LUANVAN

luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So
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PHAN I LY THUYET THIET KE TUYEN
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DAN NHAP
Sau khi trnh bay cac ky thuat c ban s dung trong Viba so. e tao tien e cho viec thiet ke tuyen ta bat tay vao phan ly thuyet thiet ke tuyen Viba so iem noi iem tong quat. Noi chung cong viec thiet ke trong mot he thong vi ba iem noi iem trc xa se bao gom cac bc sau ay: Bc 1: Nghien cu dung lng oi hoi. Bc 2: Chon bang tang vo tuye e s dung. Bc 3: Sap xep cac kenh RF. Bc 4: Quyet nh cac tieu chuan thc hien. Bc 5: Chon v tr va tnh toan ng truyen. Bc 6: Cau hnh he thong. Bc 7: Sap xep bao tr. Bc 8: Cac tieu chuan ky thuat. Bc 9: Lap at va o th. Tren ay la 9 bc c ban e thiet ke mot he thong Viba iem noi iem. 9 bc nay mo ta ay u cac cong viec can thiet cho viec thiet ke mot tuyen Viba. cac bc sau ta se i vao phan ly thuyet cua viec thiet ke tuyen e tao c s cho viec thiet ke mot tuyen cu the trong phan II.
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BC 1 NGHIEN CU DUNG LNG OI HOI

Trong viec thiet ke mot he thong lien lac iem noi iem viec tm hieu k ve dung lng can thiet la rat quan trong. No la nen tang cho cac quyet nh quan trong phan sau: Phai chu y en dung lng phat se trien trong vong 10 hoac 15 nam ti cung nh dung lng can thiet hien tai. Viec d oan nay da vao cac iem sau: Davao ac iem phat trien dan so. ac iem vung (thanh pho nong thon, vung nong nghiep) Ty le phat trien cua cac hoat ong kinh te. Toc o cai thien ieu kien song trong tng lai.
He thong phai c thiet ke e cho phep co the ni
rong them trong tng lai. Tuy nhien, cac nc ang phat trien (nh thc trang nc ta) thng kho d oan chnh xac dung lng can thiet trong khoang thi gian dai. Do o khong nen lap ac cac he thong co dung lng qua ln cho cac yeu cau cho tng lai. Se kinh te hn khi chon cac thiet b co dung lng nho giai oan au tien va neu dung lng nay khong ap ng c sau khi s dung vai nam, he thong co the thay the bi mot he thong khac co dung lng ln hn con he thong cu c dung tuyen can dung lng nho hn. Nen oi khi xay dng mot he thong va phai va de dang thay the khi co ky thuat mi trong tng lai th kinh te hn.
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BC 2 CHON BANG TAN SO VO TUYEN S DUNG.

oi vi cac ng dung cua ky thuat Viba, bang tang hoat ong cua no nam trong khoang t 1GHz en 15GHz. Trong o cac tan so vo tuyen c cap phat cho cac dch vu xac nh c qui nh bi cac luat vo tuyen. Chung ta quan tam en dai tan t 800MHz - 6425MHz va 7900MHz - 8100MHz. Luat vo tuyen mo ta luat cam oan cua he thong tram mat at s dung cac bang tan so nay, v chung chia bang tan vi dch vu lien lac ve tinh. Trong trng hp nay cong suat bc xa hieu dung cua may phat va anten trong he thong L/S khong vt qua 55 dBw hoac cong suat a en anten khong c vt qua 13dBw. Cac yeu to quan trong khac trong viec gan nh tan so bao gom dung sai tan so va bang thong phat xa. Luat vo tuyen khong co tieu chuan bat buoc ve bang thong. Tuy nhien dung sai tan so cua may phat hoat ong trong vung song Viba nen la 300*10-6 cho may phat co cong suat di 100W va 100*10-6 cho may phat co cong suat tren 100W. Hien nay tang so vo tuyen s dung trong he thong lien lac Viba thay oi t 1GHz - 15 GHz. Cac gia tr tng oi cua tan so RF phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu to. - cac tan so thap th kch thc thiet b ln cong suat may de dang thc hien, o li anten ln, ton hao phai nho, ton that khong gian va day dan tan khac chu yeu s dung cho cac ng trung ke ngan hoac ng trung ke phu. Dung lng cung ong vai tro quan trong trong viec chon bang tan hoat ong cho he thong, bang sau cho ta cac tham khao ve bang tan chon va dung lng. Bang tan ( MHz) 1495 2110 2160 3700 5925 10700 1535 2130 2180 4200 6425 11700 Bang thong cho phep ( MHZ) 2 3,5 3,5 20 30 40 Dung lng cc tieu cua cac kenh thoai a c ma hoa 30 96 96 1152 1152 1152
BANG 2-2-1 : Cac bang tan so cap phat cua FCC cho cac he thong Viba so
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BC 3 S SAP XEP CAC KENH RF

S sap xep cac kenh RF la mot phan rat quan trong trong viec thiet ke he thong. No ac biet quan trong cho cac he thong vo tuyen chuyen tiep. V mc khac biet ve tn hieu vo tuyen gia ngo vao va ngo ra cua mot tram lap thay oi t 60 - 80 dB th viec s dung cung mot tan so vo tuyen gia ngo ra va ngo vao se gay ra hien tng giao thoa ong do phan hoi. Trong Viba chuyen tiep ta thng s dung ke hoach hai tan so hoac ke hoach bon tan so. Ke hoach bon tan so c s dung rong rai v l do kinh te. No can hai tan so cho mot mach RF. Thng th bon anten s dung cho mot tram lap at ngay ca vi ke hoach hai tan so cung vi cac anten nay co the s dung cho hai hoac nhieu hn cac kenh RF song cong cung tren mot ng tren hnh ve: f-1a f1a f-1b f-1c . . . f-1b f-2b f-2a f-2a f-2b f-2c . . .
f-1c
f-2c
f-2a f-2a f-2c f-2c f-2b
f-1c f-1 a f-1 c
f-1b
f-2c f-1c . f-1 . c . Hnh2 -3-1 tram lap ke hoach hai tan so cho vai kenh RF song cong. Ke hoach bon tan so oi hoi ty le trc sau (front to back) cua mau bc xa anten bi moi anten hoat ong moi tan so khac nhau.
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S sap xep cac kenh RF. Bang sau liet ke s gii thieu cua CCIR s sap xep cac kenh RF cho he vo tuyen chuyen tiep cho mach quoc te: CCIR Rec So kenh thoai Tan so trung o rong toi a cua mot tam (MHz) bang RF (MHz) kenh RF 238 - 1 60/120 1808,2000,2203 200 385 60/120/300 7575 300 279 - 1, 382 300/1800 1903,2101,4003 400 1 1800 6475 500 383 - 1 960/2700 6770 680 384 - 1 300/960 8350 300 386 - 1 960 1120 1000 387 Bang 2 - 3 - 1 Cac e ngh cua CCIR ve s sap xep cac kenh cua RF Hnh 2 - 3 - 1 lam ro v du sap xep cac kenh cua RF da vao CCIR Rec 338 - 1. Cac he thong phu oi hoi cho cac kenh phuc vu co the ket hp trong cung mot bang tan RF nh la mot he thong chnh, co c ieu kien thuan li nay cac anten co the s dung chung cho ca hai he thong. Mot v du sap xep cac kenh RF cho mot he thong phu nh the cung c cho hnh 2-3-2 da vao CCIR Rec. Trong hnh ve nay ca hai mach RF bnh thng hoac mot mach RF bnh thng va mot RF d phong c cung cap cho cac kenh phuc vu theo moi hng cho phep phan tap tan so trung tan. S sap xep cac kenh RF cua hnh 2-3-2 c lam ro lai hnh 2-3-4 bang mot nhan xet e cho ta moi quan he gia 8 kenh i va 8 kenh tr ve mot tram lap s dung ke hoac hai tan so. Mot trong 8 kenh co the s dung nh la mot kenh d phong. S phan cc khac nhau c s dung cho cac kenh ke can nhau e giam giao thoa RF. 6425MHz 5925 6175 MHz MHz 250MHz 250 MHz 252.05MH z 1 8 3 5 7 2 4 6
29.65 MHz
44.5 MHz
+248.9 (F) +249.5 (A)
luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So -248.9 (F) 7 -249.5 (A) 2 4 6 8 1
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hoac ch nhng kenh RF cua he thong phu. A: Bien o giai ieu che. B: tan so ieu che. Hnh 2-3-2 S sap xep kenh RF V H H He thong phu
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 3 5 7
250MHZ
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
7
250 MHz
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oi vi cac he thong Viba iem noi iem. Do khong co cau hnh tram lap nen s sap xep kenh RF tr nen n gian hn rat nhieu khi o ta can quan tam en mot so iem sau. Cac tan so Viba khac co the s dung trong cac vung lien quan. - Cac tram Viba co the gay giao thoa en he thong. - Viec thiet ke mot he thong Viba mi khong gay nhieu cho mot mot so he thong Viba ang co va khong b cac he thong nay gay nhieu.
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BC 4 QUYET NH TIEU CHUAN THC HIEN

Cac tieu chuan ky thuat co the phan loai nh sau: a/ Tieu chuan hanh chnh. b/ Muc tieu thiet ke (cho cac nha thiet ke cac thiet b). c/ Muc tieu thiet ke (cho cac nha thiet ke he thong). d/ S van hanh hay cac muc tieu bao dng. Cac muc tieu nay co the giong nhau hoac khac nhau nhng chung co t nhieu lien he vi nhau. au tien co nhng tieu chuan cho tan so RF trong luat vo tuyen (Radio Regulations) Thiet lap bi hiep hoi lien he quoc te. Trong viec chon bang tan so RF cung nh trong viec thiet ke cac tram vo tuyen mat at s dung cung bang tan vi he thong lien lac ve tinh, Ta xet en nhng tieu chuan nay. Co kha nhieu cac gii thieu hoac ghi chep cua CCIR trong viec thiet ke mot he thong Viba chuyen tiep. Khi thiet ke tuyen Viba iem noi iem ta can tham khao nhng tieu chuan nay e lam nen tang cho cac tnh toan cua tuyen. Moi quoc gia co the s dung cac tan so bang tan vo tuyen rieng biet trong vung lanh tho cua mnh. Tuy nhien tieu chuan CCIR van con la hng dan bo ch trong viec thiet lap cac tieu chuan ky thuat cho cac he thong trong nc co chat lng cao. Nhng yeu to quyet nh s ton kem cua mot he thong Vi ba co dung lng va o dai cho san la chat lng truyen dan va o tin cay cua he thong. He thong se khong thch hp neu tieu chuan hoat ong cua ng trung ke thap hn tieu chuan cua CCIR. oi vi nhng ng thoai a phng tieu chuan cua CCIR co the chap nhan c v l do kinh te, chung ta co the cho phep khoan cach bc nhay dai hn, hoac giam cong suat phat hoac o li Anten. Ngoai ra cac n gian hoa ve o tin cay. He thong quan sat he thong d phong cung lam giam chi ph.
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BC 5 CHON V TR VA TNH TOAN THIET KE TUYEN

I CHON V TR. 1. Khai niem tong quat. Trong viec chon v tr phai quan tam en pham chat truyen dan, o tin cay va tnh kinh te (trong viec lap at va bao tr) cua mot he thong lien lac Viba iem noi iem. Pham chat va o tin cay thng trai ngc vi tnh kinh te. V vay, phai co s gian xep gia chung. Ngay luc bat au viec chon v tr, cac yeu cau he thong Viba thiet ke can c phai lam ro, cac muc chnh nh sau: a) V tr (thanh pho va th tran) se ket noi vi he thong. b) Cac loai va so lng cua cac tn hieu se c truyen. c) Cac iem c cap tn hieu va giao tiep vi cac thiet b trong c quan ien thoai d) Ke hoach m rong trong tng lai cho he thong. e) Cac he thong Viba iem noi iem va chuyen tiep ang ton tai hoac se co trong tng lai co lien quan en he thong se thiet ke. f) He thong se dung cac ch tieu chnh cua no. g) Pham chat va o tin cay cua truyen dan. Mot cach van tat, cac thu tuc chon v tr c phan loai thanh cac bc sau. a) Phac hoa mot vai tuyen co the thc hien tren ban o. b) Khao sat v tr. c) Th nghiem cac truyen dan neu can thiet. d) Quyet nh cac v tr se s dung. 2. La chon tuyen lien lac iem noi iem. Khoan cach cac ng truyen Viba Bang 2-5-1 cho ta cac khoang cach ng truyen Viba cho cac mach trung ke cac he thong Viba iem noi iem. Cac gia tr trong ban la cac gia tr chung cho nhieu ni. Bang RF (MHz) 2000 4000 6000 11000 Khoan cach ng Viba tieu chuan (Km) 70 20% 50 20% 50 20% 30 20%
Bang 2-5-1: Khoan cach cac ng truyen Viba tieu chuan Khi ve mot ng thiet ke tren ban o, cac v tr c chon sao cho co cac khoang cach ng truyen tieu chuan (cang gan bang cang tot). Nen tranh cac ng truyen qua
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khoan cach qua da so vi gii han tren cua mc tieu chuan. Bi v trong cac ng truyen Viba dai nh the nay th xac suat cac chuoi tap am gay ra Fading co the tang len rat ln, tham ch khi ma tap am nhiet co the gi mot gia tr cho phep trong trng hp truyen dan bnh thng. Khi mot ng truyen Viba dai th khong tranh khoi cac kho khan gay ra bi a hnh. Trong trng hp nay nen thc hien phan tap khong gian hoac phan tap tan so. 3.S bao ve cho cac qu ao ve tinh. Cac he thong, lien lac ve tinh va cac he thong Viba at s dung bang song Viba (v du: cac bang tan t 4-6 GHz). Do o, can phai thiet lap vai gii han ky thuat e tranh cac giao thoa vo tuyen gia hai he thong nay. Trong cong viec chon v tr cho lien lac Viba mat at, can phai chu y rang cac bup song cua anten khong c ch thang en qu ao ve tinh tnh khi no s dung cung vi tan so he thong lien lac ve tinh. Theo s e ngh cua CCIR , cac he thong Viba mat at c thiet ke sao cho trung tam cua bup song chnh cua bat ky anten nao trong he thong khong c ch thang en t nhat la 20 t qu ao cua ve tinh. Trong trng hp ma ieu nay khong thc hien c, th ga tr cc ai cua EIRP (Equivalent Isitropically Radiated Power) nen c gii han di 47 dBw cho bat ky anten nao ch thang en qu ao ve tinh 0.50 , t 47 en 55 dBw khi goc nay t 0.50 1.50. II S KIEM TRA TUYEN VIBA Trong khi chon v tr cua cac he thong Viba iem noi iem ta can phai kiem tra xem co van e g xay ra hay khong trong viec truyen dan doc theo cac tuyen Viba thiet ke. Do o, chung ta can phai nghien cu a hnh cua cac ng truyen. 1.Mat cat nghieng cua ng truyen Bc au tien e xac nhan trang thai trc xa cua ng truyen la mat cat nghieng cua moi ng truyen c ve tren t mat cat nghieng. o cong cua cac ng chia o tren t mat cho phep ve ng cong chnh xac cua ng truyen nh la mot ng thang da vao khai niem cua he so K (he hieu dung ban knh trai at). a. S thay oi cua K. Ga tr cua k thay oi theo thi gian va a iem. Noi chung K thay oi theo v o nhng khong thay oi theo kinh o, cac vung pha nam th K co gia tr kn hn so vi cac vung pha Bac, K ln hn trong mua he so vi mua ong. Trong ieu kien bnh thng cac gia tr K cho sau ay co the xem la hp l: Trong cac vung nong am K= 6/5-4/3 Trong cac vung on hoa K=4/3
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Trong vung nhiet i K=4/3-3/2 Trong viec chon v tr phai tnh toan en mc dao ong cua K so vi gia tr bnh thng, bi v tnh trc xa oi khi b ngan tr bi cac vat cantrung bnh khi K b giam nho. Ngc lai khi K co gia tr ln hn th cac vat chan tr nen khong con tac dung che chan song phan xa at ma cac song nay c che chan tot trong tnh trang K co gia tr bnh thng. Neu mc dao ong cua K cang ln th s on nh cua hre thong cang nho va cang ton kem. Nhat khoang dao ong cua K thng c lay trong khoang 2/3-2. Tuy nhien, cac vung co kh hau khac vi Nhat gia tr nay can phai tnh toan lai. b. Xac nhan trang thai trc xa. e thoa man ch tieu cua viec truyen dan song Viba vi cac gia tr co the co cua K ta phai bao am mot so ieu sau ay: i/ Tat ca i cau Fresnel th nhat phai khong co bat ky mot vat can nao neu K lay gia tr bnh thng . ii/ t nhat la 2/3 ban kn cua i cau Fresnel th nhat phai c gi sao cho khong co bat ky vat can nao trong trng hp K lay ga tr nho nhat . Khi hai trang thai nay ieu thoa man th tuyen Viba xem nh thoa man trang thai trc xa. c/ T mat cat ngieng cua ng truyen. Trong hnh 2-5-1 o cao (x) cua o cong trai at t ng thang bat ky iem nao (d1,d2) trong mot mat cat ngieng vi mot gia tr cho san cua K co the tnh bang cong thc sau ay: d1d2 x= 2Ka Trong o :s a: ban kn cua trai at bang 6,37*106m x,d1,d2 tnh bang met.
x d 2 d Hnh 2-5-1: o cong cua bieu o thang o. Theo cong thc tren ta thay x ty le thuan vi bnh phng cua khoang cach.
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Trong viec ve bieu o mat cat ngieng chung ta nen ve mot bangcac gia tr cua x vi cac gia tr khac nhau cua d1 va d2 trong cung mot khoang cach d nh bang 2-5-2 sau: d1 2 4 6 ........48 50 Km d2 98 96 94 52 50 Km d1,d2 384 564 564 2496 2500 Km2 x 22,6 33,2 33,2 146,8 147,1 m Bang 2-5-2: Mot v du tnh toan gia tr cua x
A 4000 3600 3200 2800 2400 2000 1600 1200 800 400 0
T le A=240km, B=120km,C=60km Hnh 2-5-2 :Profile Sheet cua ng truyen. 1.i cau Fresnel th nhat. i cau Fresnel th nhat ong mot vai tro quan trong trong viec chuyen nang lng song Viba gia hai v tr khac nhau trong thong tin t do. Vung i cau Frenel th nhat la mot khoi Elip xoay, mat cua no la mot quy tch, no la tap hp cua nhng iem ma s khac nhau gia tong cac khoang cach cua mot tieu iem - iem o - tieu iem con lai va khoang cach thang gia hai tieu iem la mot hang so /2.V vay mot tieu iem la v tr phat va tieu iem con lai la v tr nhan. V s khac nhau trong i cau Fresnel th nhat /2 (hoac 1800) tat ca cac nang lng song Viba trong i cau se gop phan vao song chnh gia hai v tr, do o trong vung nay
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phai khong co bat ky vat can nao (K lay gia tr bnh thng) e am bao trang thai trc xa. Ban knh cua i cau Fresnel th nhat bat ky iem nao gia hai v tr co the tnh bi cong thc: d1 d2 h0 = d
Trong o: h0 :ban knh cua i cau Fesnel th nhat (m) :bc song(m) d1,d2,d :khoang cach (m) .Nh trong hnh ve 2-5-4. Ban knh cua i cau ngay chnh gia c tnh bi:
H0 =
2 Trong thc te, h0 co the tnh bang o th hnh 2-5-4va h0 co the tnh la tch cua h0 va P: vi s ieu chnh cua he so p rut ra t hnh 2-5-5 .
d1
h0
hmd d
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Hnh 2-5-5 :He so cho ban knh i cau th nhat iem tuy chon . 3.Khoang h an toan va ton hao nhap nho. Trong hnh 2-5-6 khoang h an toan hc gia ng thang cua tuyen trc xa va gn song can tr hs c tnh bang: d1 d1d2 hc =h1 (h1 -h2) -hs d 2Ka d2 hc=h1 + d d1 h2 d 2Ka d1d2 -hs
Trong o: h1: o cao cua anten v tr A so vi mat at (m). h2 :o cao cua anten v tr B so vi mat at (m). hs :o cao cua vat chan v tr cach A mot khoang d1(m). hc :Khoang h an toan cua vat chan v tr cach A mot khoang d1(m).
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Hnh 2-5-6: Khoang h an toan cua ng truyen . Neu nh nh nhap nho cat i cau Fresnel th nhat th s suy giam truyen dan goi la Ton that nhap nho (Ridge Loss) c cong vao vi ton that khong gian t do. Ton that nhap nho gay ra bi mot nh co the tnh da vao hnh 2-5-6. Neu co hai hoac nhieu cac nh khac nhau ton tai gia hai v tr th ton that nhap nho tong co the tnh bang cach lap lai thu tuc tren theo tng bc mot nh v du hnh 2-5-7. Gia nh rang co ba nh nhap nho R1,R2 ,R3 gia hai v tr A va B. Ton that nhap nho gay ra bi R1 co the tnh c vi gia nh rang iem nhan B no b di chuyen tam en R2. Ton that nhap nho gay ra bi R2 co the tm thay bang cach gia nh iem B di chuyen en R3 va iem phat A c di chuyen en iem A,. Chieu cao cua A, co c tnh bang cach keo dai ng thang R1-R2 en iem giao nhau gia ng thang nay va ng thang ng ke t iem A. Tng t nh vay ton that gay ra R3 co the tnh nh la ton that nhap nho gia cac iem B va A,. Ton that nhap nho tong la tong cac ton that nhap nho rieng biet co t cac thu tuc tren. S c lng ve ton that c s dung e kiem tra s suy giam cua song trc tiep hoac tm kiem hieu ng che e giam song phan xa t mat at hoac song truyen qua. Ay
R2 R1 A B Hnh 2-5-7 : Mot tuyen viba co vai gn ben trong. e tranh fading loai K nghiem trong hoac s meo dang truyen dan gay ra bi song phan xa t mat at, ng truyen nen c la chon e khong mot song phan xa ang ke nao en c iem nhan. e kiem tra s anh hng cua song phan xa trong mot tuyen viba thiet ke, ta can phai nh iem phan xa e biet c tnh trang a chat cua iem phan xa va A R3
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cung e xem song phan xa co b che bi nh nhap nho nao hay khong. iem phan xa nh la hnh 2-5-8 co the tm bang o th hnh 2-5-9. au tien cac he so C va m co the tnh bang cong thc sau: h1 h2 C = trong o h1 > h2 h1 + h2 d2 m = 4ka(h1+h2) Trong o : h1 , h2 : la chieu cao cua hai anten (m) K: la he so hieu dung ban knh trai at a ng knh trai at C , m : la cac he so bc th hai thong so b co c bang cach at C va m trong o th. iem phan xa co the tnh bi: d d1 = (1+b) 2 d d2 = (1-b) hoac d d1 2
Hnh 2-5-8:Song phan xa at
He so phan xa hieu dung va ton that phan xa tng ng c phan loai bi tnh trang a ly bi iem phan xa c liet ke trong bang 2-5-3. Thng th se thch hp hn neu suy giam song phan xa hn 14 dB so vi song trc tiep. Song phan xa co the suy giam bi: i) Tnh nh hng cua anten ca hai v tr. ii) Ton that phan xa. iii) Ton that nhap nho neu co.
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Tong cua cac ton that nay goi la S suy giam hieu dung cua song phan xa Bang tan Mat nc He so Ton that (d B) 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 ong lua He so Ton that (dB) 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 2 2 2 2 Vung bang Thanh pho , phang rng He so Ton that He so (d Ton that B) (d B) 0.6 4 0.3 10 0.6 6 0.2 14 0.6 6 0.2 14 0.6 8 0.16 16
(GHz) 2 4 6 11
Hnh 2-5-3 : He so phan xa va ton hao 5. Goc thang ng cua ng truyen: S tnh toan ve cac goc thang ng cua cac song phan xa at va cac song trc tiep oi khi can thiet cho onh c lng s suy giam cua song phan xa gay ra bi o nh hng cua anten.
Hnh 2-5-9 : Goc thang ng cua ng truyen Cac goc thang ng nh trong hnh 2-5-9 co the tnh nh sau: a. Cac goc thang ng cua song trc tiep . h1 h2 d 1 = -( + )
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luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So 2Ka h2 h1 d 2 = -( + ) 2Ka
Thiet Ke
Trong o : 1 , 2 : Cac goc nam ngang (rad) h 1 : o cao cua anten v tr A so vi mat at (m). h 2 : o cao cua anten v tr B so vi mat at (m). b. Cac goc thang ng cua goc phan xa . h1 d1 1 = -( + ) d 2Ka h2 d2 2 = -( + ) d 2Ka Trong o : 1 , 2 la cac goc thang ng cua song phan xa (rad) h 1 o cao cua anten v tr A so vi mat at (m). h 2 o cao cua anten v tr B so vi mat at (m). c. Cac song thang ng gia song phan xa va song trc tiep . h1 h1 h2 d2 1 = - - d1 2Ka h2 h2 h1 d1 2 = - - d2 2Ka cac cong thc tren cac goc c bieu dien bang Radian, chieu cao va khoang cach tnh bang met. Neu > 0 th la mot goc hng len Neu < 0 th la mot goc hng xuong thng co gia tr am do o cac trng hp eu la goc quay xuong. 6. Bieu o o cao:
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Thiet Ke
Khi ca hai song trc tiep va phan xa eu en c anten thu th cong suat tn hieu Viba nhan c thay oi vi o cao cua anten. ieu nay la do s khac nhau ve o dai cua ng truyen gia song trc tiep va song phan xa thay oi vi o cao cua anten dan en s thay moi quan he ve pha gia hai song. S thay oi mc cong suat nhan c vi chieu cao cua anten no c bieu dien bang bieu o o cao nh trong hnh 2-5-10.
Hnh 2-5-10 : Mot v du cua bieu o o cao . Cac tnh toan ve s khac nhau cua ng truyen, chieu sau va o cao cua bieu o o cao oi khi can thiet cho viec quyet nh khoang cach thang ng cua cac anten cho s phan tap khong gian s nhan hoac e tm he so phan xa hieu dung t bieu o o cao. a/ Chieu cao hieu dung cua anten h1va h2 (Xem hnh 2-5-10) d12 d22 1= 2= 2Ka 2Ka h1 = h1 1 h2 = h2 2
b/ S khac nhau ng truyen . 2h1h2 S = d c/ o sau cua bieu o o cao , db ( xem hnh 3-17 ) 1 db = 20Log dB 1 - e
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Thiet Ke
Trong o e : he so phan xa hieu dung . d/ o cao cua bieu o o cao , P1 va P2 d Pha h1 P1= 2h2 d Pha h2 P2 = 2h1 III. CAC KIEM TRA VE CH TIEU TRUYEN DAN 1. Gii Thieu: Pham chat va o tin cay la hai yeu to chnh cua ch tieu truyen dan. Cac yeu to chnh c kiem tra trong viec la chon v tr la tap am nhiet, tap am giao thoa va tapam ot bien nhay gay ra do Fading sau, bi v chung lien quan en ng truyen cua he thong. Tap am ieu che tng ho co the quyet nh bi cac ac iem cua thiet b Viba s dung. V vay viec la chon v tr se khong quan tam en tap am ieu che tng ho. 2. Tap am nhiet: T so cua tn hieu oi vi tap am nhiet ngo ra may thu c quyet nh bi mc tn hieu nhan c va ch tieu cua thiet b Viba s dung. Cong suat tn hieu nhan c tren mot ng truyen Viba c tnh bang cong thc: Pr = Pt + Gt + Gr L - Lf Trong o : Pr : cong suat tn hieu nhan c (dBm) Pt : cong suat ngo ra may phat (dBm) Gt: o li cua anten phat (dB) Gr: o li cua anten thu (dB) L : ton that khong gian t do (dB) Lf: ton that tong trong cac he thong Feeder trong ca hai au (dB) Ton that khong gian t do co the tnh bang cong thc sau ay: 4d L = 20Log Trong o : L : ton that khong gian t do (dB) m : chieu dai ng truyen (m) : bc song (m) T so tn hieu tap am nhiet trong mot kenh ien thoai s dung SS-FM (Single side Band FM) c cho bi cong thc:
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luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So Pr S02 S / N = 10Log KT fF fm2
Thiet Ke
S0
fm Trong o : S/N : t so tn hieu /tap am nhiet trong mot kenh ien thoai (dB) 10lg Pr : cong suat tn hieu Viba nhan c (dBm) K:hang so Boltzmann 1,38*10-23 J/ 0K T: Nhiet o cua bo Mixer may thu (Kenvin) f: Bang thong cua kenh thoai . F :ch so tap am cua may thu . S0 :o lech tan so hieu dung . fm: Tan so tn hieu bang goc (cung v vi S0) Cong thc tren cho ta thay ch so cong suat tn hieu nhan c quyet nh t so : Tn hieu /tap am nhiet (S/N). 3.Giao thoa vo tuyen ngay trong mot he thong Viba iem noi iem. a.Tong quat. Co the co rat nhieu nguyen nhan khac nhau gay ra giao thoa vo tuyen trong ban than cua he thong lien lac. Trong viec chon v tr chu yeu la giao thoa vo tuyen ong kenh. Lng giao thoa vo tuyen co the c quyet nh t s khac nhau cua mc tn hieu, tan so Viba,cc tnh cua hai song Viba. Trong viec kiem tra giao thoa, giao thoa tap am c tnh da vao s khac nhau ve mc, bo qua mot ben cac yeu to khac, neu ket qua tnh toan vt khoi gii han cho phep, tap am c tnh lai vi cac yeu to khac. Cac tn hieu Viba khong mong muon khong ch tao ra tap am giao thoa ma con lam nhieu loan s hoat ong cua viec chuyen mach kenh Viba Neu mc cua song khong mong muon vt qua mc nen cua may thu vay may thu se tiep tuc hoat ong ngay ca khi nhan c tn hieu mong muon hoac mc cua no ri xuong di mc nen. T so tn hieu/tap am giao thoa (S/I) cua mot kenh ien thoai co the c viet nh sau (gia nh rang ca hai tn hieu mong muon va khong mong muon co cung kieu ieu che). S/I=D/U +20 -D lieu do Fading vi sai+S cai tien do tan so khac+s cai tien do cc tnh khac nhau
S / N = 10LogPr 10 LogKT fF + 20Log
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Thiet Ke
Trong o cac thanh phan c tnh bang dB D: Cong suat tn hieu mong muon nhan c . U: Cong suat tn hieu khong mong muon nhan c. Gia tr 20 c rut ra t nhng phan sau: 15 dB:S khac nhau gia mc th Tone va mc th tap am tai 1 dB : S khac nhau ve mc cong suat gia bang thong 4 KHz va bang thong 3,1KHz 4 dB : o d tr trong ng cong cua ytnh nh hng anten . Fading vi sai c au vao tnh toan khi ma song khong mong muon i qua mot ng truyen khac vi ng truyen cua song mong muon hoac khi tan so cua song khong mong muon khac vi cua song mong muon tham ch neu cac ng truyen eu giong nhau. Thng th, Fading vi sai t 5 - 10 dB thng ap dung cho tan so tren 1 GHz. Trong trng hp cua giao thoa gia hai kenh Viba ke can, s chon la may thu se quyet nh s cai tien do tan so khac nhau. Khi song khong mong muon c phan cc thang ng va song khong mong muon c phan cc ngang hoac ngc lai th t so D/U co the giam xuong khoang 15 dB tan so tren 1GHz. b. S meo dang do lan truyen. Giao thoa vo tuyen gay ra bi mot song phan xa nen c a vao tnh toan khi ma song phan xa khong u nho e co the i qua. Trong ng truyen co song phan xa, song phan xa c xem nh la song khong mong muon va gay ra s meo dang truyen dan. No la mot kieu meo dang tre. Tap am meo dang truyen se khac ln hn trong he thong sieu a hp (Super Multiplexed System) vi dung lng ln hn 1800 kenh ien thoai. Tap am meo dang do truyen dan c quyet nh bi t so D/U, thi gian tre do s khac nhau ve ng truyen va dung lng kenh ien thoai cua kenh Viba. Trong trng hp nay D la song trc tiep U la song phan xa. V the t so D/U tng ng vi s suy giam hieu dung cua song phan xa. Hnh 2-5-11 cho ta moi quan he gia tap am meo dang tre va thi gian tre (hoac s khac nhau ve ng truyen cac dung lng kenh ien thoai khac nhau). Tap am meo dang truye dan tng ng vi tap am meo dang tre lam t so D/U am. V du: gia nh rang s suy giam cua song phan xa bi tnh nh tnh cua anten cac tram phat va thu tng ng la 10 dB va 5 dB va s suy giam iem phan xa la 12 dB th, s suy giam hieu dung cua song phan xa se la 10 +5 +12 =27 dB No khong phu thuoc vao t so D/U neu thi gian
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Thiet Ke
tre la 10 ns va neu dung lng cua kenh ien thoai la 960 va o lech tan so mc th Tone la 200 KHz th tap am meo dang tre tm c la -59 dB t hnh 2-5-11. V vay, tap am meo dang truyen dan c tnh la: -59 dBm -27 dBm =-86 dBm =2.5 pw gia tr nay cho thay tap am khong co trong so kenh tren cung cua bang goc. 4.Giao thoa vo tuyen vi cac he so khac. Giao thoa vo tuyen nen kiem tra khong ch trong he thong Viba thiet ke ma con vi cac he thong Viba khac. Nhng phan sau ay co the la nguyen nhan cua s giao thoa vo tuyen nay. a.Giao thoa vo tuyen vi he thong Viba khac. Khi cac he thong Viba khac s cung bang tan vi he thong Viba ang thiet ke trong khoang vai tran Km, mc cua song khong mong muon t cac he thong o nen c kiem tra bi tnh nh hng cua anten va cac ton that lan truyen, e kiem tra t so D/U co at yeu cau hay khong. b.Giao thoa vo tuyen t mot Radar. Mot cong suat rat ln thng c bc xa t mot anten xoay cua Radar va pho tan so ngo ra bao gom rat nhieu tang so tap bi v song ngo ra la cac xung. V vay giao thoa vo tuyen en mot he thong Viba co the xay ra do s bc xa tap cua Radar mac du tan so trung tam cua Radar kha xa so vi he thong Viba. Trong hnh 2-5-13 mc cua tn hieu mong muon tram B c tnh la: D= Pt -Lf +Gt - d Trong o: D: Mc cua song mong muon tram B. Pt: Cong suat ngo ra may phat tram A. Lf :ton that he thong nuoi tram A. Gt :o li anten phat tram A. d: Ton that do truyen dan cua song mong muon (T tram A en Tram B). Mc cua song khong mong muon tram B c tnh la : U =Pr -Ls -Lr +Gr -d -D Trong o: U : Mc cua tn hieu khong mong muon tram B Pr : cong suat ngo ra may phat tram Radar . Ls : o suy giam tan so tap lien quan ti cong suat tnh hieu Radar c ban .
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Thiet Ke
Lr: Ton that he thong nuoi tram Radar. Gr :o li anten phat tram radar . d : Ton that lan truyen cua song khong mong muon t tram Radar en tram B. D :o suy giam do tnh nh hng anten mot goc tram B. T so D/Uco the tnh t hai cong thc tren .oi vi mach ien thoai thng yeu cau t so D/U la 20 dB hoac ln hn. Radar U D A Hnh 2-5-13 :Giao thoa votuyen t mot Radar. c.Giao thoa vo tuyen vi he thong lien lac ve tinh. Trong cac he thong lien lac ve tinh, bang tan 6 GHz (5925MHz - 6425 MHz) c cho cac may phat (lien lac len) va bang 4GHz (3700 MHz -4200 MHz) cho cac may thu (lien lac xuong) cua cac tram mat at .Khi cac tram Viba mat at s dung chung bang tan vi mot he thong lien lac ve tinh va truyen qua gan mat at, can phai kiem tra giao thoa vo tuyen vi he thong lien lac ve tinh . Nh trong hnh 2-5-13 cac giao thoa vo tuyen gia he thong lien lac ve tinh va he thong lien lac Viba iem noi iem mat at co the phan thanh 4 trng hp sau (lien quan en cac ng truyen A, B, C, D). Trong cac ng truyen nay cac giao thoa t he thong Viba mat at en he thong lien lac ve tinh v du nh tuyen C va D co anh hng nhieu hn cac tuyen A vaB bi v mc tn hieu nhan rat thap tram mat at va tnh nh hng anten ln cua ve tinh Nh giao thoa C trong hnh ve , t so D/U tren mat at nen c kiem trgiong nh la giao thoa do ket noi F/B nhan a e cap trc o, a vao tnh toan s suy giam do tnh nh hng cua ten tram mat at va tram viba mat at. Nh giao thoa D CCIR Rec 406-1 gii han cong suat a en anten cua he thong lien lac Viba iem noi iem mat at en B
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Thiet Ke
+13 dBw va EIRP (cong suat bc xa ang hng tng ng) cua may phat b gii han ti +55 dBw. Tuyen Viba iem noi iem mi nen c thiet ke sao cho trung tam cua bup song chnh cua moi anten se khong c hng thang t hn 20 t qui ao en ve tinh. Nh giao thoa B t so D/U tram Viba mat at nen c kiem tra tng t nh C, se khong co van e g trong giao thoa A bi v mc tn hieu nhan c mat at nho hn rat nhieu so vi mc cua song mong muon nhan c tramViba.
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Thiet Ke
RX
TX
TX
RX
Tram mat at ng truyen vo tuyen cua song mong muon ng truyen vo tuyen cua song khong mong muon. Hnh 2-5-4: Giao thoa vo tuyen vi lien lac ve tinh . 5.Xac suat tap am ot bien nhay: Trong he thong lien lac Viba iem noi iem dai, ieu kien truyen dan bnh thng th t so gia tn hieu vao va tap am nhiet tren moi khoang cach Viba thng c thiet ke vao khoang 75 - 80 dB (khong co trong so). V vay tap am ot bien nhay cua 1.000.000 pw (S/N =30 dB) tng ng vi Fading cua 45 - 50 dB. Bang s phan tch xac suat thong ke cua cac ket qua cua nhieu th nghiem truyen dan, ta thay di cac trang thai Fading sau cac mc tn hioeu nhan c cac ng truyen Viba L/S c bieu dien bi phan bo Rayleigh. V du: Xac suat cua mc tn hieu thap hn mc tn hieu a cho x c bieu dien bi x/x0 trong o x0 la mc tn hieu di ieu kien khong gian t do bnh thng, hoac xac suat cua cong suat tap am vt qua mot gia tr a cho N c bieu dien bi N0/N trong o N0 la cong suat tap am trong ieu kien bnh thng. V du: xac suat cua Fading 40 dB vao khoang 0,01%. Noi cach khac xac suat xay ra Fading sau Pr c cho bi cong thc thc nghiem sau ay: f Pr =Q( )1,2 d3,5 4 Trong o: Pr :la xac suat xay ra fading sau Q:2.1*10-9 cho cac vung oi nui .
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Thiet Ke
5.1*10-9 cho mat at bang phang . 1.9*10-8 cho cac vung bien hoac ven bien cach b 10 Km. f: tan so Viba (GHz) d: khoang cach ng truyen (Km) V vay xac suat cua tap am ot bien nhay P c cho bi : N0 P=Pr N Tap am ot bien nhay trong mot he thong Viba trong cac mach ien thoai quoc te nen at cac yeu cau cua CCIR Rec 393-1. V du : Trong cac mach tham chieu ly thiet cong suat tap am khong nen vt qua 1.000.000 pw khong co trong so (vi thi gian tch hp la 5 ms) cho hn 0,01% cua moi thang. Khi chon v tr, thu tuc kiem tra xem he thong co at c tieu chuan a neu tren hay khong nh sau (cho rang tap am ot bien nhay ngan han khong xay ra cung luc tren nhieu ng truyen Viba). Xac suat cho phep cua tap am ot bien nhay vt qua 1.000.000 la. L 0,01% 2500
(*)
Trong o : L: la tong chieu dai cua he thong Viba thiet ke (Km). Tong cac xac suat ma tap am ot bien nhay vt qua 1.000.00 pw cho moi tuyen Viba cho bi. N1 N2 N3 P1 +P2 +P3 +........ (**) 106 106 106 Trong o: P1,P2,P3,.....:Xac suat xay ra Fading sau tren moi ng truyen . N1,N2,N3,.....Cong suat tap am nhiet cua moi ng truyen trong ieu kien khong gian bnh thng. Bang cach so sanh gia tr co c t bieu thc (**) vi xac suat cho phep co c t bieu thc (*). He thong thiet ke co the c kiem tra ve cac yeu cau xac suat tap am ot bien nhay . Xac suat tap am cua ot bien nhay co the loai tr bi mot he so t 1/3 en 1/5 bang cach ap dung chuyen mach kenh d phong toc o cao khi co tap am hoac bi he so 1/50 bang cach ap dung ky thuat phan tap khong gian . IV BANG D LIEU TNH TOAN NG TRUYEN.
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Thiet Ke
Bang d lieu ng truyen cho ta mot cach thong dung e xac nh va ghi nhan cac thong so anh hng en cong thc ton that lan truyen tong quat. No la cong cu hu ch cho cong viec s bo cung nh la cac ghi chep e tham chieu trong tng lai. Bang 2-5-4 la mot v du cua bang d lieu ng truyen cho he thong mot bc nhay vi ng truyen Viba. Cac thu tuc cu the e ien vao moi loai trong bang va e kiem tra cac ch tieu cua he thong c giai thch tng bc mot nh sau. Chuan b mot bang tnh toan d lieu nh bang 2-5-4 BANG D LIEU TNH TOAN NG TRUYEN Cac ac tnh cua ng truyen dan Mo ta tuyen Ky n Tra Tra Ket qua hieu v mA mB tnh toan va ghi chu 1.V tr cac tram 2.So loai thiet b 3.Tan so lam viec f GHz 4.Phan cc 5.Dung lng kenh Mbit/s Mbit/s 6.Loai ieu che may phat 7.o nang v tr x m 8.o dai ng truyen d Km dan 9.o cao cua anten h m 10.Loai thap anten T ,day neo Ton that tuyen 11.Ton that ng truyen A0 dB dan cua khong gian t do 12.Loai feeder cua tram A vaB 13.o dai feeder cua tram l m A va B 14.Ton that feeder Lf dB 15.Ton hao re nhanh LB dB 16.Ton hao bo phan phoi dB va bo noi 17.Ton hao cua bo tieu Lr dB hao vat chan 18.Ton hao hap thu cua dB kh quyen 19.Tong ton that dB o li
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luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So 20.o li cua anten 21.o li cua may phat A va B 22.Tong o li cua tat ca cac cot 23.Tong tieu hao 24.Mc vao may thu 25.Mc ngng thu c vi BER >10-3 26.Mc ngng thu c vi BER >10-6 27.o d tr Fading phang A 28.Do d tr Fading phang B 29.Xac xuat Fading nhieu tia 30.Xac xuat at mc ngng RXa 31.Xac xuat at mc ngng RXb 32.Khoang thi gian Fading Ta 33.khoang thi gian Fading Tb 34.Xac xuat khoang Fading ln hn 10s 35.Xac xuat khoang Fading ln hn 60s 36.Xac xuat BER vt 10-3 37.Xac xuat e mach tr nen khong dung c do Fading phang 38.o kha dung cua ng truyen 39.Xac xuat BER >10-6 40.Xac xuat BER >10-6 trong khoang 60s 41.Xac xuat BER >10-3 do Fading chon la 42.Tong gian oan thong tin BER >10-3 43.Xac xuat BER > 10-6do Fading chon la 44.Tong BER >10-6 Cac tnh toan kha nang s dung 45.o khong s dung G Gt dBm dBm dBm At dB dBm dBm dBm FMa FMb P0 Pa Pb Ta Tb P(10) P(60) Pu % dB dB
Thiet Ke
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luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So cua thiet b 46.o khong s dung c do ma 47.o khong s dung c do Fading phang nhieu tia 48.o khong s dung c do Fading nhieu tia la chon 49.Tong o khong s dung c tnh theo phan tram %
Thiet Ke
Trong o cac thong so cua bang tnh toan va cach tnh toan chung c mo ta nh sau :
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Thiet Ke
MO TA TUYEN
1.V tr cac tram - ay v tr cac tram a c chon va khao sat nen ta ch at ten cho cac tram e tien li cho viec goi va tnh toan. - Thng th mot tram c goci la tram A tram con lai goi la tram B sau o cac tnh toan ng truyen nh la khoang cach cua vat can c tnh vi tram A va tram B. 2.So loai thiet b . Sau khi a nghien cu k ve dung lng, bang tan va cac ch tieu khac ta co the tien hanh chon cac thiet b cho he thong thng co rat nhieu loai thiet b khac nhau tren mot tuyen .Tuy nhien trong Sheet tnh toan ng truyen ta ch ghi mot so cac thong so cua no. 3.Tan so lam viec. Trong Viba iem noi iem ch s dung ke hoach hai tan so, nen ta co ba tan so lam viec can quan tam. -Tan so phat tram A(f1) -Tan so phat tram A(f2) -Tan so trung tam c s dung trong cac tnh toan 4.Phan cc Thng co ba loai phan cc sau ay cho song vo tuyen . -Phan cc ng. -Phan cc ngang. -Phan cc cheo. Trong o cac tram co dung lng ln thng co khuynh hng s dung phan cc cheo e tang hieu suat s dung pho. 5.Dung lng kenh:(Mbit/s). Trong Sheet tnh toan ng truyen dung lng kenh c bieu dien di dang Mbit/s. No la dung lng nguon tn hieu so toi a co the truyen tren he thong. 6.loai ieu che cua may phat. Khi ta la chon thiet b th loai ieu che may phat cung c chon no co the la ASK, FSK, PSK, QAM nh a e cap phan I 7.o nang cua v tr:(x) o nang cua v tr chnh la o cao cua mat bang xay dng tram so vi mc nc bien. Thng ta khong the o chnh xac c o cao nay v viec nay kho thc hien va ton kem nen ta thng lay gan ung
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Thiet Ke
sau khi a tham khao o cao cua mot so iem so vi mat nc bien gan v trtram sai so cua no khoang 0,5 m. 8.o dai ng truyen dan:(d) No la khoang cach gia hai anten tuy nhien ta khong the lay chnh xac c thong so nay v nhieu ly do khac nhau, nen thng no la khoang cach gia hai v tr at tram. 9.o cao cua anten :h1,h2. o cao cua anten c tnh toan e tieu hao tren ng truyen do cac vat chan,s hap thu cua kh... Khong lam cho o kha dung cua tuyen khong at c muc tieu e ra ong thi bao am kinh te nhat. Trong cac vung dan c cac anten thng c gan tren noc cac nha cao tang e giam thieuchi ph xay dng thap anten. 10.Loai thap anten. Nh a e cap trong phan cau hnh he thong co hai loai thap anten la thap t va thap day neo.Viec quyet nh loai thap nao c s dung phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu to khac nhau nh : o cao anten, dien tch cua tram, so anten gan tren moi tram...
CAC TON HAO
11.Ton hao ng truyen dan cua khong gian t do A0(dB). Loai ton that nay a c e cap trong phan truyen song trong khong gian .No phu thuoc vao tan so song mang va o dai ng truyen va c tnh bang cong thc sau : A0=92,5+20lg(GHz)+20lgd(Km) Trong o: A0: la ton that ng truyen cua khong gian t do (dB). f: La tang so trung tam cua song mang (GHz). d: la o dai ng truyen(Km). 12.Loai Feeder s dung cac tram A va B. Thng th hai tram A va B s dung cung loai Feeder, loai Feeder c chon e s dung phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu to khac nhau nh: tan so lam viec, suy hao... Sau ay la mot so loai Feeder tieu bieu c s dung: Kieu Feeder RG-59/U RG-11/U RG-24/U RG-58/U Z0() 73 75 50 53.5 ng (Inch) 0,242 0,405 0,45 0,195 knh Suy dB/100ft 3,4 2,5 2 7,8 hao
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Thiet Ke
13.o dai Feedercua tram A va B. Trong cac trng hp ma ta co the tnh chnh xac o dai Feeder th cac o dai nay c tnh cho ca hai tram A va B. Tuy nhien trong viec thiet ke do cha biet c chnh xac v tr xay dng cac phong e thiet b cung nh v tr chnh xac xay dng thap anten, nen no c anh gia bang cach lay o cao cua anten tai moi tram nhan v he so d tr thng lay 1,5. 14.Ton that Feeder. bc 12 ta a co loai Feeder s dung va bc 13 ta co o dai tng ng cua chung t o ta co the tnh ton that cua Feeder cho ca hai tram A va B bang cong thc sau: Tram A: ton that Feeder =o dai Feeder tai tram A(m)*ton hao 1 m Feeder Tram B: ton that Feeder =o dai Feeder tai tram B(m)*ton hao 1 m Feeder 15.Ton hao re nhanh Ton hao re nhanh c coi la cac ton hao trong cac bo loc RF (may phat va may thu) cac bo loc xoay vong (Circulator) va cac bo loc RF ben ngoai co the, chung cho phep mot he thong song cong ch s dung mot anten cho cac muc ch thu va phat hoac vai he thong cung noi en mot anten. Khoang gia tr ton hao re nhanh thng la 2-8 dB. 16.Ton hao cac bo phoi hp va cac bo au noi . Chung la ton hao trong cac chuyen tiep ong dan song, cac bo phoi hp, he thong nen ong dan song va phan Feeder i cung vi cac bo noi. Chung phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu to khac nhau nh: Cau hnh he thong, cach ket noi tram, cac loai ong dan song va cac loai au noi c s dung cho tram. - Vi cac he thong ln phc tap th no co gia tr khoang 0,8-1 dB. - Vi cac he thong ln phc tap th no co gia tr khoang 0,5-0,7 dB. 17.ton hao cua bo suy hao hoac cac vat chan. -Ton hao cua bo suy hao: ton hao nay ch xuat hien khi co bo suy hao trong he thong cac bo suy hao c s dung trong mot so trng hp sau: Khi cong suat phat ra qua ln co the gay giao thoa cho cac tuyen lan can hoac cac tram ve tinh. Khi co mot bo suy hao c s dung e giam cong suat phat t anten. Khi cac mc tn hieu ra va vao cac bo phan trong tram khong hoan toan phu hp vi nhau gay ra meo dang tn hieu ngo ra. Do o can phai giam cac tn hieu sao cho phu hp vi nhau bang cach s dung cac bo suy hao.
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Thiet Ke
-Ton that do vat chan: ay la loai ton that xuat hien khi tuyen thiet ke khong thoa ieu kien tam nhn thang hay cac vat chan cat mien Feeder th nhat. Ton that do vat chan c chia lam cac loai sau: Ton that nhieu xa do vat chan hnh nen ton hao nhieu xa do vat chan cong chung c bieu dien bang hnh ve sau:
Trong o nhieu xa do vat chan cong t xay ra va ch co khi cac ng truyen b cat bi cac vat chan rat ln nh cac day nui ...Viec tnh toan ton hao nay rat kho. Trong khi ton that nhieu xa do vat chan hnh nen thng xay ra hn no la ton hao khi cac cay cao hoac cac nhacao tang cat i cau Fresnel th nhat. Ton that hnh nem c tnh nh sau. oi vi cac vat chan c xet tat ca cac tham so hnh hoc gop lai vi nhau thanh mot so khong th nguyen duy nhat ky hieu la Vc tnh bang phng trnh sau: v= h[(2/)*(1/d1*1/d2)]1/2 Trong o: : Bc song cua song mang trung tam (m) d1 :Khoang cach t tram 1 en vat chan (m) d2: Khoang cach t tram 2 en vat chan (m) h : o cao cua nh vat chan so vi ng nam ngang noi hai au cuoi ng truyen. Neu o cao di ng nay th h la am (m).
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Thiet Ke
Luc o ton hao vat chan nay gay ra c tnh bang cong thc : L(v) =6,4+20 lg[(v+1)1/2 +v](dB) Tong ton hao cua nhieu vat chan hnh nem tren ng truyen chnh ton that vat chan cua ng truyen. 18.Ton hao hap thu cua kh quyen. Thng do s hap thu cua kh quyen nen khong gian co mot ton hao ac trng a dB/Km. Nen khi tnh toan cho mot ng truyen cu the dai d Km th ton hao nay se bang a*d dB.Gia tr cua a co the lay theo bao cao 719-2 CCIR. Loai ton hao nay tang theo tang so va co nhieu ot bien bat thng khi tan so thay oi. 19.Tong ton hao No la tong ton hao tnh toan cac phan tren.
O LI
20.o li cua anten ay la tong cac o li cua cac anten moi mot au cuoi cua tuyen. o li cua anten phu thuoc vao ng knh cua anten, tan so lam viec,goc m hieu dung cua anten va c bieu dien bang cong thc: G=20 lgD -20lg +10lgn +9,943 dB Trong o: D: la ng knh a anten (m) : la bc song tan so trung tam(m) n: la goc m hieu dung cua anten 21.o li may phat. ay la cong suat au ra chnh may phat khong phai sau bat ky mot mach loc re nhanh hay bo loc nao. No thng c o bang dB. 22.Tong o li No la tong cua hai bc tren 23.Tong ton hao ay la t so cung cap au ra cua may phat trc cac mach re nhanh va cong suat a len may thu tng ng sau cac mach re nhanh, trong cac ieu kien lan truyen va cac hoat ong cua he thong thc. No la hieu dB cua cac ton hao tr tong cac o li cua anten va c ky hieu la A1. 24.Mc au vao cua may thu Pr (dBm)
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Thiet Ke
No bang cong suat a ra cua may phat Pt tr i tong tieu hao A1 a tnh c bieu dien bang cong thc sau: Pr =Pt -A1 (dBm) 25-26.Cac ngng thu c. RXava RXb la hai gia tr mc ngng thu. Thc te no tng ng vi cac t le loi bit 10-3 va10-6 tng ng. Mc ngng 10-3 a vao may tnh toan o suy giam ly thuyet, t so song mang tren tap am e tao ra mot lng giao thoa gia cac ky hieu khong the chat nhan va mc 10-6 c a va tnh toan o suy giam t so C/N e tao ra muc tieu cac khuc suy giam chat lng. 27-28.o d tr Fading phang. FMa va FMb la o d tr Fading phang chung la cac hieu so gia mc vao cua may thu khong Fading a tnh toan Pr va mc ngng may thu tc la: FMa=Pr - RXa oi vi BER =10-3 FMb =Pr -RXb oi vi BER =10-6
CAC HIEU NG FADING PHANG

29.Xac xuat Fading nhieu tia P0 e tnh Fading nhieu tia ta dung phng trnh cua Majoli nh sau: P0 =0,3*a*C(f/4)(d/50)3 Trong o : P0 :xac suat xuat hien Fading phang nhieu tia d: o dai ng truyen(Km) C: he so a hnh f: tan so trung tam cua song mang (GHz) a: La he so cai tien ac trng cho o go ghe cua a hnh . He so a hnh C c chon nh sau : 1 4 C= Cho a hnh trung bnh co kh hau on i. Tren mat nc b bien hoac kh hau am t hay kh hau bieu th s ao nhiet manh a co cac nc xa mac 0,25 Cho mien nui va kh hau kho
a: co ga tr t 0,25 en 4 khi o go ghe giam 30-31.Xac suat at cac mc ngng RXa va RXb . ay la xac suat cua Fading phang at ti hai ngng vao cua may thu RXa va RXb vt cac o d tr Fading FMa va FMb tng ng va c bieu dien bang cong thc: Pa =10 -FMa/10
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luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So Pb =10 -FMb/10
Thiet Ke
32-33.Khoang thi gian Fading :T Cong bo 338-5 cua CCIR cho mot phng trnh oi vi o sau Fading a cho, khoang thi gian cua no phan bo theo quy luat chuan logarit va gia tr trung bnh cua no T giay cho bi: T, =C210 - 2F/10 f 2 oi vi hai o d tr Fading rieng biet FMa va FMb cho bi cac bc tren co gia tr cua cac khoang Fading Ta va Tb la: Ta = C210 - 2FMa/10 f 2 , BER>10-3 Tb = C210 - 2FMb/10 f 2 , BER> 10-6 Trong o: F: la do d tr Fading sau o d tr Fading FMa va FMb FMa ,FMb :o d tr Fading phang 2, 2, C2:La cac hang so co lien quan en so Fading tren mot gi 34-35.Xac suat Fading dai hn 10s va 60s ay la xac suat Fading lam cho ng truyen tr nen khong s dung c no c tnh bang bieu thc sau: P(Ta ) =P(10) = 0,5 [1-erfc(Za)]=0,5 erfc(Za) P(Tb ) =P(10) = 0,5 [1-erfc(Zb)]=0,5 erfc(Zb) Trong o: Erfc(Z) la ham xac suat loi tch chap co cho phan muc luc . Cac gia tr Za va Zb c tnh toan theo bieu thc lien quan en trung iem chuan logarit oi vi trung bnh chuan logarit va hiep phng sai Gauss va c tnh bang cong thc: Za = 0,548 ln(10/Ta) Zb= 0,548 ln (10/Tb) 36.Xac suat BER vt 10-3 ay la xac suat se xuat hien gian oan thong tin no khong co ngha rang s gian oan thong tin nay keo dai trong 10s hoac hn. No c tnh bang cong thc: Xac suat BER>10-3 =P0*Pa 37.xac suat mach tr nen khong the s dung c do Fading phang Pu ay la xac suat mach se co BER ln hn 10-3 10-3 trong khoang thi gian ln hn 10s. No c bieu dien bang cong thc: Pu =P0*Pa*P(10) 38.Bo kha dung cua tuyen: ieu nay c hien th bang phan tram va c cho bang Pu xac nh bc tren tc la:
38

luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So o Kha dung =100(1-Pu)% 39.Xac suat BER 10-6 No c tnh bang bieu thc : Xac suat BER> 10-6 =P0*Pb
Thiet Ke
40.Xac suat BER>10-6 trong khoang 60s Xac suat BER >10-6 trong khoang 60s =P0*P(60) 41.Xac suat BER >10-3 do Fading la chon. Gian oan do Fading la chon trong thang xau nhat trong nam: ay ta s dung phng phap Majoli e thc hien phep tnh nay Theo Majoli ta co: Xac suat BER>10-3oi vi Fading la chon nh sau: %Thi gian gian oan thong tin do Fading =200K[2*d1,5(b/log2M)* 10-6]2% Trong o: :La khoang thi gian xuat hien s hoat ong cua Fading nhieu tia xau nhat. 1 Vi P0>10 0,1 = 0,182*P0 Vi 0,1<P0< 2 1,44*P0_ Vi P0<10-2 K: La hang so phu thuoc vao cach ieu che K= 15,4 5,5 7,0 1,0 oi oi oi oi vi vi vi vi 64 QAM 16 QAM 8 PSK 4 PSK
d: Khoang cach ng truyen (Km). b:Toc o bit cc ai (Mbit/s) M: So mc trong s o ieu che 42.Tong gian oan thong tin BER >10-3 Tong gian oan thong tin BER 10-3 la tong cua ket qua a tnh bc 36 va 41 . 43.Xac suat BER>10-6 do Fading la chon. Cach thc va cong thc tnh nh la bc 40 nhng co nhan them mot he so bang 9,82 v cong thc bc 40 la tnh cho BER bang 10-3 khi BER =10-6 hnh dang cua dau an khac i nen khi lay tch phan hai lp th cac can cung thay oi. 44.Tong BER 10-6 Tong gian oan thong tin BER>10-6 la tong cua ket qua a tnh bc 39 va 43
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Thiet Ke
CAC TNH TOAN KHA NANG S DUNG

45.o khong s dung cua thiet b. Mac du cac thiet b s dung trong mot he thong Viba thng co o tin cay rat cao. Tuy nhien van khong the tranh khoi cac h hong lam gian oan thong tin lien lac. S gian oan co anh hung rat ln trong cac he thong khong co d phong nong. No la loai thanh phan chnh cua o khong s dung c cua tuyen. Trong cac he thong khong co d phong, viec tnh toan o khong s dung c cua thiet b c tien hanh nh sau: o kha dung =100*[-MTBF)/(MTBF + MTTR) +1] o kha dung =100*[(MTTR)/(MTBF + MTTR)% MTBF: La thi gian trung bnh Gia cac s co tnh bang gi . MTTR: La thi gian trung bnh e khoi phuc lai dch vu tnh bang gi thng la 2,4,8 gi. Theo thong ke cua CCIR cac gia tr ac trng cua MTBF oi vi cac mau thiet b khac nhau nh trong bang sau: Thiet b Thiet b ghep kenh Ghep kenh s cap Mux bac 3 May thu phat vo tuyen Khong bao ve 2 Mbit/s Khong bao ve 140Mbit/s Thiet b phu tr Chuyen mach la chon Nguon Thiet b si quang (tren 100 Km dng) MTBF (nam) 4,5 8,2 1,0 5,7 Thiet b Mux bac 2 Mux bac 4 MTBF(nam) 9,4 5,8
Bao ve 34 53,5 Mbit/s 540 Bao ve 140 Mbit/s Chuyen mach 83333 d phong nong
250000 107 10-7 2,8
46.o khong s dung c do ma . ay la loai Fading gop phan chu yeu vao o khong s dung cua tuyen .Khi tan so song mang cua he thong nam trong khoang t 7 GHz tr len . cac tan so song mang nho hn 7 GHz ton hao do ma rat nho va co the bo qua .Qua trnh tnh toan o khong kha dung do ma vo cung phc tap gom cac bc sau : B1: Thu nhan cng o ma vt 0,01% thi gian hp thanh 1 phut o tai mat at trung tam. B2: Tnh toan ban au e xac nh tieu hao ac trng R
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luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So R=K*R dB/Km
Thiet Ke
Trong o: R: cng o ma tnh trung bnh mm/h thi gian hp thanh Ti. Cac tham so k va phan cc vo tuyen cho bi: K=[Kn+Kv+(KH +KV) cos2 cos2]/2 =[KHH +KvV +( KHH - KvV) cos2 cos2]/2K Trong o: :Goc phang cua ng truyen : Goc nghieng phan cc oi vi phan cc ngang Cac gia tr KH ,Kv va H ,V cho bang sau: Tan (GHz) 7 8 10 12 15 20 25 30 so KH 0,00301 0,00454 0,0101 0,0188 0,0376 0,0751 0,124 0,187 Kv 0,00265 0,00395 0,00887 0,0168 0,0335 0,0691 0,113 0,167 H 1,332 1,327 1,276 1,271 1,154 1,099 1,061 1,021 V 1,312 1,310 1,264 1,200 1,128 1,065 1,030 1,000
B3: Tnh o dai hieu dung de cua tuyen: de= r*d Vi r=(1+0,045*d)-1 B4: anh gia tieu hao ng truyen mot 0,01% thi gian cho bi: A0,01= Rd2 =Rrd dB B5: Tnh thi gian vt tieu hao Ap bang bieu thc: Ap =0,12(A0,01)*P[-(0,546+0,431LgP)] dB Trong o Ap la tieu hao (dB) vt trong P% thi gian. 47. o khong s dung c do Fading phang nhieu tia . o khong s dung c do Fading phang nhieu tia la phan tram xac suat cua tuyen tr nen khong s dung c hay la phan tram xac suat cua BER >10-3 trong vong ln hn 10 giay do Fading phang nhieu tia va c tnh bang cong thc: %Xac suat cua tuyen tr nen khong s dung c = 100*Pu 48.o khong s dung c do Fading nhieu tia la chon. ieu nay co the xac nh bang tch cua o gian oan Fading nhieu tia nh a xac nh bc 41 va P(10) tc la tnh bang cong thc: o khong s dung c =100*P(10)*(Xac suat cua BER>10-3 la chon) 49.Tong o khong s dung c tnh theo phan tram.
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Thiet Ke
No la o tong khong s dung c tnh theo phan tram cua tat ca cac phan a tnh toan cac buc 45, 46, 47, 48. V. THU TUC CHON V TR. 1. Nghien cu cac ng truyen tren ban o. Bc au tien cua viec cho la v tr la chon ra vai tuyen Viba thc thi tren ban o. Nh a nghien cu trc, cac thong tin lien he en he thong Viba thiet ke nen c thu nhan. Nhng thong tin yeu cau la: a/ Cach a iem cua cac c quan se c noi vi he thong. b/ Cac ng truyen, tan so cua cac he thong Viba a co trc hoac se co trong tng lai nhng vung gan ben tuyen thiet ke. c/ Cac a diem cua cac tram Radar va cac san bay. e/ Hng en cua qu ao ve tinh Trong viec ve ng truyen kiem tra cac phan sau ay: a/ Chieu dai tuyen b/S can bang cua chieu dai tuyen c/ieu kien trc xa Khi tuyen thiet ke c no vi mot tuyen Viba a co sa ke hoach s dung tuyen hai tan so, so bc nhay cua tuyen nen hp l. d/ Giao thoa vo tuyen vi cac he thong Viba khac bao gom tram mat at hoac t cac ra a. e/ S bao ve qu ao gia cac ve tinh tnh f/ Tnh chat a ly t nhien cua vung phan xa at h/ng vao tram Co rat nhieu tuyen co the nghien cu tren ban o. Tuy nhien co mot vai tuyen co ve nh thuan li hn cac tuyen khac nen c nghien cu k hn chu y en ieu kien lan truyen va tnh kinh te. 2. Nghien cu chi tiet tren ban o. Cac ng truyen a c chon th c kie tra ve s truyen da Viba, pham chat truyen o tin cay, tnh kinh te bi cong viec ban giay tren ban o chi tiet vi ty le 1/50.000 en 1/10.000 va 20 en 10 ng chu tuyen. e nghien cu viec truyen dan can phai kiem tra cac phan sau bang cach ve va tnh toan. a/ Mat cat nghien ng truyen Viba b/ khoang cach h an toan cho i cau Fresnel th nhat cho cac gia tr khac nhau co the co cua K va o cao anten can thiet. c/ a iem chnh xac cua dien tch phan xa at va cac ac tnh a ly cua no tren ban o. d/ Goc chnh xac gia ng truyen va hng qu ao ve tinh. Ve do tin cay va pham chat truyen dan cho nhng muc sau ay nen c nghien cu tren moi ng truyen va toan
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Thiet Ke
bo he thong t iem au en iem cuoi, da vao nhng nghien cu ve truyen dan a e cap trc va ch tieu ky thuat se thc hien cua he thong. a/ Tap am nhiet b/ Tap am giao thoa c/ Xac suat tap am ot bien nhay va s can thiet cua phan tap khong gian d/ Tap am meo dang do lan truyen ( cho cac he thong dung lng ln) So sanh tnh kinh te gia cac tuyen a chon co the thc hien mot cach nhanh chong da vao cac yeu to sau: a/ So tram lap b/ Chieu cao gia nh cua thap anten c/ So ng truyen oi hoi phai phan tap khong gian d/Chieu dai cua loi vao se c xay dng 3. Khao sat v tr. T ket qua cua cac nghien cu a e cap tren va so sanh, hai hoac ba tuyen co the c chon e khao sat thc te e xem cac tnh toan co ung hay khong. Tuy nhien, trong mot vai trng hp ch co mot ng truyen co the thc thi v cac nguyen nhan khac nhau nh la ieu kien a hnh. Cac nghien cu cu the nen c thc hien moi v tr e ngh va no thch hp hne khao sat v tr trong nhng ieu kien kh hau khac nhau nh la mua nang va mua ma. Cac muc kiem tra trong viec khao sat cho co the la nh sau: a/V tr 1. Dieu kien a hnh thc te 2. s ton tai cua cac vung bang phang hoa san bang can thiet 3. Tnh chat t nhien cua at 4.Van toc cc ai va hng chnh cua gio 5. Giay phep s dung hp phap cua v tr 6. a ch cua v tr b/ ng vao 1. ng san co 2. ng vao tram se xay dng va chieu dai cua no c/ Nguon ien dan dung cung cap 1. S san co cua nguon ien dan dung 2.o dai cuang day ien e a ien vao tram 3. ien ap ,tan so va khoan cach bien thien cua nguon ien s dung 4. o tin cay cua nguon ien dan dung d/ Cac nha tram va thap anten san co (Neu chung cung c s dung cho he thong mi). 1. Khoan khong gian san co cho he thong mi hoac kha nang ni rong cua nha tram neu can. 2. Chieu cao va so lng anten toi a co the gan vao thap anten san co
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Thiet Ke
3. V tr chnh xac va phat hoa cua nha tram va thap anten e/ Su truyen dan Viba. 1. Xac nhan trang thai trc xa bang cach th bang gng 2. S cang tr cua tam nhn en v tr cac tram ke can hoac s phan xa Viba co the do cac nha cao tang, cay coi... gan 3.S xac nhan cua khoan h an toan tren cac nh go dhe bang cach o at s suy giam goc bang cach s dung la ban phat. 4. Quan sat bang mat dien tch phan xa at neu co the c f. Cong viec bao tr (Cho cac tram khong co ngi) 1. Thi gian i t tram bao tr 2. Kha nang i vao tram trong mua ma g. S lap at. 1. o kha dung cua nc va nguon ien v tr tien hanh viec lap at 2. Cac phng tien van chuyen ia phng h/ Cac thong tin ch dan 1. cac ban o ng xa 2. Thi gian i vao tram t tuyen ng gan nhat.... 3. a hnh xunh quanh v tr 4. Cac th nghiem truyen dan Ngay nay, viec truyen dan th ch c thc hien khi cac ac tnh truyen dan cua ng truyen thiet ke khong the d oan c bi d lieu cua cac ng truyen tng t. Cac muc truyen dan nh sau: a/ Xac suat xay ra Fading. Cac th nghiem cho muc ch nay co the la can thiet cho mot ng truyen ma dng nh chu Fading rat nghiem trong trong mot khoan thi gian xac nh nao o trong nam. Cho cac th nghiem cac mc tn hieu nhan c thu c lien tuc bang cach s dung may phat th Viba va mot ong ho trng manh trong mot vai tuan hoac mot vai thang khi ma moi truyen dan dng nh khong thuan li. b/ He so phan xa hieu dung. Mot bieu o o cao co the thiet lap neu he so phan xa hieu dung cua vung phan xa trong tuyen thiet ke rat kho e gia nh. Bieu o o cao c theo bang cach di chuyen lien tuc anten theo chieu thang ng 20 hoac 30 met. c/ Giao thoa vo tuyen. Khi giao thoa vo tuyen t cac nguon Viba khac khong the d oan chnh xac c, mc tn hieu giao thao en can c o ac bi mot ong ho trng manh cac v tr e ngh. 5. Quyet nh cuoi cung ve ng truyen.
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Thiet Ke
D tren cac thong tin co c t viec khao sat v tr tuyen Viba co the thc hien se c quyet nh. Tien hanh cac nghien cu khac nhau ve pham chat truyen dan o tin cay, s lap at, ton hao bao tr..... S la chon ng truyen cua tuyen Viba se anh hng rat ln en s thanh cong hay that bai cua he thong Viba thiet ke. Cong viec chon v tr lien quan en nhieu he so khac nhau ma oi khi oi ngc lan nhau do o phai co mot kien thc rong rai va mot kinh nghiem vng vang e thu c ket qua tot nhat. VI. XAY DNG NHA TRAM VA NG VAO. Cac nha tram bang betong cot thep thng c s dung cho cac tram Viba, nhng trong mot vai trng hp khi ch co mot lng nho cac thiet b can co tram, co the s dung loai nha hop san co. Cac nha tram co the phan lam hai loai sau: tram au cuoi va tram iem noi iem. 1. Nha cac tram au cuoi. Tram au cuoi thng at trong cac vung co dan c thng co cac nhan vien lam viec. Trong rat nhieu trng hp nha tram thng oi hoi cha cac tram au cuoi don kenh cung nh la cac thiet b Viba, bi v s sap xep nay cho phep s dung cac loai ti6e nghi nay cung nh nguon ien cung cap, phong c quan, kho lu tr. No cung cho phep lam ngan cac ket noi gia cac thiet b vo tuyen, cac thiet b don kenh va trao oi ien thoai. 1. S sap xep phong oc Cac phong trong nha tram nen c sap xep giong nh sau. 1/Bo tr phong thiet b ke phong ieu khien ni co nhan vien ky thuat lam viec hau het cac thi gian. 2/ Phong ieu khien bo tr sau cho co the i en phong ieu khien ma khong phai i qua phong thiet b. 3/Phong thiet ke nen bo tr ni co the ni rong khi them can thiet trong tng lai. 4/ Bo tr phong lam mat ke ben phong thiet b. 5/ at loi vao cua cac phong cac v tr thch hp cho viec van chuyen cac thiet b co tnh toan s bo tr cac thiet b van phong. 2. Phong thiet b Viba 1/ Bo tr phong thiet b Viba cang gan ke thap anten cang tot e cho chieu dai Feeder la toi thieu. 2/at ong dan Feeder v tr thch hp( tran nha hoac theo tng nha) co e y s bo tr cac thiet b va v tru cua thap anten. 3/ Chieu cao cua tang nha nen c quyet nh co tnh toan en chieu cao cua cac thiet b Viba bao gom cac thiet b i kem gan vi thiet b Viba. Nh la cac ong dan kh, Gia cap, Ong dan song va cac bo loc nhanh Viba, thng th bo phan thap nhat tran nha cach san nha 3,5 met.
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Thiet Ke
4/Kha nang chu tai trong cua nen nha t 1- 1,25 tan/m2 5/Phong nen chan bui u anh sang va c ieu hoa nhiet o 6/ Phong co the ni rong trong tng lai ma khong gap qua nhieu kho khan 3. Phong ieu khien. Cac thiet b canh bao va giam sat c lap at trong phong, cac day ien thoai cung c lap at trong phong do o oi hoi cac ieu kien sau ay. 1/Phong ieu khien nen at oi dien vi phong thiet b. 2/ Phong xay dng sau cho no khong phai la ng i en cac phong khac. 3/ Phong nen c lam cach am va chan bui, co u o sang va ieu hoa nhiet o. 4/ Phong lam mat. Mot vai thiet b oi hoi phai ieu hoa nhiet o, e gi nt o cua moi trng trong khoan can thiet mot vai bo phan cua thiet b oi hoi phai lam mat. Trong mot he thong lu thong khong kh vong h, khong kh t ben ngoai c a vao phong lam mat va sau o en phong thiet b qua cac ong dan khong kh va sau o c thoat ra ngoai. Trong he thong lu thong khong kh vong kn, Khong kh c lay t phong thiet b a vao phong lam mat roi sau o c a ngc vao phong thiet b qua cac ong dan kh. Cac may loc bui cung can thiet khi khong kh lay vao co cha bui khoi.... 5.Cac phong khac. 1.Phong cho cong viec bao tr. 2. Kho cha. Phong cho cac nhan vien: Phong ngu tra, phong an, phong chuan b trang phuc va phong ve sinh 4.Gara xe 2. Cach bo tr tram. Cac yeu to sau ay nen c a vao tmh toan khi thiet ke cach bo tr tram: 1. Can co them cac cho trong e co the m rong tram. 2.Co cho e au xe va quay au xe. 3. Co cho trong cho phep lap at (cac kho tam e cha vat lie, cong viec e lap at thap anten....) 4 ng vao tram nen dan thang en loi vao nha tram. 5.V tr cac tien nghi ngoai tri nh: thap anten, Cac bon chga nhien lieu, gara nen c xem ky lng co lien he en nha tram chnh.
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Thiet Ke
6.Hng gio nen c khao sat e quyet nh cho viec lay khong kh vao thoat khong kh ra. 3.ng vao tram. Trong nhieu trng hp, cac tram thng c bo tr trencac nh nui e co c ie kien trc xa. Do o viec xay dng cac ng vao tram thng phai lam e phuc vu cho cong viec lap at va bao tr. Mac du ng vao tram cho cac phng tien lu thong thng c xay dng. Cac ng nho co the c chon trong cac trng hp ac biet khi ma viec xay dng cac ng ln qua kho khan hoac oi khi mi can ti tram e bao tr trong cac trng hp nay cac thiet b va cac vat t cho viec lap at c chuyen ti bang may bay trc thang hoac cac ng cap tam thi.. Bi v khoang thi gian can thiet cho viec xay dng tram thay oi tuy theo tram, ke hoach xay dng ng vao tram cho moi tram la khac nhau sau cho viec lap at cua ta ca cac tram lien quan co the hoan thanh trong thi gian ke hoach. 1/ Chieu dai ng vao tram cang ngan cang tot. 2/ Nen tranh cac ng cong hoac ng doc. Cung cong nho nhat la 10 met va o doc ln nhat la 1,4/10. 3/ng vao khong nen i qua cac thng lung ni ma co the b gian oan bi cac cn lu trong mua ma, hoac khong nen vt qua cac vung nguy hiem. VII. THAP ANTEN. 1. Tong quat Co hai loai chu yeu cua thap anten la: thap t va thap day neo. Neu cac thap anten rat thap, hai loai thap nay co ton kem nh nhau nhng neu chieu cao tang len, ton kem cua thap t tang gan nh theo ham mu trong khi loai thap day neo tang tuyen tnh. Do o khi can cac anten cao thng co xu hng s dung cac thap day neo neu co u khoang trong cho chung. Nhng neu tram xay dng vung ong dan c nh la cac tram au cuoi th cac thap day neo thng khong thch hp nen phai s dung cac thap t nhng luc nay rat ton kem. Hnh 2-5-15 va 2-5-16 cho ta mot vai loai pho bien cua thap anten. cac loai thap anten khac nhau, ac biet cac thap anten ln, co cau truc nang s dung cho cac he thong mat o cao se co them cac oi hoi khac va dien tch oi hoi khac. Co vai van e lien quan en thap anten nh sau: 1.Tnh trang cua at 2. Lu lng gio 3.Khoi nha cao tang cua ia phng va cac khoi qui nh. Tr khi cac thong tin chnh xac va ay u ve tnh trang cua at va v tr dng anten co san con trong phan lp cac trng hp at c tnh nh "at tieu chuan" cho bi EIA, tieu
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Thiet Ke
chuan RS-222A. Neu at khong phai la at tieu chuan (qua nhieu a hoac chiu tai trong qua kem) phai tnh them cac ton that phu. Lu lng gio ch nh bi cac tieu chuanEIA Vung c u tien
12 00
1200
1200 80% o cao thap 140% o cao thap
1200 12 1200 00
120 % o cao thap
80% o cao thap 140%o cao thap
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Thiet Ke
RP
o cao cua thap 15.0 22.5 30.0 37.5 45.0 52.5 60.0 67.5 75.0 82.5 90 97.5 105.5 R 4.7 5.4 6.3 7.0 7.7 8.5 9.3 10.1 10.9 11.6 12.4 13.0 13.6 6.6 7.7 8.8 9.8 11.0 12.0 13.2 14.3 15.5 16.4 17.6 18.3 19.5 P
2. Thap anten tram au cuoi. Noi chung mot kien truc s thiet ke co nhiem vu thiet ke thap va mot ky s Viba cho kien truc s nhng thong tin va nhng yeu cau cho thap anten, thng chu y en cac iem sau: a/ No co the thuan li neu xay dng thap anten tren noc cac nha cao tang ma cac thiet b Viba at trong. b/ Thap antenphai co kha nang gan tat ca cac anten (Gom ca anten VHF/UHF ) can thiet phai ng vng trong vong 15 nam. c/Chieu cao cua thap anten phai u cao e cac anten gan tren no thoa trang thai trc xa, co tnh toan en cac
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Thiet Ke
nha cao tang va s phat trien cua cac cay coi trong tng lai cac vung phu can. d/ Thap anten phai at sau cho chieu dai cua Feeder la nho nhat. e/Thap anten phai co nhng tien nghi sau ay: 1/Thang e treo len va xuong thap 2/Cac but co tay vn 3/Mot cot thu loi c noi at ung. 4/ en canh bao 5/ Sn chong set Khi anten c lap at no co the s dung hn 30 nam. Tuy nhien neu nh tam nhn thang b can tr no se khong con s dung c na. Do o, s quyet nh ve chieu cao cua thap anten rat la quan trong ac biet la cac tram au cuoi v cac tram nay thng c at vung co dan c. e d oan s phat trien va s ni rong cua cac nha cao tang xung quanh tram Viba s phat trien cua khu vc o nen c d oan. oi khi viec d oan nay rat kho khan do o cac cong thc sau ch co tnh chat tng oi va ch ap dung khi trang thai tam nhn thang a thoa man. Cong thc tnh chieu cao cua anten. h>=30Log10P +30 Trong o : h:la chieu cao cua anten(m) P: la mat o dan c (10000 ngi)
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Thiet Ke
BC 6 CAU HNH HE THONG 1. Dang c ban

Hoat dong c ban cua mot he thong Viba iem noi iem la truyen cac tn hieu thoai a hp hoac cac tn hieu fax, truyen hnh... t mot tram phat en mot tram nhan bang mot song mang cao tan c ieu che bi tn hieu can truyen va ngc lai nhan cac tn hieu thoai a hp, cac tn hieu truyen hnh, Fax theo chieu ngc lai. Dang c ban cua mot he Viba iem noi iem nh sau: hnh ve nh sau Theo cau hnh nay ta thay. Tai tram A cac tn hieu hieu thoai, tn hieu truyen hnh, cac tn hieu Fax, cac tn hieu cho kenh giam sat va kenh phuc vu c a vao tong ai ien thoai roi bo ghep kenh,sau o c x ly qua nhieu giai oan cho ra mot luong tn hieu so va sau cung c ieu che bi song mang cao tan f1 va truyen i. ong thi tram A cung nhan mot tn hieu cao tan f2 x ly cac tn hieu nay va cho ra cac tn hieu thoai, cac tn hieu truyen hnh, cac tn hieu Fax... Bao am noi lien lien lac gia iem A va iem B theo ca hai chieu (Duplex) Bo chuyen mach bao ve co nhiem vu chon cac may thu va may phat cac v tr A va B mot cach thch hp nhat e am bao chat lng va o tin cay cua he thong la cao nhat. Bo tron (Duplexer) e cho phep ket noi cac may phat va may thu en cung mot anten ma khong b giao thoa tng ho ong thi cho tnh chon loc e chong lai giao thoa gia cac kenh ke can. 2. Cac he thong d phong. Co motvai loai cac he thong phong e bao ve s gian oan mach ien o la: He thong d phong (Set Stanbdy System) va cac he thong d phong RF. Trong Viba iem no iem Ch s dung he thong d phong kenh RF dang cua no c ve nh sau:
Kenh d phong
kenh lam viec kenh lam viec 1
kenh lam viec 1
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5
#2 #3 #4 #5
#2 #3 #4 #5
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Thiet Ke
Ta thay mot kenh bao ve c cung cap song song vi cac kenh lam viec, khi mot kenh lam viec b hong do Fading sau hoac h hong thiet b th kenh b hong nay c chuyen mach en kenh bao ve. Viec chuyen mach bao ve thng thc hien da tren gia tr C/I (Carrier-to- Interferences) khi gia tr cua t so C/I vt qua mc cho trc mot kenh nao o th kenh nay xem nh b h va se chuyen mach en kenh d phong. He thong d phong hoat ong theo kieu nay c s dung rong rai khi co nhieu hn hai kenh RF cung lam viec. Khi ch co mot kenh Rf lam viec ta co the thc hien he thong chuyen mach bao ve n gian hn nhieu luc nay no co dang nh hnh 2-6-3
Hnh 2-6-3: He thong d phong s dung chuyen mach bao ve.
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Thiet Ke
3.Cac he thong ieu khien va canh bao. iem chu yeu can quan tam trong he thong canh bao va ieu khien la o tin cay cua he thong, loai canh bao va ieu khien. Cac loai thong tin c truyen bi mot he thong canh bao va ieu khien thng la nh sau: 1. Hien th - S hien hu cua nguon ien thng mai cung cap. - Hoat ong cua may - Cac trang thai bnh thng hoac khong bnh thng cua may phat va thu. - Trang thai chuyen mach ( bnh thng hay d phong). 2. Canh bao - H hong may moc. - Chay - Song b nhieu hoan toan 3. ieu khien. -S khi ong cua may moc - ieu khien cac cuoc goi Cac tn hieu e truyen thong tin nay thng c truyen qua mot ng ieu khien. Thng s dung mot he thong ma hoac mot he thong tan so tone. a/ He thong ma tch hp cho viec truyen mot so lng ln cua cac loai thong tin. He thong nay thng s dung he thong xung ma, mot ma tng ng vi mot loai cua thong tin va mot ma bao gom mot hoac nhieu xung. Trong he thong nay dung mot ieu che xung ma ngan va dai c s dung trong o cac xung ngan c gi gia cac xung bat au va ket thuc. trang thai bnh thng moi xung ngan tng ng vi mot loai thong tin. trang thai bat thng cac xung ngan tng ng vi trang thai bat thng c oi thanh cac xung dai. Hnh ve sau la mot dang chuoi xung trong he thong nay. Hnh (a) bieu dien trang thai bnh thng Hnh (b) bieu dien trang thai bat thng loai so 3 va so n Xung bat au ket thuc 1 Hnh a 2 n-1 n Xung
53
luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So Xung bat au Xung ket thuc 1 Hnh b 2 3
Thiet Ke n-1 n
Hnh 2-6-4 :Th du ve chuoi xung s dung phng phap ngan va dai cho kenh giam sat
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Thiet Ke
b/ He Thong tan so Tone. Mot he thong giam sat s dung cac tan so Tone e truyen cac tn hieu thong tin a tren FDM va cung c s dung rong rai. He thong nay s dung mot so cu the cua cac Tone n cac tan so khac nhau va phan biet vi moi loai thong tin bi s co mat cua Tone hoac s ket hp cua cac Tone. 4. Cac kenh phuc vu. Cac kenh phuc vu e dung cho bao dng, giam sat va ieu khien lien lac vo tuyen. Cac kenh phuc vu c s dung e cho: 1. Cac kenh thoai bang Bus (Ommibus) 2.Cac kenh thoai khan. 3. Cac kenh ieu khien va giam sat. 5. Cac he thong anten. He thong anten trong mot he thong iem noi iem can phai co mot o li hp l, mot he thong Feeder co ton that thap, he so VSWR (voltages Standing Wave Ratio) thap va o nh hng anten tot, t ket noi tap am va cung phai co ket noi c kh u ben e bao am lien lac vi mot toc o gio ln nhat co the co. Co nhieu loai anten c s dung trong ky thuat Viba nhng co hai loai thng c s dung la anten dang parabol va anten dang ken. Anten dang parabol la loai hay c s dung nhat trong tat ca cac loai anten v no co cau truc n gian, de gan tren cac thap anten, t ton kem va co pham chat kha tot. Tuy nhien chung khong phu hp cho s dung a bang tan. Cac anten dang ken co kha nang s dung cho a bang tan va co bieu o bc xa rat tot v t so F/B (Front- to - Back) ln, t so s-s (Side-Side) va t so B-S (Back-Side) nho. Nhng kch thc cua chung rat ln, rat nang va ton kem. 6.Cac he thong phan tap a.Tong quat S gian oan mach ien gay ra bi Fading xau cua cac song vo tuyen co the tranh bang cach chon cac ng truyen vo tuyen on nh ni ma Fading xau t xay ra. Trong mot vai trng hp se khong thc te hoac khong co tnh kinh te cao. e chon mot v tr da tren c s ve truyen song. Khi mot ng tuyen vo tuyen co mot trang thai truyen khong mong muon nhng b bat buoc phai chon. Cac ky thuat phan tap c s dung rong rai nh la mot giai phap cho van e truyen song. Cac he thong phan tap c loai tong quat thanh he thong phan tap khong gian va he thong phan tap tan so. Chung cung c phan loai thanh nhieu loai khac nhau tuy theo bang tan ma hai tn hieu nhan c ket hp hoac tuy thuoc vao cac phng phap ket hp tn hieu Cac bang tan so ket hp la RF (Radio Frequency), IF (Intermediate Frequency) va bang goc (Baseband).
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Thiet Ke
- Ket hp RF c s dung chu yeu cho phan tap khong gian va ch oi hoi mot may thu . - Ket hp IF va bang goc c s dung cho cac he thong phan tap tan so va phan tap khong gian va can hai may thu. Cac phng phap ket hp c phan loai thanh: - Cac bo cong tuyen tnh. - Bnh phng t le. - Chuyen mach la chon. b.Phan tap tan so. Trong he thong tren kenh RF d phong Fading sau co the d oan bang viec tach tap am may thu cac tram chuyen mach. Cac kenh RF co tap am tan c chuyen mach en kenh bao ve en khi kenh nay b mat hoan toan do Fading sau. V kenh bao ve hoat ong mot tan so khac kenh thong thng, mot t anh hng phan tap tan so co the co c trong he thong d phong kenh RF. Co mot phng phap khac cua viec s dung phan tap tan so : Cac ngo ra cua cac may thu hoat ong cac tan so RF oc lap co cung o thong minh (Inteligence) c noi en mot bo phan ket hp. Bo ket hp se chon mach tot hn hoac ket hp cac ngo ra mot cach t ong tuy theo tnh trang cua hai mach. c.Phan tap khong gian Mac du he thong phan tap khong gian kha ton kem so vi he thong phan tap tan so, no se rat thuan li neu ap dung ung cho mot tuyen vo tuyen co cac truyen dan khong mong muon v he thong phan tap khong gian co kha nang giam hau het cac anh hng cua Fading sau. Co rat nhieu loai he thong phan tap khong gian. T quan iem cua phng phap ket hp, mot bo chon, mot bo cong tuyen tnh, hoac bo bnh phng t le co cac tnh chat ket hp khac nhau va co cau hnh mach khac nhau. S phan loai khac la thuoc ve bang tan ket hp nh: Bang goc, IF, RF chung oi hoi cac ky thuat va mach khac nhau. e lam phan tap khong gian co ket qua,khong gian oi lap gia v tr hai anten nen nho. Khong gian oi lap trong mach phang nam ngang ln hn nhieu so vi mat phang thang ng cho cung mot khoang cach khong gian gia hai anten va khoang cach khong gian theo chieu ngang se ln hn khoang 10 lan so vi khoang cach khong gian theo chieu ng neu khong gian oi lap yeu cau la nh nhau. V vay, trong hau het cac trng hp hai anten c at trong moi trng thang ng va khoang cach khong gian anten c chon sao cho he thong khong gian oi lap co gia tr t 0,4 en 0,6 tuy theo bang RF c s dung. Trong cac ng truyen vo tuyen ma cac song phan xa kha manh khoang cach khong gian anten c chon la mot so
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Thiet Ke
le lan mot na chieu cao cua anten, e cho ngay trong trng hp xau nhat mc tnh hieu ket hp nhan c ln hn mc tn hieu nhan c ch bang mot anten. Mot anten nhan song trc tiep va anten con lai nhan song phan xa mot goc so vi song trc tiep. Viec quyet nh khoang cach mot na cho khoang cach anten phai tnh en s dao ong cua khoang cach dao ong co the co cua K e cho o lech cua mc tn hieu nhan c so vi mc trong tnh trang K tieu chuan la nho nhat Khi song phan xa at nho, he thong khong gian oi lap c chon nho hn 0,6; 0,5; 0,4 tng ng vi cac bang tan 2 GHz,4 GHz va 6 GHz. 7.Cac he thong nguon cung cap. a.Yeu cau. Cac he thong nguon cung cap cho cac thiet b thong tin lien lac oi hoi: - Co o tin cay cao. - Tnh t ton kem. - Cac ac tnh tot (o giao ong ien ap nho t nhieu...) -Bao tr de dang. b.Cac he thong cung cap nguon AC cac tram Viba ni ma cac thiet b oi hoi nguon cung cap AC, nguon cung cap AC c cung cap t cac thiet b nguon AC khong b ngat, thng no co dang la mot ng day ien li thng mai co them cac he thong may phat d phong. c.Cac he thong cung cap nguon DC. Nguon DC c cung cap t cac thiet b nguon Dc cho cac thiet b Viba s dung nguon DC no thng co dang nh hnh ve sau:
57
luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So Hnh 2-6-5: Dang nguon cung cap DC
Thiet Ke
58
Thiet Ke
BC 7 SAP XEP BAO TR

oi vi mot he thong Viba iem noi iem moi tuyen ch co hai tram au cuoi lien lac vi nhau ca hai tram nay co cau hnh giong nhau va co mot so ac iem sau: - Cac tram au cuoi luon co nhan vien trc. - Cac may moc thiet b cua mot tram thng co cau hnh dang module nen de dang thay the khi co h . -Cac thiet b cua tram co o tin cay cao do cac ac iem tren cua he thong Viba iem noi iem nen ke hoach bao tr he thong tr nen n gian hn nhieu so vi cac he thong Viba chuyen tiep. Thng co hai loai bao tr la ke hoach bao tr nh ky va ke hoach bao tr khi co h hong. Ke hoach bao tr nh ky can c vao thi gian, c sau mot khoang thi gian hoat ong nao o tuyen Viba c bao tr loai bao tr nay co nhiem vu tranh cac h hong ang tiec co the xay ra va thng la cac cong viec sau: - Sn sa thap anten - Sa cac nha cha thiet b,cache thong phu cac tram Viba. - Bo phan chuyen mach cua tuyen . Ke hoach bao tr khi co h hong can c vao s h hong cua cac thiet b co tren tuyen nhan vien bao tr tien hanh thay the sa cha cac thiet b b h hong bat ky thi iem nao muc ch cua loai bao tr nay la lam cho hoat ong cua tuyen c lien tuc bao am xac suat gian oan mach la thap nhat no thng c ap dung cho cac tuyen Viba.
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Thiet Ke
BC 8 CAC TIEU CHUAN KY THUAT

Co rat nhieu tieu chuan ky thuat can quan tam c phan loai theo tng cap. 1.He thong vo tuyen iem noi iem. - Tuyen v tr. - Ke hoach tan so vo tuyen. - Cau hnh he thong truyen dan cackenh RF ,cac bo phan chuyen mach. - Cac bo phan phan tap khong gian. - Cac tieu chuan thc hien toan cau. - Cac oi hoi rieng cho cac thiet b vo tuyen. 2.Thap anten - Cau tru cua thap, nen thap, sn sa va cac phng tien phuc vu (thang, en, ...). - Cac oi hoi chung (chieu cao nho nhat, kha nang gan anten, loai thap, o ben). 3.He thong phc tap. - Cau hnh cua bo phan a hp. - Pham chat va kha nang truyen. - Hoat ong toan phan cua he thong. 4.Nguon cung cap - Trang thai c ban va hoat ong cua nguon cung cap (loai nguon khong ngat, dung lng nguon). - Cac yeu cau rieng cho tng thiet b (may phat, may thu hoac nguon pin...). 5.Kiem tra cac thiet b va dung cu 6.Cong viec lap at. - Tnh trang cong viec. - Giam sat cong viec. 7.o lech tan so. Theo e ngh cua CCIR cho ta cac gia tr tieu chuan ve o lech trong he thong khac nhau. Khi thiet ke ta can phai tham khao cac gia tr nay e o lech tan so khong vt qua gii han chop phep. 8.Trung tan IF. oi vi tan so trung tan CCIR gii thieu co cac tieu chuan sau: a/ Gia tr trung tan cua IF 35MHz cho cac tan so vo tuyen 1 en 2 GHz.
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Thiet Ke
70MHz cho cac tan so vo tuyen ln hn2 GHz. b/ Cac ien ap ngo ra va ngo vao cua tn hieu IF Ngo ra: 0.5 Vrms Ngo vao: 0.3Vrms c/ TR khang danh nh 75 0hm khong can bang d/ Khi s dung phan tap cac gia thch hp tr6n ve tr khang va mc ngo ra ap dung cho ngo ra ket hp cua cac may thu ket hp. 9.Bang goc. Tuy theo so ket noi kenh toi a cua tan mach ien thoai bang tan goc se c trong mot khoang tan so cho phep nao o cac khoang nay ieu c cho cac gii thieu CCIR. 10.Cac kenh phuc vu -Cac kenh phuc vu ien thoai nen co kha nang truyen bang tan t 300-3400 Hz 11.Chuyen mach kenh RF Ch co cac he thong chuyen mach bao ve.
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Thiet Ke
BC 9 O TH TUYEN VIBA SO
M AU phan nay ta gia nh rang cac ket noi he thong cua toan tuyen la hoan toan ung. Nen viec xet au tien la thiet b o s dung va han che ve o th o thiet b va moi trng gay ra, kho co the at c ket qua khong oi trong thi gian dai v ac tnh truyen dan mat ong bo nh re nhom, ap tuyen bien o, suy hao ngc. Gay ra can nhieu gia cac k t. Trang thai ieu che mat ong bo va ngng quyet nh cua bo cung vi o phi tuyen tnh cua mach khuech ai cong suat, s trt pha song mang phuc hoi mach ong ho trong bo giai ieu che va tap am nhiet, tat ca ieu giam ngng thu. ieu nay lam giam o d tr a co oi vi cac tnh hieu thu thap va tap am. D kien o xung yeu cua he thong Viba so ien hnh cho bang sau: Nguyen nhan suy yeu o suy yeu(dB)
Nhng khuyet tat Modem noi vong IF 1.1 Sai loi pha va bien o cua bo ieu che 0,1 1.2 Nhieu gia k t vi nhau gay ra, bo loc trong 1,0 Modem noi vong 0,1 1.3 Tap am pha hoi phuc song mang 0,3 1.4 Ma va giai ma vi sai 0,1 1.5 Trt thi gian mau khi co khuyet tat 0,5 1.6 o rong bang tap am vt qua cua bo giai 0,4 ieu che may thu 2,5 1.7 Cac anh hng khac nh nhiet lao hoa 1,5 Tong Modem 0,3 Nhng khuyet tat kenh RF 1,0 2.1 Chuyen oi AM/PM cua tang ra gan tuyen tnh 0,2 2.2 Gii han bang va nhom kenh 3,0 2.3 Nhieu kenh ke can 5,5 2.4 Feeder va meo hoi am Tong kenh RF Suy yeu tong Modern Va kenh RF T bang tren ta thay rang C/N b sut kem 5.5dB dan en gia tr C/N phai cao hn gia tr l thuyet C/N ng vi mot bt la 5.5dB dan en cong suat may phat phai cao hn he so tap am may thu thap hn oi vi mat o d tr pha inh nhat nh.
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Thiet Ke
I O TAI TRAM 1 Thiet bi o s dung e o tai tram. Di ay ta liet ke mot so thiet b o va phep o c s dung cho mot tram Viba. ay ch liet ke cac thiet b can co e o ma khong neu ra cac so lieu v so lieu cua cac thiet b o nay phu thuoc vao tng tuyen rieng 1. ong ho o van nang hien so 2. ong ho do cong suat sieu cao tan 3. Cong suat o cho ong ho sieu cao tan. 4. Bo chuyen tiep 5. May phan tch pho. 6. Bo suy giam ong truc 7. May iem tan so. 8. Nguon tn hieu 9. Bo suy giam bien oi 10. May o truyen dan. 11. Bo tao song ma digital 12. Bo phat hien loi Digital. 13. Bo phan tch bien o t ong. 14. Cac bo ghep oi ngau chnh xac 15. Cac bo tach song 16. May hien song 17. Cac may vo tuyen xach tay 2. o cac nguon ien ap. Noi ong ho van nang Digital gia cac iem can o, nha che tao qui nh ghi lai cac gia tr cua may nay va oi chieu vi cac so lieu kiem tra cua nha san xuat va sa lai nhng cho can thiet. Noi may hien song vi nguon cap ien cho au may va ghi so gn song quan sat c gia tr nay phai nho hn 0,2% ien ap nguon 3. o cong suat cua may phat. Thao ri ngo ra cua cac may phat M nguon cac may phat va chon mot may phat e o o cong suat ngo ra va oi chieu vi gia tr danh nh Chuyen sang o may phat khac (bang cong tac chuyen mach) so sanh cac gia tr o vi cac gia tr danh nh 4. o tan so may phat. Thao may o cong suat va au o cong suat ra khoi bo noi ghep ong truc Noi may o tan so vi bo ghep noi ong truc M nguon may phat va chon mot trong cac may phat (neu co d phong nong) o tan so au ra cha ieu che may phat sau khi cat kenh so lieu bang goc Xac nh tan so ra va tan so a ghi tren may phat va nang trong gii han c nha san xuat xac nh
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Thiet Ke
Chuyen sang o may khac va thao het cac so lieu bang goc i vao may o tan so cha ieu che cua may phat th hai Xac nhan tan so ra o la tan so ghi tren may phat Dng lai sa cha khi cac thong so o c vi nhng gia tr ma nha che tao cho 5. Chuan mc AGC oi chieu vi mc tn hieu thu: Trong hau het cau tao thiet b may thu co mot ong ho tch hp e ch cng o tn hieu thu. Nhng so oc cua ong ho AGC nay ieu la nhng ch th tng oi cua mc song thu va co the dung e xac nh mc tn hieu thu trong ieu kien ang hoat ong. Qui trnh e kiem tra ng cong AGC yeu cau, noi mot bo tao tn hieu RF en mo phong tnh hieu thu khi khong khi khong co tn hieu RF vao ong ho AGC ch gan bang khong qui trnh o ac ng cong AGC co san phan ch dan thiet b no thay oi tuy theo tng loai may khac nhau. 6. o pho ra may phat. Pho ra may phat la mot he thong rat quan trong no co lien quan en phan giao thoa ma he thong phai chu t cac he thong khac cung nh giao thoa lam anh hng tr lai cac he thong nay. Do o sau khi lap at ta phai tien hanh o pho ra cua may phat bang bo phan tch pho. Khi dung bo tao song mau e a lai song mau vao bang goc cua may phat, cac ma ng can thiet va toc o bit khac nhau e t o tm ra pho e ieu che cua may phat, so sanh pho nay vi mat na qui nh ong thi xac nh hnh the oi xng cua pho va ma o nh cua pho phu th nhat tng oi vi mc nh cua song mang. 7. o cac bc xa tap Thao bo tao song mau bang goc ra e bao am cho cac song phat e cha b ieu che. Lap at cac thiet b o nh phan 6, chon pham vi bang tan song mang lam viec tren may phan tch pho bao gom pho cua cac tap tan can o. V du bang 13 GHz neu chon la 9GHz - 13GHz 8. o o nhay kenh dch vu Qui trnh nay c e ra e thiet lap bo di tan cua song mang sau cho cac kenh nghiep vu tng ng co the c truyen dan mot cach thch hp. e thiet lap o di tan he thong yeu cau s dung nguon ieu che va may phan tch pho e giam sat thanh phan tan so song mang. Thiet b o nh phan 6. 9. o vong. Tuy theo thiet b Viba thiet b o co the thc hien bang cach noi trung tan may phat vi trung tan may thu. Neu nh co the tn hieu cao tan phat ra tan so f1, bang cach noi mot bo chuyen oi thch hp gia au ra may phat va au vao may thu. nhng phan nay cua thiet b thng do nha
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san suat cung cap theo muc tieu cua thiet b, qui trnh o nay c mo ta rat ro phan hng dan o th thiet b 10. Kiem tra cac canh bao Neu co nhieu canh bao khac nhau cho cac trng hp h hong khac nhau tram. Khi co h hong thng en bao ch th h hong phan o sang len. Cac canh bao co the thng gap di dang sau: Canh bao mat nguon cung cap Canh bao khong co tnh hieu vao Canh bao h hong may phat Canh bao h hong may thu Canh bao mat ong bo... 11. Kiem tra chuyen oi d phong nong. oi vi Viba co tuyen d phong nong (Hot standby system) can phai kiem tra hoat ong cua he thong d phong nong co ap ng ung yeu cau cua mach bao ve khi co h hong hay khong. Qui trnh kiem tra chung cua mot he thong d phong nong cho tat ca cac tuyen nh sau: 1 Chon (Bang tay) may phat mot mat trc cua thiet b 2. Kiem tra en bao kenh 1 co sang khong 3. Chon (bang tay) may phat 2 4. Kiem tra en bao kenh 2 5. Chon theo "cng bc " may phat 1 6. Xem chuyen mach cng bc co nh chuyen mach bang tay hay khong 7. Chon theo "cng bc " may phat 2 8. Xem chuyen mach cng bc co nh chuyen mach bang tay khong 12. o anten va he so song ng cua Feeder Qua trnh o nay can co nguon tn hieu song Viba, bo phan tch bien o t ong c ket noi theo ch dan va o he so song ng VSWR toan bang a c xac nh va tm ra he so ln nhat e so sanh vi ket qua cho phep (thng gia tr nay phai nho hn 1,3)
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Thiet Ke
II. O AU CUOI NAY EN AU CUOI KIA Sau khi a tien hanh o ac va kiem tra cac tram cua tuyen Viba iem noi iem, ta thay chung thoa man yeu cau ca hai au cua tuyen. ta tien hanh o au cuoi nay en au cuoi kia. Tong quat viec o th mot he thong co d phong c tien hanh nh sau: 1. Thiet b o s dung e o au cuoi. Di ay la danh muc thiet b o thng c s dung cho viec o at tuyen Viba. ay ch neu cac thiet b can thiet ma khong neu ra loai cu the. 1. Bo tao mau Digital 2. Bo phat hien loi Digital 3. Bo suy giam ong dan song bien oi 4. Hai may o truyen dan 5. May o o trt ( zilter) 6. May tnh cua bo giao tiep I/O 7. May chup nhanh e chup anh tren man hnh may hien song 8. May hien song 9. Viba xach tay 10. Bo tao mau Digital phat hien lo 2. ong chnh anten ong chnh anten hai v tr thu va phat cua tuyen hai au e sau cho tn hieu thu c cac anten thu la tot nhat qua trnh ong chnh moi tram nh sau: Tram A - o cac phan t anten e xac nh phan cc ng hay ngang. - Giam sat ien ap AGC ieu chnh chao anten e co tnh hieu cc ai. - Nghieng anten e cng o tnh hieu thu cc ai. - Nghieng va xoay anten cho en luc cng o tn hieu khong co cai thien g tot hn. - Chot khung chao anten. Tram B: Tien hanh tng t nh tram A 3.o cng o tn hieu ng truyen. Vi tuyen ang hoat ong trong ieu kien khong co Fading, giam sat ien ap AGC tren mach may Viba. Sau o s dung cac ket qua o ng cong tai tram chuyen oi ien ap AGC thanh cng o tn hieu thu trong ieu kien khong co Fading (trong ieu kien khong co Fading kim ch so tren ong ho oc gi nguyen trong vong 5 phut) 4. Hnh dang cac xung ra. Do nhieu nguyen nhan khac nhau xung ra thng b meo dang do o phai kiem tra dang xung ngo ra cua may thu. Cong viec kiem tra c tie hanh nh sau: - tram A c no vi bo tao ma vao so lieu bang goc au cuoi, at bo tao mau vi" tat ca au ra la 1".
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Thiet Ke
- tram B c noi vi may phat hien song vi au ra bang goc dung tr khang phoi hp ghep vi may hien song vi au ra bang goc. at may hien song e hien th mot xung so lieu. - Kiem tra xem xung co nam trong gii han cho phep theo dang xung CCITT hay khong (CCITT cho tat ca cac dang xung cho phep cua cac tuyen vi toc o truyen khac nhau) - Tien hanh tng t cho kenh 2. 5. o cac kenh nghiep vu so va ap tuyen tan so. Phep o nay dung e kiem tra ap tuyen tan so cua kenh nghiep vu co at yeu cau hay khong. Qua trnh nay cho mot am th co tan so 800 Hz - 16dBw vao tram A ghi mc thu c may o truyen dan. Mc yeu cau thng la +7dBw. Sau o gi mc vao co nh va tang theo tng nat bat au t 300Hz en 9 KHz (0,3 en 0,5 ; 1-2-3...9KHZ). Sau o ghi mc ap tuyen tram B va so sanh vi ap tuyen cua nha che tao. 6. o tn hieu canh bao AIS. Moi ng truyen Viba xac nh eu co mot BER xac nh phu thuoc vao ch tieu phuc vu va loai tn hieu can truyen. Do o sau khi thiet ke va lap at song mot tuyen can kiem tra xem BER co at ch tieu cua tuyen khong. Neu ber khong at yeu cau phai tien hanh cac bien phap s l khac e nang BER en mc yeu cau. 8. Kiem tra chuyen mach t ong. Viec kiem tra nay ch ap dung cho cac he thong co d phong va chuyen mach d phong t ong. 9. Cac phep kiem tra khac. Nhng phep o tren thc hien kha ay u yeu cau o th au cuoi c ban. Khi co yeu cau phu mot he thong xac nh, cac phep o phu khac se c xac lap e bao am tuyen sau khi hoan thanh phai co cac tnh chat ap ng c nhu cau e ra.
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PHAN II THIET KE VA TNH TOAN TUYEN TRUYEN DAN VIBA SO THC TE
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Do thc te ngay nay nghanh Viba so la mot trong nhng nghanh c ao tao tai Trng Bu Chnh Vien Thong. Trung tam hien ang co mot hng xay dng mot he thong thc tap cho sinh vien theo hoc nghanh nay. Bi v ngoai hoc l thuyet tren lp cac sinh vien can phai thc hanh e biet cach thc hoat ong, ieu khien he thong... Ben canh bat gap nhng h hong, s co, tm cach giai quyet khac phuc. Cac thiet b may phat, may thu e xay dng tuyen Viba a co san trung tam, nen viec thiet ke mot he thong co the thc hien. Da tren nhu cau o va phan l thuyet thiet ke tuyen truyen dan Viba so phan II nhom thc hien tien hanh tnh toan ve thiet ke th mot tuyen truyen dan thc te noi hai trung tam I va II cua Trng Bu Chnh Vien Thong. Qua trnh tnh toan thiet ke gom cac bc sau: Gii thieu thiet b s dung Bc 1 : Nghien cu dung lng oi hoi Bc 2 : Chon bang tan vo tuyen e s dung Bc3 : Sap xep cac kenh RF Bc 4 : Quyet nh cac tieu chuan thc hien Bc 5 : Chon v tr va tnh toan ng truyen Bc 6 : Cau hnh he thong Bc 7 : Sap xep bao tr Bc 8 : Cac tieu chuan ky thuat Bc 9 : Lap at o th va bao tr
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Thiet Ke
GII THIEU THIET B S DUNG RMD1504

Thiet b s dung cho tuyen Viba so la RMD1504 (Radio Microware Digital 1504) hien nay ang co trung tam II. No la mot thiet b rat gon, nhe de dang bao quan va cat gi s dung rong rai cho cac tram Viba iem noi iem, cau hnh cua no co the la khong d phong hoac co d phong, khong phan tap hoac co phan tap. Mot cau hnh khong d phong RMD 1504 co cac bo phan sau ay: - May phat MRD 1504 2M71421 - Module khuech ai cong suat 1B71424 - Module kch thch 2B71426 Board mach in tap hp cac bang goc phat 2B71430 - May thu RMD1504 2B71431 Bo chuyen oi (Module chuyen oi 1B71434) - Module trung tan 2B71437 - Board mach in tap hp cac bang goc thu 2B71440 - Board mach in tap hp hien th 1B71444 - Bo tron 1B71445 - Cac phu kien
Thiet b RMD 1504 co mot so ac iem sau:

o li he thong cao Cong suat ra may phat, ngng may phat va ton that bo tron a c toi u hoa e co o li he thong cao nhat, cho phep o tin cay van hanh cao, cho cac ng truyen kha dai va ng truyen b ngan tr. Cong suat tieu thu thap Cong suat thu cua thiet b thap va mc RF cua ngo ra co the ieu chnh c cho ta s tieu thu nang lng thap nhat co the s dung cho cac tram dung nang lng mat tri. Ngng hoat ong cua nguon cung cap ln. Moi may thu RMD se hoat ong vi nguon cung cap t 20v en 60v mot chieu va khong phai thay oi cac modul. Ke hoach ieu che hieu qua S dung phng phap ieu che OQPSK v no rat hieu qua co pho phat hep, co the giam thieu giao thoa cho cac dch vu ke can, Mc ngng nho va o nhieu tr tap am ong kenh cao. a dch vu va cac kenh Moi may phat RMD c trang b vi cac dch vu a c ieu che 600 ohm mot cach oc lap cung cac kenh giam sat. Ket cau dang modul. Tat ca cac module co dien tch cho phep ma khong ohai ong lai khung. Tan so RF c at lai mot cach n gian bang cac cong tac noi tiep co the ieu chnh c bang vt van.
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Kiem soat loi tong hp. Trang thai van hanh c kiem tra bang cach iem th va cac panel hien th mat trc cho phep tach biet va sa loi nhanh. Cac cong tac chuyen tiep do o lng t xa. Cau hnh lap at tram. Tram khong d phong o tin cay RMD cho phep no s dung nh la mot may phat va may thu duy nhat mot v tr ma khong can thiet b d phong. Trong trng hp co h hong cac cau truc dang module vi cac bo phan theo doi ben trong cho ta mot thi gian trung bnh e sa cha rat nhanh cau truc cua mot tram khong d phong nh sau: Bo tron HDB Bang goc Module May phat Bo lo thong mot dai
ANTEN
Kenh Giam sat
Module may thu
Bo loc thong Mot dai
Hnh 3-1 Tram khong d phong e co o tin cay cua he thong cao nhat moi tram RMD co the c dung he thong d phong e cho d phong nong. Mot tram d phong nong co may phat va may thu chnh la d phong. Tat ca chung eu hoat ong c va c theo doi, khi may chnh b h may d phong c chuyen mach e the cho may chnh may phat c tach ra bi bo ngan cach ngo ra cua no va may ra c noi bi mot bo tach 3dB Cac may phat va may thu tiep tuc c theo doi va c ieu khien bi mot bo phan chuyen mach bao ve PSD. Trong tram d phong am(Warm standby), cac bo khuyech ai RF trong may phat d phong c tat i e tiet kiem nguon ien ieu nay rat hu ch cho cac ng dung c s dung nang lng mat tri ni ma can giam toi thieu s tieu tan.
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luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So Lap at len cac ke e:
Thiet Ke
Van hanh va phan tap RMD co the hoat ong vi tat ca cac he thong phan tap khong gian hoac tan so. S phan tap thng c s dung e tranh s dao ong khi lan truyen va co the s dung
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vi cac thiet b co d phong e cai tien ca ve o tin cay thiet b lan ng truyen. Vi phan tap khong gian hnh 3-3 mot may thu c noi en anten th 2 ty le loi bit gia c tiep tuc theo doi ca hai may thu va khi no b hong xuong di gia tr hien hanh cua may th nhat, may thu th hai c chon ma khong tao ra loi. Phan tap hnh 3-4 hoat ong nh phan tap khong gian ngoai tr 2 tram hoat ong cac tan so khac nhau. Moi cai co the c noi vi mot anten rieng hoac s dung chung mot anten nh hnh 3-5. Ket noi bang goc S ket noi bang goc c thc hien bi cac cap ong truc i qua mat a tay trai cua hop va c ket noi bi cac bo ket no cap ong truc Siemans 1,6/5,6. Hai cong cap 75 ohm c cap e no cac hoat ong 2x2 Mbit/s Ket noi ngoai Viec ket noi ben ngopai c thc hien qua bo noi loai P co 25 ng cho cac mach hoat ong d phong va bo noi 37 ng cho bo d phong.
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BC 1 NGHIEN CU DUNG LNG OI HOI

Nh a e cap phan trc nghien cu dung lng oi hoi la mot cong viec rat quan trong thiet ke tuyen truyen dan Viba so. Khi thiet ke ta phai tm ung dung lng can thiet ke qua ln dan en tnh trang qua lang ph va khong kinh te. Con neu dung lng qua nho se khong ap ng u yeu cau cua ngi s dung dan en phai thay o he thong bang mot he thong ln hn. Tuyen Viba so noi gia hai trung tam: trung tam I vatrung tam II cua trng bu chnh vien thong ma nhom lam luan an tot nghiep thiet ke phuc vu chu yeu cho muc ch thc tap cua cac sinh vien theo hoc nghanh Viba hai trung tam. ay cung la mot c hoi giup nhom thc hien tiep can khao sat vi cac thiet b Viba so. Hien nay theo tai lieu cua trung tam moi khoa hoc trng tiep nhan khong qua 40 sinh vien theo hoc nghanh Viba, d kien trong tng lai do s phat trien manh me cua lnh vc bu chnh Vien thong. Noi chung yeu cau ao tao sinh vien cua nghanh Viba se tang manh. So sinh vien theo hoc nghanh Viba se tang len en 100 sinh vien va c chia thanh hai hoac ba lp. Do ac iem cua cac lp hoc nh sau: Cac lp hoc cua cung mot nghanh trong mot khoa hoc co mot thi khoa bieu rieng do o khong co trung lap gi thc tap nen moi buoi thc tap ch co toi a mot lp thc tap s dung tuyen thiet ke. Cac khoa hoc khac nhau cua cung mot nghanh c sap xep chng trnh hoc thc hanh va l thuyet e khong co s trung lap gia cac gi hoc va thc tap. Ngoai ra con co ac iem rieng la phong thc tap Viba cua trung tam a co san cac anten va may moc cua mot tuyen Viba hoan chnh cha c s dung. Thiet b Viba co san may co the truyen hai ng d lieu 2Mbit/s hay dung lng kenh thoai la 30 hoac 60 kenh. Do cac ac iem tren cua cac bo phan co lien quan en tuyen thiet ke nhom thc hien luan an tot nghiep chon dung lng cho tuyen thiet ke nh sau: - So kenh thoai lam viec toi a 30 kenh. - Mot kenh giam sat. - Mot kenh cho cac nghiep vu so. Neu trong tng lai dung lng cang tang len co the thanh 60 kenh.
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Thiet Ke
BC 2 CHON BANG TAN LAM VIEC

Sau khi a tm ra dung lng can thiet cho tuyen Viba can thc hien la 30 kenh lam viec. Ta dung thong so nay ket hp vi cac yeu to khac e chon bang tan lam viec cho he thong. Mot so van e co anh hng en viec chon bang tan lam viec cho tuyen thiet ke c quan tam nh sau: Hien nay bang tan vo tuyen 1,5GHz ch c s dung mot so tan so trong vung ma song cua tuyen thiet ke se truyen qua. Theo cuc quan ly tan so ng Nguyen Bnh Khiem, nhom thc hien c phep chon hai khenh co tan so 1445 MHz va 1510 MHZ trong bang tan 1,5 GHz. Cac he thong khac co the song song hoac nam trong vung cua tuyen eu co tan so ro rang trong bang tan 1,5 GHz nen khong gay ra hien tng giao thoa gia cac tram a c thiet ke so vi tram nh thiet ke. Do o nhom thc hien c phep chon bang tan 1,5GHz e thiet ke he thong. Bang tan 1,5GHz se khong gay giao thoa cho cac tram anten tiep nhan song ve tinh cua mot so n v, ho dan nam trong khu vc cua tuyen. Dung lng cua tuyen thiet ke thap ch co 30 kenh do o khong can bang thong rong, v the bang tan 1,5GHz cung am bao cung cap u bang thong cho tuyen ma khong can cac bang tan so ln hn. Cac thiet b can thiet dung cho tuyen thiet ke nh may thu, may phat, anten eu a co san va no la thiet b RMD 1504 lam viec bang tan so t 1427MHz en 1535MHZ. V l do tren neu chon bang tan so thap 1,5GHz se co rat nhieu iem thuan li. v he thong se khong b anh hng bi cac Fading nhng anh hng Fading do ma, Fading do sng mu. Hn na bang tan so thap se t b suy hao hn trong moi trng. V cac l do tren bang tan so c chon cho tuyen thiet ke la 1,5GHz bang thong cua tuyen t 1427MHz en 1535MHz.
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Thiet Ke
BC 3 S SAP XEP CAC KENH RF

oi vi cac he thong co cac dung lng ln co qua nhieu kenh lam viec ta s dung nhieu song mang cao tan cho mot he thong: V du nh mot he thong Viba so s dung bang tan 2GHz s dung ky thuat ieu che 16QAM. Neu s dung mot anten phat co the truyen c 2400 kenh va s dung 6 cap tan so vo tuyen. Neu s dung hai anten phat cho cac song phan cc cheo co the truyen 5280 kenh va can 12 cap tan so vo tuyen. Khi o phai co s sap xep gia 12 cap tan so nay e am bao 12 cap song vo tuyen nay van nam trong bang thong cho phep va giao thoa gia cac kenh trong he thong la nho nhat. Trong cac tuyen ang thiet ke cho dung lng cua he thong thap ch co 32 kenh lam viec tng ng vi mot nguon d lieu song 2Mbit/s nen ch can mot song mang vo tuyen co tan so trung tan nam trong khoan cho phep e bao am bang thong cua he thong nam trong khoang 1427 MHZ en 1535 MHz ma khong can sap xep cac kenh RF. Theo cac gii thieu cua CCIR ta chon ke hoach hai tan so dung lng kenh toi a la 30 hoac 60 kenh tan so trung tam thch hp 1480 MHz o rong cua bang RF 100MHz Mot tan so f1 c dung lam tan so trung tam cho song phat i t may phat va mot tan so f2 c dung lam tan so thu cho may thu oi vi thiet b RMD 1504 cac tan so trung tam phat va thu co the thay oi c bang cac cong tac van va xoay at tren au module kch ay ta chon: Tan so trung tam may phat 1510MHz Tan so trung tam may thu 1455MHz
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Thiet Ke
BC 4 QUYET NH TIEU CHUAN THC HIEN

Nh a e cap phan 2 tieu chuan thc hien co the phan thanh nhieu loai va co the giong hoac khac nhau nhng chung co quan he vi nhau. Tieu chuan cho bang tan RF cua tuyen thiet ke c nhom thc hien da vao gii thieu cua CCIR trong luat vo tuyen (Radio regulation). Bang tan s dung cho tuyen thiet ke la 1427 MHz1535MHz. Khong anh hng g en bang tan cam s dung do CCIR qui nh (5800 - 6425MHZ) Bang tan s dung khong gay giao thoa cho cac tram lan can va ngc lai cung khong anh hng cua cac tram khac. Xet ve o tin cay va chat lng cua ng truyen th he thong co kha nang ap ng tot nen he thong co kha nang thc thi. Ve he thong d phong cho he thong oi vi he thong co nhu cau oi hoi chat lng truyen dan cao va oi hoi o tin cay cao th th he thong d phong th khong the thieu nhng bu lai kinh ph he thong se cao hn. Do he thong thiet ke do nhu cau khong oi hoi cao ch danh cho viec thc tap cua sinh vien nen tuyen thiet ke khong co he thong d phong do o kinh ph lap ac cho tuyen cung t ton kem hn. Dung lng cho tuyen thiet ke la 30 hoac 60 kenh Toc o truyen dan la 2Mbit/s Tom lai tieu chuan cua tuyen thiet ke eu thc hien da tren nhng tieu chuan cua CCIR e ra, da tren nhu cau ve kinh te, chat lng truyen dan va o tin cay cua he thong.
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BC5 KHAO SAT VA TNH TOAN NG TRUYEN DAN

I.KHAO SAT TUYEN TRUYEN DAN VIBA SO. 1.Xac nhan v tr cua hai tram cua tuyen tren ban o. - S dung ban o thanh pho loai mi co t le 1:40000 va xac nh hai iem at tram cua tuyen tren ban o. - Tram A: Trung tam I (iem A). - a ch: ng Nguyen Th Nho- Quan 9- Thanh Pho Ho Ch Minh - Tram B: Trung tam II (iem B). - a ch: so 7 ng Nguyen nh Chieu -Quan 3-Thanh Pho Ho Ch Minh 2. Mot so o ac tuyen truyen dan tren ban o. Sau khi xac hai iem au cuoi tren ban o Thanh Pho Ho Ch Minh co ty le 1:40000 ta tien hanh mot so tn toan o ac nh sau: - Dung but ch ve ng thang no hai iem gia A en iem B. Dung thc o co o chnh xac cao o chieu dai oan AB ta c AB=296mm. Vay o dai cua tuyen thc te la: d =296*40000=11840000mm d=11,84 Km Chu y: gia tr o at cu tuyen truyen dan ch co o chnh xac tng oi v cac l do sau ay: T le ban o qua ln 1:40000 do o viec xay dng chnh xac v tr at anten hai au cua tuyen la rat kho thc hien. Gia tr d nay cha tnh en o nghieng cua ng truyen do o cao cua hai anten la khac nhau. 3. Cac ac iem ve a hnh cua tuyen. Sau khi ve ung thang ga nh dng truyen cua tuyen noi hai v tr trung tam I va trung tam II . Ta tien hanh khao sat thc te tuyen truyen dan va ket hp so lieu nay vi mot so so lieu khac cua s o ac a chnh Thanh Pho Ho Ch Minh, so 12 ng Phan ang Lu, Quan Bnh Thanh. Ta thay da hnh cua tuyen co ac iem nh sau: a. Tai tram B: Trung Tam II - o cao so vi mat nc bien tai tram I la 10m. - Day phong hoc chnh cua trung tam co 3 tang chieu cao cua 3 toa nha nay la 13m so vi mat bang cua trung tam. - Noc cua phong hoc chnh o bang be tong - Hien nay tren noc cua day phong nay co at mot thap anten day neo va mot thap anten gia chieu cao cua
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anten nay la khoang 30m va khong s dung cho mot he thong thong tin lien lac nao. b. Tai Tram A: Trung Tam I - o cao so vi mat nc bien la 14m (so lieu nay hoan toan chnh xac do no da tren mot so o cao khac so vi mat nc bien cua mot so iem gan v tr cua tram 2). - Day phong hoc chnh cua trung I, ni co the at thap anten co hai tang chieu cao cua toa nha nay khoang 9m so vi mat bang cua trung tam. - Noc nha cua day nha o bang be tong. c. ac iem cua mot so iem khac tren ng truyen song cua tuyen. - Sau khi tien hanh khao sat thc te a hnh va ket hp vi cac thong so cua c s o ac ta co the chia tuyen thanh cac bo phan sau: Khu Th Nghe Khu Qui Hoach Khu Biet th cao cap Khu Tang Nhn Phu Khu Quan 9 gan Trung Tam I Moi khu tren eu co a hnh khac nhau sau ay ta xet cho tng khu. Khu Th Nghe Khu nay tnh t Trung Tam II en iem cach trung tam nay mot khoang xa nhat 1,2Km hng ve trung tam I. No co ac iem sau: - Cach Trung TamII khoan 300m co nha cao tang cao khoang 15m. - Cach trung tam II khoan 900m co nha cao khoang 18m. - o cao cua mat nc bien so vi vung nay lay bang vi Trung Tam II la 10m. Khu vc cach Trung Tam II t 1,2 en3,4 Km (Qua cau Sai Gon). - Tren ng truyen cua khu vc nay khong co nha cao tang khong co cac cay coi cao. - o cao so vi mat nc bien la 9m. Khu biet th cao cap Khu vc nay cach Trung Tam II t 3,4 en 4,7 Km co ac iem sau: - o cao so vi mat nc bien la 8m. - ay la khu vc co nhieu nha cao tang tuy nhien theo qui hoach th cac nha cao tang co chieu cao khong vt qua 15m (hien nay khu vc nay ch co mot so nha cao 2 hoac 3 tang nen chieu cao cua no khong qua 16m so vi mat bang).
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luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So -
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e d tru cho s phat trien trong tng lai ta xem khu nay co nhieu nha cao tang va nha nay cach nha kia khoang 200m. - Co nhieu ho song nen de gay phan xa. Khu Thanh a - Khu nay cach Trung Tam II t 4,7 en 6,5 Km co cac ac iem sau: - Nha ca cay coi vung nay khong qua14m. - o cao so vi mat nc bien khoang 8m. - Co nhieu song ho Khu Tang Nhn Phu. Khu nay cach Trung Tam II khoang 6,5 Km co cac ac iem sau: - o cao so vi mat nc bien tang dan t 8 en 14 m. - ay la vung dan c tuy nhien song cua ng truyen i qua khong co cac truc lo giao thong chnh nen khong co cac nha cao tang hay cac nha may co o cao ln. - Co mot so cay coi trong vung nay cu the nh sau: Cach Trung Tam I khoang 300m co mot so cay cao khoang 12 m. Cach Trung Tam I khoang 1600 m co mot so cay cao khoang 15 m. Tren ay la mot so ac iem cua ng truyen cua tuyen truyen dan Viba so. Do gap nhieu kho khan trong viec tm o cao cua cac iem khac nhau tren ng truyen va xac nh chieu cao cua cac cay coi nam tren ng truyen nen cac so lieu sau ay khong hoan toan chnh xac. II.KIEM TRA TNH TRUYEN DAN. 1.Chuan b mat cat nghieng cua ng truyen: e xac nh trang thai trc xa cua ng truyen can phai ve mat cat nghieng ng truyen. o cong cua cac ng truyen tren t mat cat nghieng cho phep ve ng cong chnh xac cua ng truyen nh la mot ng thang. Da vao khai niem cua he so hieu dung ban knh trai at K. Trong ieu kien a hnh va thi tiet nc t kh hau nhiet i va mien Nam co hai mua nen he so K c chon bang 4/3. T ay ta xay dng mat cat nghieng cua ng truyen. Nh a e cap en trong phan trc au tien ta phai ve ng bieu dien o cong cua trai at e t o co the ve ng truyen song theo dang ng thang. Ta co o cao (x) cua o cong cua trai at t ng thang bat ky iem nao (d1,d2) trong mot mat cat nghieng vi mot ga tr cho san cua K co the tnh bang cong thc sau ay: d1d2 x= 2Ka Trong o: a : Ban knh cua trai at 6,37*106m
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d1: Khoang cach t mot au cuoi en iem o tnh bang met. d2: khoang cach t au cuoi con lai en iem o tnh bang met. x : o cao cua o cao trai at(m). -e de dang cho viec tnh toan va phan ve mat cat nghieng ng truyen ta lap bang tnh gia tr cua x cac iem khac nhau tren ng truyen . -ng truyen co chieu dai 11800 m nen ta lap bang cho mot na ng truyen tc la 5800 met cua no tnh t mot ben -Bang tnh co dang nh sau:
d1(m ) 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800
d2(m) m) 11600 4 11400 7 11200 0 11000 2 10800 4 10600 5 10400 6 10200 6 10000 6 9800 5 9600 4 9400 3 9200 1 9000 8
X( 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4
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luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So 3000 3200 3400 3600 3800 4000 4200 4400 4600 4800 5000 5200 5400 5600 5800 8800 5 8600 2 8400 8 8200 4 8000 9 7800 4 7600 8 7400 2 7200 5 7000 8 6800 0 6600 2 6400 3 6200 4 6000 5
Thiet Ke 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
Bang 3-1: o cao cua o cong trai at cac iem khac nhau tren ng truyen. Bc 2 trong viec xay dng mat cat nghieng ng truyen la ve i cau Fresnel th nhat cua song vo tuyen. Ban knh cua i cau Fresnel th nhat bat ky iem nao gia hai v tr co the tnh bi cong thc: h0= d1d2 _____ d
Trong o: h0 : Ban knh cua i cau Fresnel th nhat (m). : Bc song (m). d1,d2,d: khoang cach(m).
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- e de dang cho viec tnh toan va phan ve i cau Fresnel th nhat ta lap bang tnh gia tr cua ban knh i ca Fresnel th nhat ho nh sau : - ng truyen co chieu dai 11800 met nen ta lap bang cho mot na ng truyen tc la 5800 met cua no tnh t mot ben. - Bang tnh co dang nh sau: d1(m) 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400 3600 3800 4000 4200 4400 4600 4800 5000 5200 5400 5600 5800 d2(m) 11600 11400 11200 11000 10800 10600 10400 10200 10000 9800 9600 9400 9200 9000 8800 8600 8400 8200 8000 7800 7600 7400 7200 7000 6800 6600 64000 6200 6000 h0(m) 6.27 8.79 10.67 12.21 13.53 14.68 15.71 16.63 17.47 18.23 18.92 19.55 20.14 20.67 21.15 21.60 22.00 22.37 22.70 23.00 23.26 23.49 23.69 23.86 24.01 24.12 24.20 24.26 24.29
Bang 3-2: Tnh ban knh cua i cau Fresnel th nhat 3. Khoang h an toan Trong hnh ve khoang h an toan hc gia ng thang cua mot tuyen trc xa va gn song can tr hs c tnh bang: d1 d1d2 hc=h1(h1 -h2) -hs
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luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So d 2Ka
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Trong o : h1 o cao cua anten v tr A so vi mat at. h 2 o cao cua anten v tr B so vi mat at. hs o cao cua vat chan v tr cach A mot khoang d1 hc khoang h an toan cua vat chan v tr cach A mot khoang d1
Hnh 3-8 :khoang h an toan cua ng truyen. Da tren ket qua khao sat thc te nh a noi phan au ta a co c v tr va o cao cua cac vat chan tren ng truyen . Da vao cac so lieu o ac tren ta co the ve c s o mat cat a hnh cua tuyen (phan mat cat a hnh nay se ve cu the trong cac ban ve khi bao ve). ay ta ch lay cac ket qua e tnh toan ton that do vat chan gay ra. Co hai phng an e chon o cao anten cho hai tram au cuoi: Phng an 1: Chon o cao cua hai anten hai tram au cuoi sau chung thoa man ieu kien trc xa tc la khong co vat chan cat bau Fresnel th nhat khi K lay gia tr tieu chuan la 4/3. Ta thay khi o iem gia cua bau fresnel co ban knh ln nhat la hm = 24,3 m. o cao tng ng cua cac vat chan iem nay la 12 m so vi a hnh hay theo tnh toan la 12 m (vat chan) + 2,05 m (do o cong vo trai at) + 8 m (chieu cao a hnh so vi mat nc bien) = 22,05 m. Khi o o cao cua Anten hai au la: Trung tam I h1=27 (m) so vi mat bang. Trung tam II h2=42 (m) so vi mat bang. Phng an nay tnh toan khong kha thi v khong co tnh kinh te. No ch c ap dung khi ma phng an 2 a tien hanh nhng khong at ch tieu ve o s dung va tin cay. Phng an 2: chon o cao cua anten hai tram au cuoi khong thoa ieu kien trc xa nhng van bao am o s dung va tin cay a e ra ong thi lam cho chi ph xay dng thap anten giam lam tang kinh te cua tuyen thiet ke.
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Sau khi a tnh toan th cho tuyen, nhom thc hien luan an quyet nh chon phng an 2 luc nay o cao anten cua hai tram au cuoi nh sau: Trung tam I h1= 14 (m) so vi mat bang. Trung tam II h2= 19 (m) so vi mat bang. Khi thc hien tuyen cac anten nay c gan tren noc nha cao tang hai au cuoi a co san vi chieu cao nh sau: Trung tam I co o cao nha cao tang la 9 (m) Trung tam II co o cao nha cao tang la 13 (m) Vay o cao cua cac thap anten la: Trung tam I hanten1=5 (m) Trung tam II hanten2=6 (m) Bang tnh toan cua cac khoang h an toan cua cac vat can so vi ng thang noi gia hai anten nh sau: d1 300 900 1600 3400 3600 3800 4000 4200 4400 4600 5100 5400 5800 6200 6500 9800 10000 11000 11500 d2 11500 10900 10200 8400 8200 8000 7800 7600 7400 7200 6700 6400 6000 5600 5300 2000 1800 800 300 hs 26 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 23 23 23 23 23 25 27 27 28 hc -1.82 -1.50 -3.17 -2.61 -2.57 -2.53 -2.50 -2.48 -2.46 -2.44 -3.42 -3.42 -3.44 -3.48 -3.52 -2.68 -0.79 -1.44 -0.77
Bang 3-3: Tnh khoang h an toan cua vat can. Chu y : cac gia tr trong bang cua hcla cac gia tr dng neu tnh theo cong thc.
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III.BANG D LIEU TNH TOAN NG TRUYEN. 1/ Chuan b mot bang tnh toan d lieu nh bang 3-4 Cac ac tnh cua ng truyen dan Mo ta tuyen K n hieu v 1. V tr cac tram 2. So cac loai thiet b 3. tan so lam viec 4.Phan cc 5. Dung lng kenh Mbit/s 6. loai ieu che may phat 7. o nang v tr 8. o dai ng truyen dan 9. o cao cua anten 10. loai thap cua anten 0 Ton that tuyen 11. Ton that ng truyen dan cua khong gian t do 12. loai feeder cua tram A va B 13. o dai feeder cua tram A va B 14. Ton that feeder 15. Ton hao re nhanh 16. Ton hao bo phan phoi va bo noi 17. Ton hao cua bo tieu hao vat chan 18.Ton hao hap thu cua kh quyen 19.Tong ton that o li 20. o li cua anten 21. o li cua may phat A va B 22. Tong o li cua tat ca cac cot 23. Tong tieu hao 24. Mc vao may thu 25. Mc ngng thu c Tram A Tram B Ket qua tnh toan va ghi chu
f x d h
GHz Mbit/s m km m T d hoac day neo
A0
dB
l Lf LB LT
m dB dB dB dB dB dB
G Gt
dBm dBm dBm
At
dB dBm dBm
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luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So vi BER> 10-3 26. Mc ngng thu c vi BER> 10-6 27. o d tr Fading FMa phang A 28. o d tr Fading FMb phang B Cac hieu ng Fading phang 29. xac xuat fading nhieu P0 tia 30. xac xuat at mc Pa ngng RXa 31. xac xuat at mc Pb ngng RXb 32. Khoang thi gian Ta fading Ta 33. Khoang thi gian Tb fading Tb 34. Xac xuat khoang P(10) fading ln hn 10 s 35. Xac xuat khoang P(60) fading ln hn 60 s 36. Xac xuat Ber vt 10-3 37. Xac xuat e mach Pu tr nen khong dung c do fading phang 38. o kha dung cua ng truyen 39. Xac xuat BER>10-6 40. Xac xuat BER>10-6 trong khoang 60s 41. Xac xuat BER>10-3 do Fading chon la 42. Tong gian oan thong tin BER>10-3 43. Xac xuat BER>10-6 do Fading chon la 44. Tong BER>10-6 Cac tnh toan kha nang s dung 45. o khong s dung cua thiet b: 46. o khong s dung c do ma: 47. o khong s dung c do Fading phang nhieu tia 48. o khong s dung dBm dB dB
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s s
% %
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luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So c do Fading phang nhieu tia la chon: 49. Tong o khong s dung c tnh theo phan tram
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Sau o ta tien hanh tnh toan cac thong so va ien vao bang tnh. Viec tnh toan nay nh sau:
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MO TA TUYEN 1. V tr cac tram. Tram A : Trung tam I Tram B : Trung tam II 2. So loai thiet b. S dung thiet b AWA RMD1504 cho ca hai tram A va B 3. Tan so lam viec: - Tan so phat tram A f1 = 1455 MHz - Tan so phat tram B f1 = 1510 MHz - Tan so trung tam c s dung trong cac tnh toan : f = 1500 MHz 4. Phan cc: - S dung phan cc ng. 5.Dung lng kenh: (Mbit/s) Trong sheet tnh toan ng truyen dung lng kenh c bieu dien di dang Mbit/s no la dung lng luong tn hieu so toi a co the truyen tren he thong. Vi thiet b nay dung lng kenh la 2x2 Mbit/s 6. Loai ieu che cua may phat. S dung phng phap ieu che may phat OQPSK 7. o nang cua v tr: (x) o nang cua v tr chnh la o cao cua mat bang xay dng tram so vi mc nc bien. o nang v tr tram A la 14 m o nang v tr tram B la 10 m 8. o dai ng truyen dan : (d) No la khoang cach gia hai anten tuy nhien ta khong the lay chnh xac c thong so nay v nhieu ly do khac nhau, nen thng no la khoang cach gia hai v tr at tram. oi vi tuyen thiet ke : d =11,8 Km 9. o dai cua anten: h1, h2 Theo phng an thiet ke tren ta co o cao cua anten so vi mat bang la: Trung Tam I h1=19m Trung Tam II h1=14m 10. Loai thap anten. S dung loai thap t .
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CAC TON HAO 11. Ton hao ng truyen dan cua khong gian t do A0 (dB). Loai ton that nay a c e cap trong phan truyen song trong khong gian. No phu thuoc vao tan so song mang va o dai ng truyen va c tnh bang cong thc sau: A0 = 92,5 + 20 lg f(GHz) + 20 lgd(Km) A0 = 92,5 + 20 lg(1,5) + 20 lg(11,8) = 117,46 dB Trong o: A0 : la ton that ng truyen cua khong gian t do (dB) f: la tan so trung tam cua song mang (GHz) d: la o dai ng truyen (Km) 12.Loai Feeder s dung cac tram A va B. oi vi tuyen thiet ke ta s dung loai Feeder RG 59/U co cac thong so ky thuat nh sau: Kieu Feeder ng kinh Suy hao Z0 () (Inch) dB/100ft RG 59/U 73 0,242 3,4 13. o dai Feeder cua tram A va B. Trong trng hp nay ta khong the tnh chnh xac o dai Feeder do o cac o dai nay c tnh cho ca hai tram A va B bang cach lay o cao cua anten tai moi tram nhan vi he so d tr lay la 1,5. o dai Feeder tram A la lf1 = 1,5*19 = 28,5 m o dai Feeder tram B la lf2 = 1,5*14 = 21 m 14.Ton that Feeder. bc 12 ta co loai feeder s dung va bc 13 ta co o dai tng ng cua chung t o ta co the tnh ton that cua feeder cho ca hai tram A va B bang cong thc sau: Tram A: ton that Feeder = 28,5*(3,4/100) = 3,18 dB Tram B: ton that Feeder = 21*(3,4/100) = 2,34 dB Tong ton that Feeder = 3.18 + 2,34 =5,52 dB 15.Tong ton hao re nhanh. Tong ton hao re nhanh c coi la cac ton hao trong cac bo loc RF (may phat va may thu) cac bo loc xoay vong (Circulator) va cac bo loc RF ben ngoai co the, chung cho phep mot he thong song cong ch s dung mot anten cho cac muc ch thu va phat hoac mot vai he thong cung noi en mot anten. Khoang gia tr ton hao re nhanh thng la 2 8 dB. oi vi cac thiet b phat va thu s dung cho tuyen nay th ton hao re nhanh la 1,4 dB cho moi tram tc la 2,8 dB cho toan tuyen. 16.Ton hao cac bo phoi hp va cac bo au noi. -Vi cac he thong ln phc tap th no co gia tr khoang 0,8 1 dB. -Vi cac he thong ln phc tap th no co gia tr khoang 0,5 0,7 dB.
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Vi he thong nay ton that bo phoi hp va cac bo au noi la 0,5 dB. 17.Ton hao cua bo suy hao hoac cac vat chan. oi vi tuyen thiet ke ta ch tnh cac ton that do vat chan hnh nem. Thong so hnh hoc v c tnh bang phng trnh sau: V = hc*[(2/)*(1/d1*1/d2)] Trong o: : bc song cua song mang trung tam d1 : khoang cach t tram 1 en vat chan d2 : khoang cach t tram 2 en vat chan hc : o cao cua nh vat chan so vi ng nam ngang noi hai au cuoi ng truyen. Neu o cao di ng nay th h la am. Luc o ton hao cho vat chan nay gay ra c tnh bang cong thc: L(v) = 6,4 + 20 lg[(v+1)1/2 +v] (dB) oi vi tuyen thiet ke co kha nhieu cac vat chan nam trong i cau Fresnel th nhat nh a gii thieu phan trc do o no la loai ton that chnh cua tuyen. e tnh ton that tong cong ta co bang sau: d1 300 900 1600 3400 3600 3800 4000 4200 4400 4600 5100 5400 5800 6200 6500 9800 10000 11000 11500 Tong 66.81 d2 11500 10900 10200 8400 8200 8000 7800 7600 7400 7200 6700 6400 6000 5600 5300 2000 1800 800 300 ton hs 26 26 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 23 23 23 23 23 25 27 27 28 hao hc -1.82 -1.50 -3.17 -2.61 -2.57 -2.53 -2.50 -2.48 -2.46 -2.44 -3.42 -3.42 -3.44 -3.48 -3.52 -2.68 -0.79 -1.41 -0.77 vat V -0.34 -0.16 -0.27 -0.17 -0.16 -0.16 -0.15 -0.15 -0.15 -0.15 -0.20 -0.20 -0.20 -0.20 -0.21 -0.21 -0.06 -0.16 -0.14 chan Lv 3.90 1.74 3.84 3.94 4.02 4.08 4.14 4.19 4.23 3.21 3.23 3.22 3.17 3.11 3.08 552 3.91 4.28 hnh nem
do
Bang 3-5: Bang tnh ton that do vat chan hnh nem 18. Ton hao hap thu cua kh quyen.
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Thiet Ke
Gia tr cua dB/Km co the lay theo cac bao cao 719 2CCIR. Loai ton hao nay tang theo tan so va co nhieu ot bien bat thng khi tan so thay oi. oi vi tuyen thiet ke vi tan so trung tam la 1,5GHz o dai ng truyen la 11,8 Km th ton that do s hap thu cua kh quyen la 0.011dB/Km. Vay ton that kh quyen cua tuyen la: 0,13 dB 19 Tong ton hao. No la tong ton hao tnh toan cac phan tren. Tong ton hao = Ton hao khong gian + Ton hao bo re nhanh + Ton hao cac bo au noi + Ton hao Feeder + Ton hao vat chan + Ton hao kh quyen = 117,46 + 2,8 + 5,52 + 0,5 + 66.81 + 0,13 = 193,22 dB
92
Thiet Ke
O LI 20. o li cua anten o li cua anten phu thuoc vao ng knh anten, tan so lam viec goc m hieu dung cua cua anten va c bieu dien bang cong thc; G= 20 lgD 20 lg + 10 lg n + 9,943 dB Trong o: D : la ng knh da anten (m) : la bc song tan so trung tam (m) n : la goc m hieu dung cua anten Vi tuyen thiet ke ng knh anten Parabol la D=1,6 m, bc song la 0,2 m, n=0,5. o li cua anten: G = 20 lg 1,6 20 lg 0,2 + 10lg 0,5 + 9,943 = 25 dB 21.o li may phat. ay la cong suat au ra chnh may phat: 36 dBm 22. Tong o li. Tong o li = 2*o li anten + o li may phat = 2*25 +36 = 86 dB 23. Tong ton hao. A1 = Tong ton hao Tong o li A1 = 193,22 86 = 107,22 dB 24. Mc au vao cua may thu Pr (dBm) No bang cong suat a ra cua may phat Pr tr i tong tieu hao A1 a c tnh bieu dien bang cong thc sau: Pr = Pt A1 (dBm) Pr = 36 107,22 = - 71,22 dBm 25-26. Cac ngng thu c. Theo cac thong so ky thuat cua thiet b RMD1504 ta co: RXa = -94dB RXb = -92dB 27-28. o d tr Fading phang. Fma = Pr RXa oi vi BER = 10-3 Fma = -7,22 (-94) = 22,78 dB Fmb = Pr RXb oi vi BER = 10-6 Fmb = -7,22 (-92) = 20,78 dB
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Thiet Ke
CAC HIEU NG FADING PHANG 29. Xac suat Fading nhieu tia Po. e tnh Fading nhieu tia dung phng trnh cua Majoli nh sau: P0= 0,3*a *C (f/4)(d/50)-3 Trong o: P0:Xac suat xuat hien Fading phang nhieu tia d: o dai ng truyen (Km) C: He so a hnh f: Tan so trung tam cua song mang (GHz) a: la he so cai tien ac trng cho o go ghe cua a hnh. Theo tuyen thiet ke ta lay C=1, a=4: P0=0,3*4*1*(1,5/4)*(11,8/50)3=5,91*10-3 30-31. Xac suat at cac mc ngng RXa va RXb. Pa = 101FMa/10 Pa = 10 2,278 = 5,27*10-3 dB Pb = 101FMb/10 Pb = 10 2,078 = 8,36*10-3 dB 32-33 Khoang thi gian Fading: T Ta = C210-a2Fma/10 f 2 , BER>10-3 Tb = C210-a2Fmb/10 f 2 , BER>10-6 Trong o: F: la o d tr fading sau o d tr fading FMa va FMb FMa , FMb : o d tr fading phang 2,2, C2 :n la cac hang so co lien quan en so fading tren mot gi oi vi tuyen thiet ke ta lay cac gia tr bang hang so lien quan en Fading tren mot gi nh sau: 2 = 0,5 ,2= -0,5 , C2 = 10,3 d Ta = 10,3*11,8*10-0,5*20,78/10 (1,5)-0,5 ,BER>10-3 Ta = 7,206s Tb = 10,3*11,8*10-0,5*20,78/10 (1,5)-0,5 ,BER>10-6 Tb = 9,071s 34-35. Xac suat fading dai hn 10s va 60s. No c tnh bang bieu thc sau: P(Ta 10)=P(10)=0,5 [1-erf(Za)] = 0,5 erfc(Za) P(Tb 10)=P(10)=0,5 [1-erf(Zb)] = 0,5 erfc(Zb) Trong o: Erfc(Z) la ham xac suat loi tch chap co cho phan phu luc. Cac gia tr Za va Zb c tnh toan theo bieu thc: Za = 0,548 ln(10/Ta) = 0,548* ln(10/0,9901) = 0,1796 Zb = 0,548 ln(10/Tb) = 0,548* ln(10/1,2465) = 0,0534 Tra theo ham ercf(Z) phan phu luc ta co xac suat fading dai hn 10s va 60s la:
94
Thiet Ke
P(Ta 10)=P(10)=0,5 [1-erf(Za)] = 0,5 erfc(0,1796) = 0,3995 P(Tb 10)=P(10)=0,5 [1-erf(Zb)] = 0,5 erfc(0,0534) = 0,469 36.Xac suat BER vt 10-3 Xac suat BER >10-3 = P0*Pa = 5,91*10-3 =3,115*10-3 37.Xac suat mach tr nen khong the s dung c do fading phang Pu Pu= P0*Pa*P(10) = 5,91*10-3*5,27*10-3*0,3995 = 1,244*10-5 38. o kha dung cua tuyen. o kha dung = 100(1-Pu) % = 100*(1-1,244*10-5) % 39. Xac suat BER>106 Xac suat BER>106 = P0*Pb = 5,91*10-3*8,36*10-3 = 4,94*10-5 40. Xac suat BER>106 trong khoang 60s. Xac suat BER>106 trong khoang 60s =P0*P(600 = 5,91*10-3*0,469 =2,77* 10-3 41. Xac suat BER>10-3 do Fading chon la. Theo Majoli ta co xac suat BER > 10-3 oi vi fading la chon nh sau: % thi gian gian oan thong tin do Fading = 1,5 -6 2 200K[2*d (b/log2M)*10 ] % Trong o: : la khoang thi gian xuat hien trong o xuat hien s hoat ong cua Fading nhieu tia xau nhat. = 1,44*P0 do P0<10-2 K la mot hang so phu thuoc vao cach ieu che tuyen thiet ke dung ky thuat OQPSK nen ta chon k = 1. Thay vao cong thc ta co: %Thi gian gian oan thong tin do Fading = 200*1,44*5,91*10-3*1*[2*11,81,5(2/log24)*10-6]2 % = 11,186*10-9 42. Tong gian oan thong tin BER>10-3 Tong gian oan thong tin BER>10-3 = 11,186*10-9 + 3,115*10-5 = 3,116*10-5 43. Xac xuat BER>10-6 do Fading chon la. Xac xuat BER>10-6 do Fading chon la = 9,37*10-7*9,82 9,210*10-6 =
44.Tong BER>10-6. Tong gian oan thong tin BER>10-6 = ,210*10-6+4,49*10-5 = 5,41*10-5
95
Thiet Ke
CAC TNH TOAN KHA NANG S DUNG 45. o khong s dung cua thiet b. o kha dung = 100*[(MTTR)/(MTBF + MTTR)] % o khong kha dung = 100 100*[(MTTR)/(MTBF + MTTR)] % Trong o: MTBF: la thi gian trung bnh gia cac s co tnh bang gi. MTTR: la thi gian trung bnh e khoi phuc lai dch vu tnh bang gi thng la 2, 4, 8 gi. Theo thong ke cua CCIR gia tr ac trng cua MTBF oi vi tuyen thiet ke la Ghep kenh s cap la 4,5 nam May thu phat vo tuyen 2Mbit/s khong bao ve la 1 nam Vay 1/MTBF = (1/1+1/4,5)*2 Suy ra MTBF = 0,4091 nam hay MTBF = 3584 gi Thi gian sa cha cua moi lan h hong chon bang 2 gi suy ra MTTR = 2 gi v ay cac thiet b thay the co san dang module, luon luon co ngi trung tam nen khi phat hien co h hong co the sa cha de dang va nhanh chong. Thay vao ta c: o kha dung cua thiet b = 100*= 99,945% o kha dung cua thiet b = 100 99,945 = 0,055 % 46. o khong s dung c do ma. V tan so trung tam cua tuyen la 1,5 GHz<<7GHz nen o khong s dung c do ma cho phep bo qua. 47. o khong s dung c do Fading phang nhieu tia. % xac xuat cua tuyen tr nen khong x dung c = 100*Pu = 100*1,244*10-5 = 1,244*103 % 48. o khong s dung c do Fading nhieu tia chon la. o khong s dung c = 100*P(10)*(xac suat cua BER>103chon la) o khong s dung c = 100*0,3995*11,186*10-9 = 4,469*10-7 % 49. Tong o khong s dung c tnh theo phan tram. Tong o khong s dung c tnh theo phan tram = = 100 99,945)% + 1,244*10-3 + 4,469*10-7 = 0,05624445 % Hay Trong mot thang thi khong s dung cua he thong la = 0.0005624445*30*24*60 = 24,29 phut hay la 24 phut 18 giay KET LUAN :
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Thiet Ke
Vi ket qua tnh toan c cua tuyen thiet ke nh tren ta thay tuyen co the thc thi vi o tin cay s dung ap ng tot cho nhu cau thc tap cua sinh vien.
BC 6 CAU HNH HE THONG

1.Dang c ban Dang c ban cua mot he thong Viba iem noi iem co cau hnh n gian khong dung he thong d phong nh sau: f1 f1
f2 Bo ghep
f2
Bo ghep May phat A
May phat A May thu B Tram A Tram B Hnh 3-9 :cau hnh he thong thc hien Lap at tren cac ke e: May thu B
97
luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So Hnh 3-10:Dang bo tr he thong
Thiet Ke
Cac tn hieu thoai tai tram A c bo ghep a en anten phat vi tan so f1 ong thi tai tram A cung nhan mot tn hieu co tan so f2 t tram B gi ti va s ly cho ra tn hieu thoai... Bo ghep kenh cho phep ket noi may phat va may thu co the s dung cung mot anten ma khong b giao thoa tng ho ong thi cho tnh chon loc e chong lai cac kenh ke can . 2. He thong d phong He thong d phong e bao ve s gian oan cua mach ien: - Do he thong thiet ke s dung cho nhu cau thc tap nen oi hoi o tin cay khong cao. - Do tan so lam viec cua he thong 1,5 GHz t b anh hng Fading sau va anh hng Fading do ma khong ang ke va tan so hoat ong cua tuyen khong gay anh hng en cac he thong khac . -Tuyen thiet ke khong s dung he thong d phong . 3. Cac he thong ieu khien va canh bao. He thong thiet ke s dung mot kenh giam sat va ieu khien e ruyen mot so thong tin canh bao ALS, hien th va ieu khien sau ay: 1. Hien th: - S hien hu cua nguon ien. - Trang thai hoat ong cua may . - Trang thai hoat ong bnh thng va khong bnh thng cua may phat va may thu. 2. Canh bao: - Cac h hng may moc thiet b ket noi (neu xay ra). - Song b nhieu hoan toan 3. ieu khien: - Bao hieu s khi ong cua may moc. - ieu khien cac cuoc goi. 4. Cac kenh phuc vu. Trong he thong thiet ke s dung mot kenh phuc vu dung cho viec bao dng giam sat va ieu khien khi can thiet. Cac tram co the lien lac vi nhau qua kenh phuc vu khi can thiet. 5. Cac he thong anten
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Thiet Ke
- He thong anten c s dung trong tuyen thiet ke la loai anten parabol co cau tao n gian va t ton kem hn anten dang ken, co o li cao. - ng kn cua anten Parabol c cho la D=1,6 m. - Thap anten s dung la loai thap anten t . 6. Cac he thong nguon cung cap a/Cac he thong nguon cung cap AC - S dung nguon cung cap AC ien li thng mai. - Cac he thong may phat d phong nham giup he thong tranh gian oan . - Thiet b d phong s dung co the chon cho tuyen la cac USP(Uninterupted Supply Power) tren th trng. b/ Cac he thong cung cap nguon DC - S dung nguon Ac sau o cho qua bo nan ien e tao ra nguon DC. - ien ap mot chieu cung cap cho thiet b RMD1504la 2060V DC. Dang nguon DC co dang sau:
Hnh3-11: Cau hnh nguon DC cung cap cho tram
99
Thiet Ke
BC 7 KE HOACH BAO TR
o tin cay cua mot he thong co moi quan he mat thiet vi cong tac bao tr he thong do o cong viec bao tr trong thc te cung rat quan trong. Cong viec bao tr c chia thanh hai loai: a/ Bao tr nh ky. Cong viec bao tr nh ky cho he thong thng gom cac cong viec sau: - Sn va sa lai thap anten, t 2-3 nam tien hanh sn sa lai thap mot lan e chong r set. - Kiem tra he thong Feederva cac thiet b moi nam mot lan ac biet phai kiem tra cac bo phan c kh cua cac thiet b. - Kiem tra cac bo phan phu tr khac nh: phong cha, he thong lanh... moi nam mot lan. Viec kiem tra nh ky nay c tien hanh trong cac khoang thi gian ngh cua sinh vien nh la trong cac thang he e tranh cac h hong ang tiec co the xay ra cho he thong. b/ Bao tr sa cha khi co h hong . Khi co h hong cua cac bo phan thiet b neu tren ta phai tien hanh sa cha ngay. V ay la he thong s dung cho viec thc tap cua sinh vien nen thi gian sa cha co the ln hn thi gian sa cha cua cac he thong s dung cho muc ch thong tin lien lac dan dung. Thi gian sa cha nay cung can phai bao am sao cho khong anh hng qua nhieu en viec thc tap cua sinh vien.
100
Thiet Ke
BC 8 CAC TIEU CHUAN KY THUAT

1. Thap anten: Cau truc cua thap e ngh s dung dang thap day neo nhng co cau tao khac vi phan gii thieu do chieu cao cua thap anten ch khoang 6 m. No co dang la mot tru thang ng c dng tren noc nha tai cac tram au cuoi. Thap phai co o ben u e co the gan mot anten parabol co ng knh D=1,6m va co the chu ng c sc gio ln nhat co the (e ngh cap 9) 2. Nguon cung cap: Trang thai c ban va hoat ong cua nguon cung cap la nguon ien thng mai co san ca hai tram vo s dung may phat d phong co chuyen mach t ong. Ngong ien ap lam viec la 220 Volts 5%AC. Nguon AC phai c nan loc cho ra muc ien ap DCla 24V-48V cung cap cho cac thiet b. Co s dung cac bnh Acquy e cung cap nguon ien DC nay. 3. o lech tan so: Nam trong ngng cho phep co gii thieu trong phan thiet b AWA RDM1504 va c s cho phep cua chnh quyen a phng. 4.Trung tan IF: Tan so trung tan cua tuyen la 35 MHz. Bang thong cua trung tan la 2,6 MHz. Tr khang danh nh :75 Ohmkhong can bang 5.Bang goc. Thc hien truyen dan hai luong tn hieu so 2Mbit/s 6. Cac kenh phuc vu: Cac kenh phuc vu ien thoai nen co kha nang truyen bang tan t 300Hz en 3400Hz. 7. Mot so mo ta ky thuat khac rieng cho tuyen va thiet b s dung: He thong RMD khong d phong Dung lng kenh thoai Bang tan vo tuyen Cong suat ngo ra RF anten Ngng thu cho BER= 10-3 ngo ra anten ieu che 30/60 1425-1535 MHz 36dB -95/92 dB OQPSK
101
luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So D lieu ngo vao cua cac tram (a) va (b) o lech kenh Mc ngo vao kenh phuc vu (dBm) (600 Ohm) Mc ngo ra kenh phuc vu (dBm) (600 Ohm) o lech tan so kenh giam sat Mc ngo vao kenh giam sat (600 Ohm) Mc ngo ra kenh giam sat (600 Ohm)
Thiet Ke (a) HDB3 2X2048 bit/s (b) HDB3 2X2048 bit/s 15 KHz 0 0 5 KHz -10 -10
Cac ch tieu ky thuat cua may phat RMD1504: Cong suat ngo ra (dBm) +37 Tr khang ngo ra 50 o on nh tan so 15 Bc oi tan so nho nhat 100 (KHz) Bc xa tap tan <-70 Cong suat tieu thu (W) cho 51 ngo ra RF 5W Cac ch tieu ky thuat cho may thu RMD1504: Ch so tap am (dB) 2.8 Ngng Ber 10-3 -94 Tr khang ngo vao(Ohm) 50 o on nh tan so 15 Bc xa tap tan <-70 Bc oi tan so nho nhat 100 (KHz) Mc AGC(dB) 50 Cong suat tieu thu (W) 12
102
Thiet Ke
BC 9 LAP AT VA O TH
I. LAP AT: Do cac tnh toan va cau hnh he thong a c chon cac bc trc nen cau hnh c chon e lap at co dang sau: Bo tron HDB3 Bang goc ANTEN Module may phat Bo loc thong mot
Kenh giam sat
Module may thu
Bo loc thong mot
Hnh 3-12: Cau hnh tram khong d phong.
Hnh 3-13 :Lap at tren gia Viec lap at c tien hanh nh sau: - Noi day vi ben ngoai.
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Thiet Ke
- Tat ca cac day noi ben ngoai c noi vi hp noi sau khi no c noi len ke vi tat ca cac module a c di chuyen. - Cac loi truy xuat cap co ca hai pha phai va trai cua ke va cac iem cot cap c at panel pha ba, pha ay va pha hong. - Ket noi nguon cung cap: Nguon cung cap DC va at c ket noi hop bi mot khoi tram noi gia xoay c gan ben pha tay phai cua hop Board noi . - Ket noi bang goc Cac ket noi bang goc 2 Mbit/s c lam bi cac cap ong truc 75 Ohm. No i qua pha ben tay trai cua hop va ket noi bang cac bo noi cap ong truc Siemens 1,6/5,6. Board mach in ket noi. Cac bo noi phu hp thng khong c cung cap vi thiet b bi v mot so lng ln cua cac cap thch hp co the s dung c 2 hoac 4 cong cap ong truc 75 Ohm tng ng vi cach van hanh 2/8 hoac 2x2 Mbit/s. Cac ket noi ben ngoai c thc hien qua cac bo noi loai D co 25 ng cho trang thai khong d phong .Cac ket noi ben ngoai tao ra dch vu va ngo vao kenh giam sat va cac cong ngo ra. Cac cong tac module canh bao va rat nhieu cac chc nang phu nh : cac cong tac Tone va cac ong bo ien ap RF. Mot bo noi co loai phu hp 25 ng c cung cap. No lam cho cac thiet b ben ngoai bang mot cap nhieu chan. - Cac ket noi giam sat va phuc vu: No nam trong phan ket noi ben ngoai bang mot bo noi ra ben ngoai - Ket noi anten: Ket noi anten c lam sau khi bo ket hp c gan len tren ke. Cac bo phan noi thang hoac loai N co the c s dung pha ben tay phai cua hop. Neu can Feeder anten co ng knh ln th no khong c lam cang bo ket noi ngo ra hoac thanh . - Cac ket noi bo ket hp . Cac bo ket hp (duplexer) co cau hnh phu thuoc vao cac yeu cau cua cac he thong rieng, bieu o noi day cho cau hnh tieu chuan tram khong d phong va van hanh phan tap hp cho phan 15 cua sach thiet AWA. Moi cau hnh cua bo ket hp c hnh thanh t tap hp cua cac bo loc qua mot bang tieu chuan va cac Kit tng ng co the bao gom cac bo tach, chuyen tiep cap ong truc. Khi mot bo tap hp ket hp c gan len ke cac cap ong truc c noi eu cac module may phat va may thu cac cap ong truc c ket noi en may phat va may thu
104
Thiet Ke
au tien phai c lien ket mot cach can than qua cac ng cap. - Cac ket noi qua lai gia may phat va may thu. Cac module may phat va may thu c noi en hop qua mot noi cap 40 ng va cap dep. Cac cap nay c gap lai thanh dang xoan, do o no se gian ra cho phep co the keo cac module ra khi no van con hoat ong. Cac s o noi day cho cac may phat, may thu PSD co trong cuon thiet b AWA cac phan 5,6,10,15. II.O AC 1.Cac thiet b o e ngh cho viec o th he thong: Sau ay la liet ke cac thiet b o e ngh cho viec kiem tra hoat ong cua thiet b RDM mc he thong. Cac thiet b o cac phan tng ng co the c s dung khi cac thiet b o thay the nay co pham chat tng ng hoac tot hn. Bang liet ke nay bao gom cac thiet b o trng va cac thiet b them co the c yeu cau cho viec mo phong kiem tra lien lac tram sa cha. Gia nh rang nguon ien ap 240v/50Hz a co san e cap nguon cho thiet b o. Cac thiet b o dung o ac he thong moi tram . Chc nang Bo o ac mc audio Bo cam nhan va may o cong suat ong ho o ieu che/ may em Bo kiem tra ty le bit loi May tao tn hieu RF Bo giao ong 100MHz Cac bang goc va RF Bo cap noi vong Nha san xuat va loai Hewlett Packard HP8903 Hewlett Packard HP436A/HP8481B Marconi 23052 Anritsu ME448A Hewlett Packard HP8642B Tektronics 465 Phu hp vi he thong AWA1B7147B
2.Cac phng phap kiem tra o th. a.Kiem tra noi vong Moi tram vo tuyen c ket noi nh sau : Cac tram cuoi c ket noi vi cac anten hoac tai gia cac iem theo doi may phat bo ket hp c noi vi ngo vao bo chuyen oi may thu c chon. May thu c bat en tan so phat va cac ket noi bang goc va bang phu c lam giao dien RFD/MDF/MUX. b.Do th t au cuoi nay en au cuoi khac: o th nay thc hien khi tuyen ang hoat ong. 1.Noi chung. ay gia nh rang may phat may thu chuyen mach bao ve va cac module ket hp eu hoat ong ung va cac kiem tra sau ay cho s ong bo he htong va s xac nhan cac ch tieu ky thuat. Bat ky module loi nao phat
105
Thiet Ke
hien c nen c sa cha. S dung cac ch dan cho cac module. Cac phan can o th. oi vi tuyen c thiet ke can o th mot so cac tham so kiem tra mc he thong c mo ta di ay: a/ Tan so phat b/ Tan so thu c/ Cong suat phat d/ o lech bang phu c phat e/ Cacmc nhan c cua kenh phuc vu va giam sat f/ T le bit loi cua tn hieu ln g/ Mc ngng h/ S chen AIS i/ Chuyen mach may phat va may thu j/ Canh bao ni rong ben ngoai k/ Hoat ong cua tone goi la Handset Chu y: Cac phan se kiem tra sau ay se tien hanh khi PBA may phat bang goc c bat en Disable. Tan so phat: Vi cac tram au cuoi hoat ong vi cac tai gia hoac anten noi co Tx Monitor bo ket hp en cac ong ho ieu che va ong ho em. No nen oc mot cach trc tiep tan so kenh trong vong 10KHz. Neu tan so ra khoi dung sai nay, no co the c at lai bang cach m vo che cua module kch thch va ieu chnh 10C9 cho en khi tan so nam trong dung sai nay. Tan so thu: au tien phai am bao rang may phat ang hoat ong e phat song tng ng cho may thu nay a c kiem tra ve tan so nh a e cap tren Di bo noi SMB t 21x2 cua module IF va noi chung bang mot cap thch hp SMB loai N en may o tan so .Kiem tra xem mc RF en may thu co vt qua -80dBm hay khong .Tan so o c may o tan so nen la 35 MHz 10KHz. Neu no khong nam trong dung sai nay m vo che cua module chuyen oi va ieu chnh 18C9. Cong suat phat: Bo anten hoac tai gia ra khoi tram au cuoi thay no bang mot ong ho o bo cam nhng cong suat va o ngo ra bang ong ho o cong suat. No phai la 35,5dBm 1 dBm neu khong at, at lai s ieu chnh mc RF pha tay phai cua may phat e at c ngng ngo ra mong muon . o lech bang goc phu a truyen. at may phan tch am tan en mot KHz ,0 dB,600 Ohm en ngo ra va noi no en ngo vao kenh phuc vu
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Thiet Ke
at ong ho ieu chnh en mach loc 300 Hz -3,4 KHz at noise AVC on va noi no en cong theo doi cua bo ket hp o lech tan so nen la 15KHz 2KHz.Neu can co the ieu chnh mc ieu khien SSB pha ben tay phai cua may phat. Thao may phan tch pho am tan ra at ong ho o ieu che che o mach loc 50Hz -15KHz an nut Calltone va kiem tra xem o lech co nam khoang 2KHz en 15KHz. at may phan tch am tan en 4KHz, -10dBm , ngo ra 600 Ohm va noi no en ngo vao kenh giam sat kiem tra xem o lech co nam trong khoang 0,5KHz -5KHz . Cac mc nhan c kenh giam sat va phuc vu Chu y: Trc khi thc hien bc nay phai kiem tra do lech bang goc phu phat phan trc. at mc o at audio en 1KHz , 0dBm , 600 Ohm noi ngo ra en ngo vao kenh phuc vu . Noi ngo vao bo o mc audioen ngo vao kenh phuc vu mc tn hieu nhan c thng t 0 dB 1dB. Tn hieu BER. Bao am rang tn hieu RF thu c t nhat 10 dB tren mc ngng va thch hp hn neu nam mc tn hieu trung (median). Viec o ac nay co the thc hien t au nay en au kia cua tuyen hoac t mot au cuoi bang cach tao vong ngc cat bang goc may thu va may phat mot tram au cuoi. -Noi bo kiem tra BER en may phat va may thu va kiem tra xem BER co thap hn 10-7 cho khoang o ac mong muon hay khong. Trong cac he thong 2x2Mbit/s o th tuan t nen c a vao ca hai ngo vao 2Mbit/s va cac ngo ra may thu c kiem tra xen ke nhau. Mc ngng. -e o BER mc ngng phai am bao khong co s ro r u ln trc tiep gia may phat va may thu khi th. ieu nay khong quan trong khi th tren mot ng truyen thc te. -e am bao do chnh xac cua phep o mc ngng, mc RF nhan c phai c lay mau mot cach chnh xac. Thng s dung mot may tao tn hieu nh la mot tham chieu chuan. May tao tn hieu nay c noi mot cach trc tiep en ngo vao bo chuyen oi RMD. S dung mot oan ngan cap ong truc 50 Ohm at mc en khoang -80dBm ghi ch so oc chnh xac cac Led ong ho hien th Panel trc. Bay gi noi ngo ra bo ket hp may thu en ngo vao bo chuyen oi bang mot o suy giam con the ieu khien c va at bo suy giam e cho cung so oc ong ho S. Ghi chu s cai at cua bo suy giam va mc lay mau, ay la cac gia tr tham chieu cho viec o mc ngng. Huy s cam cua AIS may thu bang cong tac tren PBA bang goc Rx,
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bay gi ta co the ve o th ngng BER bang cach tang o suy giam moi lan 1dBva ghi BER en mot gia tr khoang 10-3. Sau khi a hoan thanh phep o, at cong tac AIS/Muting en trang thai unable. Chen AIS (chen tn hieu ch bao canh bao). Vi may thu hoat ong mot mc ngo vao RF bnh thng va mot tuan t kiem tra c noi en may phat, theo doi ngo ra HDB3 cua may thu bang mot dao ong k. Thao ket noi ngo vao RF ra khoi ngo vao may thu. Mot tn hieu ch bao canh bao(AIS) se thu c tren dao ong k. Hoat ong cua Calltone va bo cam tay: - T mot tram au cuoi nhan nut Calltone mat trc cua panel va kiem tra xem viec nhan biet cac may thu xa vi mot tone 2KHz. - Noi cac bo cam tay kenh phuc vu en Socket panel mat trc may phat va nam gi cong tac, nhan e goi kiem tra xem co the lien lac theo ca hai chieu theo tuyen hay khong. -Sau khi tien hanh cac phep o th tren va tien hanh cac ieu chnh sa oi can thiet. Tuyen thiet ke coi nh a hoan thanh bao am cho viec lien lac theo ca hai chieu vi mot pham chat va o tin cay nh phan tnh toan.
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PHAN III
CHNG TRNH TNH TOAN TUYEN VIBA
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GIAI THUAT CHNG TRNH

BEGIN
nhap f ,d
chon
ton that tuyen o li
cac hieu ng fading kha nang s dung
ket qua
f: la tan so trung tam cua song mang (GHz) END d: la o dai ng truyen(Km)
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TT Tuyen
chon
ton hao cua TT T ton that feederbo suy hao ton hao kh quyen tong ton hao khong gian t do hoac cac vat chan
chon feeder tnh A
Nhap h1,h2
Nhap,d1,d 2,hc i
Nhap Tt:
nhap ton hao re nhanh, kh quyen ,cac bo phoi hp va cac bo au noi
tnh v,lamda ,c,l(v)
tnh Aa
ket qua Ao:ton that ng truyen cua khong gian t do(dB) h1,h2:o cao ten cua tram A,B(m) i: so vat chan d1, d2: lan lt la khoang cach t A va b en vat chan(m) l(v): ton hao vat chan (dB) v: la mot so khong th nguyen Tdt: ton hao at trng cua kh quyen (dB) Aa: ton hao kh quyen (dB)
tnh o dai feeder, ton that feeder A, ton that feeder B, tong ton that feeder
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o li
nhap Pt ,D goc m hieu dung n cac ngng Rxa,RXb
Tnh G,Gmf,Gt,A1,Pr,FMa.FMb
Pt: cong suat may phat (dBm) D: ng knh anten (m) Ket qua n: goc m hieu dung (rad) RXa, RXb: cac ngng thu c (dB) G: o li anten(dB) Gt: tong o li(dB) Pr: mc au vao cua may thu(dBm) FMa, FMb: o d tr fading phang ng vi BER=10-3 va BER=10-6 (dB)
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Thiet Ke
cac hieu ng fading phang
nhap he so cai ten a he so a hnh C, alpha2,beta2, C2, b M toc o bit cc ai gama b ,so mc trong s o ieu che M
tnh Po,Pa,Pb,Ta,Tb,P(10),P(60) xs BER>10^-3 ,o kha dung, xs BER >10^-6 ,Pu,tong gian oan thong tin trong BER >10^-3, sx BER >10^-6 trong khoang 60s, %thi gian gian oan do fading ,sx BER >10^-6 trong fading la chon ,tong BER >10^-6
ket qua b: toc o bt cc ai (Mbit/s) M: so mc trong s o ieu che. Po: xac suat fading nhieu tia. Pa, Pb: xac suat at cac ngng Rxa, RXb. Ta, Tb: khoang thi gian fading ng BER >10-3 va BER >10-6 P(10), P(60): xac suat fading dai hn 10 s va 60s. Alpha2, beta2, C2: cac hang so co lien quan en so fading trong 1 gi.
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Kha nang s dung
Nhap MTTR, MTBF
Tnh o khong s dung cua thiet b o khong s dung c do fading phang nhieu tia okhong s dung c do fading nhieu tia la chon Tong o khong s dung
MTTR:thi gian trung bnh e ket qua khoi phuc lai dch vu (gi ) thng la 2, 4, 8 gi. MTBF:thi gian trung bnh gia cac s co (gi).
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CHNG TRNH TNH TOAN TUYEN VI BA

#include #include #include #include #include <stdio.h> <conio.h> <string.h> <math.h> "c:\hien\viba.h"
double f,ha,h1,h2,d,Ao,feeder,Lv,Aa,lamda,G,A, FMa, FMb,Gt; double A1,pr,pt,RXa,RXb,loseA,loseB,G1,po,pa,pb,Ta,Tb; double khongkhadung,Za,Zb,p10,p60; double mem =3.95,e=2.71828,giandoan,tong_giandoan; double erfc_fun(double x) { double k; int i; for (i=0;i<260;i++) if(erfd[i]==x) k=erfdr[i]; return k; } double arround(double x) { double nguyen,thapphan,tamp,tmp,temp; thapphan = modf(x,&nguyen); thapphan = thapphan*100; tamp = modf(thapphan,&temp); if(tamp<=0.3) tamp = 0; if(0.3<tamp && tamp <=0.7) tamp =0.5; if(tamp>0.7) tamp =1; thapphan = temp + tamp; thapphan = thapphan /100; return thapphan + nguyen; } void nhap_bien() { printf("\nNhap Thong So\n"); printf("Cho biet do dai duong truyen dan (km): "); scanf("%lf",&d); printf("Cho biet tan so lam viec trung tam (GHz): "); scanf("%lf",&f); clrscr(); }
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void free_space_lose()//ton that tuyen cua khong gian tu do { Ao = 92.5 + 20*log10(f) + 20*log10(d); printf("Ton that duong truyen cua khong gian tu do la: %.3lf dB", Ao); } void feeder_lose() //ton that feeder { double lf1,lf2,feeder_type; printf("Cho biet loai feeder su dung: \n"); printf("1. RG-59/U\n"); printf("2. RG-11/U\n"); printf("3. RG-24/U\n"); printf("4. RG-58/U\n"); switch(getch()) { case '1' : feeder_type = 3.4; break; case '2' : feeder_type = 2.5; break; case '3' : feeder_type = 2; break; case '4' : feeder_type = 7.8; break; default : feeder_type =3.4; } printf("\nCho biet do cao anten tai tram A (m): "); scanf("%lf",&h1); printf("Cho biet do cao anten tai tram B (m): "); scanf("%lf",&h2); lf1 = 1.5*h1; lf2 = 1.5*h2; loseA = lf1*3.28*feeder_type/100; loseB = lf2*3.28*feeder_type/100; feeder = loseA + loseB; printf("Ton that feeder tai tram A: %.3lf dB\n", loseA); printf("Ton that feeder tai tram B: %.3lf dB\n", loseB); printf("Ton that feeder: %.3lf dB\n", feeder); } void vatchan() //ton hao cua bo suy hao hoac cac vat chanx { double d1[100],d2[100], hc[100],V[100],c,tmp; int i, vc; printf("Co bao nhieu vat chan: "); scanf("%d",&vc); for(i=0; i<vc; i++) {
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printf("Cho biet khoang cach tu tram A den vat chan thu %d: ",i+1); scanf("%lf", &tmp); d1[i] =tmp; printf("Cho biet khoang cach tu tram B den vat chan thu %d: ",i+1); scanf("%lf",&tmp); d2[i]=tmp; printf("Cho biet do cao vat chan %d:",i+1); scanf("%lf",&tmp); hc[i] =tmp; } c = 3*pow(10,8); lamda = c/(f*pow(10,9)); for(i=0;i<vc;i++) printf("hc = %lf\n",hc[i]); printf("Lamda = %0.3lf c= %0.3lf\n",lamda,c); for(i=0;i<vc;i++) { V[i] = hc[i] * sqrt( (2/lamda) * (1/d1[i]) * (1/d2[i])); printf("\n V[%d] = %lf\n",i+1,V[i]); } for(Lv=0,i=0;i<vc;i++) Lv += 6.4 + 20*log10(sqrt(V[i]+1)) + V[i]; printf("Ton hao cua bo suy hao hoac cac vat chan: %.3lf dB", Lv); } void khiquyen() //ton hao khi quyen { double Tkq; printf("Cho biet ton hao dac trung cua khi quyen : "); scanf("%lf",&Tkq); Aa=Tkq*d; printf("Ton hao khi quyen: %.3lf dB ",Aa); } void total()//tong ton hao { double renhanh,bodaunoi; printf("Cho biet ton hao re nhanh ( 2dB-8dB ): "); scanf("%lf",&renhanh); printf("Cho biet ton hao cac bo dau noi( 0.5dB1dB) : "); scanf("%lf",&bodaunoi); A = Ao + Aa + feeder + renhanh + bodaunoi + Lv; printf("Tong ton hao la: %.3lf dB", A); } void line_lose() //ton hao tuyen truyen { while(1) { clrscr(); printf("Ton that tuyen:\n");
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printf("1. Ton that duong truyen cua khong gian tu do\n"); printf("2. Ton that feeder\n"); printf("3. Ton hao cua bo suy hao hoac cac vat chan\n"); printf("4. Ton hao khi quyen \n"); printf("5. Tong ton hao \n"); printf("s. Exit\n"); printf("Select: \n"); switch( getch()) { case '1' : free_space_lose(); break; case '2' : feeder_lose(); break; case '3' : vatchan(); break; case '4' : khiquyen();break; case '5' : total();break; } if(getche() == '6') break ; } } void gain() //do loi { double D,n; clrscr(); printf("\t\tTinh Toan Do Loi\n"); printf("Cho biet cong suat may phat(dBm): "); scanf("%lf",&pt); printf("Cho biet duong kinh anten (m): "); scanf("%lf",&D); printf("Cho biet goc mo hieu dung: "); scanf("%lf",&n); printf("Cho biet nguong thu ung voi BER = 10^-3 (dB): "); scanf("%lf",&RXa); printf("Cho biet nguong thu ung voi BER = 10^-6 (dB): "); scanf("%lf",&RXb); G = 20 * log10(D) - 20*log10(lamda) + 10 * log10(n) + 9.943; G1 = pt; Gt = 2*G + G1 ; A1 = A - Gt; pr = pt -A1; FMa = pr -RXa; FMb = pr - RXb; clrscr(); printf("\n"); printf("Do loi cua anten: %.3lf dB\n",G); printf("Do loi may phat: %.3lf dB\n",G1); printf("Tong do loi: %.3lf dB\n", Gt); printf("Tong ton hao: %.3lf dB\n", A1);
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printf("Muc dau vao cua may thu: %.3lf dBm\n", pr); printf("Do du tru fading phang FMa: %.3lf dB,voi BER = 10^-3\n", FMa); printf("Do du tru fading phang FMb: %.3lf dB,voi BER = 10^-6\n", FMb); getch(); } void fading() //gom xac suat fading nhiue tia, xs tai cac nguong, thoi gian fading { double a,c, alpha,beta,c2; double gamma,M,nuy,K,t; clrscr(); printf("Cho biet he so cai tien dac trung cho dia hinh a (0.25 - 4): "); scanf("%lf",&a); printf("Cho biet he so dia hinh C: \n"); printf(" 1. 1 cho dia hinh trung binh co khi hau on doi\n"); printf(" 2. 4 cho dia hinh tren mat nuoc bo bien hay khi hau am uot\n"); printf(" 3. 0.25 cho dia hinh mien nui va khi hau kho\n"); switch (getch()) { case '1' : c = 1;printf("C=1"); break; case '2' : c = 4;printf("C=4"); break; case '3' : c = 0.25;printf("C=0.25"); break; default : c=1; } printf("\nCho biet alpha2: "); scanf("%lf",&alpha); printf("Cho biet beta2: "); scanf("%lf",&beta); printf("Cho biet c2: "); scanf("%lf",&c2); printf("Cho biet toc do bit cuc dai gama b (MBit/s): ");scanf("%lf",&gamma); printf("Cho biet so muc trong so do dieu che M : "); scanf("%lf",&M); printf("Cho biet dang dieu che :\n"); printf("1. QAM 64\n"); printf("2. QAM 16\n"); printf("3. PSK 8\n"); printf("4. PSK 4\n"); switch( getch()) { case '1' : printf("Ban chon QAM 64\n"); K = 15.4; break; case '2' : printf("Ban chon QAM 16\n");K = 5.5; break; case '3' : printf("Ban chon PSK 8\n");K = 7; break;
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luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So case '4' : printf("Ban chon PSK 4\n");K = 1; break; default : printf("Ban chon khong dung!\nMac nhieu la QAM 64!");K = 15.4; } clrscr();
Thiet Ke
po=0.3*a*c*(f/4)*pow( (d/50),3); pa = pow(10,(-FMa/10)); pb = pow(10,(-FMb/10)); Ta = c2*pow(10,( (-alpha)* FMa)/10)*pow(f,beta); Tb = c2*pow(10,( (-alpha)* FMb)/10)*pow(f,beta); Za = 0.548*log(10/Ta); Zb = 0.548*log(10/Tb); Za = arround(Za); Zb = arround(Zb); if(Za>mem || Zb>mem) { printf("So lieu ngoai bang tra!"); delay(500); exit(1);} p10 = 0.5*erfc_fun(Za); p60 = 0.5*erfc_fun(Zb); if(po>10) nuy =1; if(0.1<po && po<2) nuy =0.182*pow(po,0.1); if(po<0.01) nuy =1.44*po; t= pow( 2 * pow(d,1.5) * (gamma / ( log10(M)/log10(2) )) * pow(10,-6),2); giandoan = 200*nuy*K*t; tong_giandoan = giandoan + po*pa; printf("Xac suat fading nhieu tia la: %.8lf\n", po); printf("Xac suat dat cac nguong RXa: %.8lf\n",pa); printf("Xac suat dat cac nguong RXb: %.8lf\n",pb); printf("Khoang thoi gian fading voi BER > 10^-3: %.8lf\n",Ta); printf("Khoang thoi gian fading voi BER > 10^-6: %.8lf\n",Tb); printf("\nXac suat fading dai hon 10s: %.8lf",p10); printf("\nXac suat fading dai hon 60s: %.8lf",p60); printf("\n Xac suat BER vuot 10^-3: %.8lf", pa*po); printf("\n Xac suat BER vuot 10^-6: %.8lf", pb*po); printf("\nDo kha dung cua tuyen: %.8lf %",(1po*pa*p10)*100); printf("\n Xac suat BER vuot 10^-6 trong khoang 60s: %.8lf", pa*p10); printf("\nXac suat mach tro nen khong su dung duoc: %.8lf",po*pa*p10); printf("\nXac suat BER > 10^-6 trong khoang 60s: %.8lf",po*p60);
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printf("\nThoi gian gian doan thong tin do fading: %.8lf %",giandoan); printf("\nTong gian doan thong tin trong BER > 10^-3: %.8lf %",tong_giandoan); printf("\nXac suat BER > 10^-6 do fading lua chon: %.8lf",9.82*giandoan); printf("\nTong BER > 10^-6: %.8lf", 9.828*giandoan + po*pb); getch(); } void khadung() { double MTTR,MTBF,tong; printf("Cho biet MTTR: "); scanf("%lf",&MTTR); printf("Cho biet MTBF: "); scanf("%lf",&MTBF); khongkhadung =100*(MTTR/(MTBF+MTTR)); tong = 100* po*pa*p10 + 100*p10*giandoan +khongkhadung; printf("Do khong kha dung la: %.3lf %\n",khongkhadung); printf("Do khong su dung duoc do fading phang nhieu tia: %.3lf %\n",100*po*pa*p10); printf("Do khong su dung duoc do fading nhieu tia lua chon: %.3lf %\n",100*p10*giandoan); printf("Tong do khong su dung duoc la: %.3lf %",tong); getch(); } int menu() { clrscr(); printf("\n\nTINH CAC THONG SO TON HAO DUONG TRUYEN\n"); printf("1. Ton that tuyen \n"); printf("2. Do loi\n"); printf("3. Cac hieu ung fading phang\n"); printf("4. tinh toan kha nang su dung\n"); printf("5. Exit\n"); printf("Select:\n"); switch(getch()) { case '1' : line_lose(); return 1; case '2' : gain(); return 1; case '3' : fading(); return 1; case '4' : khadung(); return 1; case '5' : return 0; default : return 1;
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luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So } }
Thiet Ke
void main() { int k; textcolor(BLUE); textbackground(WHITE); clrscr(); printf("\t\tCHUONG TRINH TINH TOAN CAC THONG SO DUONG TRUYEN"); nhap_bien(); while(1) { k= menu(); if(k==0) break; } }
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luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So VIBA.H #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> #include <math.h>
Thiet Ke
double erfd[260]={0.000,0.005,0.010,0.015,0.020,0.025 , 0.030,0.035,0.040,0.045,0.050,0.055,0.060,0.065,0. 070,0.075,0.080,0.085,0.090,0.095,0.100,0.105,0.11 0,0.115,0.120,0.125,0.130,0.135,0.140,0.145,0.150, 0.155,0.160,0.165,0.170,0.175,0.180,0.185,0.190,0. 195,0.200,0.205,0.210,0.215,0.220,0.225,0.230,0.23 5,0.240,0.245,0.250,0.255,0.260,0.265,0.270,0.275, 0.280,0.285,0.290,0.295,0.300,0.305,0.310,0.315,0. 320,0.325,0.330,0.335,0.340,0.345,0.350,0.355,0.36 0,0.365,0.370,0.375,0.380,0.385,0.390,0.395,0.400, 0.405,0.410,0.415,0.420,0.425,0.430,0.435,0.440,0. 445,0.450,0.455,0.460,0.465,0.470,0.475,0.480,0.48 5,0.490,0.495,0.500,0.505,0.510,0.515,0.520,0.525, 0.530,0.535,0.540,0.545,0.550,0.555,0.560,0.565,0. 570,0.575,0.580,0.585,0.590,0.595,0.600,0.605,0.61 0,0.615,0.620,0.625,0.630,0.635,0.640,0.645,0.650, 0.655,0.660,0.665,0.670,0.675,0.680,0.685,0.690,0. 695,0.700,0.705,0.710,0.715,0.720,0.725,0.730,0.73 5,0.740,0.745,0.750,0.755,0.760,0.765,0.770,0.775, 0.780,0.785,0.790,0.795,0.800,0.805,0.810,0.815,0. 820,0.825,0.830,0.835,0.840,0.845,0.850,0.855,0.86 0,0.865,0.870,0.875,0.880,0.885,0.890,0.895,0.900, 0.905,0.910,0.915,0.920,0.925,0.930,0.935,0.940,0. 945,0.950,0.955,0.960,0.965,0.970,0.975,0.980,0.98 5,0.990,0.995,1.000,1.050,1.100,1.150,1.200,1.250, 1.300,1.350,1.400,1.450,1.500,1.550,1.600,1.650,1. 700,1.750,1.800,1.850,1.900,1.950,2.000,2.050,2.10 0,2.150,2.200,2.250,2.300,2.350,2.400,2.450,2.500, 2.550,2.600,2.650,2.700,2.750,2.800,2.850,2.900,2. 950,3.000,3.050,3.100,3.150,3.200,3.250,3.300,3.35 0,3.400,3.450,3.500,3.550,3.600,3.650,3.700,3.750, 3.800,3.850,3.900,3.950,}; double erfdr[260]= {1.000000,0.994358,0.988717,0.983076,0.977435, 0.971976,0.961590,0.960523,0.954889,0.949257, 0.943628,0.938002,0.932378,0.926759,0.921142, 0.915530,0.909922,0.904318,0.898719,0.893126, 0.887537,0.881954,0.876377,0.870806,0.965242, 0.859684,0.854133,0.848589,0.843053,0.837524, 0.832004,0.826492,0.820988,0.815493,0.810008, 0.804531,0.799064,0.793607,0.788160,0.782723, 0.777297,0.771882,0.766478,0.761085,0.755704,
123
Thiet Ke
0.750335,0.744977,0.739632,0.734300,0.728980, 0.723674,0.718380,0.713100,0.707834,0.702582, 0.697344,0.692120,0.686911,0.681717,0.676537, 0.671730,0.666225,0.661092,0.655975,0.650874, 0.645789,0.640721,0.635670,0.630635,0.625618, 0.615635,0.610607,0.605723,0.600794,0.595883, 0.590990,0.586117,0.581261,0.576425,0.571608, 0.566810,0.562031,0.557272,0.552532,0.547813, 0.543113,0.538434,0.533773,0.529136,0.524518, 0.519921,.510789,0.506255,0.501742,0.479250, 0.492780,0.488332,0.483905,0.479500,0.475117, 0.470756,0.466418,0.462101,0.475807,0.453536, 0.449287,0.445061,0.440857,0.436677,0.432519, 0.428384,0.424273,0.420184,0.411619,0.412077, 0.408059,0.404063,0.400092,0.396144,0.392220, 0.388319,0.384442,0.380589,0.376759,0.372954, 0.369172,0.635414,0.361680,0.357971,0.354285, 0.350623,0.346986,0.343372,0.339783,0.336248, 0.332677,0.329600,0.325667,0.332199,0.318755, 0.315334,0.311939,0.308567,0.305219,0.315896, 0.298597,0.295322,0.292071,0.288844,0.285642, 0.282463,0.279309,0.276178,0.273072,0.269990, 0.266931,0.263897,0.260886,0.257899,0.254936, 0.251996,0.249081,0.246189,0.243321,0.240476, 0.237655,0.234857,0.232083,0.229332,0.226604, 0.223900,0.221218,0.218560,0.215925,0.213313, 0.210723,0.208157,0.205613,0.203092,0.200593, 0.198117,0.195664,0.193232,0.190823,0.188436, 0.186072,0.183729,0.181408,0.179109,0.176832, 0.174576,0.172342,0.179130,0.167938,0.165768, 0.163620,0.161492,0.159385,0.157299,0.137564, 0.119795,0.103876,0.089686,0.077100,0.065992, 0.56238,0.047715,0.040305,0.033895,0.028377, 0.023652,0.019624,0.016210,0.013328,0.010901, 0.0088889,0.0072096,0.0058207,0.0046778,0.0037419, 0.0029795,0.0023614,0.0018629,0.0014627, 0.0011432,0.00088929,0.00068853,0.00053060,0.00040 697,0.00031068,0.00023605,0.00017850,0.00013434,0. 00010062,0.000075017,0.000055658,0.000041100,0.000 030205,0.000022092,0.000016081,0.00000011649,0.000 0083987,0.0000060247,0.0000043040,0.0000030593,0.0 000021637,0.0000015200,0.0000010673,0.0000007437,0 .0000005163,0.0000003563,0.0000002433,0.0000001683 ,0.0000001137,0.000000076,0.0000000527,0.000000035 3,0.0000000227};
124
Thiet Ke
KET LUAN
Qua 9 tuan lam luan an, ay la thi gia tng oi ngan
nhng nhom thc hien a het sc co gang e co the thu thap nhng thong tin va cac van e lien quan en luan an va cuoi cung a hoan thanh ung thi gian quy nh.
Cung qua luan an nhom thc hien a hoc hoi c nhieu

kien thc va kinh nghiem quy bau ve nge nghiep cua mnh trong tng lai. Hieu ro nhng kho khan can phai giai quyet khi bat tay vao nghien cu mot lnh vc khoa hoc mi, can phai bo tr thi gian mot cach hp ly khoa hoc th mi co the hoan thanh.
Noi dung e tai chia lam 3 phan chnh:

Phan I: Ly thuyet thiet ke tuyen. Gom 9 bc c ban. ay la phan ly thuyet nen tang khi thiet ke mot tuyen Viba so. No la mot trong nhng c s e xay dng mot he thong theo yeu cau. Tren c s o ta co the thay c pham chat va o tin cay cua he thong thiet ke co at yeu cau at ra hay khong. Phan II: Thiet ke va tnh toan t uyen truyen dan Viba so thc te. Ap dung cac bc phan II,thiet ke va tnh toan cho mot tuyen cu the. Trong qua trnh tnh toan cac thong so cua ng truyen, em con gap mot so kho khan o la viec nghien cu ve a hnh cung nh tnh chat cua at tai cac tram (do o khong tm c cac thong so mot cach chnh xac ma ch co tnh tng oi). Qua nghien cu em nhan thay rang cong viec tnh toan cac thong so cua ng truyen kha phc tap vi nhng cong thc kha dai co lien quan vi nhau nen de b sai sot neu ngi thc hien khong quen va can than. Chnh v l do tren nen em s dung ngon ng C e ho tr cho viec tnh toan, giup ngi thiet ke co the an tam nhap cac thong so can thiet lam giam i rat nhieu cac cong viec tnh toan phc tap va t sai so. ay la e tai kha mi me oi vi em. Do thi gian va ieu kien con han che vi mot khoi lng cong viec kha ln. V the nhng sai sot la ieu khong the tranh khoi. Trong e tai nay tuyeu thiet ke ch la mot dang c ban cua he thong Viba chuyen tiep ma thoi. He thong khong s dung tram lap cha mang tnh chat quoc te. Chnh v vay e tai nay con co the c phat trien them neu co ieu kien.
125
Thiet Ke
Rat mong c tiep tuc nghien cu ap dung thiet ke cho nhng he thong co qui mo ln. Mot lan na em chan thanh cam n Qu Thay, Co va s hng dan nhiet tnh cua Thay NGUYEN HUY HUNG, cung tat ca cac ban a giup em hoan thanh luan an nay.
PHU LUC
t 0.000 0.020 0.040 0.060 0.080 0.100 0.120 0.140 0.160 0.180 0.200 0.220 0.240 0.260 0.280 0.300 0.320 0.340 0.360 erfc(t) 1.00000 0 0.97743 5 0.95488 89 0.93237 8 0.90992 2 0.88753 7 0.86524 2 0.84305 3 0.82098 8 0.79906 4 0.77729 7 0.75570 4 0.73430 0 0.71310 0 0.69212 0 0.67173 0 0.65087 4 0.63063 5 0.61066 7 Cac gia tr ham loi bu erfc(t) t Erfc(t) t erfc(t) 0.005 0.9943 0.010 0.988717 58 0.025 0.9719 0.030 0.961590 76 0.045 0.9492 0.050 0.943628 57 0.065 0.9267 0.070 0.921142 59 0.085 0.9043 0.090 0.898719 18 0.105 0.8819 0.110 0.876377 54 0.125 0.8596 0.130 0.854133 84 0 0.145 0.8375 0.150 0.832004 24 0.165 0.8154 0.170 0.810008 93 0.185 0.7936 0.190 0.788160 07 0.205 0.7718 0.210 0.766478 82 0.225 0.7503 0.230 0.744977 35 0.245 0.7289 0.250 0.723674 80 0.265 0.7078 0.270 0.702582 34 0.285 0.6869 0.290 0.681717 11 0.305 0.6662 0.310 0.661092 25 0.325 0.6457 0.330 0.640721 89 0.345 0.6256 0.350 0.620618 18 0.365 0.6057 0.370 0.600794 23 t 0.015 0.035 0.055 0.075 0.095 0.115 0.135 0.155 0.175 0.195 0.215 0.235 0.255 0.275 0.295 0.315 0.335 0.355 0.375 erfc(t) 0.9830 76 0.9605 23 0.9380 02 0.9155 30 0.8931 26 0.8708 06 0.8485 89 0.8264 92 0.8045 31 0.7827 23 0.7610 85 0.7396 32 0.7183 80 0.6973 44 0.6765 37 0.6559 75 0.6355 70 0.6256 35 0.5958 83
126
luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So 0.380 0.400 0.420 0.440 0.460 0.480 0.500 0.520 0.540 0.560 0.580 0.600 0.620 0.640 0.660 0.680 0.700 0.720 0.740 0.760 0.780 0.800 0.820 0.840 0.59099 0 0.57160 8 0.55253 2 0.53377 3 0.51534 5 0.47925 0 0.47950 0 0.46210 1 0.44506 1 0.42838 4 0.41207 7 0.39614 4 0.38058 9 0.36541 4 0.35062 3 0.33621 8 0.33219 9 0.30856 7 0.29532 2 0.28246 3 0.26999 0 0.25789 9 0.24618 9 0.23485 7 0.385 0.405 0.425 0.445 0.465 0.485 0.505 0.525 0.545 0.565 0.585 0.605 0.625 0.645 0.665 0.685 0.705 0.725 0.745 0.765 0.785 0.805 0.825 0.845 0.5861 17 0.5668 10 0.5478 13 0.5291 36 0.5107 89 0.4927 80 0.4751 17 0.4578 07 0.4408 57 0.4242 73 0.4080 59 0.3922 20 0.3767 59 0.3616 80 0.3498 6 0.3326 77 0.3187 55 0.3052 19 0.2920 71 0.2793 09 0.2669 31 0.2549 36 0.2433 21 0.2320 83 0.390 0.410 0.430 0.450 0.470 0.490 0.510 0.530 0.550 0.570 0.590 0.610 0.630 0.650 0.670 0.690 0.710 0.730 0.750 0.770 0.790 0.810 0.830 0.850 0.581261 0.562031 0.543113 0.524518 0.506255 0.488332 0.470756 0.453536 0.436677 0.420184 0.404063 0.388319 0.372954 0.357971 0.343372 0.329600 3.153340 0.315896 0.288844 0.276178 0.263897 0.251996 0.240476 0.229332
Thiet Ke 0.395 0.415 0.435 0.455 0.475 0.495 0.515 0.535 0.555 0.575 0.595 0.615 0.635 0.655 0.675 0.695 0.715 0.735 0.755 0.775 0.795 0.815 0.835 0.855 0.5764 25 0.5572 72 0.5384 34 0.5199 21 0.5017 42 0.4839 05 0.4664 18 0.4492 87 0.4325 19 0.4116 19 0.4000 92 0.3844 42 0.3691 72 0.3542 85 0.3397 83 0.3256 67 0.3119 39 0.2985 97 0.2856 42 0.2730 72 0.2608 86 0.2490 81 0.2376 55 0.2266 04
127
luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So 0.860 0.880 0.900 0.920 0.940 0.960 0.980 1.000 1.200 1.400 1.600 1.800 2.000 2.200 2.400 2.600 2.800 3.000 3.200 3.400 3.600 3.800 0.22390 0 0.21331 3 0.20309 2 0.19323 2 0.18372 9 0.17457 6 0.16576 8 0.15729 9 0.08968 6 0.04771 5 0.02365 2 0.01090 1 4.67783 1.86293 6.67784 2.36054 7.50175 2.20925 6.02476 1.52006 3.563-7 7.6-8 0.865 0.885 0.905 0.925 0.945 0.965 0.985 1.050 1.250 1.450 1.650 1.850 2.050 2.250 2.450 2.650 2.850 3.050 3.250 3.450 3.650 3.850 0.2212 18 0.2107 23 0.2005 93 0.1908 23 0.1814 08 0.1723 42 0.1636 20 0.1375 64 0.0771 00 0.0403 05 0.0196 24 8.88893 3.74193 1.46273 5.30604 1.78504 5.56585 1.60815 4.30406 1.06736 2.433-7 5.27-8 0.870 0.890 0.910 0.930 0.950 0.970 0.990 1.100 1.300 1.500 1.700 1.900 2.100 2.300 2.500 2.700 2.900 3.100 3.300 3.500 3.700 3.900 0.218560 0.208157 0.198117 0.188436 0.179109 0.179103 0.161492 0.119795 0.065992 0.033895 0.016210 7.2096-3 2.9795-3 1.1432-3 4.0697-4 1.3434-4 4.1100-5 1.1649-5 3.0593-6 7.437-7 1683-7 3.53-8
Thiet Ke 0.875 0.895 0.915 0.935 0.955 0.975 0.995 1.150 1.350 1.550 1.750 1.950 2.150 2.350 2.550 2.750 2.950 3.150 3.350 3.550 3.750 3.950 0.2159 25 0.2056 13 0.1956 64 0.1860 72 0.1768 32 0.1679 38 0.1593 85 0.1038 76 0.0562 38 0.0283 77 0.0133 28 5.82073 2.36143 8.89294 3.10684 1.00624 3.02055 8.39876 2.16376 5.163-7 1.137-7 2.27-8
128
Thiet Ke
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

1. NHOM CAN BO KY THUAT LOGIC, HE THONG THONG TIN QUANG /VO TUYEN , NHA XUAT BAN THANH NIEN, 1996. 2. NGUYEN PHAM ANH DUNG, VO TUYEN CHUYEN TIEP , NHA XUAT BAN KHOA HOC KY THUAT HA NOI, 1997. 3. BUI THIEN MINH, VI BA SO TAP II, NHA XUAT BAN KHOA HOC KY THUAT HA NOI, 1993 4. PHAM VAN BAY T IEN IEN T TIN HOC ANHVIET, NHA XUAT BAN KHOA HOC KY THUAT, 1998 5. TONG VAN ON ,TRUYEN D LIEU TRNG AI HOC BACH KHOA THANH PHO HO CH MINH, 1993 6. DENNIS RODDY TOHN COOLEN ,ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS ,PIENTICE HALL ,1995 7. MARTINS REDEN ,ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS,1993 8. MICROWARE SYSTEM (SACH VIET TAY) 9. KAMILO FECHER, DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM. PRENTICEHALL OF INDIA, 1987.
129

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luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So

PHAN I LY THUYET THIET KE TUYEN

luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So

luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So

BC 1 NGHIEN CU DUNG LNG OI HOI

He thong phai c thiet ke e cho phep co the ni

luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So

BC 2 CHON BANG TAN SO VO TUYEN S DUNG.

luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So

BC 3 S SAP XEP CAC KENH RF

f-2a f-2a f-2c f-2c f-2b

f-1c f-1 a f-1 c

luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So

+248.9 (F) +249.5 (A)

luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So -248.9 (F) 7 -249.5 (A) 2 4 6 8 1

luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So

luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So

BC 4 QUYET NH TIEU CHUAN THC HIEN

luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So

BC 5 CHON V TR VA TNH TOAN THIET KE TUYEN

luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So

luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So

luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So

luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So

luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So

luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So

luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So

Hnh 2-5-8:Song phan xa at

luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So

luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So 2Ka h2 h1 d 2 = -( + ) 2Ka

luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So

luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So

luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So Pr S02 S / N = 10Log KT fF fm2

S / N = 10LogPr 10 LogKT fF + 20Log

luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So

luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So

luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So

luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So

luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So

luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So

luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So

luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So

luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So

CAC TON HAO

luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So

luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So

luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So

luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So

CAC HIEU NG FADING PHANG

luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So Pb =10 -FMb/10

luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So

CAC TNH TOAN KHA NANG S DUNG

250000 107 10-7 2,8

luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So R=K*R dB/Km

luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So

luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So

luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So

luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So

luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So

luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So

luan an tot nghiep Tuyen Viba So

1200 80% o cao thap 140% o cao thap

120 % o cao thap