BO GIAO DUC VA AO TAO AI HOC QUOC GIA TP.

HCM TRNG AI HOC S PHAM KY THUAT KHOA IEN IEN T BO MON IEN T

LUAN VAN TOT NGHIEP

E TAI:

MACH T ONG GHI VA TRA LI IEN THOAI

Sinh vien thc hien TRAN NGOC MINH Lp 95 K PHAM HONG LIEN

Giao vien hng dan :

TP. HO CH MINH 3 - 2000

ai Hoc Quoc Gia Trng ai Hoc S Pham Ky Thuat Thanh Pho Ho Ch Minh ---o0o---

Cong Hoa Xa Hoi Chu Ngha Viet Nam oc Lap T Do Hanh Phuc ---o0o---

KHOA IEN BO MON IEN IEN T

NHIEM VU LUAN VAN TOT NGHIEP

Ho va ten: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... Lp: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ Nghanh: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ Khoa: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ 1- au e luan van: ................................ ........... ................................ ........... 2- C s ban au: ................................ ........... ................................ ........... 3- Noi dung cac phan thuyet minh: ................................ ........... ................................ ........... ................................ ........... 4- Cac ban ve o th: ................................ ........... ................................ ........... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ...............

5- Can bo hng dan: ............................................... ........... ............................................... ........... 6- Ngay giao nhiem vu: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............. 7Ngay hoan thanh nhiem vu: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thong qua bo mon Ngay . . . . thang . . . . nam 2000 Can bo hng dan Chu nhiem bo mon
( Ky ten ( Ky ten va ghi ro ho ten ) va ghi ro ho ten )

NHAN XET CUA GIAO VIEN HNG DAN

NHAN XET CUA GIAO VIEN PHAN BIEN

Li cam ta
Co le khong mot ai co the quen c nhng mai trng ma mnh a i qua trong mot thi th au cho en luc trng thanh. C sau moi chang ng i qua, chung em lai thay mnh ln len, vng vang hn trong kien thc va nang lc. Chang ng va i qua la chang ng vi 5 nam dai ay gay go va th thach di mai Trng ai hoc S pham Ky Thuat. Ni ay a khong ch n gian cung cap cho chung em nhng kien thc khoa hoc ky thuat ma quy hn ca la a nhom trong chung em ngon la yeu khoa hoc va ren luyen cho chung em mot ngh lc vng vang e lam hanh trang bc vao i. Xin cam n nhng mai trng ma em a i qua suot thi nien thieu. Em se ghi nh mai cong n cua tat ca thay co a du dat em t nhng buoi hoc v long en nay. Knh li cam n khoa ien cung cac thay co cua khoa, a danh nhieu tnh cam tot ep oi vi chung em va tao moi ieu kien thuan li e chung em hoc tap tot. Gi en co PHAM HONG LIEN li ghi n vo van, ngi a trc tiep theo sat, tan tnh hng dan em trong suot qua trnh lam luan van. Ben canh o gia nh con la nguon ong lc to ln ve tinh than lan vat chat giup cho chung em bc i tren con ng ma chung em a chon. Xin chan thanh cam n Cha, Me va ch Hai a het sc ong vien va giup em ve moi mat trong suot qua trnh hoc tap. Sau cung la li cam n chan thanh ve s giup va nhng y kien ong gop cua cac ban cung lp trong suot qua trnh lam e tai.
TRAN NGOC MINH

Li m au
T gia nhng nam 80 en nay cong nghe che tao linh kien ban dan co nhng phat trien am net e ho tr cho s phat trien cua cong nghe thong tin, va s t ong hoa trong cong nghiep, Vi o tch hp ngay cang cao, cong suat tieu tan be hn, thong minh hn no a lam thay oi han cau truc cua nen cong nghiep hien tai. Bc vao au the ky 21 ky thuat ien t_vi ien t se la Chiec cha khoa ky thuat cho cac nc tren the gii bc vao ky nguyen mi_ ky nguyen cua cong nghe thong tin.

Tuy ch mi tham nhap vao nc ta nhng cong nghe thong tin a phat trien rat nhanh va ngay cang gi vai tro quan trong trong nen cong nghiep nc nha. He thong vien thong, dch vu khach hang, thong tin di ong, nhan tin cang phat trien vi tnh hien ai va t ong hoa ngay cang cao. Trong quyen luan van nay em muon trnh bay loai Mach T ong Ghi Va Tra Li ien Thoai, ay la loai mach co rat nhieu ng dung trong thc te va a c cac hang ien t ln san xuat va tung ra th trng. Do kien thc con non kem, kinh nghiem t oi va thi gian co han, chac chan rang tap luan van nay t nhieu khong the tranh khoi thieu sot, knh mong qu thay co va ban be vui long bo qua va ong gop y kien e tap luan van ngay cang hoan thien hn. Cuoi cung em xin chan thanh cam n co Pham Hong Lien_ ngi a nhiet tnh hng dan va giup em trong suot thi gian lam e tai e luan van cua em c hoan thanh vi thi gian sm nhat va hoan chnh nhat. Xin cam n tat ca cac ban cung lp a ong gop y kien va tai lieu e cho tap luan van c hoan tat.

Ngay 22 thang 02 nam 2000 Sinh vien thc hien: Tran Ngoc Minh

Tp Ho Ch Minh

Nhiem vu luan van tot nghiep Nhan xet cua giao vien hng dan Nhan xet cua giao vien phan bien Li cam n Li noi au Dan nhap

MUC LUC
CHNG I : TONG AI IEN T
I. II. S LC LCH S PHAT TRIEN TONG AI GII THIEU 1. nh Ngha 2. Phan Loai III. S O KHOI TONG AI IEN THOAI 1. Khoi Chuyen Mach 2. Khoi Bao Hieu 3. Khoi ieu Khien 4. Ngoai Vi Thue Bao Va Trung Ke
CAC KY THUAT CHUYEN MACH IEN T BAO HIEU TRONG TONG AI

1. Gii Thieu Chung 2. Cac He Thong Bao Hieu 3. Vai Tro Cua He Thong Bao Hieu Kenh Chung So 7
NGUYEN LY HOAT ONG CUA TONG AI

CHNG II : KHAI QUAT CHUNG VE MAY IEN THOAI

I. II. NGUYEN TAC CAU TAO MAY IEN THOAI CHC NANG TONG QUAT CUA MAY IEN THOAI

III. PHAN LOAI CAC KIEU IEN THOAI 1. Phan Loai Theo Phng Thc Tiep Day 2. Phan Loai Theo Tnh Nang S Dung IV. YEU CAU VE MACH IEN MAY IEN THOAI

CHNG III : MANG IEN THOAI

I. II. MANG PHAN CAP VA MANG CHUYEN MACH CAC AC TNH TRUYEN CUA MANG IEN THOAI 1. Tieng Doi. 2. Dai Thong. 3. Cac Cuon Phu Tai 4. Suy Hao Tn Hieu, Cac Mc Cong Suat Va Nhieu. III. VONG NOI BO VA TN HIEU BAO

CHNG IV : GII THIEU LINH KIEN

I. II. OPTO 4N35 VI MACH THUAT TOAN TL082

III. IC LM567 IV. IC GHI PHAT NG AM V. IC LM555

CHNG V : THIET KE CHI TIET

I. II. S O KHOI TONG QUAT MACH GIAO TIEP NG DAY

III. MACH EM HOI CHUONG IV. MACH CONTROL RELAY V. MACH HYBRID VA MACH LOC

VI. MACH BUSY TONE VII. MACH TAO TAI GIA VIII. MACH PHAT TIENG NOI IX. MACH NH THI

KET LUAN

CHNG I: TONG AI IEN T

I. S LC LCH S PHAT TRIEN TONG AI: Nam 1876 viec truyen tieng noi qua khoang cach xa bang si cap ong tr thanh hien thc khi Alexander Graham Bell phat minh ra may ien thoai. He thong tong ai nhan cong c goi la tong ai c ien c xay dng New Haven cua My nam 1878 la tong ai thng mai au tien tren the gii. e ap ng nhu cau ngay cang tang ve cac dch vu ien thoai mot cach thoa ang, he thong tong ai t ong c A.B Strowger cua My phat minh nam 1889. Phien ban cai tien mo hnh nay goi la he thong tong ai kieu Strowger tr thanh pho bien vao cac nam 20, trong he thong Strowger, cac cuoc goi c ket noi lien tiep tuy theo cac so ien thoai trong he thap phan va do o c goi la he thong tng nac. Sau chien tranh the gii lan th II, nhu cau ve cac tong ai co kha nang x l cac cuoc goi t ong nhanh chong tang len. e phat trien loai he thong tong ai nay yeu cau phai co s tiep can mi hoan toan, do can phai giai quyet cac van e phc tap ve tnh cc va oi vi viec xuat hien mot cuoc goi mi oi hoi phai x ly nhieu tien trnh. He tong ai vi cac thanh ngang doc c ra i. He tong ai vi cac thanh ngang doc c ac trng bi viec tach biet hoan toan chuyen mach cuoc goi va cac mach ieu khien. oi vi chuyen mach ngang doc, loai thanh ngang doc kieu m ong c s dung, bang cach s dung loai chuyen mach nay co mot bo phan m ong co s dung r-le ien t. Chat lung cua cuoc goi c cai thien rat nhieu. Ngoai ra ngi ta con s dung mot he dieu khien chung e ieu khien ong thi mot so trng chuyen mach. khi o la cac xung quay so c lu tr vao cac mach nh va sau o bang mot thuat toan c xac nh trc, cac thong tin

a ch thue bao b goi se c phan tch e la chon, thiet lap tuyen noi ti thue bao b goi. Nam 1965 tong ai ien t co dung lung ln c goi la ESS No.1 c lap at va a vao khai thac thanh cong My. T o m ra mot k nguyen mi cho he thong tong ai ien t. He thong ESS No.1 la mot he tong ai s dung cac mach ien t, bao gom cac vi mach x l va cac bo nh e lu tr chng trnh cho qua trnh x l cuoc goi va khai thac bao dng. Nh o a tang c toc o x l cuoc goi, dung lng tong ai c tang len ang ke. Ngoai ra he tng ai ien t con tao c nhieu dch vu mi cung cap cho ngi s dung, ong thi e van hanh va bao dng tot hn, tong ai nay c trang b chc nang t chan oan. Tam quan trong cua viec trao oi thong tin va so lieu mot cach kp thi co hieu qua ang tr nen quan trong hn khi xa hoi tien en the k th 21. e ap ng mot pham vi rong cac nhu cau cua con ngi song trong giai oan au cua k nguyen thong tin, cac dch vu mi nh dch vu truyen so lieu, dch vu truyen hnh bao gom ca dch vu ien thoai truyen hnh, cac dch vu thong tin di ong ang c phat trien va thc hien. Nham thc hien co ket qua cac dch vu nay, IDN (mang so tch hp) co kha nang ket hp cong nghe chuyen mach va truyen dan thong tin qua qua trnh x l so la mot ieu kien tien quyet. Ngoai ra viec ieu che xung ma PCM c dung trong cac he thong truyen dan a c ap dung cho cac he thong chuyen mach e thc hien viec chuyen mach so. Da vao cong nghe PCM, mot mang a dch vu so (ISDN) co the x l nhieu luong vi cac dch vu khac nhau ang c phat trien hien nay. II. GII THIEU: 1 nh ngha: Tong ai la mot he thong chuyen mach, no co nhiem vu ket noi cac cuoc lien lac t

thiet b au cuoi chu goi (calling side) en thiet b au cuoi b goi (called side). 2 Phan loai : 2.1 Tong ai nhan cong: Tong ai nhan cong ra i t khi mi bat au hnh thanh he thong thong tin ien thoai. Trong tong ai nay, viec nh hng thong tin c thc hien bi sc ngi. Noi cach khac viec ket noi thong thoai cho cac thue bao c thc hien bi cac thao tac trc tiep cua con ngi. Ngi thc hien cac thao tac nay c goi la ien thoai vien. Nhiem vu cua ien thoai vien trong tong ai nay bao gom: - Nhan biet nhu cau cua thue bao goi bang cac tn hieu en bao hoac chuong keu, ong thi nh v c thue bao goi. - Trc tiep hoi thue bao goi xem co nhu cau thong thoai vi thue bao b goi nao. - Trc tiep cap chuong cho thue bao b goi bang cach ong bo chuyen mach cung cap dong ien AC en thue bao b goi neu thue bao nay khong ban. - Trong trng hp thue bao b goi ban, ien thoai vien se tra li cho thue bao goi biet. - Khi thue bao b goi nghe c am hieu chuong va nhac may, ien thoai vien nhan biet ieu nay va ngat dong chuong, ket noi hai thue bao cho phep am thoai. - Neu mot trong hai thue bao gac may (the hien qua en hoac chuong), ien thoai vien nhan biet ieu nay va tien hanh giai toa cuoc goi, bao cho thue bao con lai biet cuoc am thoai a cham dt. Nh vay nhng tong ai nhan cong au tien, cac cuoc am thoai eu c thiet lap bi ien thoai vien noi day bang phch cam hay khoa di chuyen. Tai tong ai phai co mot may ien thoai va cac nguon ien DC, AC e cung cap cho cuoc am thoai, o chuong.

Nhc iem cua tong ai nhan cong: - Thi gian ket noi lau. - De b nham lan do thao tac bang tay. - Vi dung lng ln, ket cau thiet b tong ai phc tap nen can co nhieu ien thoai vien lam viec cung mot luc mi am bao thong thoai cho cac thue bao mot cach lien tuc. 2.2/ Tong ai t ong: Cung vi s tien bo cua khoa hoc ky thuat, nhat la ky thuat ien t, tong ai ien thoai a chuyen sang mot phng thc hoat ong hoan toan mi, phng thc ket noi thong thoai t ong. 2.3/ Tong ai c ien: Ky thuat chuyen mach chu yeu nh vao cac chuyen mach bang c kh c ieu khien bang cac mach ien t. Trong tong ai c ien viec nhan dang thue bao goi, xac nh thue bao b goi, cap cac am hieu, ket noi thong thoai eu c thc hien mot cach t ong nh vao cac mach ieu khien bang ien t cung vi cac bo thao tac chuyen mach bang c kh. So vi tong ai nhan cong, tong ai c ien co cac u iem ln sau: - Thi gian ket noi thong thoai nhanh hn. - Dung lng tong ai co the tang len nhieu. - Giam nhe cong viec cua ien thoai vien. Tuy nhien buoi au ra i no van con ton tai mot so nhc iem: - Thiet b kha cong kenh. - Tieu ton nhieu nang lng. - Gia thanh cac bo chuyen oi bang c kh kha cao, tuoi tho kem. - ieu khien ket noi phc tap.

Cac nhc iem cang the hien ro khi dung lng tong ai cang ln. 2.4/ Tong ai ien t: Cung vi s phat trien cua linh kien ban dan, cac thiet b ngay cang tr nen thong minh hn, gia thanh ngay cang giam. No lan lt thay the phan c kh con lai cua tong ai c ien. Viec thay the nay lam cho tong ai gon nhe rat nhieu, thi gian ket noi thong thoai nhanh hn, nang lng tieu tan t hn. Dung lng tong ai tang len ang ke. Cong tac sa cha bao tr, phat hien h hong cung de dang hn. Chnh v vay tong ai ien t hien nay a hau nh thay the hoan toan tong ai nhan cong va tong ai c ien tren the gii. Hien nay tren mang vien thong Viet Nam co 5 loai tong ai sau : - Tong ai c quan PABX: c s dung trong cac c quan, khach san va thng s dung trung ke CO-Line(central office). - Tong ai nong thon (Rural Exchange): c s dung cac xa, khu dan c ong, ch va co the s dung tat ca cac loai trung ke. - Tong ai noi hat LE (Local Exchange): c at trung tam huyen tnh va s dung tat ca cac loai trung ke. - Tong ai ng dai TE (Toll Exchange): dung e ket noi cac tong ai noi hat cac tnh vi nhau, chuyen mach cac cuoc goi ng dai trong nc. - Tong ai ca ngo quoc te (Gateway Exchange): tong ai nay dung e chon hng va chuyen mach cac cuoc goi vao mang quoc te e noi cac quoc gia vi nhau, co the chuyen tai cuoc goi qua giang.

III S O KHOI TONG AI IEN THOAI:

Giao tiep thue bao trung ke Cac Cac ng thue trung ke ng bao
Chuyen mach

Giao tiep

Bao hieu thue bao ieu khien

Bao hieu trung ke

1 Khoi chuyen mach: 1.1/ Chc nang: Chc nang chu yeu cua khoi nay la thc hien thiet lap tuyen noi gia mot au vao bat k vi mot au ra bat k. oi vi he thong chuyen mach so, e thiet lap tuyen am thoai gia hai thue bao can phai thiet lap tuyen noi cho ca 2 hng: i va ve. 1.2/ Yeu cau: Khoi chuyen mach phai am bao c kha nang au noi gia mot au vao bat k vi mot au ra bat k, noi cach khac khoi chuyen mach phai co o tiep thong hoan toan (chuyen mach khong vng non blocking). 1.3/ Cau tao:

Bao gom chuyen mach ien c (chuyen mach tng nac, chuyen mach ngang doc), chuyen mach ien t analog, digital. Trong tong ai so trng chuyen mach so la trng chuyen mach ma tn hieu chuyen mach qua o dang so (digital). Trng chuyen mach so co cac cau truc khac nhau tuy theo dung lng tong ai va cac nha san xuat tong ai ma cac trng chuyen mach co cac loai cau truc khac nhau. 2 Khoi bao hieu: 2.1/ Chc nang: Thc hien viec trao oi thong tin bao hieu thue bao, thong tin bao hieu ng trung ke lien ai e phuc vu cho qua trnh thiet lap, giai phong cac cuoc goi. Cac thong tin nay c trao oi vi cac he thong ieu khien e thc hien qua trnh x ly cuoc goi (qua trnh tm chon va thiet lap, giai phong tuyen noi cho cuoc goi). + Bao hieu thue bao tong ai Bao gom nhng thong tin ac trng bao hieu cho cac trang thai: nhac to hp hook off at to hp hook on thue bao phat xung thap phan thue bao phat xung a tan DTMF thue bao an phm Flash (chap nha nhanh phm to hp) + Bao hieu tong ai thue bao o la cac thong tin bao hieu ve cac am bao nh sau: am mi quay so am bao ban am bao tac nghen hoi am chuong xung tnh cc 12 Khz, 16 Khz t tong ai a ti ngoai ra con co cac bang tin thong bao khac va dong ien

chuong 25Hz, 75V-90V t tong ai a ti thue bao khi thue bao b goi. Bao hieu trung ke: la qua trnh trao oi thong tin ve cac ng trung ke (roi, ban, thong tin a ch, thong tin cc, ) gia hai hoac nhieu tong ai vi nhau. Trong mang hp nhat IDN co 2 phng phap bao hieu trung ke c s dung: Bao hieu kenh rieng CAS Bao hieu kenh chung CCS 2.2/ Yeu cau: He thong bao hieu cua tong ai phai co kha nang tng thch vi cac he thong bao hieu cua cac tong ai khac nhau trong mang vien thong thong nhat, thuan tien cho s dung, de dang thay oi theo yeu cau cua mang li. 3 Khoi ieu Khien: 3.1/ Chc nang: Phan tch x l cac thong tin t khoi bao hieu a ti e thiet lap hoac giai phong cuoc goi. Cac cuoc goi co the la cuoc goi noi hat, cuoc goi ra, cuoc goi vao, cuoc goi chuyen tiep Thc hien tnh cc cho cac cuoc goi, thc hien chc nang giao tiep ngimay, cap nhat d lieu. Ngoai ra khoi ieu khien con co chc nang thuoc ve khai thac bao dng he thong e am bao cho he thong hoat ong tin cay. 3.2/ Yeu cau: Co o tin cay cao, co kha nang phat hien va nh v h hong nhanh chong, chnh xac, thu tuc khai thac bao dng linh hoat, thuan tien cho ngi s dung, kha nang phat trien dung lng thuan tien 3.3/ Cau truc:

Bao gom tap hp cac bo x ly, bo nh (c s d lieu), cac thiet b ngoai vi: bang t, a cng, man hnh, may in he thong ieu khien co cau truc tap trung, phan tan va cau truc ieu khien gia cau truc tap trung va phan tan. Cac thiet b ieu khien phai c trang b d phong e am bao o tin cay he thong. 4 Ngoai Vi Thue Bao, Trung Ke: 4.1/ Chc nang: Thc hien chc nang giao tiep gia cac ng day thue bao, cac ng trung ke vi khoi chuyen mach. Thue bao c trang b co the la thue bao Analog, Digital tuy theo cau truc mang tong ai. Trung ke c trang b co the la trung ke Analog, Digital. 4.2/ Yeu cau : Co kha nang au noi cac loai thue bao, trung ke khac nhau: nh thue bao analog thong thng, thue bao so ng trung ke analog, ng trung ke digital co trang b cac thiet b phu tr e phuc vu cho qua trng x ly cuoc goi (tao cac loai am bao, thu phat xung, ban tin thong bao, o th) 4.3/ Cau truc: Ngoai vi thue bao thng co cau truc la bo tap trung thue bao e thc hiem tap trung lu lng tren cac ng day thue bao thanh mot so t ng PCM noi bo co mat o lu thoai rat nhieu e a ti trng chuyen mach thc hien ieu khien oi noi thiet lap tuyen am thoai (oi vi cuoc goi ra). Ngoai vi trung ke thc hien s phoi hp ve toc o, pha, to chc cac kenh thoai tren tuyen PCM gia ng PCM au noi lien ai va ng PCM au noi noi bo trong tong ai.

IV CAC KY THUAT CHUYEN MACH IEN T:

1 Cac Ky Thuat Chuyen Mach: 1.1 Chuyen mach theo phng phap ket noi khong gian (space switch): Chuyen mach khong gian thng c s dung cho chuyen mach tng t. Ngoai ra con c s dung ket hp vi chuyen mach thi gian trong cac he chuyen mach TST, STS, TSTS Cau tao chung cua chuyen mach khong gian la cac ma tran tiep iem N au vao va M au ra. Moi au vao bat k trong cac au vao co the c noi vi bat k au ra nao trong M au ra. Co 2 loai chuyen mach khong gian la: chuyen mach khong gian tiep thong hoan toan (non-blocking) va chuyen mach khong gian tiep thong khong hoan toan (blocking). Chuyen mach tiep thong hoan toan:
M 100% N

1 1 2 3 . . . N

3 ..

M=N So au vao N va so au ra M bang nhau. Nh vay tai mot thi iem au vao bat k se co t nhat mot tiep iem noi vi au ra bat k. Kha nang thong thoai la 100%. Chuyen mach tiep thong khong hoan toan: So au vao N ln hn so au ra M. kha nang ket noi au vao vi au ra la:

1 1 2 3 >M . . . N

3 . . .

 Chuyen mach nhieu tang : He thong chuyen mach mot tang dung ma tran tiep iem vuong hay ch nhat co nhc iem la: khi muon ket noi mot thue bao vi mot am hieu hay mot thue bao khac th phai ong mot tiep duy nhat tng ng. Do o neu tiep iem nay hong th thue bao o se b co lap. Hn na so tiep iem tang theo luy tha bac 2 vi so thue bao nen phan cng cua tong ai se phc tap va khong co tnh kinh te khi tong ai co dung lng ln. e giam so tiep iem trong khi van can phai tang dung lng thue bao, ngi ta dung phng phap chuyen mach nhieu tang. N au vao c chia thanh N/n nhom, moi nhom gom n kenh. Cac nhom nay la ma tran cap th nhat. Cac au ra cua no thanh au vao cac ma tran cap th hai va c nh vay cuoi cung co N ln au ra. Cac thiet b noi au vao cua no vi cap 1, au ra vi cap cuoi cung. Hnh sau ay minh hoa chuyen mach 3 tang. 1 1 N au nj N vao au ra 1 1
n k k n n k k n

nj

n k

k n

nj 1

nj 1 nj nj

Co k ma tran cap 2. Moi ma tran cap 1co N au vao va k au ra noi vao ma tran cap 2. Moi ma tran cap 2 co = N/ n au vao va au ra noi vi tat ca cac ma tran cap 1 va 3. Tong so tiep iem cua he thong chuyen mach: NX = 2Nk + k(N / n )2 Gia s muon thiet lap ng noi t a en b, trng hp xau nhat la (n-1) au vao va(n-1) au ra cua cap gia ang dung. Nh vay co (2n2) bo chuyen mach cua tang trung tam khong cho phep i t a en b. neu co them mot bo chuyen mach tang trung tam th viec ngen se khong xay ra. Ngha la tong so ma tran tang gia e tac ngen khong xay ra la: k=(2n-2) + 1 =2n-1 vi k toi thieu e khong tac nghen tren ta co: NX = 2N(2n-1) + (2n-1)(N/ n)2 Xac nh n e NX at gia tr cc tieu. Lay ao ham bac nhat cua NX theo n roi cho bang 0 ta tm c gia tr n: n = (N/ n)1/2 Vay gia tr cc tieu cua NX la: NXMIN = 4n[(2N) 1/2 1] La cac gia tr toi u khi phan chia so ng thue bao trong moi nhom va so tiep iem toi thieu e thoa man non-blocking. Ta nhan thay so tiep iem tang theo t le so mu 3/2 so vi mc tang dung lng cua tong ai, ieu nay lam giam so tiep iem ang ke trong qua trnh thiet ke cac tong ai co dung lng ln va cc ln, c minh hoa trong bang sau :

So ng noi iem CM n tan 128 512 3048 8912

So tiep iem CM 3 tang 7680 63488 516096 4.2*106

So tiep 16384 622144 4.2*106 6.7*107

 u va khuyet iem cua chuyen mach khong gian: Mang chuyen mach khong gian la 1 loai chuyen mach au tien trong ky thuat chuyen mach. The he th 1 la viec ieu khien ket noi cac ma tran chuyen mach thc hien bi con ngi. Vi s phat trien cua ky thuat ien t cac tong ai nay dan dan c ien t hoa. u iem cua phbg thc ket noi nay la ket cau n gian, chat lng thong thoai cao v tn hieu c truyen trc tiep ma khong i qua mot phng thc ieu che nao ca. Tuy nhien chuyen mach khong gian ngay nay t c s dung do cac nguyen nhan sau: neu dung lng tong ai ln th ket cau rat phc tap, khong the phat trien theo a so hoa cua tn hieu, viec giam gia thanh lien tuc cac linh kien so so vi linh kien analog lam cho tong ai dung chuyen mach so ngay mot phat trien. 1.2/ Chuyen mach theo phng phap phan chia thi gian: Phng thc ghep kenh PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation): e giam bt anh hng cua nhieu tren ng truyen ngi ta tien hanh ri rac hoa tn hieu lien tuc theo thi gian thanh cac xung ri rac. Qua trnh o c goi la qua trnh lay mau tn hieu analog. Theo dnh ly Shannon th tan so lay mau phai ln hn toi thieu 2fmax (vi f la tan so tn hieu lay mau) th mi co kha nang phuc hoi lai dang tn hieu analog ban au. ieu nay cho phep khi truyen tn hieu, khong nhat thiet phai truyen toan bo tn hieu o, ch can truyen nhng gia tr a lay mau t tn hieu. au thu co the phuc hoi lai nguyen dang tn hieu ban au. Khao sat tn hieu thoai, ngi ta nhan thay pho tn hieu thoai phan ln nam trong dai tan t 300 en 3400 Hz. Nh vay ch can tan so lay mau tn hieu thoai f = 2*3.4 = 6.8 KHz la u phuc

hoi lai dang tn hieu ban au au thu. Trong thc te do ap ng cua bo loc trong qua trnh khoi phuc lai dang tn hieu khong c ly tng, nen ngi ta dung tan so lay mau la 8KHz cao hn tan so lay mau tnh toan mot t. Qua trnh lay mau chnh la qua trnh ieu bien xung PAM. Cac xung c tao ra trong qua trnh lay mau c truyen i tren kenh truyen. Nhc iem cua tong ai PAM la tn hieu sau khi phuc hoi se b meo dang so vi tn hieu ban au. Mat khac neu cac khe thi gian khong c nh thi chnh xac se de trung lap nhau gay nen hien tng nhieu xuyen kenh. e tranh hien tng nay th gia 2 kenh can co khoang bao ve. Khi dung lng tang len th khoang bao ve hep lai va hien tng nhieu nay cang de xay ra. Do o ghep kenh PAM khong thch hp vi tong ai co dung lng ln.

Ts : chu k lay mau T1 : thi gian gia 2 mau lien tiep cua cung mot tn hieu

Kenh1 Kenh 2

Kenh N

T2 Ts

Kenh truyen tn hieu PAM T2 : khoang bao ve chong xuyen kenh 1 1 2 2 kenh PAM

N N Nguon Nguon thu PAM Thue bao 1 Thue bao 2 phat

S o ket noi thue bao chuyen mach

Theu bao N

ieu khien

 Phng phap ghep kenh PCM (Pulse Code Modulation): PCM la he thong so co the mo ta nh mot phng phap chuyen oi thong tin tng t thanh so. He thong x ly va bien oi tn hieu tng t thanh PCM da tren 2 nguyen tac ly thuyet sau: - Ly thuyet ve ri rac hoa cua Shannon - Ly thuyet ve tn hieu so nh phan T chuoi xung PAM ngi ta nhan thay khi truyen cac xung nay bien o cac xung se suy giam khong eu nhau do tac ong cua nhieu ngau nhien tren kenh truyen. Do vay e tranh tnh trang nay ngi ta thc hien viec ma hoa bien o cac xung sau khi lay mau bang mot chuoi nh phan roi mi a len kenh truyen. Do quy luat bien oi cua tin tc tn hieu thoai co tnh ngau nhien nen tap cac gia tr xung PAM vo cung ln, e n gian hn va gan ung th cac xung PAM c qua bo lng t hoa (nen han bien). Y ngha quan trong cua bo lng t hoa la gan ung hoa cac xung PAM co bien o xuat hien xung quanh mc chuan PAMo. Vay PAMo = PAM + x, trong o x la lng t sai so. Dang tn hieu c lng t hoa nay a vao bo ma hoa e chuyen o ln bien o cac xung sang dang mot cum bit nh phan (thng la 8 bit goi la mot t ma) bieu dien bien o nay. ay la tn hieu truyen tren kenh truyen PCM. au thu tn hieu c phuc hoi, sa sai va a vao bo giai ma e phuc hoi lai tn hieu thoai. Chuyen mach TSI: Tn hieu t N au phat qua bo don kenh va bien oi A/D c a vao bo nh RAM theo th t o nh noi dung t 1 en N tng ng vi 1 en N thue bao N khe trong khung tren ng truyen. a ch ghi c cung cap bi bo quet a ch tuan t (time slot counter). Khi oc d kieu ra t Ram a ch oc khong con tuan t ma theo mot trnh t do CPU sap at trong qua trnh chuyen mach.

1 1 2 2 N N

A/D

D/A

Bo nh noi dung

Bo em dong bo

Bo nh a ch

Chuyen mach TSI cho phep hoat ong ong bo va song song, n gian nhng so lng thue bao phu thuoc vao toc o truy xuat va kch thc bo nh. De dang tang dung lng thue bao bang cach tang bo nh ma mach khong can thay oi nhieu, tuy nhien luc o o tre se tang. e khac phuc nhc iem cua chuyen mach TSI ngi ta phoi hp chuyen mach thi gian va khong gian. o la cac chuyen mach: Chuyen mach TS (Time Space Switching) : 1
T

1 n
SPACE SWITCH N*N

n 1 n n

Trong chuyen mach TS bo chuyen mach TSI c a vao mot ma tran vuong chuyen mach khong gian. Vi cau hnh chuyen mach nay cho phep tang so lng thue bao rat ln. Tuy nhien nhc iem chuyen mach TS la van e nghen mach khi 2 au vao cua mot nhom noi vi 2 au ra co cung khe thi gian. Chuyen mach TST (Time Space Time): 1 1 n
T T T

n
SPACE SWITCH N*N T

1 n

1 n Vi s o chuyen mach TST ta tranh c trng hp tac nghen nh chuyen mach TS. V. BAO HIEU TRONG TONG AI: 1 Gii Thieu Chung: 1.1/ nh ngha: Trong mang vien thong bao hieu c coi nh la mot phng tien e trao oi thong tin va cac lenh t iem nay en iem khac, cac thong tin va cac lenh nay lien quan en qua trng thiet lap, giam sat va giai phong cuoc goi. 1.2/ Phan loai he thong bao hieu: Thong thng he thong bao hieu c chia lam 2 loai o la: Bao hieu thue bao: la bao hieu gia thiet b au cuoi vi tong ai, thng thiet b au cuoi la may ien thoai.

 Bao hieu trung ke: la qua trnh bao hieu gia cac tong ai vi nhau. Ta co s o tong quan ve he thong bao hieu nh sau:
Bao hieu

Bao hieu thue bao

Bao hieu trung ke

Bao hieu trung ke gom 2 loai : Bao hieu kenh ket hp CAS (bao hieu kenh rieng): la he thong bao hieu ma trong o thong tin bao hieu nam trong kenh thoai hoac trong kenh co lien quan chat che vi kenh thoai. Bao hieu kenh chung CCS : la he thong bao hieu ma trong o thong tin bao hieu nam trong mot keng tach biet vi cac kenh thoai, kenh bao hieu nay c s dung chung e bao hieu cho mot so ln cac kenh thoai. 1.3/ Cac chc nang cua bao hieu: Co the tong quat cac chc nang cua bao hieu nh sau: chc nang giam sat, chc nang tm chon, chc nang khai thac va bao dng mang. Chc nang giam sat: chc nang nay c s dung e nhan biet s thay oi ve trang thai cua ng day thue bao hoac cua trung ke (bao gom cac tn hieu: nhac may chiem, nhac may tra li, trang thai

Bao hieu kenh ket hp CAS

Bao hieu kenh chung-CCS

ng day ban-roi-giai phong). Cac tn hieu giam sat co the dang co dong (khong dong) hoac la cac ma nh phan ac trng cho tng trang thai. Chc nang tm chon: lien quan chat che en qua trnh x ly cuoc goi nh : trao oi cac thong tin a ch, ac tnh thue bao. Trong qua trnh bao hieu, chc nang tm chon phai c thc hien trong mot khoang thi gian xac nh thng c goi la thi gian tre quay so (PDD - Post Delay Dialing), o la khoang thi gian c xac nh t khi thue bao chu goi phat xong cac con so a ch thue bao b goi cho en khi nhan c hoi am chuong, yeu cau thi gian tre PDD cang nho cang tot. Ngoai ra yeu cau oi vi he thong bao hieu ma cu the la chc nang tm chon phai co o tin cay cao, toc o bao hieu nhanh, hieu qua. Chc nang khai thac va bao dng mang : phuc vu cho viec khai thac duy tr s hoat ong cua mang li. Cac tn hieu bao hieu thuoc chc nang nay gom: Nhan biet va trao oi cac thong tin ve trang thai tat nghen cua mang. Thong bao ve trang thai thiet b, ng trung ke. Ton Cung cap cac thong tin tnh cc. Thue bao Thue bao g goi b loi Cung ai cac thong tin vegoi cap trong qua trnh truyen thong tin bao hieu. Tn hieu nhac may 2 Cac He Thong Bao Hieu: 2.1/ Bao hieu so Am mi quay thue bao : Qua trnh thue bao c phan thanh 2 hng theo gian o sau:
Cac thong tin a ch thue bao

Hoi am chuong

Tn hieu chuong Thue bao B nhac may

am thoai at may at may

* Bao hieu thue bao

tong ai:

- Tn hieu nhac may: e thc hien mot cuoc goi, thue bao chu goi nhac may, ong tac nay se tao ra mot tn hieu gi en tong ai (co dong ien mach vong tren ng day thue bao khoang 20 mA) thong bao rang thue bao can thiet lap cuoc goi. - Tn hieu quay so: khi thue bao nghe c am mi quay so (dial tone), thue bao thc hien phat thong tin a ch ti tong ai bang cach quay so hoac an phm so. Cac thong tin a ch co the la xung thap phan hoac xung a tan DTMF. Tai tong ai se co thiet b thu tng ng e thu cac thong tin a ch nay. - Tn hieu Flash: (chap nha nhanh tiep iem to hp): trong qua trnh am thoai thue bao co the s dung mot so dch vu ac biet bang cach an phm Flash, khi o mach vong ng day thue bao se b cat mach trong mot khoang thi gian nhat nh, tong ai xac nhan c trang thai nay biet rang thue bao s dung dch vu ac biet. * Bao hieu tong ai thue bao:

Thong tin bao hieu theo hng t tong ai ti thue bao co mot so loai nh sau: _ Dong chuong 25Hz, 75-90V: dong chuong c cung cap ti thue bao b goi khi goi en e thong bao cho thue bao b goi biet. _ Cac loai am bao: - Am mi quay so: la am lien tuc e thong bao vi thue bao chu goila thue bao chu goi co quyen thiet lap lien lac, luc nay thue bao co the bat au quay so, khi thue bao quay con so au tien tong ai se cat mach ien cap am mi quay so. - Hoi am chuong: e thong bao cho thue bao chu goi biet la thue bao b goi ang o chuong, tong ai phai gi mot loai am bao ac biet goi la hoi am chuong. Khi thue bao b goi nhac may tra li, tong ai se cat mach ien cap hoi am chuong. - Am bao ban: thue bao chu goi se nghe c mot loai am bao o la loai am bao ngat quang theo nhp nhanh, e thong bao rang thue bao b goi ang ban hoac b hong khong co kha nang noi ti c. - Am bao tac nghen: khi thue bao thiet lap cuoc goi ra tren ng day trung ke, neu tong ai khong chiem c mot trung ke roi cho cuoc thi gian o, th tong ai se goi ra Am bao Nhp thiet lap au noi am bao tat nghen ti Tan so thue bao chu goi.
Am mi quay so Hoi am chuong mot so425Hz am 1s 425Hz

Ngoai ra tong ai1s con cung cap cho thue bao 5s bao va ban tin thong bao khac. Tat ca cac loai am bao o eu c so hoa Am lu ban 0.25s 0.25s va baotr trong vi mach EPROM, moi mot am bao 425Hz chiem mot vung nh nhat nh.
Am bao nghen 425Hz Am ch dan 425Hz Am bao ac biet
1800Hz
0.25s 75ms 0.75s

1.5s

2.2/ Bao hieu trung ke lien ai: he thong bao hieu truyen thong, khi thue bao muon thiet lap mot cuoc goi lien ai, tai tong ai chu phai thc hien qua trnh bao hieu vi tong ai b goi (tong ai cha thue bao b goi hay con goi la tong ai ket cuoi). Qua trnh bao hieu o c phan lam tien trnh bao hieu o la: - Bao hieu ng (Line signaling): e trao oi bao hieu ve trung ke, s chiem dung, xac nhan chiem dung va giai toa tuyen noi. - Bao hieu ghi phat (register signaling): e bao hieu ve cac thong tin a ch, cac ac tnh thue bao, cac yeu cau ve phat thong tin a ch, thay oi nhom bao hieu, trang thai thue bao

Thuebao A

Tong ai

Tong ai

Thue bao B

Tn hieu bao chiem Cong nhan chiem

Cac con so thue bao B

Tra li am thoai Xoa hng ve Xoahng i

Bao hieu gia cac tong ai 2.3/ He thong bao hieu kenh ket hp CAS trong mang so hp nhat: He thong bao hieu kenh ket hp CAS hay con goi la he thong bao hieu kenh rieng c s dung trong mang so hp nhat IDN gom hai tien trnh: bao hieu ng va bao hieu ghi phat. Bao hieu ng: Trong cau truc khung tn hieu so PCM 30/32, khe thi gian 16 (TS16) c danh cho bao hieu ng. e bao hieu ve trang thai cua tng ng trung ke trong mot khung PCM, ngi ta tap hp 16 khung PCM lien tiep tao thanh mot cau truc a khung, trong o TS16 cua khung 0 cua cau truc a khung c s dung e ong chnh a khung va canh bao mat ong chnh a khung. TS16 cua khung 1 trong cau truc a khung mang thong tin bao hieu ng cho kenh 1 va kenh 16, TS16 cua

khung 2trong cau truc a khung se mang thong tin bao hieu ng cho kenh 2 va 17, c nh the cho en TS16 cua khung 15 mang thong tin bao hieu ng cho kenh 15 va 30. Bao hieu ng cung gom hai hng i va ve va gom nhng tn hieu ac trng cho cac trang thai ng trung ke. Bang sau se mo ta cac thai mach Trang trang thai cua ngbao hieu ke trong bao Hng trung Hng i Hng ve hieuke ng. trung af bf
aB bB roi/ giai phong hng i / hng ve hng i hng ve hng ve hng ve hng i hng ve

1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 1 0 1

1 1
tra li

0 0 1

chiem cong nhan chiem

1
giai phong hng ve

1
giai phong hng i

bang chung ta thay e bao hieu cho hng mot kenh thoai ta ve ch can 2 1 (a, b) 1 bit 0 e 1 bao hieu ve cac trang thai, con cac bit con lai (c, d) khong s dung nen khong mang y ngha g. Bao hieu ghi phat: Bao hieu ghi phat gom co cac tn hieu bao cho hng i va cac tn hieu bao cho hng ve e truyen i cac thong tin. Bao hieu kieu tng chang (Link By-Link).
khoa

giai phong au / noi

0 Tren

Bao hieu kieu xuyen suot (End- to- End). + Bao hieu kieu tng chang: Khi thue bao thc hhien cuoc goi lien ai (v du qua hai tong ai trung gian qua hai hnh ve di). Tai tong ai chu goi sau khi thu ay u con so thue bao b goi: 011-15-3455 (ma vung + ma tong ai + danh ba thue bao), tong ai chu goi se gi en tong aichuyen tiep (EX2) toan bo con so o.

Tai EX2 khi nhan c cac con so o se xac nh c hng can au noi nh ma vung 011. Tong ai EX2 se bao hieu en tong ai lien quan EX3 bang cach gi i cac con so con lai (153455). Khi tong ai EX3 thu c con so 15-3455 no xac nh ma cua tong ai b goi la 15 va thiet lap tuyen bao hieu vi tong ai b goi, luc nay EX3 se gi danh ba thue bao b goi (3455) ti tong ai b goi EX4 e tong ai b goi x ly cuoc goi vao. Nh vay chung ta thay oi vi cuoc goi lien ai nh tren va trnh bay qua trnh bao hieu lien ai c thc hien tng chang mot. toan bo qua trnh tren c mo ta nh gian o sau: VE GIAN O

011 153445

Ex 1

Ex 2

Ex 3

Ex 4

011 153445 15 3445 3445

+Bao hieu kieu xuyen suot: Khi thue bao thc hien mot cuoc goi lien ai (v du qua hai tong ai trung gian nh hnh ve di). Tai tong ai chu goi sau khi thu ay u con so thue bao b goi, trong v du nay la: 011-15-3455 (ma vung+ma tong ai+danh ba thue bao). Ngay khi tong ai chu goi gi en tong ai chuyen tiep (EX2) ma vung (011), tai tong ai chuyen tiep EX2

nhan c ma vung se xac nh va thiet lap ngay tuyen noi vi tong ai EX3. Vao thi iem nay qua trnh bao hieu c thc hien gia tong ai EX2 va EX3 thong qua tuyen noi ma EX2 va thiet lap. Tiep o, tong ai EX3 nhan c ma tong ai ket cuoi EX4 (15), tong ai EX3 se xac nh va thiet lap tuyen noi hng en tong ai EX4. Vao thi iem nay qua trnh bao hieu c thc hien tong ai EX1 va EX4 thong qua tuyen noi ma EX2 va EX3 va thiet lap. Luc nay, tong ai EX1 se bao hieu vi tong ai ket cuoi EX4 ve so thue bao b goi (3455). Tong ai EX4 se thc hien viec x ly cuoc goi vao e au noi ti thue bao b goi. Toan bo qua trnh tren c mo ta nh gian o hnh sau:
EX1 EX2 EX3 EX4

A
011 153445 011 15 3445

Nhan xet: Qua hai kieu bao hieu tren, chung ta thay oi vi bao hieu kieu xuyen suot thi gian thc hien cho mot cuoc goi lien ai se nho hn so vi bao hieu kieu tng chang, do hai tong ai chuyen tiep EX2-EX3 ch x ly cac con so lien quan en tong ai o (cu the la: EX2 ch x ly 011 va EX3 ch x ly 15). Con oi vi bao hieu kieu tng chang

cac tong ai chuyen tiep EX2, EX3 phai thu ca con so thue bao b goi o la thong tin khong can thiet oi vi nhng tong ai o. Thi gian bao hieu gia cac tong ai theo kieu tng chang con keo dai hn na neu cac tong ai chc nang hoi ve so thue bao chu goi. Viec to chc mang bao hieu phu thuoc vao rat nhieu vao cau truc to chc mang vien thong cung nh cac chnh sach ve cc trong mang.V vay co nhng mang vien thong ngi ta ket hp gia hai kieu bao hieu, oan bao hieu tng chang oan bao hieu xuyen suot. He thong bao hieu R2-CCITT trong mang IDN He thong bao hieu R2-CCITT thuoc bao hieu ket hp, o la mot he thong bao hieu s dung ma a tan MFC va thc hien chc nang bao hieu ghi phat. Chung ta biet rang ngay khi tong ai chu goi nhan c tn hieu bao hieu ng cong nhan chiem,tong ai se thc hien qua trnh bao hieu ghi phat R2. e thc hien c viec truyen i cac thong tin a ch, cac ac tnh thue bao cung nh cac tn hieu ieu khien ngi ta s dung cac to hp tn hieu trong bang tan thoai. Cu the ngi ta s dung to hp hai trong sau tan so e ac trng cho mot tn hieu nhat nh v du nh cac con so thap phan t 0-9 Bao hieu ghi phat gom cac tn hieu bao hieu cho hng i va bao hieu cho hng ve. Tuy nhien oi vi mot hng, neu ch s dung 15 to hp tn hieu bao hieu nh trnh bay tren th se khong u cac thong tin bao hieu can thiet cho qua trnh thiet lap cuoc goi. V vay, ngi ta tao ra cho moi hng bao hieu hai nhom tn hieu bao hieu, hng i co nhom I, nhom II, hng ve co nhom A, nhom B. Viec thay oi nhom bao hieu trong qua trnh bao hieu gia hai tong ai c thc hien nh mot to hp tn hieu bao hieu ieu khien xac nh.

Chu y ve phng thc truyen thong tin bao hieu R2- MFC. Trong qua trnh trao oi thong tin bao hieu R2MFC co hai phng thc truyen thong tin bao hieu o la: Bao hieu kieu bat buoc (compelled signaling) Bao hieu kieu khong bat buoc (non-compelled signaling) Bao hieu signaling) kieu bat buoc (compelled

Khi thc hien qua trnh trao oi thong tin baohieu gia hai tong ai, kieu bao heu bat buoc la khi tong ai chu goi phat i mot thong tin nao o, tong ai b goi nhan c thong tin o phai tra li cho chu goi bang mot to hp tn hieu bao hieu nhat nh. Khi o tong ai chu goi mi tiep tuc phat i tn hieu tiep theo. Ta co s o mo ta kieu bat buoc:
Ton g ai A Thong tin a ch (con so th nhat) Cong nhan a nhan c con so th nhat Thong tin a ch (con so th hai) ACK a nhan c con so th hai Thong tin a ch (con so th n)
ACK a nhan c con bat buoc (nonBao hieu kieu khong so th n compelled signaling)

Tong ai B

Khac vi bao hieu kieu bat buoc, tong ai chu goi gi i mot vai con so ti tong ai oi phng, tong ai oi phng gi tn hieu cong nhan (ACK) sau khi nhan c tn hieu o. Tong ai chu goi lai gi i mot vai con so tiep theo. Va c nh vay cho en ket thuc phat cac thong tin a ch ti tong ai oi phng. Phng thc bao hieu kieu bat buoc co o tin cay cao nhng thi gian bao hieu ln hn so vi phng thc bao hieu kieu khong bat buoc. Phng thc bao hieu kieu khong bat buoc ch c s dung oi vi cac cuoc goi qua ve tinh do khoang cach t cac tram ve tinh ti mat at rat ln, anh hng ti thi gian truyen a tn hieu bao hhieu co ngha la cung anh hng ti thi gian thiet lap cuoc goi. Nhan xet ve bao hieu kenh rieng: Phan tren chung ta va cung nhau phan tch cau truc, cac ac iem cua he thong bao hieu kenh ket hp CAS, cu the la bao hieu R2 CCITT. Qua o chung ta thay rang he thong bao hieu R2 ap ng c cac nhu cau ve thong tin thoai. Tuy nhien he thong bao hieu nay con b han che so vi s phat trien nhanh chong cua ky thuat vien thong tin hoc cung nhg oi hoi ngay cang cao ve cac dch vu tren mang vien thong. Cu the he thong bao hieu R2 mi cung cap c cac dch vu c ban la trao oi thong tin thoai, cac dch vu mi, tnh nang bao dng con b han che nhieu. o la do cac to hp bao hieu c s dung cho qua trnh bao hieu gia hai tong ai ch la 60 to hp bao hieu (cho ca hai hung i/ve). Mat khac thi gian bao hieu cho mot cuoc goi lien ai kha dai, ac biet oi vi cuoc goi phai i qua nhieu Nodes chuyen mach (9 14 sec/cuoc). Chung ta hay cung nhau xem xet mot phng thc bao hieu mi, phng thc bao hieu nay khong nhng ap ng c dch vu thoai ma con cung cap nhieu dch vu phi thoai, cac tnh nang khai thac bao dng mang bao hieu phong phu, thi

gian thiet lap cuoc goi nhanh hn so vi bao hieu kenh ket hp CAS. o la he thong bao hieu keng chung so 7 (CCS Common Channel Signaling). Hien nay he thong bao hieu kenh chung so 7 (CCS No 7) c s dung rong rai tren pham vi toan the gii, Viet Nam he thong bao hieu nay cung a c a vao s dung mot so tong ai ln. 2.4 Bao hieu kenh chung (Common channel signaling): Khai niem ve bao hieu kenh chung CCS: nh ngha: Bao hieu keng chung la he thong bao hieu s dung chung hoac mot so ng so lieu bao hieu (Signaling Data Link) e truyen thong tin bao hieu phuc vu cho nhieu ng trung ke thoai/so lieu. nh ngha tren c tong quat t s o sau:
S P S P To ng ai

Kenh bao SPC= B hieu SPC= A y Nhom trung x ke Nhom kenh bao SPC SPC To hieu To = ng x = ng y (Link set) ai Kenh bao ai hieu B Trong o : SP: Signaling point: iem bao hieu

To ng ai

Nhom trung ke

A SPa

Nhom kenh bao hieu (Link set) Cac thanh phan cTon cua mang bao hieu ban g keng chung va cac thanh phan c ban cua no: ai C

SPC: Signaling point code: Ma iem

SPb

bao hieu

SPc STP SPC= z

1o : ng so lieu baohieu SDL (Signaling Data Link) ng so lieu baohieu SDL hoac con goi la kenh bao hieu, o la tuyen noi xac nh c s dung e truyen i nhng thong tin bao hieu theo mot thu tuc c xac nh gia hai tong ai. Link set: Mot so kenh bao hieu c nhom lai la tap hp cac kenh bao hieu hoac con c goi la nhom kenh bao hieu. 2o : iem bao hieu SP (Signaling point) Moi tong ai trong mang bao hieu kenh chung c goi la SP, moi iem bao hieu SP trong mang bao hieu c ac trng bi mot ma iem bao hieu (Signaling Point Code). Tao nhan x ly ban tin. 3o :iem chuyen tiep (Signaling Transfer Point) bao hieu STP

SPT la iem chuyen tiep bao hieu, STP khong co chc nang x ly cuoc goi. STP thc hiebn chc nang chuyen tiep ban tin bao hieu gia ien bao hieu i (Spa) va iem bao hieu ch (SPb). To chc, phan cap mang bao hieu kenh chung CCS

Tuy theo cach to chc mang bao hieu ma ta co mang bao hieu kieu ket hp (Associated Mode) va kieu can ket hp (Quasi Associated Mode). Mang bao hieu kieu ket hp (Associated Mode) Nhom trung ke
T A SP a T B SP b

ng bao hieu Hnh mang bao hieu kieu ket hp o la mang bao hieu ma gia hai tong ai ngoai cac keng trung ke thoai c au noi trc tiep con co cac kenh bao hieu c au noi trc tiep. Mang bao hieu kieu ket hp thng c s dung trong trng hp lu lng thoai gia hai tong ai ln (so cac c trung ke thoai ln). Mang kieu Associated Mode) can ket hp (Quasi

SPC= x

Nhom trung ke Kenh bao hieu Nhom kenh bao hieu (Link set) Ton g ai

SPC= y

To ng ai

To ng ai

A SPa

SPb

C
SPc STP SPC= z

Trong kieu to chc mang bao hieu nay, gia tong ai i va tong ai ch ch co cac kenh thoai, con thong tin bao hieu khong c chuyen trc tiep ma phai qua iem bao hieu lam chc nang iem chuyen tiep bao hieu SPT. Phan cap mang bao hieu: Ve ly thuyet ta co the to chc mot vai kieu cau truc mang co kha nang ap ng ay u cac yeu cau bao hieu gia cac tong ai au noi vi nhau. Chang han, mot cau trc ma tat ca cac tong ai trong mang eu mang chc nang lam SPT. Mot cau truc khac co hnh sao, vi mot tong ai lam chc nang SPT e chuyen thong tin bao hieu en cac tong ai khac ch co chc nang SP. Tren thc te, ngi ta s dung mot kieu cau truc ket hp ca hai cau truc noi tren. Mang nay s dung mot so tong ai lam chc nang STP. Viec trao oi thong tin gia cac tong ai cac vung lan can nh vay hnh thanh mot mang

bao hieu ng truc. Do o chung ta co cau truc gom 3 mc: Mc 1 STP quoc gia Mc 2 STP khu vc Mc 3 iem au cuoi bao hieu SP Hnh ve di ay minh hoa mot mang bao hieu vi cau truc phan cap
STP quoc gia STP quoc gia STP vu ng

SP 11

STP quoc gia STP vu ng SP 11

STP quoc gia STP vu ng SP 11

STP vu ng

SP 12

Ban tin bao hieu trong bao hieu so 7 n v bao hieu (Sinaling Unit) n v bao hieu la mot ban tin bao hieu (Message) c truyen tren kenh bao hieu gia hai iem bao hieu. Tuy theo tnh trang truyen ban tin bao hieu ma gia hai SP s dung cac loai n v bao hieu. Tong quat n v bao hieu bao gom cac phan: Co 3 kieu n v bao hieu c s dung truyen tren kenh bao hieu: 1o n v tin bao MSU (Message Signaling Unit) 2o on v bao hieu trang thai kenh bao hieu LSSU (Link Status Signaling Unit) 3o n v bao hieu lap ay FISU (Fill- in Signaling Unit) Trong o: n v tin bao MSU

MSU cha nhng ban tin bao hieu, nhng ban tin nay c trao oi gia hai tong ai, o la cac thong tin lien quan en qua trnh thiet lap cuoc goi. n v bao hieu trang thai kenh bao hieu LSSU Cha nhng thong tin lien quan en s hoat ong cua kenh bao hieu (v du nh ong chnh khung). LSSU ch c phat i khi khung bao hieu khong san sang truyen tai thong tin bao hieu. n v bao hieu lap ay FISU c s dung e phat hien loi truyen dan tren kenh bao hieu trong trng hp khong co MSU nao c truyen. Nhan xet: Tren ay chung ta va xem xet mot so khai niem ve mang bao hieu kenh chung, cau truc c ban bao hieu kenh chung so 7 ay la van e ly thu nhng cung rat phc tap, do o can kha nhieu thi gian ve van e nay. 3. Vai tro cua he thong bao hieu kenh chung so 7 Nam 1968, Hoi ong t van ve ien bao ien thoai quoc te (CCITT, nay la ITU-T) a a ra khuyen ngh ve he thong bao hieu kenh chung au tien, o la he tong bao hieu kenh chung so 6 (CCIS), c thiet ke toi u cho lu lng lien luc a, s dung cac ng trung ke Analog. Cac trung ke lamviec vi toc o thap 2,4 Kbps. Vi o dai cac ban tin b han che va khonhg co cau truc phan mc ma co cau truc n nen he thong nay khong ap ng c vi s phat trien cua mang li. Nhng nam 79/80 CCITT a gii thieu mot he thong bao hieu kenh chung mi, o la he thong bao hieu so 7 (CCS 7), c thiet ke toi u cho mang quoc gia va quoc te s dung cac

trung ke so. Toc o at 64 Kbps. Trong thi gian nay, giai phap phan lp trong giao tiep thong tin a c phat trien tng oi hoan chnh, o la he thong giao tiep (OSI), va giai phap phan lp trong mo hnh OSI nay a c ng dung trong bao hieu so 7 cung co the s dung tren cac ng analog. He thong bao hieu so 7 c thiet ke khong ch cho ieu khien thiet lap, giam sat cac cuoc goi ien thoai ma ca cac dch vu phi thoai. Vi cac u iem sau: Toc o cao: thi gian thiet lap goi nho hn 1s trong hau het cac trng hp. Dung lng ln: moi ng bao hieu co the mang thong tin bao hieu cho en vai tram cuoc goi ong thi . o tin cay cao: bang s dung cac tuyen d phong, mang bao hieu co the hoat ong vi o tin cay cao. Tnh kinh te: so vi he thong bao hieu truyen thong, he thong bao hieu so 7 can rat t thiet b bao hieu. Tnh mem deo: he thong gom rat nhieu tn hieu, do vay co the s dung rat nhieu muc ch khac nhau, ap ng c s phat trien cua mang trong tng lai. V nhng ly do nay, trong tng lai CCS7 se ong vai tro rat quan trong oi vi cac dch vu mi trong mang nh: Mang ien thoai cong cong PSTN Mang so lien ket a dch vu ISDN Mang tr tue IN Mang thong tin di ong so PLMN

Tren mang vien thong Viet Nam trong nhng nam gan ay he thong bao hieu so 7 cung c a vao s dung nhieu R2 CCITT va ong thi ang khai thac th nghiem bao hieu so 7

gia cac tong ai tren mang. Trong tng lai vi nhng u iem san co, he thong bao hieu so 7 se c s dung rong rai trongmang vien thong Viet Nam. VI. NGUYEN LY HOAT ONG CUA TONG AI: Khai niem ve qua trnh x ly cac cuoc goi: a. Cuoc goi noi bo: La cuoc goi xay ra gia hai thue bao thuoc cung mot tong ai. b. Cuoc goi ra: La cuoc goi gia mot thue bao tong ai nay goi en mot thue bao tong ai khac. c. Cuoc goi vao: La cuoc goi t mot tong ai khac goi en thue bao cua tong ai ang xet. d. Cuoc goi chuyen tiep: La cuoc goi gia hai thue bao thuoc hai tong ai tren mang nhng cuoc goi o phai c i qua tong ai ang xet (cuoc goi nay la tap hp cuoc goi vao va cuoc goi ra). Chu y: Cac thuat ng ve cac cuoc goi nh: cuoc goi noi hat, cuoc goi ng dai, cuoc goi quoc te la e cap en c ly, phan vung a ly cua cac cuoc goi o. Vi cac cuoc goi va c nh ngha tren se co nhng moi lien he nhat nh vi viec cac cuoc goi theo vung a ly nh va trnh bay. oi vi cuoc goi noi bo (Local Call) Thue bao nhac may (Off Hook): Khi thue bao nhac may goi i, mach ien ng day thue bao kn mach, tren ng day thue bao co dong ien mach vong khoang 20mA, bo thue bao se nhan biet c trang thai thue bao nhac may (chc nang giam sat S) nh bo ieu khien mach ien thue bao nay va thong bao cho ieu khien trung tam. ieu khien trung

tam se thc hien viec xac nh: so may thue bao, loai may ien thoai, cac dch vu ma thue bao cai at Tat ca cac thong tin o ta tam thi goi chung la cac ac tnh cua thue bao chu goi. Thue bao nghe c mi quay so (Dial Tone) Khi bo ieu khien trung tam a xac nh xong ac tnh cua thue bao chu goi va nhan thay rang thue bao co quyen c thiet lap lien lac. Bo ieu khien trung tam yeu cau bo ieu khien mach ien thue bao thiet lap au noi gia thue bao chu goi vi khe thi gian co cha thong tin am mi quay so cua bo tao am bao. ong thi neu may ien thoai la may ien thoai che o phat xung a tan DTMF th bo ieu khien mach ien thue bao cung thc hien au noi thue bao chu goi vi mot bo thu xung a tan roi (MF sig). Luc nay thue bao chu goi a nghe c am mi quay so, con tong ai th san sang thu xung a tan DTMF t thue bao chu goi a ti. Thue bao chu goi quay so au tien cho en con so cuoi cung cua thue bao b goi: Gia s may ien thoai la may ien thoai an phm s dung che o phat xung a tan DTMF. Khi thue bao quay con so au tien, mach thu xung a tan nhan c se truyen cho bo ieu khien thue bao, bo ieu khien thue bao se truyen tiep cho bo ieu khien trung tam. Bo ieu khien trung tam se yeu cau bo ieu khien thue bao ngat mach cap am mi quay so. Thue bao tiep tuc phat cac con so tiep theo va bo ieu khien trung tam cung nhan c cac con so thue bao b goi theo mach: Thue bao Tap trung thue bao Thu xung a tan ieu khien thue bao ieu khien trung tam. ieu khien trung tam thc hien phan tch cac con so thu c:

Qua trnh phan tch cac con so thue bao chu goi c phan thanh hai bc nho sau: Phan tch ch so tien nh (tien phan tch) Ngay khi va thu nhan c con so au tien cua thue bao b goi, ieu khien trung tam thc hien qua trnh tien phan tch e xac nh loai cuoc goi o la: cuoc goi noi hat, cuoc goi ra hay cuoc goi dch vu ac biet Trng hp nay la cuoc goi noi hat (thue b goi va thue bao chu goi cung thuoc mot tong ai), bo ieu khien trung tam se xac nh so con so thue bao chu goi phai quay (anh so thue bao mot tong ai noi hat la anh so ong so cac con so thue bao la co nh). Phan tch Bien dch: Khi thu nhan tiep cac con sothue bao chu goi, ieu khien trung tam thc hien qua trnh phan tch bien dch. Qua trnh nay tong ai se thc hien bien dch t danh ba thue bao b goi thanh ch so thiet b thue bao b goi (tc la t DN chuyen thanh EN). Noi cach khac la he thong se xac nh v tr cua thue bao b goi, thue bao b goi thuoc bo phan tap trung thue bao nao, bo ieu khien mach ien thue bao nao quan ly va ch so cua ket cau thue bao b goi. V du: tong ai TDX - IB o la: danh ba thue bao DN, ch so thiet b thue bao EN, va bo x ly thue bao SLP. Tong ai OCB 283 ola: danh ba thue bao ND, ch so thiet b thue bao NE va ch so CSN. He thong ieu khien kiem tra trang thai thue bao b goi: Khi a xac nh c v tr cua thue bao b goi, bo ieu khien trung tam se yeu cau bo ieu khien thue bao cua thue bao b goi thc hien kiem tra thue bao b goi, neu thue bao b goi roi th phat dong chuong ti thue bao b goi.

Gia s thue bao b goi roi, thue bao b goi co dong chuong t tong ai a ti, thue bao chu goi se nghe c hoi am chuong t tong ai a ti. Thue bao b goi nhac may tra li tuyen noi c thiet lap: Khi thue bao b goi nhac may tra li, bo ieu khien ng day cua thue bao b goi xac nh c trang thai nay se thong bao cho ieu khien trung tam, ieu khien trung tam se thc hien thiet lap tuyen am thoai qua trng chuyen mach trung tam. ong thi cac bo ieu cac bo ieu khien mach ien thue bao lien quan cung cat cac mach ien chuong, mach ien tao am vi thue bao b goi. Luc nay hai thue bao bat au am thoai va he thong tnh cc bat au lam viec. Cac thiet b phu tr cung a c giai phong e phuc vu cho cac cuoc noi khac, mach am thoai gia hai thue bao c giam sat bi chng trnh tnh cc bo ieu khien trng chuyen mach trung tam. Ket thuc am thoai mot trong hai thue bao at may: Khi mot trong hai thue bao at may, trang thai o cung c bo ieu khien ng thue bao tng ng xac nh, nhng trong trng hp nay thong tin nhan c la thue bao at may. Nhan c thong tin nay bo ieu khien trung tam se thc hien giai phong tat ca cac tuyen noi lien quan, chng trnh tnh cc se ket thuc viec tnh cc choviec am thoai o va thc hien lu thong tin cc vao thiet b nh: bang t hoac o a cng. oi vi cuoc goi ra: Thue bao nhac may: Khi thue bao nhac may goi i, cac cong viec c thc hien cac bo ieu khien ng day thue bao, bo ieu khien trung tam hoan toan

tng t nh oi vi cuoc goi noi bo va trnh bay tren. Thue bao nghe c am mi quay so: Khi bo ieu khien trung tam a xac nh xong ac tnh cua thue bao chu goi va nhan thay rang thue bao co quyen c thiet lap lien lac. Bo ieu khien trung tam yeu cau bo ieu khien mach ien thue bao thiet lap au noi gia thue bao chu goi vi khe thi gian co cha may am mi quay so cua bo tao am. ong thi neu may ien thoai la may ien thoai che o phat xung a tan DTMF th bo ieu khien mach ien thue bao cung thc hien au noi thue bao chu goi vi mot bo thu xung a tan roi. Luc nay thue bao chu goi a nghe c am mi quay so, con tong ai th san sang thu xung a tan DTMF t thue bao chu goi a ti. Thue bao chu goi quay con so au tien cho en so cuoi cung cua thue bao b goi: Gia s may ien thoai la may ien thoai an phm thc hien che o phat xung a tan DTMF. Khi thue bao quay con so au tien, mach thu xung a tan nhan c se truyen cho bo ieu khien thue bao, bo ieu khien thue bao truyen tiep cho bo ieu khien trung tam. Bo ieu khien trung tan se yeu cau bo ieu khien thue bao ngat mach cap am mi quay so. Thue bao tiep tuc phat cac con so tiep theo va bo ieu khien trung tam cung nhan c cac con so thue bao b goi theo mach: Thue bao Tap tung thue bao Thu xung a tan ieu khien thue bao ieu khien trung tam. ieu khien trung tam thc hien phan tch cac con so thu c: Qua trnh phan tch cac con so thue bao chu goi c phan thanh hai bc nho sau: Phan tch ch so tien nh (tien phan tch)

Ngay khi va thu nhan c con so au tien cua thue bao b goi, ieu khien trung tam thc hien qua trnh tien phan tch e xac nh loai cuoc goi o la: cuoc goi noi hat, cuoc goi ra hay cuoc goi dch vu ac biet Trng hp nay la cuoc goi ra (thue bao chu goi, thue bao b goi thuoc hai tong ai khac nhau). Phan tch tm tuyen noi thch hp: Vi mot hoac vai con so au cua thue bao b goi, tong ai a xac nh c loai cuoc goi, bc tiep theo tong ai thc hien phan tch, tm tuyen noi thch hp cho cuoc goi ra o. Bi v co the xay ra trng hp hng i thong thng cua cuoc goi ra o b tac nghen (do thieu ng trung ke, cac ng trung ke b s co) th khi o he thong se t ong tm lay mot hng tran cua cuoc goi ra o (neu viec to chc mang vien thong a lap san hng nay), neu khong he thong se ieu khien cap am bao ban hoac ban thong bao cho thue bao chu goi e thong tin ve tnh trang khong chiem c mot ng trung ke roi cho thue bao chu goi. Khi a chiem c mot ng trung ke roi cho cuoc goi ra, gia hai tong ai thc hien trao oi cac thong tin bao hieu can thiet e phuc vu choviec thiet lap tuyen noi gia hai tong ai. Tao tuyen cho cuoc goi ra: Khi tong ai a xac nh c tuyen i cho cuoc goi ra o, tong ai se thc hien qua trnh bao hieu lien ai vi tong ai oi phng e trao oi thong tin lien quan en cuoc goi ra o. Khi ket thuc qua trnh bao hieu, tong ai chu goi thc hien thiet lap tao tuyen noi gia hai thue bao chu goi vi kenh thoai va c chiem tren ng trung ke au noi gia hai tong ai.

Tai tong ai b goi se thc hien qua trnh x ly cuoc goi cho cuoc goi vao. Neu thue bao b goi roi, tong ai b goi nhan c thong tin nay se thc hien tuyen noi e cap hoi am chuong cho thue bao chu goi qua kenh trung ke va chiem c va thue bao chu goi san sang am thoai neu thue bao b goi nhac to hp tra li. oi vi cuoc goi vao, goi chuyen tiep: Tong ai nhan biet co cuoc goi vao: Gia hai tong ai c trang b cac luong PCM, va gia chung luon ton tai cac phng phap bao hieu nhat nh: bao hieu kenh chung, bao hieu kenh rieng. V vay, khi tong ai oi phng co yeu cau ve mot cuoc goi en, thong qua ket qua cua qua trnh bao hieu lien ai ma tong ai nhan biet c co cuoc goi en (chi tiet ve qua trnh bao hieu lien ai se c trnh bay cu the phan sau). Cung nh qua trnh bao hieu lien ai ma tong ai mi nhan c thong tin ve cac con so thue bao b goi. Tong ai thc hien qua trnh tien phan tch, phan tch, bien dch tao tuyen: Khi thu c mot, hai con so au, bo ieu khien trung tam cung thc hien nh cuoc goi noi bo: tien phan tch. Khi a xac nh c ch so tien nh la cua tong ai o th toan bo cac qua trnh x ly cuoc goi se dien ra nh oi vi cuoc goi noi bo. Ch co mot iem khac la tong ai phai thong bao ve trang thai, ac tnh thue bao b goi cho tong ai oi phng trong qua trnh bao ien lien ai e tao ieu kien hai tong ai thiet lap tuyen noi thch hp. Trng hp tong ai sau khi thc hien qua trnh tien phan tch nhan thay ch so tien nh (Prefix) thu c khong thuoc tong ai mnh th khi o tong ai se thc hien phan tch trong c s d lieu cua mnh va xac nh o la ch so tien nh cua tong ai lan can. Cuoc goi o se c tong ai x ly nh mot cuoc goi ra.

Nhn ve toan cuc t khi nhan c cuoc goi vao cho en khi tao tuyen noi cho cuoc goi o goi ra, ta noi cuoc goi o a c chuyen tiep tai tong ai. Con goi la qua trnh x ly cho cuoc goi chuyen tiep.

CHNG II: KHAI QUAT CHUNG VE MAY IEN THOAI

I. NGUYEN TAC CAU TAO MAY IEN THOAI:
May ien thoai la thiet b au cuoi cua he thong ien thoai, no c lap at tai n v thue bao e 2 ngi xa lien lac c vi nhau. Hien nay tuy co nhieu loai khac nhau nhng noi chung may ien thoai van co 3 phan chnh: + Phan chuyen oi mach ien: Phan nay gom he thong la ma tiep iem va co cac c ien phu co nhiem vu ong m mach ien khi co yeu cau. + Phan thu phat tn hieu goi: Phan nay gom 2 phan chnh: may phat ien quay tay va chuong may phat ien co nhiem vu phat tn hieu goi len ng day va chuong co nhiem vu bien dong tn hieu goi thanh tn hieu goi. + Phan thu phat thoai : Gom ong noi va ong nghe, ong noi co nhiem vu bien oi tn hieu am thanh thanh tn hieu ien va ong nghe ngc lai bien oi tn hieu ien thanh tn hieu am thanh. Ca 2 c lap chung trong mot bo phan goi la to hp.

II. CHC NANG TONG QUAT CUA MAY IEN THOAI :

oi vi mot may ien thoai du la loai nhan cong co ien en loai t ong ien t hien ai eu phai th hien cac chc nang sau:

- Phat xuat y muon s dung ien thoai khi to hp c nhac len. - Gi so thue bao b goi vao he thong bang cach quay so hay an nut tone. - Bao hieu co cuoc goi en bang tieng chuong reo hoac mot dang tn hieu khac. - Chuyen oi nhng dao ong am thanh thanh dao ong ien, va ngc lai chuyen cac dao ong ien thanh am thanh. - T ong ieu chnh nguon nuoi, hoa hp tong tr, chong trac am va triet cac tap am nh tieng lickic khi quay so. - Bao cho he thong biet cuoc goi cham dt khi at to hp xuong. Ngoai ra cac may ien thoai ac biet con co nhng chc nang khac nh: chuyen tn hieu tnh cc, gi mach, truyen so lieu, thu phat vo tuyen S o khoi may ien thoai:
Thiet b gi so Triet tieng lickic

Chuo ng

Nut gat to hp

Bu tr chieu dai ng day Ong noi Cuon cam ng Mach can bang CAC KIEU Ong nghe

III. PHAN LOAI THOAI:

IEN

1 Phan Loai Theo Phng Thc Tiep Day:

1.1/ May ien thoai nhan cong: Cac loai may lien lac nhau qua tong ai nhan cong gom 2 loai: + May ien thoai t thach: Nguon cung cap e am thoai va goi chuong eu c trang b tai tng may le, nguon am thoai thng dung pin, nguon goi chuong la may phat ien Megneto. + May ien thoai cong ien: Nguon cung cap e am thoai va e goi chuong c at tai tong ai, s dung nguon mot chieu 48V. 1.2/ May ien thoai t ong: + Lien lac vi nhau qua tong ai t ong bang cach quay so hay an phm tone. + Nguon cung cap e am thoai la nguon 1 chieu 48V hay 60V. nguon e goi chuong t 90100V, tan so 16-25Hz. 2 Phan Loai Theo Tnh Nang S Dung: May e ban. May treo tng. May di ong. May dung trong ham mo, tren tau bien

IV.YEU CAU VE MACH IEN MAY IEN THOAI:

Bat c loai may ien thoai nai ve nguyen ly cung phai thoa man 3 yeu cau sau: Khi may ien thoai khong lam viec phai trang thai san sang tiep nhan cuoc goi. Khi thu phat tn hieu goi bo phan thu phat tn hieu goi phai tach ri ng day ien thoai, luc o tren ng day ch con tn hieu goi. Khi thu phat tn hieu am thoai bo phan thu phat tn hieu goi lai tach ra khoi ng

ien, luc o tren ng day ch con dong tn hieu thoai.

CHNG III: MANG IEN THOAI

I. MANG PHAN CHUYEN MACH: CAP VA MANG

Dung ng day e noi trc tiep tng may ien thoai vi tat ca nhng may khac la ieu khong thc te. May thay ieu nay la khong can thiet v hau het cac may ien thoai eu khong s dung het thi gian. Bang cach anh gia xac suat s dung, cac cong ty ien thoai a phat trien mot mang phc tap dung chung cac ng day trung ke va cac ai chuyen mach bac thang c phan cap (tiered). Mang ien thoai nay ap ng c yeu cau thc te cho van e ghep noi. Mang ien thoai Bac My s dung 5 mc (hoac cap) tong ai chnh hay cac chuyen mach (switching center). Chung c liet ke hnh 4.1(a). Mc cao nhat c goi la cap mot, la trung tam mien. Co 12 trung tam nh vay phuc vu cho toan Bac My va 2 trung tam Canada at tai Montreal va Regina. ai cap 5 co mc thap nhat la ai cuoi c ket noi vi thue bao. mot so vung, ngi ta lap tong ai tadem e cung cap them cac ng chuyen mach noi bo gia cac ai cuoi. Tong ai re nhanh hoac PBX la nhng tong ai nho c s dung trong cac to chc thng mai. Noi chung moi cap ai ch can ghep noi trc tiep vi mot trung tam cap tren va mot trung tam cap di. Cach ghep nh vay c trnh bay bi cac ng net lien trong hnh 4.1(b). Tuy nhien e tang kha nang phuc vu, ngi ta lap them cac ng day trc tiep gia cac trung tam khong ke nhau, c trnh bay bang cac ng net t trong hnh 4.1(b). moi ai, cac cuoc goi c truyen ti trung tam cao hn ke tiep ch khi nao tat ca nhng ng day trc tiep eu ban. So ng day thong tin trung

gian ln nhat gia cac thue bao la 7 (cac ng lien net) nhng a so cac cuoc goi s dung t hn. Trong nhng thi iem bat thng, nh le Noel, mot so cuoc am thoai b tac nghen bi v ngay ca cac ng day cac mc cao hn cung a ban. Mot ai cuoi co the thiet ke vi 10.000 ng day thue bao, va nh vay cac thue bao c phan biet bang mot so thap phan co 4 digit (4 so) e bieu th so cua thue bao (telephone number), ngha la 4 so cuoi trong so cac con so cua mot so ien thoai. Ba digit au cua moi so ien thoai e phan biet cac ai cuoi vi nhau. Moi vung co 1.000 ai cuoi se c gan 3 digit au cho moi ai va goi la ma vung (area code). Regional center Class 1 Sectional center Class 2

Primary center Class 3 Toll center Class 4

(a)

End office Class 5 Switching centers

Trunks

Subscr loods

HNH 4.1 Phan cap tong ai. Mot ai cuoi co the thiet ke vi 10.000 ng day thue bao, va nh vay cac thue bao c phan biet bang mot so thap phan co 4 digit (4 so) e bieu th so cua thue bao (telephone number), ngha la 4 so cuoi trong so cac con so cua mot so ien thoai. Ba digit au cua moi so ien thoai e phan biet cac ai cuoi vi nhau. Moi vung co 1.000 ai cuoi se c gan 3 digit au cho moi ai va goi la ma vung (area code). Vong (loop) la nhng ng thong tin hai day ket noi vi mot thue bao. Nhng ng day dung chung bi nhieu thue bao c goi la trung ke (trunks). Cac ng day trung ke thng la loai 4 day, o la nhng mach hoac nhng kenh c cung cap cho ca hai hng thong tin. Cac trung ke mc cao hn thng dung phng phap ieu che song mang e don nhieu kenh thoai giong nhau vao mot ng cap ong truc dai rong, si quang hay cac tuyen viba. Ca tuyen thong tin nay thng co cac bo khuech ai chuyen tiep dat nhng ni thch hp. V du vai tram kenh thoai c don vao mot day cap ong truc, dung ieu che n bien va don kenh theo phng phap phan chia tan so (FDM). Mot ng day nh vay oi hoi phai co cac bo chuyen tiep at cach nhau khoang 10 km. Khi thue bao nhac may e tien hanh cuoc goi, thue bao nay lam ong tiep chuyen mach gay ra mot dong ien chay trong vong thue bao. Thiet b ai cuoi nhan biet trang thai chuyen mach (off hook), bo chon ng day ket noi chuyen mach vi thue bao e cung cap mot chuoi xung mi quay so (dial tone) va san sang nhan cac xung quay so. Sau o, thiet b chuyen mach phai ket noi thue bao vi ng day co a ch la so ien thoai a quay.

Tang cuoi cung trong bo chuyen mach co nhiem vu kiem tra ng day ban va phai cung cap mot tn hieu chuong ti thue bao (neu banphat tn hieu ban, neu roi-phat tn hieu mi quay so). T bang ket noi cua tong ai nhan cong au tien, ky thuat tong ai chuyen mach a phat trien dan len qua nhieu giai oan. * Tong ai t ong au tien s dung chuyen mach c ien tng nac. Tong ai tng nac oi khi c goi la tong ai Strowger, at theo ten cua nha phat minh. ay la mot chuyen mach quay tron nhieu nac, co mot choi quet chung. Choi quet c at thang ng, tng ng vi so a quay (bi cac xung quay so) de chon mot trong so mi tiep iem tnh. Sau o choi quet quay tron e chon mot ng day co the s dung trong so mi cap tiep iem c at tren moi mieng hoac nac. * Tong ai c ien ke tiep la tong ai ngang doc. Cac tiep iem chuyen mach ngang doc c sap xep di dang ma tran vi mot nhom tiep iem c at tai giao iem cua hang va cot. Mot bo chuyen mach ien hnh co 10 hang 20 cot dc minh hoa trong hnh 4.2, co mot bo 4 tiep iem moi iem (crosspoint).
Contacts Row select bar

10*20 c rosspoints Select magne hold

magnet column hold armature

HNH 4.2 Chuyen mach ngang doc Hai nhom nam cham ien cho phep chon tuan t cot va hang mong muon. Nh vay ta co the duy tr c 20 vong kn rieng re. Bo chuyen mach ngang doc tao c mot qua trnh co the tap trung c thiet b chuyen mach goi la ieu khien chung (common control), ieu nay khong thc hien c trong bo chuyen mach tng nac. Vao nam 1970 ngi ta a gii thieu loai tong ai ieu khien bang may tnh co lu tr chng trnh. Cac he thong au tien nh vay s dung loai chuyen mach ngang doc. Sau nay he thong co lu tr chng trnh s dung cac rle tiep iem kn (reed relay: cong tiep iem) nho hn va nhanh hn. Cac tiep iem nay c che tao bang vat lieu sat t, v vay chung se hut lan nhau khi chu tac ong cua lc t c tao ra bi cuon day bao quanh. Cac cong tiep iem nay c at trong ong thuy tinh cha nit. Trong luc o ky thuat IC a co nhng tien bo ln ve chuyen mach ien thoai. S phat trien cua chuyen mach tng t dung transitor hieu ng trng (FET), cac bo bien oi A/D va D/A va cac bo vi x ly a la cong cu e khai sinh ra chuyen mach so. * He thong chuyen mach ien t hoan toan so au tien c gii thieu vao khoang nam 1975. Trong he thong so, cac tn hieu analog c lay mau va c ma hoa bang cach s dung bo ieu ma xung (PCM) 8 bit. Cac mau t 8 bit t nhieu thue bao dc don theo phng phap phan chia thi gian vao cac khung (frame) va c mang tren cac bus chung trong thiet b chuyen mach. Trong chuyen mach so, ngoai chuyen mach vat ly hoac chuyen mach khong gian thong thng, ta con can them chuyen mach thi gian. Chuyen mach thi gian e lam tre hoac e em trong bo nh truy xuat ngau nhien (RAM)

cac mau t t mot thue bao sao cho phu hp vi khe thi gian TDM cua mot thue bao khac. Khai niem nay c minh hoa trong hnh 4.3. n
A.D 12 1 2 3

n
D.A

2 1

A.D

n n N N D.A

n 2 1

n 2 1

Time & Space switch Hnh 4.3 Chuyen mach TDM Bo chuyen mach so cung cap chuyen mach thi gian va chuyen mach khong gian can thiet cho N module, moi module cha n may ien thoai hoac n kenh. Trong mang ien thoai cong cong, n thng la 24. Trong hnh 4.3, kenh 4 cua module 1 c noi ket vi kenh 2 cua module N. Thong thng chuyen mach so yeu cau co chuyen mach thi gian e phu hp vi cac khe thi gian bus TDM va chuyen mach khong gian e noi cac thue bao tren cac bus khac nhau.

II. CAC AC TNH MANG IEN THOAI:

TRUYEN

CUA

1.Tieng doi (echo): Nghe tieng doi giong noi cua chnh mnh trong khi s dung ien thoai se rat kho chu. Tieng doi la ket qua cua s phan xa tn hieu xay ra tai nhng iem khong phoi hp tr khang doc

theo mang ien thoai. Noi chung, thi gian tre cua tieng doi dai hn va tn hieu tieng doi manh hn se lam nhieu loan en ngi noi nhieu hn. S phoi tr khang tren ng truyen thng xau nhat tren cac vong thue bao va tai ni giao tiep vi au cuoi. ay viec phoi hp tr khang rat kho ieu khien v chieu dai cua vong thue bao va cac thiet b thue bao qua khac nhau. May thay, tieng doi nghe c bi ngi noi a b suy giam hai lan: t ngi noi en iem phan xa va ngc lai. e thi gian tre ngan ngi ta them vao cac bo suy hao e lam giam mc tieng doi. Tren cac ng truyen dai ngi ta phai s dung cac bo triet tieng doi ac biet. Tn hieu thoai t ngi noi c bo suy hao nhan biet va lam suy giam 60 dB tren ng ve. Bo triet tieng doi se b vo hieu hoa (kh hoat) vai phan ngan giay sau khi ngi noi a ngng noi. Bo triet tieng doi cung co the b khoa neu ngi noi va ngi nghe xa nhau. Bac My, bo triet tieng oi c s dung trong cac mach truyen tin khi thi gian tre cua mot vong tn hieu vt qua 45 ms. Cac cuoc goi gia cac trung tam mien cua mang va mot so cac ng dai khac thuoc loai nay. V du, s lan truyen thi gian tre tren cac ng thong tin ve tinh co the vai tram ms, nen ta phai s dung bo triet tieng doi. Cac bo triet tieng doi c vo hieu hoa trong khi truyen d lieu cac cuoc goi. S ngat vai ms trong khi bo triet cua hng nay tat va hng kia m se lam h hai d lieu (v d lieu la cac tn hieu xung nen s ong m cua cac bo triet se anh hng en cac xung tn hieu nay). moi may thu, cac modem lam suy giam tieng doi bang bo ngo loc vao. ieu nay co the thc hien c bi v song mang cua cac kenh phat va thu cua moi modem khac nhau. ac tnh cua bo loai c dung trong mang la

cho phep cac bo phan triet tieng doi c vo hieu hoa mot cach t ong. Bo loai c kch khi khi mot trong hai ben phat ra mot tone 2025 Hz hoac 2100 Hz. Tone nay phai c keo dai t nhat 300 ms va mc cong suat la 5 dBm. Khoang thi gian khong co tn hieu la 100 ms hoac nhieu hn se lam cho bo triet tieng doi c chuyen mach tr lai. Nhiem vu ieu khien bo triet tieng doi c thc hien bi modem cua ngi s dung (DCE) va phai c at gia ng tn hieu RTS (request to send) c yeu cau bi triet b dau cuoi (DTE) va ng tn hieu CTS (clear to send) c chap nhan t modem. 2.Dai thong: Dai thong cua mang ien thoai xap x 300 Hz-3400 Hz. Dai tan so nay tng ng vi pho cua tn hieu tieng noi. Mot ap tuyen tan so tieu bieu ctrnh bay trong hnh 4.6(a) Relative response (dB) 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 0 2 f (KHz) (a) Frequency response 1 3 4

Relative delay (ms)

5 4 3 2 1 1 2 f (KHz) 3

( b ) Delay characteristic HNH 4.6 ap tuyen tan so va ac tnh tre.

Nhac lai chng hai, mot he thong truyen d lieu thc te bat ky co cac ng truyen va/hoac cac bo loc se co ap tuyen bien o va cac ac tn tre bien oi theo tan so. Thi gian tre bien oi c sinh ra bi cac bien oi thi gian lan truyen theo tan so. Hnh 4.6(b) cho thay mot ng cong tre tieu bieu. S bien doi cua bien o va thi gian tre theo tan so se lam meo dang bien o va pha. 3.Cac cuon phu tai: oi vi mot ng truyen hai day, he so suy hao c tnh bang phng trnh gan ung. Khi phan tch chi tiet ta thay rang, s suy hao cua mot ng day co the giam neu ien cam L cua no c gia tang, do o tao ra mot hang so na trong dai tan so tieng noi.Thc chat L phai cgia tang nhieu hn ien cam cua mot ng day bat ky. e giam s suy haocua mot ng day, ngi ta at noi tiep vi ng day cac ien cam ri rac hoac tap trung, goi la cac cuon phu tai. Cac cuon day c at nhng diem cach eu nhau e at c hieu qua mong muon. Mot dang sap xep ien hnh la s dung cac cuon cam 88mH at cach nhau 1,8 km. Khi s dung cuon phu tai, s suy hao cua ng day c giam va duy tr tan so tng oi len ti tan so cat ti han, tren tan so cat nay la s suy hao se gia tang. ieu nay c trnh bay trong hnh 4.7.
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 (b) 88 mH 1,8 km loading unloaded

1 2 3 4 5 Altenuation with lurnced loading

HNH 4.7 Cuon phu tai va anh hng oi

vi s suy hao vong thue bao. Van toc truyen lan cua mot ng day co phu tai cung tao ra mot hang so na, va nho hn ng day khong co phu tai. Viec lam cho Vp la hang so se lam cho giam c meo pha, tuy nhien thi gian tre tuyet oi lai tang len va lam xau i van e tieng doi. Cac cuon day phu tai phai c di chuyen theo cac vong thue bao e cac tan so tren gia tr tan so cat c bo i, trng hp nay dung cho cac ng day truyen d lieu toc o cao. 4. Suy hao tn hieu, cac mc cong suat va nhieu: Tren mang ien thoai co n chuyen mach, s mat mat cong suat tn hieu gia cac thue bao bien ong manh trong khoang t 10 dB ti 25 dB. S bien ong theo thi gian gia hai thue bao bat ky nho hn 6 dB. Ty so tn hieu tren nhieu S/N cung quan trong nh o ln cua tn hieu thu c. e tn hieu thu c co the tin cay c, ty so S/N phai t nhat la 30:1 (29,5 dB). Hau het nhieu c tao ra tren mang ien thoai co the chia lam 3 loai: 1.Nhieu nhiet va tap am: (do s phat xa cua linh kien trong bo khuech ai) la tieng on ngau nhien dai rong, c tao ra do s chuyen ong va dao ong cua cac hat mang ien tch trong cac thanh phan khac nhau cua mang. 2.Nhieu ieu che noi va xuyen am: la ket qua cua s giao thoa tn hieu mong muon vi cac tn hieu khac tren mang. Cac tn hieu giao thoa nay tren mot oi cap at ke can vi oi cap ang s dung cho tn hieu mong muon, hoac cac tn hieu c ieu che tren cac tan so song mang ke can tren he thong FDM. 3. Nhieu xung: bao gom cac xung ien ap hoac cac xung nhat thi, c tao ra chu yeu

bi s chuyen mach c hoc trong tong ai, s tang vot cua ien ap nguon hoac tia chp Viec giam toi thieu anh hng cua tieng on tren tn hieu thu la ieu co the thc hien c bang cach s dung viec truyen cac mc cong suat cao co the co. Tuy nhien cac mc tn hieu cao tren mang se lam tang s ieu che noi va xuyen am. Can co s thoa hiep trong s thiet lap mc truyen, mc cong suat ln nhat cho phep, c ieu khien chnh xac bi cap mang co tham quyen. Cac quy nh a cong bo ve mc vong suat ln nhat cho phep phu thuoc vao loai tn hieu ang gi (v du phu thuoc vao chu ky va tan so lam viec). Thng cac mc cong suat truyen phai nho hn 0 dBm (1mW). Mc cong suat nhieu ngau nhien o c cac thiet b au cuoi cua thue bao tieu bieu trong khoang 40 dBm. Nhieu xung la tham hoa ln nhat trong viec truyen d lieu va kha nang d oan s xuat hien cua nhieu la nho nhat. Khi xuat hien nhieu xung, ket qua la mot loi xung xay ra va mot so bit b mat. Do o can co cac mach phat hien loi nh kiem tra parity. Nhieu protocol yeu cau phai co bo sa sai de bao cho ben phat biet rang thu khong co loi (error free) cho tng khoi d lieu trc khi gi khoi ke tiep.

III.VONG BAO:

NOI

BO

VA

TN

HIEU

Vong noi bo cua thue bao la mot ng hai day can bang noi vi ai cuoi, tr khang ac tnh khoang 500 en1000 (thng la 600 ). Mot nguon chung cua ai cuoi cung cap nguon 48 VDC cho moi vong thue bao. Hai day dan c noi vi tip va ring- thuat ng dung e mo ta jack ien thoai. Hnh 4.8 minh hoa vong noi bo va jack cam ien thoai. ng ring co ien

the 48 VDC oi vi tip. Tip c noi at (ch oi vi DC) ai cuoi.

+ 48V _ ring

tip

Khi thue bao nhac may (off-hook) lam ong tiep iem chuyen mach, tao nen mot dong ien xap x 20 mADC chay trong vong thue bao. che o off-hook, ien the DC ri tren ng day gia tip va ring khoang 48V thiet b au cuoi cua thue bao ien thoai. Tn hieu thoai am tan c truyen tren moi hng cua ng day khi co s thay oi nho cua dong ien vong. S thay oi cua dong ien gom tn hieu AC chong chap vi dong ien vong DC. Mot phng phap giao tiep vong trung ke thong thng (loop-trunk) ai cuoi. Tn hieu am tan c ghep bien ap gia mach thue bao va mach trung ke. Cuon relay vong (loop-relay) cua ai cuoi cam nhan dong ien vong trung bnh va truyen trang thai off-hook, on-hook ti ai bang cach ong hoac m tiep iem. Tu C e thoat tn hieu AC ri tren cuon relay. ieu quan trong can biet la cac tn hieu AC va tr khang AC so vi at, la vong can bang, mac du hai day dan co ien the la 48V va c noi vi at ( trang thai off-hook). Khi ai cuoi phat hien trang thai off-hook, xung mi quay so (dial tone) c phat en vong thue bao, ong thi tong ai san sang nhan cac so cua vong thue bao c goi. Tn hieu bao co the dung xung (a quay so), hoac moi so co the ma hoa tan so bang cach s dung

cac cap tan so hoac xung ac biet. Phng phap sau thch hp khi s quay so la phm bam (touch-tone) hoac DTMF (dial-tone multiple frequency) quay so bang xung tan so kep. Trong viec quay so bang da quay, mach vong c ong hoac ngat bi mot chuyen mach c noi vi mot c cau quay so. Cac chuoi xung ong nhat uc tao ra tng ng vi so c quay, nh hnh 4.10. Thi gian cua moi chu ky thng la 100ms, trong o 40% chu ky lam viec. Do ieu khien bang tay, nen thi gian gia cac so lien tiep co the thay oi t 0,5 en 1 giay.
20 mA

0 mA 100ms HNH 4.10 Cac xung quay so cua so 3.

Khi s dung DTMF e quay so, cac so c chon bi cac chuyen mach bang nut bam va mot cap tan so rieng c phat ong thi vi moi so.
697 1 2 3 (Freq-tol =15% 770 4 5 6

852

941

1209

0 1330 1477 High band 1633 Hz

HNH 4.11 Cac tan so DTMF. Hnh 4.11 trnh bay phng phap phan cap tan so nay. Moi cap tan so (tone) xuat hien toi thieu 40 ms. Thi gian toi thieu gia cac so la 60 ms. S quay so bang phm bam co the nhanh hn 10 lan quay so bang da quay. e ien thoai cua thue bao o chuong, mot tn hieu cap dong chuong co bien do xap x 90 Vrms (tan so 20 Hz) c lay t ai cuoi a ti ng day. e bao hieu tot trang thai on/off-hook, tn hieu quay so va am hieu chuong, ien tr noi tiep cua mach vong khong c vt qua 1300 (bao gom ien tr cua mach vong, ien thoai va cac cuon phu tai). Mot vong 7 km s dung c day 24 co dien tr la 1200 . S mat mat tn hieu cho phep gia thue bao va ai cuoi ln nhat khoang 9 dB, tieu bieu la khoang 4 dB. S mat mat tn hieu tren ng day c 24 khong co phu tai khoang 1,4 dB/km.

IC giao tiep vong thue bao (subscriber loop interface IC: SLIC)
Vong thue bao noi bo s dung mot ng hai day can bang. Cac cap nh vay c dung e truyen theo hai hng gia thue bao va ai ien thoai trung tam. S giao tiep nay can co bo truyen oi hai day ra bon day e tn hieu phat va thu co the tach rieng ra tren cac mach hai day rieng re. Nhieu mach trung ke s dung cac ng truyen bon day, mot cap cho moi hng gia cac ai. Trong qua kh mach chuyen oi hai ra bon c thc hien bi bien the am tan ac biet goi la hybrid. Dang n gian nhat la mot bien the hybrid ghep mot cuon day pha vong thue bao va hai cuon day rieng re pha ng trung ke hoac tong ai. Trong thc te, cac bien the nay phc tap hn nhieu e co s phoi hp tr khang gia mang ien thoai va tn hieu goi. Vao nhng nam

cuoi thap ky 1970, cong nghe ban dan phat trien, cac mach IC giao tiep vong thue bao au tien ra i e thay the s cong kenh cua bien the hybrid.

CHNG IV: GII THIEU LINH KIEN

I. OPTO 4N35:
1 Mo ta chung: Opto 4N35 la bo ghep quang c cau tao bi photodiode va phototransistor. Bo ghep quang dung e cach ien gia nhng mach ien co s khac biet kha ln ve ien the. Ngoai ra con c dung e tranh cac vong at gay nhieu trong mach ien. Thong thng bo ghep quang gom 1 diode loai GaAs phat ra tia hong ngoai va mot phototransistor vi vat lieu silic. Vi dong ien thuan diode phat ra bc xa hong ngoai vi bc song khoang 900 nm. Nang lng bc xa nay c chieu len be mat cua phototransistor hay chieu gian tiep qua mot moi trng dan quang. au tien tn hieu phan phat (Led hong ngoai) trong bo ghep quang bien thanh tn hieu anh sang, sau o tn hieu anh sang c phan tiep nhan (Phototransistor) bien lai thanh tn hieu ien. Tnh chat cach ien: bo ghep quang thng c dung e cach ien gia 2 mach ien co ien the cach ien kha ln. Bo ghep quang co the lam viec vi dong ien mot chieu hay tn hieu ien co tan so kha cao. ien tr cach ien : o la ien tr vi dong ien mot chieu gia ngo vao va ngo ra cua bo ghep quang co tr so be nhat la 1011 , nh the u yeu cau thong thng. Nhng chung ta can chu y dong dien ro khoang nA co the anh hng en hoat ong cua mach ien. Gap trng hp nay ta co the tao nhng khe trong gia ngo vao va ngo ra. Noi chung vi bo ghep quang ta can phai co mach in tot. 2 Hnh dang va mo ta chan :

ANODE BASE CATHODE COLLECTOR NC EMITTER

1 2 3

6 5 4

3 Tnh chat : - Nguon cung cap Vcc = + 5 V chan so 5 - Tn hieu c a vao chan so 1 va 2 - Tn hieu lay ra chan 4 - Hieu ien the cach ien la 3350 V - He so truyen at 100% - c ng dung trong mot so mach cach ly va mach ieu khien

II. VI MACH THUAT TOAN TL082:

TL082 gom 2 vi mach thuat toan 741 trong cung mot vo. Vi mach thuat toan tieu chuan 741 la loai vi mach n khoi tch hp ln c che tao theo cong nghe mang mong. Nh kha nang tch hp ln nen pham vi ng dung trong thc te rat rong rai va a dang. u iem noi bat cua vi mach la lam viec tot mc ien ap thap en 5V, ngoai ra con co cac ac tnh chung nh sau : - Khong can bu tan so, tang o on nh che o lam viec tuyen tnh. - Co mach bao ve ngan va qua tai ngo ra. - Co o lech iem troi ve zero nho. - Khong b khoa neu tn hieu a en ngo vao khong thch hp. - He so nen ong pha ln. - Tieu hao cong suat nho. 1 Mo ta chan:

OUT 1 IN 1 _ 1 IN 1 + VCC _

1 2 3 4

8 VCC + 7 OUT 2 6 IN 2 + 5 IN 2 _ 3 2

4 2 Cac tnh nang ky thuat : Ve mat nguyen ly, vi mach ly tng se co tong tr vao vo cung ln, tong tr ra vo cung nho, toc o bam gi tn hieu ra vi tn hieu vao khong b gii han va co bang thong rat rong. Nhng thc te th khong co chuyen o. o khuech ai ien ap hay o li: mach dung vong hoi tiep, goi la vong h o li rieng vao khoang Av = 105 dB. Tong tr vao : vai chuc M. Tong tr ra : khoang 1 100 . Dong phan cc ngo vao : khi dung transistor lung cc tang au vao, gia tr IB = 0.1 0.8 A. Nguon cung cap : thong thng dung nguon lng cc e khai thac het hieu suat cua vi mach. Gia tr s dung 5V. Tn hieu vao khong vt qua Vcc. No c gii han gia tr toi a bi Vcc. Gia tr cc ai cho phep thng nho hn Vcc t 1 2V.

III. IC LM 567 :
LM 567 la IC tach tone va tan so, o la mot bo PLL (phase locked loop) vi s tach khoa ong bo AM va mach cong suat ngo ra. Chc nang goc cua no la e lai mot tai trong mot pham vi bang tach. Tan so trung tam cua bang va s tre ngo ra c xac nh mot cach oc lap.

ac tnh: - S on nh cao cua tan so trung tam. - Bang thong ieu khien oc lap. - Ngo ra logic co the tng hp vi dong 100mA tr xuong. - Co kha nang chong nhieu cao. - ieu chnh tan so bang mot bien tr ben ngoai co gia tr t 20 1000 .. ng dung: - Tach tone - ieu khien xa bang tia hong ngoai - Truyen goi - ien thoai vo tuyen - Bo dao ong chnh xac S o khoi vi mach LM 567:

OUTPUT OUT LOW PASS LOOP GND QUADRATURE

PHASE

IN TIMING RESISTOR VCC Chan Chan Chan Chan Chan Chan 1 : loc ngo ra 2 : loc thong thap 3 : ngo vao 4 : nguong cung cap 5, 6 : mach dao ong RC 7 : ground
PHASE LOCKED LOOP (PLL)

 Chan 8 : ngo ra Cong thc thiet ke : Tan so trung tam :

fo = 1 1.1 * R * C

Bang thong
BW = 1070 Vi fo * c

Tan so trung tam cua vong khoa pha PLL : La tan so t do cua bo dao ong khi cha co tn hieu vao.
Bang thong cua vong khoa pha la pham

vi cua tan so xung quanh tan so trung tam fO ma mot tn hieu vao tren ien ap ngng (20 mVRMS) se gay ra mc logic 0 ngo ra. Pham vi khoa la pham vi tan so rong nhat ma trong o tn hieu vao se gi c trang thai logic 0 ngo ra.

V. IC GHI PHAT NG AM:

1 ISD 15XX: ISD15XX la cac IC co cac tnh nang u viet, gia tng oi thap s dung thuan li trong cac mach ghi phat am ng. Thi gian ghi phat trong mach ien ng am he nay chng 4.8 32 giay, no co the noi tiep vi cac ien tr ieu chnh dao ong.
Linh kien 1506 Thi gian ghi phat 4.8 6.0 16 20 24 32 1510 7.2 9.6 8 1520 10 12 16 6.4 2.6 100 5.3 2.3 4 1.7

Tan so lay mau 8.0 6.4 5.3 4.0 8 8 6.4 5.3 4 ( KHZ ) Dai rong ien hnh 3.4 2.6 2.3 1.7 3.4 3.4 2.6 2.3 1.7 ( KHZ ) ien tr dao ong 80 100 120 160 80 80 100 120 160

120 160

 Cau tao : IC 15XX la cac mach IC ng am dung ky thuat CMOS, ben trong no bao gom : Bo dao ong Bo tien Micro Bo AGC Bo loc Bo loc phang va kch loa cung vi EPROM

S o khoi ben trong c trnh bay hnh sau:

Ck Ro Nhp ong ho Clk nh gi Lay mau Bo loc trt Sp+ Bo chuyen tiep analog EPROM Bo giai ma AGC Spieu chnh nguon ien Linh kien ieu khien

Bo loc pha ng

VccA VssA VssD VccD Recled Playl

Test

Player Rec

IC co mot au duy nhat e ieu khien ghi am (REC). Hai au ieu khien 2 loai phat am vi 2 kieu kch : kch sn len va kch mc ien. Sau khi ket thuc viec ghi phat, IC nay t ong bc vao trang thai tiet kiem ien. VSSD S o chan :
/RECLED 1 REC VCCD PLAYER NC NC NC NC NC MIC ROCS NC VCCA 14 MIC REF SP+ AGC VSSA VCCA SP_

28
CLK NC NC NC NC NC

15

Chan 2 la au ghi am: REC mc cao th ghi am, rec xuong mc thap ngng ghi am. Chan 3 (PLAYER) la au kch phat am sn len. Chan 4 (PLAYL) kch mc ien phat am, t mc ien thap bien thanh mc ien cao th IC bat au phat am. Chan 10 la au vao MICRO, ben trong c noi vi bo tien khuech ai, micro noi ngoai nen thong qua cac tu ien noi tiep ghep vi no. Chan 12 la au vao goc chuan MICRO REF, ay la au vao chieu ngc cua bo tien khuech ai. Chan 13 la chan ieu khien o li AGC. -Chan 15 va 17 la 2 au ra loa SP+, SP_. au ra nay co the kch cac loa tren 8 . Chan 19 la chan ROSC co the thay oi chu ky ghi va phat am. Chan 25 la chan TEST, chan nay nen noi at. -Chan 26 la xung nhp ong ho XCLK. 1 2 APR 9600: 28 2 Chip ghi phat ng am APR 9600 mi nhat ma 27 cong ty ai Loan a ra th trng la ke tuc ky 3 thuat cua cong ty ISD cua My vi tap am thap, am chat tot,26 khong s ngat ien, co the ghi lai 4 the thu phat t 32 60 giay. nhieu lan, co 25 / M1-message 5 SP 24 / M2- next RE 6 / M3 Ext CLK 23 / M4 MSEL2 7 / M5 MSEL1 22 / M6 / CE 8 OSCR / STROBE 21 / M7- end Ana- out 9 / M8- option Ana- in 20 / BUSY AGC 10 19 11 18 12

13 16 14 15 BE VSSD VSSA SP+ MIC REF MIC VCCA SP_

Tham so tnh nang ien cua APR 9600 : -ien ap nguon la 4.5 6.5 V -Dong ien trang thai tnh la : 1A Dong ien hoat ong : 25mA Co the co nhieu thao tac e ieu khien viec thu phat cua APR 9600, tom lc co the chia thanh 2 loai ieu khien o la: ieu khien noi tiep va ieu khien song song. ieu khien song song : - MSEL 1 mc [1] - MSEL 2 mc [0] - M8 tuy y + Trang thai ghi am: - RE mc [1] Nhan chat phm M1 ( nghe tieng tit ), en BUSY sang th ta bat au ghi am oan 1. Khi tha phm M1 ra va en BUSY tat th ngng ghi am. Nhan lan lt phm M2, M3, M4 e ghi am cac oan khac. Khi ghi am co the khong theo mot th t nao ca, co the ghi tuy y mot oan nao o au tien cung c. Moi oan ghi am co the dai ngan khac nhau nhng tong thi gian ghi am khong vt qua 60 giay. + Trang thai phat am: - RE mc [0] Nhan phm M1 la phat am oan th 1, muon dng th lai nhan phm M1. Neu ta nhan chat phm M1 th se phat am tuan hoan bat au t oan 1 en khi ta tha phm ra. Cac phm M2, M3, M4 lan lt ieu khien cac oan con lai. Phm /CE la phm dng, muon ngng viec phat am ta nhan phm /CE.

 ieu khien noi tiep: MSEL 1 mc [0] MSEL 2 mc [0] M8 mc [1] + Trang thai ghi am : RE mc cao [1] Nhan phm M1 la ghi am oan th 1, tha phm ra la dng lai. Lai an phm M1 ghi am oan tiep theo, c nh vay cho en het. + Trang thai phat am : co 2 trang thai phat am : - RE = [0], M8 = [1]. An phm M1 la phat am oan th 1, lai an phm M1 se phat am oan th 2, c lan lt nh the cho en khi oan cuoi cung ket thuc la dng viec phat, can phai nhan phm /CE e phuc v ve oan 1. - RE = [0], M8 = [0]. An phm M1 la bat au phat am oan 1, lai an phm M1 la phat am oan 2. Phm M2 luc nay co nhiem vu dch chuyen 1 oan, bay gi neu ta nhan M2 roi nhan M1 th se phat am oan 4.

CHNG V: THIET KE CHI TIET

I S O KHOI TONG QUAT:

Giao tiep ng day Mach hybrid va mach loc

Nhan biet chuong

Bo em

Mach thu tieng noi

Mach phat tieng noi

Mach ieu khien relay

Mach phat hien busy tone

Mach Cong nh logic Khoi giao tiep ng day co nhiem vu giao tiep thi vi ng line ca tn hieu lan tn hieu thoai. am bao tr khang 600 . Khoi nhan biet tn hieu chuong nhan biet c khi tong ai o chuong. Bo em se em so lan o chuong.

Mach ieu khien relay se ieu khien relay tao trang thai nhac may gia.

 Mach hybrid va mach loc cach ly tn hieu thu va tn hieu phat, loai bo nhng tn hieu co tan so cao hn tan so tn hieu thoai. Mach phat tieng noi se phat ra tieng noi : chu nha i vang khi mi tao trang thai nhac may. Mach phat hien busy tone khi co tn hieu bao ban khoi nay se phat hien va a tn hieu nham giai toa mach ghi ket thuc. Mach thu tieng noi co nhiem vu thu lai li nhan. Mach nh thi co nhiem vu giai toa mach ghi tieng noi khi gap trng hp may b kenh.

II MACH GIAO TIEP NG DAY VA CAM BIEN CHUONG:

5V Ring C1 Bridge Tip 7414 Tao CLK cho bo em C4 R3 Nguyen ly hoat ong: Bnh thng khi cha co tn hieu chuong th ien ap tren ng day la Vdc co tr so 48V, tu C1 ngan dong DC nen khong co dong phan cc cho diode quang v the diode quang tat. ien ap chan vao cua IC 7414 la mc [0] do o ngo ra se la mc [1]. Khi co tn hieu chuong th ien ap tren ng day co tr hieu dung la 70 90 Vrms va tan so la 25Hz, tn hieu nay qua tu C1, va cau diode cho nen tao dong phan cc thuan cho diode quang dan. ien ap chan 1 cua 7414 se la [1] va ap ngo ra se la [0], tao thanh mot xung kch cho bo em. Tnh toan cac gia tr linh kien: Chon ien ap hieu dung tn hieu chuong la Vrms = 90V Chon IDC = 5mA Chon ien ap ngo ra cau chnh lu la VDC = 15V Dong IAC qua cau chnh lu c tnh theo cong thc: R4 Dz C2 R2 4N35

IAC = (/2)*IDC = 7.85*10-3 A Chon ien ap ri tren diode chnh lu la 0.7 V ien tr han dong R2 : Chon ien ap ghim cho diode Zener la Vz = 12V
Vdc Vz Vdiode 15 12 1.2 = = 360 Idc 5 * 10 3

R2 =

Chon gia tr thc te la R2 = 330 ien tr han dong qua Transistor quang R3: Khi Transistor dan bao hoa th VSat = 0.2V VR3 = Vcc VSat = 5 0.2 = 4.8V
R3 = VR 3 4 .8 = = 1000 IE 5 *10 3

Chon R3 = 1K Tu loc C2: Tu C2 c tnh sau cho co the bypass mot phan tn hieu chuong va toan bo tn hieu thoai. Thong thng ngi ta se chon ZC2 = R2

ZC2 = 330
C2 = 1 1 = 19,3F 2fZ C 2 2 * 3.14 * 25 * 330

Chon C2 = 22 F / 50 V Tu C1 : Ta co:
Vac = (4 * f * C 2 * R2 + 1) 4 * f * C 2 * R2 * 2 * Vdc

Vac =

4 * 25 * 22 * 10 6 * 330 + 1 4 * 25 * 22 * 10 6 * 330 * 2

*15 = 25.2V

Mat khac, ta co phng trnh:

IAC*ZC1 + 2*VD + VAC = 90

7.85*10-3*ZC1 + 2*0.7 + 25.2 = 90 ZC1 = 8076.4

C1 = 0.7 F Chon C1 = 0.68 F / 150 V * Mach tch phan R4, C4 Mach tch phan co thi hang = R4*C4 trong thi gian 2s phai thu c mc ien ap ngng t logic 0 len logic 1 cua cong NOT (loai Schmitt trigger), mc ien ap ngng Vn =3.5V ng vi ien ap nguon 5V. Vn Vh Vin Vout Ta co tan so tn hieu chuong la 25 Hz, suy ra chu k T =0.04s. Nh vay khi co chuong qua opto ta nhan c xung nh sau :

0.04s 2s Tn hieu vao la mot chuoi xung, thi hang = R4*C4 cua mach ln hn rat nhieu chu k cua mot xung. Nh vay qua trnh qua o cha ket thuc th co 1 xung khac tac ong tiep vao mach nen ien ap c the tang dan. Do ien ap

tren tu nap cha en gia tr max th a xa, thi gian xa cha het th phai nap tiep v the ien ap c tang dan. Vc(t)

t Gian o thi gian nap tu Vc (t) = Vcc*( 1 e-t/ ) vi

= R4*C4

Ta chon (thi hang) cua mach phai ln hn chu k mot xung tn hieu chuong. Nh vay qua trnh qua o cha ket thuc th co mot xung khac tac ong tiep vao mach nen ien ap c the tang dan len. e n gian cho viec tnh toan, ta chon 0.2s, chon tu C4 =30F, ta co :
R4 = 0 .2 = 6,7 K 30.10 6

Chon gia tr thc te R4 = 6,8 K. Vay ien ap cua tu C4 sau 0,02s la: VC ( 0,02 ) = 4,8.(1 e-0,02 / 0.2 ) = 0,46V Nh vay e at c 3,5V th mat mot khoang thi gian la 0,3s. Tu C4 c nap qua R4 va xa qua (R4 + R3), nh vay tu C4 xa rat cham ta xem nh no nap ma khong xa. Vay ta co the xem ap ng cua mach tch phan ng vi 1 xung co T = 2s. V

T 2s

III MACH EM HOI CHUONG:

A QA B QB QC QD Ro(1) Ro(2) 7493 OUT BUSY TONE
RESET Ro(1) QA H L L Ro(2) QD OUTPUT QC QB

7414 Ctr Relay 3 8

1 2 740

H X

COUNT

X L COUNT Moi khi co tn hieu chuong th mach cam bien chuong se nhan biet va xuat ra ngo ra la mc [0], khi khong co tn hieu chuong th ngo ra se la mc [1], nh vay ngo ra cua mach cam bien chuong se tao thanh xung CLOCK tac ong en mach em hoi chuong.

Sau khi em 5 hoi chuong th tai ngo ra chan so 3 cua 7408 (IC cong And) se la mc [1] va se tac ong en mach Control Relay.

IV MACH CONTROL RELAY:

Mach ieu khien relay dung e chuyen t mach nhan biet chuong sang mach nhac may gia. 12 V

D1 R 7408 C945 8,2 K

Sau 5 hoi chuong th ngo ra 7408 len [1], lam cho C945 dan, Relay ong. Tong ai nhan biet trang thai nhac may la nh vao tong tr cua bien ap cach ly. Diode D1 bao ve transistor Q tranh qua ap khi Relay ong ngat. Ta s dung Transistor C945 vi cac thong so sau:

= 100 300 PMAX = 250 mW ICMAX = 100mA

Chon Relay 12V, tr khang 300 ta co :

Icsat = 12 0,2 = 39,33mA 300

Chon hfe = = 10
IB = I CSAT = 0.3933mA h fe

R=

VCONTROL RELAYl V D 2 0,7 IB

R=

5 0,7 0,7 = 7,88.10 3 3 0,3933 .10

Chon R = 8,2 K

V. MACH HYBRID VA MACH LOC:

Nh ta a biet, nguyen ly hoat ong cua he thong ien thoai la tn hieu truyen i va ve tren cung mot oi day. Nen nhiem vu cua mach Hybrid la cach ly tn hieu thu va phat. Tn hieu tren ng truyen ve ch i theo ngo Rx vao mach, va tn hieu t he thong phat ch phat ra theo ngo Tx i en ng day ien thoai. Muc ch la e ngi goi khong nghe thay tieng noi cua mnh trong loa, ong thi ngan cach pho tan cua tieng noi. Mach loc la loc thong thap chu yeu la loc lay tn hieu thoai (300Hz 3000KHz), nham loai bo cac tan so cao hn ngoai y muon. 1/ Mach Hybrid: Mach Hybrid c thiet ke da tren ac tnh cua Op-Amp Mach nhac may gia VR 8 Tx 1 !K Rx R1 Mach loc Mach phat R2 3 + 330 2 4

22K

R3 22K

Tnh toan va s dung linh kien: moi quan he gia ien ap ngo ra mach Hybrid VR va ien ap nhan ve t ng day VT c xac nh bang phng phap chong chap. + Trng hp VL = 0

ZL

Z2 VT VR1 Z1

3 +

8 2 4 Z3

Neu xem nh Op-Amp la ly tng ta co:

V R1 V V VT = Z3 Z1 V ZL = VT Z L + Z 2 V R1 =

( Z 3 + Z1 )
Z1

Z3 VT Z1

V R1 =

Z1 Z L Z 2 Z 3 VT Z1 ( Z 2 + Z L )

+ Trng hp VT = 0: ZL VL Z2 1 VR2 2 Z1 VT Z3
V+ = Z2 VL Z2 + ZL V+ Z Z 2 V R 2 = 1 + 3 Z 1 Z 2 + Z L V L

Z V R 2 = 1 + 3 Z1

Ta co : Ap dung nguyen ly chong chap, ta co:

V R = V R1 + V R 2 = Z + Z 3 Z 2 Z1 Z L Z 2 Z 3 VT + 1 Z Z + Z Z1 ( Z 2 + Z L ) 1 2 L V L

e triet tieng doi th tn hieu thu vao VR phai oc lap vi tn hieu phat VT. Z1ZL Z2Z3 = 0 e tn hieu t ng day en mach thu ln nhat th ZL+Z2 phai nho nhat. Z2 = ZL Z 1 = Z3 Gia tr chuan hoa cua ZL trong thong tin la 600 o tan so 800Hz. Tuy nhien trong bang tan ien thoai ZL thay oi khong ang ke nen ta co the xem nh thuan tr. Z2 = ZL = 600 Do Op-Amp co tr khang ngo vao ln nen e phoi hp tr khang ta chon Z1 va Z3 u ln e phoi hp tr khang (t vai chuc K tr len). Trong mach nay ta chon Z1 = Z3 = 22 K 2/ Mach loc thong thap: Mach co nhiem vu phoi hp tr khang nham loc lay bang tan ien thoai (300Hz 3000KHz), loai bo cac tan so cao hn ngoai y muon. C1 270F R1 1 180K 8,2K C2 270F R4 10K Ham truyen cua mach loc thong thap hoi tiep dng :
H(S) = AV 0 1 + [ C1 ( R1 + R2 ) + C 2 R1 (1 AV 0 ) ] 0 S + 0 C1C 2 R1 R2 S 2

R2 180K

3 2

4 R3

e n gian trong mach ien ta chon R1 = R2 va C1 = C2, luc o t ham truyen tren ta co ham truyen at c rut gon nh sau:
H(S) = AV 0 0 C R S + 1 + 0 S [ CR ( 3 AV 0 ) ]
2 2 2 2

T bang ham Butterworth ta co :

b1 = 0 ( 3 AV 0 ) RC = 2 b 2 = 0 R 2C 2 = 1 1 R= C
2

Ta co e phoi hp tr khang ta chon R phai ln, chon R = 180K C 260F , ta chon C = 270F. T tren ta co AV0 = 3 1,4 = 1,6 Mat khac ta lai co AV0 = 1 + (R3 : R4 ), chon R3 = 8,2K R4 = 8,2 : 0,6 13,8 K Chon gia tr chuan R4 = 12K.

VI. MACH BUSY TONE:

Tong ai cap Busy-tone khi tat ca cac ng day ket noi thong thoai eu b ban hay thue bao b goi ang thong thoai, hoac 2 thue bao ang thong thoai th mot ben gac may. V vay ta thiet ke mach nhan biet tn hieu busy tone nay e nhan biet gac may cua thue bao au kia, va ong thi Reset bo em hoi chuong, tac ong en transistor lam cho relay ngat, dan en h mach tao nhac may va ong bo cam bien chuong. e nhan biet tn hieu busy tone co tan so 425Hz, bien o nh nh 3V ta s dung IC LM 567. ay la mot IC chuyen dung e tach tone co cha mot vong khoa pha ben trong. Khi tan so au vao bang vi tan so trung tam ( fIN = fOUT ) th chan ra se co mc logic thap.

Mat khac do tn hieu nay cung nam trong dai tn hieu am tan nhng co bien o bang 3V trong khi bien o tn hieu am tan ch khoang vai chuc mV. V vay e viec tach va nhan chnh xac ta nen qua bo so sanh, dung IC TL 082. Khi bien o vao ln hn mot ien ap chuan nao o (Vref) th tn hieu se c truyen qua bo so sanh, con nho hn ien ap chuan th khong qua bo so sanh. Tnh toan: Chon ien ap chuan Vref = 1V, ta co:
Vref = R2 Vcc = 1V R1 + R2

Chon R1 = 27 K R2 = 2,5K Chon gia tr thc te R2 = 2,7 K ac iem cua mach so sanh 1 mc nay la bien oi tn hieu ngo vao hnh sin thanh dang xung vuong.

Vin Vref 0

Vout Vcc

Khi co tn hieu busy tone a en ngo vao chan so 3 cua TL082, ngo ra se tao thanh mot day tn hieu dang xung co bien o bang vi mc ien ap nguon cua Op Amp. Tn hieu xung nay qua cau phan ap R3, R4 e han bien cho phu hp vi ngo vao IC tach tone. au vao chan so 3 cua LM 567 chu ien ap nho hn hoac bang
R4 0,2 = R3 + R4 12

0,2V, nen ta co:

R3 = 60R4

Chon R4 = 2,2K ta tnh c R3 = 132K Chon R3 = 120K. Cong thc tnh tan so trung tam cua LM 567:
f0 = 1 1,1R5 C 4

Vi R5 va C4 lan lt la ien tr nh thi, tu nh thi (R5 thng c chon trong khoang 2K 20 K).

e tien li ta cho : R5 = R5 + VR5 = 2K Chon R5 = 1,5K, VR5 = 1K Vi f0 = 425 Hz ta co : Chon C4 = 1F

C4 = 1 = 1,1F 1,1 * 2 * 10 3 * 425

C2 la tu loc thong thap, ta chon C2 = 1F C1 la tu loc ngo ra c chon tng oi, v neu chon qua ln th thi gian tre gia 2 trang thai ong va m se ln dan en mach hoat ong khong chnh xac, hoac chon qua nho th mach hoat ong cung khong on nh. Thong thng chon C1 = 2C2 = 2,2F. C0 va C3 la tu lien lac ta chon gia tr la 0,47F.

VII. MACH TAO TAI GIA:

La mot bien ap cach ly co tr khang Zbien ap = 600. Khi mach em hoi chuong em ti hoi th 5 th mach ieu khien Relay cho phep Relay ong chuyen t mach nhan biet chuong sang trang thai nhac may gia, thue bao goi nhan c trang thai nhac may cua thue bao b goi. 1:1 Zener 4,7V Zener 4,7V

Mach tao tai gia Do ien ap lam viec cua IC trong mach la 5V nen ta chon zener la 4.7 V e ghim mc ap co nh khoang 5.3V nham bao ve IC.

VIII MACH PHAT TIENG NOI:

Mach phat tieng noi dung IC ISD1520 la IC chuyen dung cho viec ghi va phat tieng noi. Trong mach nay ta thiet ke theo yeu cau sau: M ach co the thay oi li nhan cua chu nha trc khi i vang. Khi mach tao tai gia tac ong th phai phat ra li nhan cua chu nha. Mach hoat ong nh sau: Ghi lai li nhan cua chu nha: Chan 2 (REC) la chan ghi am tac ong mc cao. Khi ta nhan phm REC th chan 2 len mc [1], IC lap tc ghi am (khi ghi am ta phai luon gi au REC mc cao). Nha phm REC ra th ngng viec ghi am. Thi gian ghi toi a cua IC ISD1520 nay la 32s (xem phan gii thieu linh kien). e ieu chnh thi gian ghi ta s dung bien tr noi vao chan ROSC (chan 19). Thong thng ta chon thi gian ghi la toi a, nh vay theo nha san xuat yeu cau th ien tr co gia tr khoang 160K, ta chon gia tr thc te la 150K. Khi ang ghi am th au ra /RECLED se mc thap nen en LED se sang. Phat lai li nhan: Khi mach em hoi chuong em ti hoi th 5 th ngo ra cua IC 7408 se mc [1]. Ngo ra nay se tac ong en chan PLAYE (chan 3) cua IC ISD1520 mot sn xung len, IC lap tc phat li nhan ra ng day ien thoai.

IX. MACH NH THI:

Ta s dung IC Timer 555 e tao mach a hai n on. Nguyen ly lam viec cua mach nh sau: Khi xung t ngo ra IC 7414 chuyen xuong mc thap [0], ngay luc nay chan so 2 cua IC555 cung

b keo xuong mc thap, chan so 3 cua IC555 (chan out) se len mc cao [1], ngo ra nay se c a vao cong logic OR tac ong vao mach thu nham giai toa viec thu. Ket noi mach nh hnh sau : Vcc +15V 4 R1 T bo em 10K 6 7 R2 C2

7414
en cong logic

555
1 3 5

4
C1

741

Tnh R2 va C2: Ta co : t (high) = 1,1*R2*C2 Chon t = 4 phut = 4*60 = 240s Chon C2 = 1000F R2 = 220K

Tai lieu tham khao

TONG VAN ON, LE TIEN THNG _ TRUYEN D LIEU S dung vi mach LSI _ ai hoc Bach Khoa TP. HCM. PHAM HONG LIEN _ GIAO TRNH IEN T THONG TIN _ ai hoc Bach Khoa TP.HCM. LE VAN THANH _ Bai Giang NGUYEN LY TONG AI IEN T _ Trung Tam ao Tao Bu Chnh Vien Thong II. HUYNH AC THANG _ KY THUAT SO THC HANH _ Nha Xuat Ban Khoa Hoc Va Ky Thuat. DNG MINH TR _ S O CHAN LINH KIEN BAN DAN _ Nha Xuat Ban Khoa Hoc Va Ky Thuat. HOI VO TUYEN IEN T VIET NAM _ TAP CH IEN T