L di ph sng ca gin anten M chn t
48
Hnh 2.10 Cht lng tn hiu ca gin anten thch ng
Vng phc v ca h thng ECF (Extended area Coverage Factor) khi
dng gin anten thch ng c m rng ra mt khong:
2
2
REF
r
ECF
,
_
conv
array
r
(2.61)
Hnh di m t s phc thuc vng phc v ca gin anten vo s
lng chn t ca gin. Ta thy, nu s chn t l 6 th vng phc v ca gin
s rng ra gp i khi = 5. Vic m rng c vng phc v s c li rt ln
trong vic gim s trm gc, c th trong trng hp trn, s lng trm gc s
ch bng mt na so vi vic ch dng anten thng. [21 / 84 94]
0
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
S lng chn t
E
C
F
=3 =4 =5
49
Hnh 2.11 Ci thin vng ph sng nh gin anten thch ng
2.5.3. Tit kim cng sut pht
mc 2.5.1, ta thy khi s dng anten gin thch ng cho php tng
khuch i ca gin anten. Vi khuch i ny, ngi ta c th gim
cng sut pht i ti trm gc (BS). Nu yu cu v mt cng sut khng
i th vic s dng anten gin thch ng M chn t cho php ta gim cng
sut yu cu xung M
-1
ln, khi cng sut yu cu u ra ca b khuch
i cng sut ti trm gc c th gim M
-2
ln. Vic gim cng sut pht cho
php tit kim chi ph thit k v lp t mng.
2.6. Tng kt chng II
Trong chng II, ta gi n trnh by nhng hiu bit chung nht
ca mnh v thit b thu pht v tuyn anten, anten thng minh, gii thiu s
lc v h thng anten thng minh chuyn bp (SBA). Ngoi ra, tc gi c
gng trnh by kh c th v h thng anten gin thch ng (AAA), bao gm
cc vn nh: Cu trc ca gin anten thch ng, vic to bp sng trong gin
anten thch ng, cc tiu chun chn la hiu nng, cc thut ton thch ng v
nhng li ch m gin anten thch ng mang li khi s dng.
T nhng kt qu nghin cu c trn, tc gi xin php c trnh by
v vic ng dng gin anten thch ng ny cho h thng thng tin di ng
CDMA trong chng tip theo.
n ngn
50
n tt nghip i hc Chng III. Gin anten thch ng cho h thng CDMA
CHNG III
GIN ANTEN THCH NG CHO H THNG CDMA
Do s pht trin ca thng tin di ng, cc th h thng tin di ng th
h trc dn c thay th, cng ngh CDMA ang khng nh u im ca
mnh. H thng thng tin di ng 3G ra i v ang c nhng yu cu cao
v k thut nng cao hiu qu truyn dn, tit kim ti nguyn v h gi
thnh dch v.
Nhng k thut ca anten thng minh ni chung cng nh anten gn
thch ng ni ring l mt cng ngh rt ng c quan tm ti. Vi nhng g
nghin cu c, tc gi n xin php c trnh by v nhng ng dng ca
gin anten thch ng cho h thng thng tin di ng CDMA. Ni dung c
trnh by trong chng ny bao gm cc vn v vic s dng gin anten
thch ng cho h thng CDMA m ch yu l cho h thng CDMA tri ph
chui trc tip. Cc vn c cp l: cc k thut anten thng minh ng
dng cho h thng CDMA v nhng ng dng c th cho h thng CDMA tri
ph chui trc tip v cu trc h thng, dng tn hiu, SNR.
3.1. Cc k thut ca anten thng minh cho h thng CDMA
Trong phn ny, tc gi xin trnh by cc k thut anten thng minh c
th c ng dng trong cc h thng truyn dn v tuyn, m ch yu l trong
h thng CDMA tri ph chui trc tip (DS-CDMA).
K thut ch yu c ng dng l k thut x l khng gian cho cc
trm gc (BS). H thng x l khng gian c th c phn thnh h thng cho
n ngi dng hoc a ngi dng. Trong h thng a ngi dng, bp sng
c th c nh dng cho nhiu ngi cng s dng mt lc, h thng thc
hin x l K tn hiu khc nhau v vic x l khng gian c p dng c lp
vi mi tn hiu. Cu trc c bn ca h thng x l khng gian c cho
hnh 3.1.
n ngn
51
3.1.1. B x l khng gian CDMA khng lin kt
X X
Mch vng
kho tr pha
P-21
X X
X
X
LPF
j
X
B lc
i xng
P-12
X X
LPF
Tc/2
X
B lc
i xng
s
x
2 , 3
0
LPF
Tc/2
j
-90
0
LPF
-90
0
So snh
P-36
64
64
64
6
p
i
p
q
Tn hiu
t anten 0
Tn hiu
t anten 1
Cos(2f
c
+)
s
x
2 , 3
0
M di
Hnh 3.2 Trin khai h thng nhiu anten khng lin kt cho b thu trm gc CDMA
a tr
n
ngi dng
a
ngi dng
Khng lin kt
Lin kt
c lp
Dng chung
n ngn
a ngn
n tr
X l khng
gian CDMA
Hnh 3.1 M hnh b lc khng gian cho Trm gc CDMA
52
Trong h cc thit b x l khng gian cho h thng CDMA, chng ta c
th chia ra thnh cc h thng lin kt (coherent) v khng lin kt (non-
coherent).
Vic nh dng CDMA trn ng lin kt o ca IS-95 s dng iu
ch trc giao 64-chip. Trong iu ch trc giao 64- chip, mi k hiu iu ch
u trc giao vi cc k hiu khc. B tch tn hiu trong iu ch trc giao l
mt tp hp cc b lc i xng. Cc b lc i xng ny bao gm cc b lc
i xng cho tt c 64-chip iu ch. u ra ca b lc i xng, tn hiu
mnh nht l tn hiu c la chn. Khi s dng phng php iu ch trc
giao, tn hiu u ra c xc nh bng php cng tng cc tn hiu tng ng
u ra ca cc b lc i xng t mi anten. Hnh 3.2 m t mt h thng s
dng iu ch 4 chp trn mi chip Walsh ng xung.
Kin trc c nu trn khng yu cu phi c thit b thch ng v
khuch i cung cp. Tuy nhin, h thng khng lin kt c kh nng chng
nhiu v qun l a ng [8 /119]. H thng khng lin kt c kh nng qun
l s a dng ca cc b khuch i ca cc tn hiu trc giao.
Vi mi nhm tn hiu sau gii tri ph c kho pha bng mt tr
khc nhau. Ti mi tn hiu ny c M nhnh trong dng ca tn hiu khng lin
kt. Chng ta c th d rng trin khai h thng gin anten khng lin kt, h
thng a tr, thit b thu n ngi dng nh hnh 3.1.
3.1.2. B x l khng gian CDMA lin kt
Tu theo cu trc v yu cu ca b x l khng gian lin kt c th chia
thnh: b x l n ngi dng, b lc khng gian pha thu. Cu trc ca mt
b x l thng c dng nh hnh 3.3 di.
Trong s cu trc ny, d liu cp nht trng s c xc nh t
d liu ng ln. Cc d liu ny c a qua u vo ca b lc i xng
53
chip Walsh (WCMF) kim tra, d liu u ra s c kt hp vi cc thut
ton thch ng cho CDMA.
Cos(2f
c
+)
2
M-1
X X
X X
LPF
Tc/2
j
LPF
-90
0
Vng kho tr pha
p
i
p
q
X
B lc
i xng
So snh Chn li
M
Viterbi
Pht hin
CRC
s
x
2 , 3
0 64 6
Thut ton cp nht
trng s
D liu vo
kt hp tn
hiu khng
gian
Gii tri ph
Hnh 3.3 Gin lin kt cho thit b thu ca h thng CDMA
Tn hiu
IF t
anten 0
Tn hiu
IF t
anten M-1
...
Ti pha thu ca trm gc CDMA, din ra qu trnh ngc li ca gii
tri ph, kt hp tn hiu khng gian. Nu nh chng ta gii tri ph tn hiu
thu c trc, sau ngay lp tc a tn hiu t mi nhnh qua b kt hp
khng gian trc hoc sau b lc i xng chp Walsh th qu trnh x l
khng gian cho ra ging nh m hnh trong hnh 3.3. Trn thc t, tn hiu t
tt c cc chn t ca gin c th s tng ln rt nhiu do cc gi tr v hng
khng cha thng tin khng gian ca vct d liu thu. Tuy nhin, cu trc
hnh 3.3 l cu trc tin tin nht cho cc b thu ti trm gc CDMA, bi l n
ch yu cu mt moun gii iu ch cho mi b thu lc khng gian. Nu
chng ta o trt t gia kt hp tn hiu khng gian v gii tri ph th cn
phi c M b gii tri ph cho mi b thu lc khng gian.
54
Vi gin anten s dng di bng tn hp, h thng s lm gim nh
hng ca nhiu cho h thng a ng khng tng quan, nhng y cng
khng hn l mt li th v tnh a dng ca ng thch hp vn cha c
nghin cu. Tuy nhin tnh a dng ng vn c th c phc hi c nh
vic s dng h thng gin anten thch ng.
3.1.3. X l khng gian cho h thng nhiu ngi s dng
N-1
Tr
B lc
i xng
ngi
dng 1
B ti
to li
ngi
dng 1
v
1
B lc
i xng
ngi
dng K-1
B ti to
li ngi
dng K-1
v
K-1
Cp nht trng s
B lc
i xng
ngi
dng 0
Hnh 3.4 B x l khng gian cho nhiu ngi s dng
nhng h thng tch tn hiu a ngi s dng dng chung, cc trm
gc tin hnh gii iu ch ng thi K tn hiu pha thu. C K tn hiu ny
u chu nh hng ca nhiu a truy nhp (MAI). Bi l c K tn hiu ny u
c pht cng mt di tn s trong cng mt thi im, trong khi nhng
ngi s dng ny li nm trong cng mt t bo (cell), hoc ch c mt vi
ngi trong s K ngi s dng ny dng cc trm gc khc nhau. Do , nu
nh trm gc phn bit v nhn thc c mt s tn hiu, nh dng nhng tn
hiu ny c th lm gim hoc loi b mt tn hiu. Vic loi b MAI cn c
55
thc hin tt c cc trm gc, y l mt yu cu cn thit i vi thit b thu
mi trm gc khi x l tn hiu.
Tn hiu a ngi s dng c th c tch nh phng php x l
khng gian. Cu trc mt b x l khng gian vi b chng nhiu song song
(PIC) c cho bi hnh 3.4. Cc tn hiu cho mi ngi dng khc nhau u
c gii iu ch v ti to li. i lng trng s vi mi tn hiu ti to li
l duy nht t tn hiu cho mi ngi s dng. Trong h thng ny, b x l
khng gian c nhim v g b nhng nh hng ca nhiu do khc bit khng
gian. Kin trc ti thiu ca PIC cho php khi phc nhng hu ht nhng nh
hng ca MAI.
Ni chung, ch a ngi dng, nhng h thng x l dng chung
cn c nhng b lc khng gian c lp, nhng phc tp trong vic x l d
liu trn my tn s l mt kh khn ln. Vn gii quyt bi ton ny thc
y cc nh khoa hc khng ngng nghin cu c nhng thut ton x l
khng gian mi hiu qu hn.
3.1.4. To bp sng ng xung cho h thng CDMA
Nghin cu cu trc knh ng xung ca h thng thng tin di ng t
ong IS-95, c mt s knh ng xung khin ta quan tm nh knh hoa tiu
(pilot), ng b (sync) hay knh tm gi (paging), chng cn phi xc nh
vng ph sng lin tc trong mt di hnh qut. Cc thu bao di ng trong cc
vng ny cn phi xc nh c di hnh qut ph hp cung cp dch v.
H thng CDMA trung bnh b gii hn gc to bp sng ng xung khi s
dng. Do , ci thin hiu nng ca h thng CDMA cn phi iu khin
c cng sut ng xung theo khng gian.
y l mt vn chung i vi hu nh tt c cc giao din v tuyn.
V d nh trong h thng GSM/DCS-1900, knh iu khin qung b (BCCH)
cn phi c cung cp thng xuyn thng qua mi di tn hiu hnh qut
56
nh trc. i vi h thng CDMA, cng sut ca knh hoa tiu yu cu phi
gia khong 15%25% ca tng cng sut truyn dn trn mi sng mang
mt di qut. Do , ci thin hiu nng ca h thng CDMA bng phng
php iu khin khng gian hiu chnh cng sut ng xung.
Mt h thng to bp sng cho ng xung ca h thng CDMA c cu
trc nh hnh 3.5, trong , cng sut pht cho mi knh c tnh ton trc
theo nguyn l ca knh di ng bng 3.1.[8 /48 ]
Knh % cng sut RF
Knh hoa tiu (pilot) 20 %
Knh ng b (Sync) 2 %
Knh tm gi (paging) 14 %
Cc knh lu lng
(All traffic Channels)
64 %
Nhn t c bn trong vic tp bp sng ng xung l khng s dng
cc tn hiu khc nhau trong cng mt t bo. Chnh v th, vic to bp sng
ng xung thng gim ng k cng sut truyn dn trm gc, lng
cng sut ch cn thit b thu ti thu bao nhn c khung trong khi thc
hin tch cc tn hiu ny.
Khi to bp sng ng xung cho h thng thng tin di ng CDMA
cn phi ch mt s iu sau: yu cu quan trng nht l cn phi to ra bp
sng ng xung di cho c pha trc v pha sau. Th hai, bt k mt s
thay i no v pha v bin p ng ca mt b khuch i, mt b lc hay
ca mt anten bt k u cn c s thay i ph hp ca bp sng.

57
Bng 3.1 Phn b cng sut trong IS-95
Knh hoa
tiu
Knh
ng b
Knh tm
gi
Knh lu
lng 1
Knh lu
lng N
t
Cp nht trng s
ng lin kt
xung v cng
sut cho php
rng
vng ph
Thng tin
ng ln
n anten
pht
Tng t vi
cc anten
khc
Tng
tn hiu
pht
rng
vng ph
w
1
w
N1
rng
vng ph
Trong :
BLF: B lc thng di
A/D : B bin i tng t - s
~
A/D X BPF
Hnh 3.5 H thng iu khin cng sut khng gian ng xung CDMA
Khi to bp sng ng xung cho h thng CDMA thng gp phi
mt s kh khn. Do tn hiu lu lng ng xung ca h thng IS-95 l tn
hiu iu pha ging nh tn hiu ca knh hoa tiu. Nu nh qu trnh truyn
dn tn hiu lu lng s dng bp sng hp, trong khi tn hiu hoa tiu li s
dng bp sng rng theo mt di qut, iu ny dn n vic c hai tn hiu ny
s b chn ln nhau trn cng mt knh. Cn s dng nhng loi anten truyn
dn khc nhau c thit k da trn mi quan h gia pha ca bp sng hp
ca knh lu lng v pha ca knh hoa tiu s dng gii qut ln.
3.2. Gin anten thch ng cho h thng DS-CDMA
Trong phn ny, n nghin cu ng dng ca anten gin thch ng
cho h thng thng tin di ng CDMA tri ph chui trc tip (DS-CDMA).
58
Cc vn v m tri ph, dng tn hiu ca tn hiu tham kho, la chn hiu
nng cho h thng. So snh hiu qu vi my thu RAKEs hai chiu (2D
RAKE) trong knh pha inh nhiu ng.
3.2.1. Cu hnh h thng gin thch ng cho DS-CDMA
+
s(t)
n
1
(t)
x(t)
K
Z
-1
Z
-1
K
K
n
2
(t)
+
s(t)
x(t)
+
s(t)
x(t)
+
+
X
X
X
+
+
F
F
T
FFT
M
tri ph
Dng tn hiu
yu cu
X
X
X
...
+
+
+
I
F
F
T
y (t)
X
1
(1)
X
1
(2)
X
1
(K
)
f
1
f
2
f
K
y
1
(t)
y
2
(t)
y
K
(t)
+
-
+
-
n
M
(t)
Trong :
FFT: Bin i Fourier nhanh
IFFT: Bin i ngc Fourier nhanh
Hnh 3.6 Gin anten thch ng cho DS-CDMA
Cu trc ca gin thch ng cho h thng DS-CDMA cng tng t nh
h thng anten gin thch ng thng thng. Tuy nhin, vic s dng mu ti
hn s lm gim phc tp cho vic to tn hiu tham kho trong qu trnh x
l tn hiu thu. Khi mu ti hn c tha nhn, b lc phn tch lm nhim v
chuyn i tn hiu u vo t tn hiu ni tip sang tn hiu song song, v
chuyn i t mu tn hiu ni tip sang di mu tn hiu song song. Cc di
59
mu tn hiu ny min thi gian c chuyn i sang tn hiu trong min tn
s bng php bin i Fourier nhanh (FFT).
Trong qu trnh x l tn hiu thch ng trong cc di nh, mt yu cu
cn thit l cn phi chuyn i tn hiu tham kho vo min tn s nh l tn
hiu thu c. Trong h thng anten gin thch ng cho DS-CDMA, tn hiu
tham kho c to ra t m phn b ngi dng yu cu v dng ca tn hiu
thu. Trc tin, ngi ta s dng m phn b ngi dng chuyn i vo min
tn s bng bin i Fourier nhanh. M phn b trong min tn s ny c s
dng to dng tn hiu. Kt qu ca vic x l cc mu tham kho trong
min tn s s cho ra cc di tn hiu tng ng trong min tn s.
Di tn hiu sau khi nh trng s bng phng php chn la trng s
ring, bin i IFFT thc hin chuyn i tn hiu t mi di con trong tn hiu
tng ca gin f
(n)
thnh tn hiu a ti u ra ca gin tn hiu y
k
(t) trong min
thi gian. Tn hiu u ra ca gin l tn hiu ni tip c chuyn i nh mt
b lc tng hp hoc b chuyn i song song - ni tip (P/S) nu nh cn thit
cho b ly mu ca h thng gin thch ng [14 ]. Khi , hiu sut ca SINR
khng ph thuc vo b lc tng hp bin i tn hiu y
k
(t) sang tn hiu ni
tip y(t), v qu trnh gii tri ph tn hiu ni tip ny. Chng ta c th gii
tri ph trc tip tn hiu y
k
(t) bng m tri ph duy nht cho tng ngi s
dng c
k
(t). Vai tr ca b gii tri ph y ging vi b tng quan trong b
thu BPSK tri ph chui trc tip.
3.2.2. Dng tn hiu
Xt h thng h thng iu ch kho dch pha hai trng thi (BPSK) tri
ph chui trc tip ng b, khi gii iu ch loi b tn s sng mang nhn
c tn hiu ca ngi dng th i s cho ra tn hiu dng
s
i
(t) =
i
.c
i
(t).b
i
(t) (3.1)
Trong :
60
i
: l bin phc ca tn hiu thu c.
c
i
(t) : L m tri ph gn cho ngi dng th i
c
i
(t) = c
v

{-1 ; 1}, vT
c
t < (v+1)T
c
(3.2)
b
i
(t) : k hiu ngi dng th i cho bi iu ch BPSK
b
i
(t) = b
u
{-1 ; 1}, uT
b
t < (u+1)T
b
(3.3)
Trong (3.2) v (3.3) th T
b
v T
c
l khong thi gian di ca bit v
khong thi gian di chip (chu k bit v chu k chip). Trong cc h thng
thc t, T
b
thng c la chn ln hn T
c
t c li cao hn khi x
l, hiu qu c xc nh bng t s: P
G
= T
b
/T
c
>> 1.
Nu h thng chu s nh hng ca phainh a ng, khi thu c tn
hiu thu ca ngi s dng th i s chu nh hng ca phainh P
i
gy nn s
khc nhau v bin
i,P
, tr
i,P
, v gc ti
i,P
. Xt s nh hng do tn hiu
ca tt c U ngi s dng v tp m ni b, khi tn hiu nhn c trn
gin c vit di dng

+
U
i
P
p
p i p i i p i i p i
i
t n a t c t b t x
1
1
0
, , , ,
) ( ) ( ). ( ). ( . ) ( (3.4)
Trong :
a(
i,P
): l vct p ng ca gin tng ng vi ng th p ca
tn hiu ngi dng th i.
n(t): l vct tp m trn ca gin, n(t) xc nh bng cc tp m
tc ng ln mi chn t
n(t) = [n
1
(t) n
2
(t) n
M
(t)]
T
(3.5)
Nu gin l gin cch u tuyn tnh (LUSA) th vct p ng ca gin
c dng
61

T
d
j
d
j
i
p i p i
e e
p
a
1
]
1

, ,
sin
2
sin
2
,
.... 1 ) (

(3.6)
Tn hiu s(t) c nh ngha theo cng thc:
s
i,p
(t) =
i,p
.b
i
(t-
i,p
).c
i
(t-
i,p
).a(
i,p
) (3.7)
Khi , vct tn hiu thu t ng th p cho ngi th i c dng

+
U
i
P
p
p i
i
t n t s t x
1 1
,
) ( ) ( ) (
(3.8)
Sau , tn hiu thu x(t) c quyt nh bi nhn t quyt nh K, cc
di mu trong min thi gian c chuyn i sang di mu trong min tn s
bng bin i FFT. Cc k hiu vi phn tiu mo u c chuyn i
thnh vct c cha cc mu trong min tn s. Vct tn hiu ti phn gin th
n trong min tn s c cho bi biu thc:
+
U
i
P
p
n
n
p i
n
i
n s x
1
1
0
) (
) (
,
) ( ~ ~ ~
(3.9)
Ma trn thng k ca gin cho bi cng thc:
{ }
T n n
x x R )
~
( )
~
(
~
) ( * ) (

(3.10)
Nu nh ti ngi dng th 0 (ngi dng u tin) ta c tn hiu mong
mun, trong khi c n (U - 1) tn hiu khc khng phi tn hiu yu cu.
Nu nh dng ca tn hiu ti ngi dng u tin l d
0
(t), khi , trong min
tn s tn hiu yu cu ti phn gin th n s l:
) 1 )( 1 (
2
0
1
0
) (
). ( . ) ) 1 ( (
~

k n
K
j
K
k
c
n
e t d T k t c r

(3.11)
62
Khi tn hiu phn hi ni b c chp nhn, vct tng quan c xc
nh bi
{ }
* ) ( ) ( (
)
~
(
~ ~
n n n
r x p
(3.12)
Nu dng phng php trung bnh bnh phng li (MSE) la chn
trng s cho gin, th vct trng s c xc nh tng t nh cng thc
(2.23), p dng trong trng hp c th ny ta c
) ( 1 ) ( ) (
~
)
~
(
~ n n n
p R

(3.13)
C c vct trng s, mi gin anten s s dng mt b bin i IFFT
to tn hiu u ra y
k
(t), di tn hiu u ra ca IFFT c nhn vi m tri
ph, tn hiu yu cu ca ngi dng th nht s c dng vct:
y(t) = [y
1
(t) y
2
(t) y
K
(t)]
T
(3.14)
c
0
= [c
0
(1) c
0
(2) . c
0
(K)]
T
(3.15)
Tn hiu u ra song song sau khi gii tri ph v cng li s c dng:
y
k
(t) = y
T
.c
0
*
(3.16)
Nh vy, tn hiu u ra cui cng y(t) ca gin c c l tng ca cc
tn hiu y
k
(t) trn mi u ra. Vic ly mu cng thm vo tn hiu tng
ng vi mt b chuyn i song song sang ni tip (P/S).
3.2.3. T s SINR
T s tn hiu trn nhiu v tp m (SINR) ca tn hiu u ra chnh l
SINR trung bnh ti vi mi u ra d liu. V vy, thay v s dng tn hiu
u ra y(t), chng ta c th s dng tn hiu trn mi u ra ca b bin i
IFFT y
l
(t). SINR trong cu hnh ca anten gin thch ng c tnh ton
thng qua h s tng quan cho c nh ngha bi cng thc (3.17).
63

K
l
l
K
l
l
K
l
l l
t r t y
t r t y
1
2
1
2
1
*
} | ) ( | { . } | ) ( | {
} ) ( ). ( {

(3.17)
Trong r
l
(t) l mu tn hiu tham kho trong min thi gian c
tnh bi cng thc
) ) 1 ( (
1
) (
1 s l
T l t s t r
(3.18)
Vi gin anten thch ng, tn hiu tham kho chnh l tn hiu ca
ngi dng u tin. V vy, trong cng thc (3.17) ta c th thay th gi tr
ca r
l
(t) theo cng thc bng gi tr d
0
(t).
Nh vy, gi tr SINR u ra ph thuc vo h s tng quan theo
cng thc sau
2
2
| | 1
| |
SINR
(3.18)
3.2.4. So snh vi cc loi my thu RAKE
phn ny, chng ta cng so snh hiu nng ca h thng CDMA s
dng gin anten thch ng vi h thng tiu chun RAKE hai chiu (2D
RAKE).
* S lc v my thu RAKE
My thu RAKE hai chiu tiu chun thng lm vic nh thit b ng
tr rng buc (TDL) vi cc trng s phc tp lin kt hoc khng lin kt
cc ng tr c c t s SINR l ln nht [13 ]. My thu RAKE mt
chiu ch c cu trc cho php lm vic trong min thi gian ca tn hiu thu,
cc tn hiu ny c nghin cu c lng cho knh tr li. Do nhu cu
mun tng kt qu nghin cu trong vic x l tn hiu theo khng gian v thi
64
gian, mt cu hnh RAKE mi ra i c gi l my thu RAKE khng gian
thi gian, n c bit n nh mt my thu RAKE hai chiu (2D RAKE). 2D
RAKE l s m rng ca 1D RAKE trong min thi gian. RAKE c gn kt
vi mt gin anten thch ng khai thc c cu trc khng gian v thi gian
ca tn hiu nhn c c c cng sut ln nht ca nhng ng tr. Do
c thm kh nng c lng khng gian, nn my thu 2D RAKE cho php hn
ch rt nhiu nh hng ca phainh nhiu ng v nhiu a truy nhp
(MAI), gip tng dung lng knh truyn dn v ci thin t s SINR u
ra[12].
Khi xy dng my thu 2D RAKE cho h thng CDMA, tn ti mt
phng php khc cng cho ra kt qu khng km l tch hp my thu 1D
RAKE vi mt gin anten thch ng. Trong phn ny, chng ta cng so snh
tc dng ca anten gin thch ng cho CDMA vi my thu RAKE hai chiu
tng ng.
1
Z
-1
Z
-1
2
M
...
+
Hnh 3.7 My thu RAKE hai chiu tiu chun cho DS-CDMA
1,1
1,2
1,K
b
T
0
c(t) X
X
+
Cp nht
trng s
b(t)
...
65
gii quyt vn trn, chng ta cng xem xt, nghin cu mt my
thu RAKE hai chiu c cu trc nh hnh 3.7.
im khc bit c bn gia AAA cho CDMA v my thu 2D RAKE l
cch thc nhn v x l tn hiu trong phng php to bp sng. Trong khi 2D
RAKE thc hin to bp sng trong min thi gian th anten gin thch ng
cho CDMA li to bp trong min tn s. Tuy nhin, hai cu hnh ny c s
khc nhau c th ni l tri ngc nhng li c cng hiu nng tng ng
trong c hai mi trng phainh a ng v phainh n ng.
3.2.4.1. i vi knh truyn thng n ng
V l thuyt gin anten thch ng s dng bin i Fourier nhanh l mt
dng tng ng vi thit b ng tr rng buc thch ng TDLAA. C hai
phng php ny u cho hiu nng nh nhau. SINR u ra ca h thng
TDLAA c xc nh ging nh i vi anten gin thch ng s dng bin
i Fourier nhanh nu nh s kho ca b TDL bng s mu chuyn i trong
b FF. Nh vy, kt qu cho thy l anten gin thch ng cho CDMA c cng
hiu nng vi RAKE hai chiu, nu nh s phn gin ca anten thch ng l K
ging vi ch s di lm vic ca my thu RAKE hai chiu. Trong knh truyn
dn n ng, SINR u ra ca c anten gin thch ng v my thu RAKE hai
chiu u c lp vi ch s kho K my thu RAKE c chc nng tng
ng nh s anten M ca gin anten thch ng, khuch i P
G
v t s tn
hiu trn nhiu u vo SNR
in
, c quan h vi nhau theo cng thc [15 ], [12].
SINR
out
[dB] = 10 log
10
(M) + 10 log
10
(P
G
) + SINR
in
[dB] (3.19)
3.2.4.2. Knh phainh chn la tn s a ng
Ta gi s rng c hai tn hiu a ng c cng tn s pht ban u cng
i ti gin: tn hiu thng c gc ti trng vi gc ti AOA l 0
0
v tn hiu tr
do ng truyn c gc ti AOA = 30
0
. Trong trng hp ny, nu nh tr ca
66
tn hiu tr ng l nh hn so vi ch s ca kho lm vic, th SINR u ra
ca my thu RAKE hai chiu theo l thuyt s c dng
SINR
out
[dB] = 10 log
10
(M) + 10 log
10
(P
G
) + 10 log
10
(2) + SNR
in
[dB]
(3.20)
Trong khi vic nng cao dung lng lin kt a ng ca SBAA s
lm tng ch s ca cc gin con [11 /515], s dng ch s phn gin ln c th
gip tng SINR u ra ca b x l ng SBAA-CDMA. Kt qu cho thy my
thu RAKE hai chiu v h thng s dng SBAA cho hiu nng x l nh nhau.
Mt my thu RAKE hon chnh c cha chc nng ca anten gin thch ng
cho CDMA[10].
3.2.4.3. phc tp ca tnh ton
Trong phn ny, chng ta so snh phng php x l ca ca my thu
RAKE hai chiu hon thin v tiu chun. Trong khi b x l RAKE hai chiu
tiu chun thu tn hiu trn c s cc chip tng ng (chip-by-chip), th my
thu RAKE hon chnh lm vic ny ch khi tng ng (block-by-block).
Kt qu cho thy, h thng RAKE hai chiu hon chnh cn t cc thao tc ton
hc hn.
qu trnh cp nht trng s, mt ln cp nht trng s cho anten s
dng thut ton SMI vi my thu RAKE hai chiu tiu chun c K b tr v
gin anten M chn t th cn phi c n (KM)
3
php nhn. Trong khi , vi
h thng gin thch ng cho CDMA c K gin con vi M chn t ch cn KM
3
php nhn. S php tnh cn thit cho c bin i Fourier thun v nghch l
2K.log
2
K php nhn. Nh vy, tng s lng tnh ton cn thit cho mt h
gin thch ng s dng cho CDMA ch l K(M
3
+ 2 log
2
K) php nhn. Mt
khc, h thng DS-CDMA thng c trin khai vi khuch i x l P
G
kh ln, nn gi tr K s rt ln, v th (KM)
3
>> K (M
3
+ 2 log
2
K). Nh vy
vic s dng anten gin thch ng s tit kim s php tnh hn nhiu so vi
67
vic s dng my thu RAKE hai chiu, mt v d kh in hnh khi trin khai
h thng cho thy my thu RAKE x l phc tp n th no, ta xt vi K = 32
th my thu RAKE hai chiu cn x l s php nhn nhiu hn h thng anten
gin thch ng 14000 ln.
3.3. Gin anten thch ng cho h thng DS-CDMA a m, a tc
Trong phn ny, n trnh by v ng dng ca gin anten thch ng
cho h thng CDMA tri ph trc tip bng rng. H thng ny cn c cc cu
trc mm do cho php trm gc c th tng thch ng vi qu trnh truyn
dn a tc t cc thu bao. Ni dung c trnh by tp trung vo cc vn
v cu trc h thng, dng tn hiu, SINR. Trong ch yu l cc vn v
tng cht lng tn hiu, chng nhiu, phainh.
3.3.1. Th h DS-CDMA a m a tc
Trong h thng DS-CDMA, d liu truyn dn ca ngi s dng tc
cao c tch ri thnh cc lung tn hiu tc c bn, n cho php chn
la tc ngi dng thp nht. Nhng lung d liu ny c tri ph v
truyn i bi cc m khc nhau cng mt di. Vic trin khai h thng a
m c th thc hin c trong cng mt phng php truyn dn nh trong
h thng DS-CDMA n tc chng hn. Mt v d v h thng DS-CDMA
a m s dng hai tc truyn dn c cho bi hnh 3.7.
Xt mt h thng DS-CDMA a m a tc h tr Q tc truyn
dn d liu khc nhau, n cho php p ng ti Q lp dch v. Ti tc
truyn dn thp nht (tc c bn) R
1
c gi l lp ngi dng th nht.
Do di tc c phn u cho cc lp ngi s dng, nn mt ngi dng
bt k lp q s c tc l R
q
= q.R
1
, trong : q l s nguyn. Nh vy,
di mt k hiu d liu ca ngi dng lp q c xc nh theo cng thc T
q
= 1/R
q
. Mt ngi dng th l ca lp dch v q c m tri ph l (l, q), v m
ny c m t theo thi gian di dng c
l,q
(t). Trong h thng CDMA a m
68
X
Ngi dng
lp th nht
Ngi dng
lp hai
X 2
Z
-1
X 2
+
Chc nng Walsh
1 3
2 4
1
2 3 4
1 2
c
1
(t)
c
21
(t)
c
22
(t)
Hnh 3.8 H thng DS-CDMA a m hai tc
a tc , d liu truyn dn ca ngi dng (l, q) c tch thnh q lung,
mi lung u c tc truyn dn bng nhau v bng tc ca ngi dng
lp th nht. Lung d liu th i ca ngi dng (l, q) c xem l d liu
truyn dn t ngi dng hiu qu (i, l, q) [23 /33]. Do , mt ngi dng vt
l (l,q) theo cch gi ny s bao gm q ngi dng hiu qu. Khi tin hnh tri
ph q tn hiu ngi dng hiu qu ny, cc m con c xc nh cho mi tn
hiu ngi dng hiu qu c to ra t vic tch m gc ti ngi dng vt l
(l, q) thnh q m con cho mi ngi dng hiu qu. M gc c gn ti ngi
69
s dng trong h thng DS-CDMA l m nhiu gi (PN) v khng trc giao.
S dng m PN nh hng cho ngi dng hiu qu l nguyn nhn gy ra
hin tng t nhiu (SI) do mt ngi dng vt l c th to ra mt s ngi
dng hiu qu. M gc c x l to ra q m con trc giao cho ngi dng
(l, q), ngha l c
i,l,q
c
j,l,q
vi mi i j [22]. Nu lung d liu th i ca ngi
dng (l, q), hay d liu ca ngi dng hiu qu (i, l, q) l b
i,l,q
(t), tn hiu
truyn dn t ngi dng (l, q) c cho bi cng thc
Q
i
q l i q l i q l
t c t b t s
1
, , , , ,
) ( ). ( ) ( (3.21)
3.3.2. Cu hnh SBAA cho DS-CDMA a m
Trong phn ny chng ta nghin cu cu trc ca h thng anten gin thch ng
cho h thng CDMA tri ph chui trc tip a m bng rng. Cu trc ca h
thng c cho bi hnh 3.8, h thng ny c cu trc tng ng vi cu trc
ca anten gin thch ng cho DS-CDMA c trnh by trong mc 3.2 trn.
Tuy nhin, so vi hnh 3.6, h thng ny thm cc chc nng x l m v tc
ph hp vi ng dng cho h thng CDMA tri ph chui trc tip a
m a tc . im khc nhau ch yu l hai khi chc nng l khi to tn
hiu tham kho v khi tng v gii tri ph. Hai khi trn c thit k
theo cc ngn s dng b lc phn tch mu gii hn vi chc nng chia nh
hay m rng tc nh nhau i vi mi phn lp dch v q. Khi ngi s
dng mun truyn dn s dng dch v ca lp th q, v d nh vic truyn yu
cu ti trm gc (BS). Trm gc s thit lp q ph hp vi c khi to tn
hiu tham kho v khi tng v gii tri ph thch hp vi yu cu. Cu hnh
ca h thng CDMA a m c yu cu thit k mt cch mm do c kh
nng tng thch ng vi nhng yu cu truyn dn ca thu bao di ng
(MS).
70
`
+
s(t)
n
1
(t)
x(t)
K
Z
-1
Z
-1
K
K
n
2
(t)
+
s(t)
x(t)
+
s(t)
x(t)
+
+
X
X
X
+
+
F
F
T
FFT
Gin con lin kt
X
X
X
...
+
+
+
I
F
F
T
X
1
(1)
X
1
(2)
X
1
(K
)
f
1
f
2
fK
y
1
(t)
y
2
(t)
y
K
(t)
+
-
+
-
n
M
(t)
Trong :
FFT: Bin i Fourier nhanh
IFFT: Bin i ngc Fourier
nhanh
Hnh 3.9 Cu trc cho DS-CDMA a m a tc
q
q
q
T
q
T
q
...
+
+
+
M
ngi dng
q
q
q
T
m
Tm
...
+
+
Tng v gii tri ph
Tn hiu
hoa tiu
To tn
hiu
nhiu
3.3.3. Dng tn hiu
Xt tn hiu t ngi dng (l, q), khi i n gin anten ti trm gc, tn
hiu ny c xc nh anten thu bi P
l,q
ng n. Trong , ti ng th
p (p l s nguyn dng, p = 0, 1, 2, , P
l,q
-1) tn hiu c bin l
p,l,q
, thi
gian tr l
p,l,q
v gc ti so vi hng thu l
p,l,q
.
Xt s nh hng ca nhiu a truy nhp, c bit l nh hng ca
ngi dng tc cao ln ngi dng tc thp. Gi s chng ta c K
q
ngi
71
s dng dch v ti lp th q, khi xt n nh hng ca tt c mi ngi dng
v tp m, tn hiu thu c trn gin s c cho bi

+
Q
q
K
l
P
p
q l p q l p q l p q l p
q q l
t n a t s t x
1 1 1
, , , , , , , ,
,
) ( ) ( ). ( . ) ( (3.22)
Trong S
p,l,q
(t-
p,l,q
) v a(
p,l,q
) l tn hiu v p ng ca gin anten
i vi hng ti p ca ngi dng (l, q). Vi gin tuyn tnh, a(
p,l,q
) c xc
nh nh sau
T
d M
j
d
j
q l p
q l p q l p
e e a
1
]
1

, , , ,
sin
) 1 ( 2
sin
2
, ,
... 1 ) (

(3.23)
n(t) l vct nhiu nh hng ln cc chn t ca anten, n(t) c dng
n(t) = [n
1
(t) n
2
(t) n
M
(t)]
T
(3.24)
Qu trnh x l tn hiu thch ng trong gin thch ng i vi tn hiu
thu x(t) c phn ra cho cc gin con s dng cc b lc phn tch. Cc b lc
phn tch tham s ny lm vic theo nh cu hnh trn x l cc mu. Tn
hiu thu ti mi chn t ca gin c quyt nh khi tc K l ln nht, vic
x l ny hon ton tng t nh qu trnh x l cho h thng thng tin di
ng CDMA tri ph chui trc tip nu phn trn.
Nu nh vct tn hiu bao gm cc mu ti phn gin n trong min tn
s l
) ( ~ n
x
, th ma trn thng k ca gin c dng
)} x
~
( ) x
~
( {
~
(n) * (n) ) (

n
R
(3.25)
Khi to trng s cho anten thu, c th s xut hin khong trng do mt
hoc mt vi tn hiu nhiu s b to ra t tn hiu thu, hoc xut hin hin
72
tng sai khc dng tn hiu do tn hiu nhiu to ra t cc chui d liu no
.
Ngi dng (l, q) s c gn cho mt m tri ph tng ng l c
l,q
(t).
M tri ph ny c phn tch thnh cc m con khc nhau theo mt phng
php nht nh, chng ta s c c cc m con trc giao c
i,l,q
nh trnh by
trn. Sau bin i Fourier nhanh, qu trnh tri ph i vi m con ca ngi
dng hiu qu (i, l, q) trong min tn s s c xc nh bng m sau
[ ]
) 1 )( 1 (
2
, ,
) (
, ,
) 1 (
~

k n
K
j
c
K
k
q l i
n
q l i
e T k t c c

(3.26)
Trong : T
c
l di mt chip.
Khong chui d liu ca mt ngi dng (l, q) bt k l d
l,q
(t), v vi
ngi dng hiu qu (i, l, q) sau b quyt nh l d
i,l,q
(t). Tn hiu tham kho i
vi ngi dng hiu qu (i, l, q) ti gin con n c xc nh theo cng thc
) (
, , , ,
) (
, ,
~
). (
~
n
q l i q l i
n
q l i
c t d r (3.27)
Vi
) (
, ,
~ n
q l i
c
c xc nh theo cng thc (3.26), sau khi thay kt qu
vo cng thc (3.27) ta xc nh c tn hiu tham kho nh sau:
[ ]
) 1 )( 1 (
2
, , , ,
) (
, ,
) 1 ( ). (
~

k n
K
j
c
K
k
q l i q l i
n
q l i
e T k t c t d r

(3.28)
Vy tn hiu tham kho m ngi dng (l, q) mong mun trong min tn
s s c dng
[ ]

q
K
i
k n
K
j
c
K
k
q l i q l i
n
q l
e T k t c t d r
1
) 1 )( 1 (
2
, , , ,
) (
,
) 1 ( ). (
~

(3.29)
Khi tn hiu phn hi c chp nhn, vct tng quan c cho bi
cng thc:
73
} ) r
~
( x
~
{
~
* (n)
q l,
(n) ) (

n
p (3.30)
Nu dng phng php MSE nh mt tiu chun la chn trng s
cho gin anten, nh vy vct trng s ca gin s c xc nh bi cng thc
Wiener-Hopf nh sau
) ( 1 ) ( ) (
~
)
~
(
~ n n n
p R

(3.31)
Tn hiu mi gin con sau khi c nh trng s bng cc phng
php cp nht trng s ph hp vi mi gin con, v bin i ngc Fourier
nhanh IFFT c thc hin vi cc mi tn hiu
) (
~
n
f s to ra tn hiu
) (t y
k

ti mi u ra ca b bin i IFFT. Sp xp cc tn hiu u ra ca bin i
IFFT v cc m con cho ngi dung hiu qu thnh dng vct ta s c
[ ]
T
K
t y t y t y t y ) ( ... ) ( ) ( ) (
2 1
(3.32)
[ ]
T
q l i q l i q l i q l i
K c c c c ) ( ... ) 2 ( ) 1 (
, , , , , , , ,
(3.33)
Tn hiu u ra song song y
k
(t) sau khi gii tri ph v tng li s c
xc nh bi
q
K
i
q l i
T
k
c t y t y
1
*
, ,
). ( ) ( (3.34)
Vy, tn hiu cui cng u ra ca gin y(t) l kt qu t c t cc
tn thm vo y
k
(t).
3.3.4. T s SINR
Tng t nh trng hp s dng gin anten thch ng cho h thng
CDMA tri ph chui trc tip, t s tn hiu trn nhiu v tp m (SINR) u
ra ca cu hnh gin anten thch ng cho h thng thng tin di ng CDMA tri
74
ph chui trc tip s dng a m tri ph v a tc truyn c tnh ton
thng qua h s tng quan cho xc nh theo cng thc

K
l
l
K
l
l
K
l
l l
t r t y
t r t y
1
2
1
2
1
*
} | ) ( | { . } | ) ( | {
} ) ( ). ( {

(3.35)
Trong r(t) l tn hiu tham kho trong min thi gian. Gi s ngi
dng (l, m) l mt ngi dng yu cu, khi tn hiu tham kho r(t) c xc
nh theo theo tn hiu yu cu
r(t) = s
l,m
(t) (3.36)
Khi , t s SINR u ra c kt qu cui cng c tnh theo h s
tng quan nh sau:
2
2
out
1
SINR
(3.37)
3.3.4. khuch i ln nht s dng m tri ph Cyclic
Trong h thng CDMA a tc bng rng, tr tri ph l nguyn nhana
ch yu dn n hin tng phainh chn la tn s a ng, y l nguyn
nhn to ra gii hn trong vic truyn dn d liu tc cao. Khi tc d liu
tng ln, nh hng ca nhiu chn k t v cc vn pht sinh do phainh
nhiu ng tr nn nguy him.
Gin anten thch ng cho php chng ta c th lm gim bt pha inh
nhiu ng. Tuy nhin, gin anten thch ng t c hiu nng cao s lm
tng s dn tri tr, do tng tr thc cht vn khng gim i.
ph ny ta cng xem xt mt lc mi ca ht thng CDMA,
lc ny c mt s khc bit l h thng CDMA tri ph chui trc tip
c thm vo tin t Cyclic trong m tri ph ngi dng. Ngi ta gi n l
75
lc DS-CDMA m tri ph tin t Cyclic. H thng DS-CDMA s dng
m tri ph tin t Cyclic vi cu trc gin anten thch ng cho php gim thiu
pha inh nhiu ng v cho khuch i ln nht trong mi trng phainh
nhiu ng.
M tri ph ca ngi dng C
i ,l,q
(t) CP
L
CP
K
K + L
CP
Copy v chn
Hnh 3.10 M tri ph tin t Cyclic cho DS -CDMA
Xt h thng CDMA tri ph chui trc tip a m a tc , ti ngi
dng (l, q) c gn duy nht mt m c
l,q
(t). Sau , theo nguyn tc phn chia,
qu trnh x l s chia ngi dng vt l lp q thnh q ngi dng hiu qu,
cc m ca ngi dng hiu qu (i, l, q) c cho bi cng thc (3.33).
Gi s knh truyn dn c pha inh la chn tn s a ng vi tr
ln nht l L chip v L
CP
chip tin t Cyclic c s dng trong m tri ph, m
mi s c di l (K + L
CP
), vi mt ngi dung (i, l, q) ta c
q l i
c
, ,
= [c
i,l,m
(K - L
CP
+ 1) . C
i,l,m
(K)
c
i,l,m
(1) c
i,l,m
(2) .
c
i,l,m
(K - L
CP
+ 1) . C
i,l,m
(K)]
T
(3.38)
76
Trong , cc chip L
CP
cui cng trong m tri ph c copy v chn v
pha trc ca vect m. tng chn tin t Cyclic vo m tri ph chi n
gin l s dng cho n sng mang min tn s v to bp sng trong min
tn s. Tuy nhin, phng php ny c trin khai v ng dng cho h
thg DS-CDMA. V loi m mi ny c gi l m dn tri tin t Cyclic.
Khi m dn tri tin t Cyclic c a vo truyn dn, th cu hnh h
thng gin anten thch ng cho bi hnh 3.8 chi cn thay i mt cht b lc
tham s, n cn c m rng thm [14 ]. Ngoi ra khng cn c thm mt s
thay i no c.
Vic s dng m dn tri tin t Cyclic c th gim mt vi c tnh
trong hiu qu truyn dn, tuy nhin n li cho khuch i a dng t gi
tr cc i.
3.4 Tng kt chng III
Trong chng ny, n trnh by v cc kin trc v k thut
trin khai h thng anten thng minh cho h thng thng tin di ng CDMA v
vic ng dng gin anten thch ng cho h thng thng tin di ng CDMA tri
ph chui trc tip v CDMA tri ph chui trc tip a m a tc .
V vn kin trc v trin khai anten thng minh cho CDMA bao gm
cu trc h thng x l khng gian cho h thng CDMA lin kt v khng lin
kt, vn v x l khg gian cho h thng nhiu ngi dng v vic to bp
sng cho ng xung ca h thng CDMA.
Vn trnh trin khai ng dng ca gin anten thch ng cho h thng
thng tin di ng CDMA tri ph chui trc tip v h thng CDMA tri ph
chui trc tp a m a tc , bao gm cc vn nh cu trc h thng, biu
thc dng tn hiu, v nh gi t s tn hiu trn tp m cho mi h thng.
77
n tt nghip i hc Kt lun
KT LUN
Vi nhng g nghin cu c, em trnh by trong n ca mnh
ba vn : Th nht n trnh by cc vn chung nht v h thng
thng tin di ng v h thng thng tin di ng CDMA. Vn th hai, n
trnh by v h thng anten thng minh m c th l gin anten thch ng, ni
dung trnh by y l cc khi nim chung, cc tiu chun chn la hiu
nng, thut ton thch ng v li ch ca vic s dng gin anten thch ng. T
nhng ni dung nghin cu c trn, phn th ba n trnh by v vic
ng dng gin anten thch ng cho h thng thng tin di ng CDMA tri ph
chui trc tip, thng qua cc vn v xy dng cu trc h thng, dng tn
hiu, v SINR.
Ngoi nhng mt t c, n khng th trnh khi nhng hn ch
thiu st. y, n mi ch cp n vic ng dng gin anten thch ng
cho h thng CDMA dng cng thc v m hnh trn l thuyt, cha xy
dng c h thng m phng, cng nh cha c kt qu so snh khi thc hin
trn thc t.
T nhng g xy dng c, c th pht trin n theo hng xy
dng h thng m phng cho vic ng dng gin anten thch ng cho h thng
CDMA trn cc chng trnh m phng l thuyt nh Matlab, v xa hn c
th xy dng nn mt h thng s dng gin anten thch ng di dng th
nghim c c nhng kt qu thc t nht trong vic ng dng h thng.
---------------------------------
78
n tt nghip i hc Ti liu tham kho
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, Gio trnh thng tin di ng, NXB Bu
in, H Ni thng 6 nm 2002
2. TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, Gio trnh thng tin di ng th h ba,
NXB Bu in, H Ni thng 3 nm 2004
3. TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng v PGS. TS. Nguyn Bnh, Thng tin di
ng th h 3, Tp 1, NXB Bu in, H Ni thng 12 nm 2001
4. TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, L thuyt tri ph v ng dng, Hc vin
cng ngh bu chnh vin thng, 1999.
5. TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, Bi ging Thng tin v tinh, Hc vin
cng ngh BCVT, 2004.
6. Nguyn nh Lng, Bi ging mn hc Truyn sng anten, Hc vin
cng ngh BCVT, khoa Vin thng I, 1999.
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CDMA, tp 1, NXB Bu in, H Ni thng 11 nm 2003
8. Joseph C.Liberti, Jr and Theodore S.Rappaport, Smart Antennas for
Wireless Communications: IS-95 and third Generation CDMA
Applications, Pretice Hall PTR, 1999
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scheme, IEICE Transaction on Communications, 2002.
10. Tran Xuan Nam, T. Omata, T. Taniguchi, and Y. Karasawa, Subband
adaptive array for DS-CDMA mobile radio, Yokosuka Reserach Park,
Nht Bn, 2002.
11. Y. Zhang, K. Yang, and M. G. Amin, Adaptive array procesing for
multipath fading mitigation via exploitation of filter banks, IEEE
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Propagation, 1988.
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14. Tran Xuan Nam, T. Taniguchi, and Y. Karasawa, Theoretical analysis of
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scheme, IEICE Transaction on Communications, December 2002
15 Tran Xuan Nam, T. Taniguchi, and Y. Karasawa, Performance analysis
of subband adaptive array in multipath fading environment, IEICE
Transaction on Fundamentals, August 2002.
16. B. D. Van Veen and K. M. Buckley, Beamforming: A versatile approach
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part 2: Beam-forming and direction-of-arrival considerations,
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V Xun i - Lp D2001 VT 80

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