Ly Thuyet Day Du

Li cam oan
Li cam oan
Em xin cam oan n ny khng ging hon ton bt k n hoc cc cng
trnh c trc.
Sinh vin thc hin
Nguyn Hng Vinh
MC LC
MC LC
Li cam oan
MC LC
ii
Bng tra cu t vit tt
vii
Li m u
Chng1 TNG QUAN V MNG DI NG CDMA
1.1. Gii thiu chng..........................................................................................3

1.2. Tng quan v h thng thng tin di ng ...................................................3
1.2.1. H thng thng tin di ng t ong...............................................................3
1.2.2. Qu trnh pht trin......................................................................................4
1.3. H thng thng tin di ng CDMA .............................................................5
1.3.1. Cu trc h thng thng tin di ng CDMA ...............................................5
1.3.1.1. My di ng MS....................................................................................6
1.3.1.2. H thng trm gc BSS ........................................................................6
1.3.1.3. H thng chuyn mch SS ....................................................................6
1.3.1.4. Trung tm vn hnh bo dng OMC ..................................................7
1.3.2. Nguyn l k thut mng CDMA ...............................................................7
1.3.3. Cc c tnh ca CDMA..............................................................................8
1.3.3.1. Tnh a dng ca phn tp.....................................................................8
1.3.3.2. iu khin cng sut CDMA................................................................8
1.3.3.3. Cng sut pht thp...............................................................................9
ii
MC LC
1.3.3.4. Chuyn giao (handoff) CDMA...........................................................9
1.3.3.5. Gi tr Eb/No thp (hay C/I) v chng li...........................................10
1.3.4. T chc cc cell trong mng CDMA.........................................................11
1.4. So snh h thng CDMA vi h thng s dng TDMA...........................12
1.4.1. Cc phng php a truy nhp .................................................................12
1.4.2. So snh h thng CDMA v h thng s dng TDMA.............................13
1.5. Kt lun chng..........................................................................................14
Chng 2 K THUT TRI PH
15
2.1. Gii thiu chng........................................................................................15

2.2. Cc h thng tri ph..................................................................................15
2.2.1. H thng tri ph trc tip (DS)................................................................15
2.2.2. H thng dch tn (FH)..............................................................................16
2.2.3. H thng dch thi gian..............................................................................16
2.3 Cc h thng DS/SS......................................................................................17
2.3.1. Cc h thng DS/SS BPSK........................................................................17
2.3.1.1. My pht DS/SS BPSK ......................................................................17
2.3.1.2. My thu DS/SS BPSK......................................................................19
2.3.2. Cc h thng DS/SSQPSK.......................................................................20
2.3.2.1. My pht..............................................................................................20
2.3.2.2. My thu................................................................................................22
2.3.3. So snh h thng DS/SS-BPSK v DS/SS-QPSK.....................................23
2.4. Kt lun chng..........................................................................................23
Chng 3 CHUYN GIAO V IU KHIN CNG SUT
25
iii
MC LC
3.1. Gii thiu chng........................................................................................25
3.2. Chuyn giao ................................................................................................25
3.2.1. Mc ch ca chuyn giao.........................................................................25
3.2.2. Trnh t chuyn giao..................................................................................26
3.2.3 Cc loi chuyn giao..................................................................................28
3.2.3.1 Chuyn giao mm v mm hn...........................................................29
3.2.3.2 Chuyn giao cng:...............................................................................29
3.3. iu khin cng sut trong CDMA............................................................30
3.3.1. iu khin cng sut vng h (OLPC).....................................................31
3.3.2. iu khin cng sut vng kn (CLPC)....................................................32
3.4. Kt lun chng..........................................................................................32
Chng 4 QUY HOCH MNG CDMA
34
4.1. Gii thiu chng........................................................................................34

4.2. nh c mng...............................................................................................34
4.2.1. Qu trnh nh c mng
........................................................................34
4.2.2. Phn tch qu nng lng ng truyn....................................................35

4.2.2.1. Qu nng lng ng ln..................................................................35
4.2.2.2. Qu nng lng ng xung.............................................................37
4.3. Suy hao ng truyn ................................................................................39
4.3.1. Suy hao ng truyn cc i ..................................................................39
4.3.2. Cc m hnh truyn sng............................................................................40
4.3.2.1. M hnh Hata Okumura....................................................................41
4.3.2.2. M hnh Walfsch Ikegami................................................................43
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MC LC
4.4. Tnh ton dung lng ................................................................................45
4.4.1. Tnh dung lng cc .................................................................................46
4.4.2. Tnh dung lng h thng..........................................................................49
4.5. Kt lun chng..........................................................................................50
Chng 5 TNH TON TI U S CELL TRONG MNG DI NG

CDMA
51
5.1. Gii thiu chng........................................................................................51

5.2. Nhu cu v dung lng v vng ph.........................................................51
5.3. Cc thng s ca h thng..........................................................................52
5.4. Cc bc tnh ton......................................................................................53
5.4.1. Tnh s cell theo dung lng .....................................................................53
5.4.1.1. Tnh dung lng cc...........................................................................53
5.4.1.2. Tnh h s ti v d tr nhiu..............................................................54
5.4.1.3. Tnh s cell..........................................................................................54
5.4.2. Tnh s cell theo vng ph.........................................................................54
5.4.2.1. Tnh suy hao cho php.........................................................................54
5.4.2.2. Tnh bn knh cell................................................................................55
5.4.2.3. Tnh s cell..........................................................................................56
5.4.3. Kt qu tnh s cell.....................................................................................56
5.5. Ti u gia vng ph v dung lng.........................................................57
5.6. Kt lun chng..........................................................................................58
Chng 6
PHNG
CHNG TRNH TNH TON V KT QU M

59
MC LC
6.1. Gii thiu chng........................................................................................59
6.2. Lu thut ton........................................................................................60
6.2.1. Lu thut ton chng trnh chnh........................................................60
6.2.2. Lu thut ton ti u ............................................................................61
6.3. Kt qu m phng.......................................................................................62
6.3.1. Giao din chnh..........................................................................................62
6.3.2. Giao din tnh suy hao cho php................................................................62
6.3.3. Giao din tnh bn knh theo suy hao.........................................................63
6.3.4. Giao din tnh dung lng cc...................................................................63
6.3.5. Giao din tnh s cell..................................................................................64
6.3.6 Giao din ti u cell....................................................................................64
6.3.7. Giao din tnh cho mt vng bt k...........................................................65
6.4. Kt lun chng..........................................................................................65
Kt lun v hng pht trin ti
66
Ti liu tham kho
67
Ph lc
68
vi
Bng tra cu t vit tt
Bng tra cu t vit tt
K hiu
Ting Anh
Ting Vit
1G
2G
3G
First Generation
Second Generation
Third Generation
H thng thng tin di ng th h 1

Authentication Centre
Trung tm nhn thc
Busy Hours Call Attemp

Bit Error Rate
Basic Station
Base Station Controller
Base Station System
Base Transceiver Station
N lc gi trong gi bn
T l li bit
Trm gc
B iu khin trm gc
H thng trm gc
Trm thu pht gc
Code Division Multiple Access

Carrier to Interference ratio
a truy cp chia theo m

T s sng mang trn nhiu
Downlink
Direct
Sequence
Spectrum
ng ln
A
AuC
B
BHCA
BER
BS
BSC
BSS
BTS
C
CDMA
C/I
D
DL
DSSS
Spread
Tri ph chui trc tip
E
EIR
EIRP
Equipment Identity Centre

Effective Isotropically Radiated
Power
Trung tm ch th thit b
Cng sut pht x ng hng hiu
dng
Frequence
Access
a truy cp phn chia theo tn s
F
FDMA
Division
Multiple
G
GMSC
GoS
GSM
Gateway MSC
Grade of Service
Global System for Mobile
Communication
MSC cng
Cp phc v
Home Location Register

Hand over
Thanh ghi nh v thng tr

Chuyn giao
H thng thng tin di ng ton cu
H
HLR
HO
vii
Bng tra cu t vit tt

I
IS-95A
Interim Standard 95A
Tiu chun thng tin di ng TDMA

ci tin ca M (Qualcomm)
Location Area
Location Area Code
Location Area Identity
Khu vc nh v
M nh v
Ch th nh v
Multiple Access Interference

Mobile Equipment
Multimedia Messaging Service
Mobile Station
Mobile Switching Centre
Nhiu a truy nhp

Thit b di ng
Dch v nhn tin a phng tin
Trm di ng
Trung tm chuyn mch di ng
Operations and Maintenance
Vn hnh v bo dng
Pseudo Noise
Public Land Mobile Network
Public Switched Telephone
Network
Nhiu gi ngu nhin

Mng di ng mt t cng cng
Mng in thoi chuyn mch cng
cng
Quality of Service
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
Cht lng dch v

Kha dch pha vung gc
Radio Link Budgets
Qu nng lng ng truyn
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
T s tn hiu trn nhiu
Time Division Multiple Access
a truy cp phn chia theo thi gian
User Equipment
Uplink
Thit b ngi s dng

ng ln
Visitor Location Register
Thanh ghi nh v thng tr
L
LA
LAC
LAI
M
MAI
ME
MMS
MS
MSC
O
O&M
P
PN
PLMN
PSTN
Q
QoS
QPSK
R
RLB
S
SNR
T
TDMA
U
UE
UL
V
VLR
viii
Li m u
Li m u
Cng vi s pht trin ca cc ngnh cng ngh nh in t, tin hc,
cng ngh thng tin di ng trong nhng nm qua pht trin rt mnh m
cung cp cc loi hnh dch v a dng p ng nhu cu ngy cng cao ca
ngi s dng. K t khi ra i vo cui nm 1940 cho n nay thng tin di
ng pht trin qua nhiu th h v tin mt bc di trn con ng
cng ngh.
Trao i thng tin l nhu cu thit yu trong x hi hin ti. Cc h thng
thng tin di ng ra i to cho con ngi kh nng thng tin mi lc, mi ni.
Pht trin t h thng thng tin di ng tng t, cc h thng thng tin di
ng s th h 2 (2G) ra i vi mc tiu ch yu l h tr dch v thoi v
truyn s liu tc thp. H thng thng tin di ng ng 2G nh du s
thnh cng ca cng ngh GSM vi hn 70% th phn thng ti di ng trn
ton cu hin nay. Trong tng lai, nhu cu cc dch v s liu s ngy cng
tng v c kh nng vt qu nhu cu thng tin thoi. H thng thng tin di
ng th h 3 (3G) ra i nhm p ng cc nhu cu cc dch v s liu tc
cao nh: in thoi thy hnh, video streamming, hi ngh truyn hnh,
nhn tin a phng tin (MMS)
Hin nay, mng thng tin di ng ca Vit Nam ang s dng cng ngh
GSM, mng GMS khng p ng cc yu cu v dch v cng nh i hi v
cht lng dch v, v mng thng tin di ng CDMA v ang tip tc c
m rng trn ton quc c kh nng p ng nhu cu v cht lng v dch
v hin nay. Do vic nghin cu v trin khai mng thng tin di ng
CDMA l mt iu tt yu. Xut pht t nhng suy ngh nh vy nn em
quyt nh chn ti: " Ti u s cell trong tnh ton mng di ng CDMA ".
Ni dung n gm 5 chng :
Chng 1: Tng quan v thng tin di ng CDMA
Chng ny trnh by tng quan v qu trnh pht trin ca cc h thng
thng tin di ng v mng di ng CDMA.
Trang 1
Li m u
Chng 2: K thut tri ph
Trnh by cc khi nim: tri ph trc tip (SS), tri ph dch tn (FH),
tri ph dch thi gian (TH) v cc h thng tri ph trc tip DSSS-BPSK v
DSSS-QPSK.
Chng 3 : Chuyn giao v iu khin cng sut
Trnh by hai vn chuyn giao v iu khin cng sut: trnh t chuyn
giao v cc loi chuyn giao, iu khin cng sut vng kn v iu khin cng
sut vng h trong h thng thng tin di ng CDMA.
Chng 4 : Quy hoch mng CDMA
Trnh by qu trnh quy hoch mng CDMA: nh c mng, phn tch
ng truyn, phn tch suy hao, phn tch dung lng.
Chng 5 : Tnh ton mt vng c th
Tnh ton s cell cho mt vng m bo v cht lng, dung lng v
vng ph. Sau khi tnh ton dng thut ton ti u s cell tit kim chi ph
u t.
Chng 6 : Chng trnh tnh ton v kt qu m phng
Trnh by lu thut ton tng qut, lu thut ton c th v kt
qu m phng.
Trong qu trnh lm ti, em c gng rt nhiu song do kin thc
hn ch nn khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st, sai lm. Em rt mong nhn
c s ph bnh, hng dn v s gip ca Thy c, bn b.
Em xin chn thnh cm n s hng dn. gip tn tnh ca Thy
Nguyn Tn Hng cng cc Thy c trong khoa in t-Vin thng em
hon thnh ti tt nghip ny.
Nng, ngy......thng......nm 2003
Sinh vin thc hin
Nguyn Hng Vinh
Trang 2
Chng 1 Tng quan v mng CDMA
Chng1 TNG QUAN V MNG DI NG CDMA

1.1. Gii thiu chng
H thng CDMA c xy dng nhm chun b mt c s h tng di ng
chung c kh nng phc v cc dch v hin ti v c th nng cp ln h thng 3G
trong tng lai.
Chng ny s trnh by tng quan v mt h thng thng tin di ng v mng
di ng CDMA. c bit l tm hiu cu trc h thng, nguyn l v cc c tnh ca
CDMA: iu khin cng sut, dung lng, chuyn giao, vng ph.T rt ra
bng so snh gia mng thng tin di ng CDMA vi mng GSM nhm nu ln cc
u im ca mng CDMA.
1.2. Tng quan v h thng thng tin di ng

1.2.1. H thng thng tin di ng t ong
Ton b vng phc v ca h thng in thoi di ng t ong c chia thnh
nhiu vng phc v nh, gi l cc (cell), mi c mt trm gc qun l v c
iu khin bi tng i sao cho thu bao c th vn duy tr c cuc gi mt cch
lin tc khi di chuyn gia cc .
PSTN Mng
in thoi
cng cng
Trung tm
chuyn mch
in thoi di
ng 1
Trung tm
chuyn mch
in thoi di
ng 1
Hnh 1.1. H thng thng tin di ng t ong
Trang 3

Trong h thng in thoi di ng t ong th tn s m cc my di ng s dng
l khng c nh mt knh no m cc knh c xc nh nh knh bo hiu
v my di ng c ng b v tn s mt cch t ng. V vy cc k nhau nn
s dng tn s khc nhau cn cc cch xa hn l mt khong cch nht nh c
th ti s dng cng mt tn s . cho php cc my di ng c th duy tr cuc
gi lin tc trong khi di chuyn gia cc th tng i s iu khin cc knh bo
hiu hoc knh lu lng theo s di chuyn ca my di ng chuyn i tn s
ca my di ng thnh mt tn s thch hp mt cch t ng.
1.2.2. Qu trnh pht trin
Thng tin di ng ra i u tin vo cui nm 1940, khi n ch l h thng
thng tin di ng iu vn. n nay thng tin di ng tri qua nhiu th h. Th
h 1 l th h thng tin di ng tng t s dng cng ngh truy cp phn chia theo
tn s (FDMA-Frequency Division Multiple Access). Tip theo l th h 2 v hin
nay l th h 3 ang c trin khai mt s quc gia trn th gii.
Nm
81
M
Nm
81
90
AMPS
NAMPS
90
2000
TDMDPDCH
DPCCH
2000
M
CMTS
NAMP
IS-136
AMPS
Kh
IS-95
ETACS
IS-54B
S
CDMAKhe
#14
TACS
e
CMTS
IS-136
I
#i
IS-95
ETACS
Chu u
M
TACS
GSM
Kh
T
CDMA
2
e
U
NMT45
NMT900 GSM
DECPCN
0
#1
M
0
T
NMT45
NMT900
DKhe
Tkh
PCN#0
0
S
CT-2
I
=
EC
e
NTT
25
NTT
PDC
Nht
P
60
P
S
chi
NTT
PDC
Nht
L
li
PHS
p, Mi
PS POCSAG
NTT
JTACS
NJTACS
M
Hnh 1.2. Qu trnh pht trin
u di ng trn th giiT
10. ca cc h thng thng tin
PHS
JTACS
NJTACS
Nda
2k
S
Cuc gi gi
bit
ERMES
ta
90 S POCSAG
(k
bit
FLEX
ERMES
=
2000
0
FLEX
81
6)
Nm
Trang 4
n di ng trn th gii

Qu trnh pht trin ca cc h thng thng tin di ng trn th gii c th
hin trong hnh 1.2, n cho thy s pht trin ca h thng in thoi t ong (CMTSCellular Mobile Telephone System) tin ti mt h thng chung ton cu trong tng
lai. Cc h thng ch ra trong hnh 1.2 l cc h thng di ng in hnh.
1.3. H thng thng tin di ng CDMA

1.3.1. Cu trc h thng thng tin di ng CDMA
CDMA (Code Devision Multiple Access) l h thng di ng s s dng cng
ngh a truy cp theo m c cu trc h thng gm bn phn chnh sau:
My di ng MS (Mobile Station)
H thng trm gc BSS (Basic Station System)
H thng chuyn mch SS (Switching System)
Trung tm vn hnh, bo dng OMC (Operation and Maintenance Center)
SS
H thng chuyn
mch
AuC
VLR
Cc mng
khc
ISDN,
PSTN
HLR
EIR
MSC
GMSC
BSS
BSC
H thng trm gc
OMC
H thng vn hnh v bo
dng
BTS
Truyn dn
Kt ni cuc gi
SIM
MS
Hnh 1.3. Cu trc mng thng tin di ng s
Trang 5

1.3.1.1. My di ng MS
Mt my in thoi di ng gm hai thnh phn chnh: Thit b di ng hay u
cui l thit b tch hp cc khi mch chc nng nh: m ha, iu ch, khuych
idng thu tn hiu v tuyn v ti to li dng tn hiu ban u; Module nhn
thc thu bao SIM l mt Card thng minh dng nhn dng u cui, mi SIM
Card c mt m s nhn dng c nhn dng nhn thc thu bao.
1.3.1.2. H thng trm gc BSS
BSS chu trch nhim v vic pht v thu sng v tuyn, chia lm hai phn:
+ Trm thu pht gc, BTS(Basic Transceiver Station): gm b thu pht v cc
anten s dng trong mi cell. Mt BTS thng c t v tr trung tm ca mt
cell. BTS m nhim chnh v cc chc nng v tuyn trong h thng.
+ B iu khin trm gc, BSC(Basic Station Controller): iu khin mt nhm
BTS v qun l ti nguyn v tuyn. BSC chu trch nhim iu khin vic nhy tn,
cc chc nng tng i v iu khin cc mc cng sut tn s v tuyn ca BTS.
1.3.1.3. H thng chuyn mch SS
H thng chuyn mch SS bao gm mt s n v chc nng sau:
+ Trung tm chuyn mch dch v di ng, MSC(Mobile services Switching
Center): y l thnh phn trung tm ca khi SS, thc hin cc chc nng chuyn
mch ca mng v cung cp kt ni n cc mng khc.
+ Thanh ghi nh v thng tr, HLR(Home Location Register): HLR c
xem l mt rt c s d liu quan trng lu tr cc thng tin v thu bao thuc vng
ph sng ca MSC. N cn lu tr v tr hin ti ca cc thu bao cng nh cc dch
v thu bao m ang c s dng
+ Thanh ghi nh v tm tr, VLR(Visitor Location Register): lu tr cc thng
tin cn thit cung cp dch v thu bao cho cc my di ng t xa n.
Trang 6

+ Trung tm nhn thc, AuC(Authentication Center): Thanh ghi AuC c
dng cho mc ch bo mt. N cung cp cc tham s cn thit cho chc nng nhn
thc v m ho. Cc tham s ny gip xc minh s nhn dng thu bao.
+ Thanh ghi nhn dng thit b, EIR(Equipment Identity Register): EIR cng
c dng cho mc ch bo mt. N l mt thanh ghi lu tr cc thng tin v cc
thit b di ng.
+ Cng MSC, GMSC(Gate MSC): im kt ni gia hai mng. Cng MSC l
ni giao tip gia mng di ng v mng c nh. N chu trch nhim nh tuyn
cuc gi t mng c nh n mng di ng v ngc li.
1.3.1.4. Trung tm vn hnh bo dng OMC
OMC c kt ni n cc thnh phn khc nhau ca MSC v n BSC iu
khin v gim st h thng MSC. N cn chu trch nhim iu khin lu lng ca
BSS.
1.3.2. Nguyn l k thut mng CDMA
CDMA s dng k thut tri ph nn nhiu ngi s dng c th chim cng
knh v tuyn ng thi tin hnh cc cuc gi. Nhng ngi s dng ni trn c
phn bit ln nhau nh mt m c trng khng trng vi bt k ai. Knh v tuyn
c dng li mi cell trong ton mng, v nhng knh ny cng c phn bit
nhau nh m tri ph ngu nhin. Mt knh CDMA rng 1,23 MHz vi hai di bin
phng v 0,27 MHz, tng cng 1,77 MHz. CDMA dng m tri ph c tc ct
(chip rate) 1,2288 MHz. Dng d liu gc c m ho v iu ch tc ct. Tc
ny chnh l tc m u ra (m tri ph ngu nhin, PN-PseudoNoise: gi tp
m) ca my pht PN.
nn ph tr li d liu gc th my thu phi dng m tri ph PN chnh xc
nh khi tn hiu c x l my pht. Nu m PN my thu khc hoc khng
ng b vi m PN tng ng my pht th tin tc khng th thu nhn c.
Trang 7

Trong CDMA s tri ph tn hiu phn b nng lng tn hiu vo mt di
tn rt rng hn ph gc ca tn hiu gc. pha thu, ph ca tn hiu li c nn
tr li v ph ca tn hiu gc (xem hnh 1.4).
T
T/L
My pht dng m PN tri ph
Ph tn hiu
pht
Ph tin tc
Tri ph
Fc
0 1/T
T/L
My thu dng bn sao m PN nn ph
Fc+T/L
T
Ph tn hiu
thu c
Ph tin tc
Nn ph
fc
fc+T/L
f
0 1/T
Hnh 1.4. Ph trong qu trnh pht v thu CDMA
1.3.3. Cc c tnh ca CDMA

1.3.3.1. Tnh a dng ca phn tp
Trong h thng iu ch bng hp nh iu ch FM analog s dng trong h
thng in thoi t ong th h u tin th tnh a ng to nn nhiu fading nghim
trng. Tnh nghim trng ca vn fading a ng c gim i trong iu ch
CDMA bng rng v cc tn hiu qua cc ng khc nhau c thu nhn mt cch
c lp. Fading a ng khng th loi tr hon ton c v vi cc hin tng
fading a ng xy ra lin tc do b gii iu ch khng th x l tn hiu thu
mt cch c lp c.
1.3.3.2. iu khin cng sut CDMA
cc h thng thng tin di ng t ong CDMA, cc my di ng u pht
chung mt tn s cng mt thi gian nn chng gy nhiu ng knh vi nhau.
Cht lng truyn dn ca ng truyn v tuyn i vi tng ngi s dng trong
Trang 8

mi trng a ngi s dng ph thuc vo t s Eb/No, trong Eb l nng lng
bit cn No l mt tp m trng GAUS cng bao gm t tp m v tp m quy i
t my pht ca ngi s dng khc. m bo t s Eb/No khng i v ln hn
ngng yu cu cn iu khin cng sut ca cc my pht ca ngi s dng theo
khong cch ca n vi trm gc. Nu cc h thng FDMA v TDMA vic iu
khin cng sut khng nh hng n dung lng th h thng CDMA vic iu
khin cng sut l bt buc v iu khin cng sut phi nhanh nu khng dung
lng h thng s gim.
1.3.3.3. Cng sut pht thp
Vic gim t s Eb/No (tng ng vi t s tn hiu/nhiu) chp nhn c
khng ch lm tng dung lng h thng m cn lm gim cng sut pht yu cu
khc phc tp m v giao thoa. Vic gim ny ngha l gim cng sut pht yu cu
i vi my di ng. N lm gim gi thnh v cho php hot ng trong cc vng
rng ln hn vi cng sut thp khi so vi cc h thng analog hoc TDMA c cng
sut tng t. Hn na, vic gim cng sut pht yu cu s lm tng vng phc v
v lm gim s lng BTS yu cu khi so vi cc h thng khc.
Mt tin b ln hn ca vic iu khin cng sut trong h thng CDMA l
lm gim cng sut pht trung bnh. Trong a s trng hp th mi trng truyn
dn l thun li i vi CDMA. Trong cc h thng bng hp th cng sut pht cao
lun lun c yu cu khc phc fading to ra theo thi gian. Trong h thng
CDMA th cng sut trung bnh c th gim bi v cng sut yu cu ch pht i khi
c iu khin cng sut v cng sut pht ch tng khi c fading.
1.3.3.4. Chuyn giao (handoff) CDMA
cc h thng thng tin di ng t ong, chuyn giao xy ra khi trm di ng
ang lm cc th tc thm nhp mng hoc ang c cuc gi. Mc ch ca chuyn
giao l m bo cht lng truyn dn ng truyn khi mt trm di ng ri xa
trm gc ang phc v n. Khi , n phi chuyn lu lng sang mt trm gc mi
Trang 9

hay mt knh mi. CDMA tn ti hai loi chuyn giao l chuyn giao mm (Soft
Handoff) v chuyn giao cng (Hard Handoff)
+Chuyn giao gia cc hay chuyn giao mm (Soft Handoff).
+Chuyn giao gia cc on (Intersector) hay chuyn giao mm hn
(SofterHandoff).
+Chuyn giao cng gia h thng CDMA ny vi h thng CDMA khc.
+Chuyn giao cng gia h thng CDMA n h thng tng t.
BTSa
BTSb
BTSa
BTSa
BTSb
Chuyn giao mm
MS
BTSb
MS
MS
Chuyn giao cng

BTSa
BTSb
MS
BTSa
BTSb
MS
Hnh 1.5. Chuyn giao mm v chuyn giao cng trong CDMA
1.3.3.5. Gi tr Eb/No thp (hay C/I) v chng li

Eb/No l t s nng lng trn mi bit i vi mt ph cng sut tp m,
l gi tr tiu chun so snh hiu sut ca phng php iu ch v m ho s.
Khi nim Eb/No tng t nh t s sng mang trn tp m ca phng php
FM tng t. Do rng knh bng tn rng c s dng m h thng CDMA
cung cp mt hiu sut v d m sa sai cao. Ni cch khc, th rng knh b
gii hn trong h thng iu ch s bng tn hp, ch cc m sa sai c hiu sut v
d thp l c php s dng sao cho gi tr Eb/No cao hn gi tr m CDMA yu
cu. M sa sai trc c s dng trong h thng CDMA cng vi gii iu ch s
Trang 10

hiu sut cao. C th tng dung lng v gim cng sut yu cu i vi my pht
nh gim Eb/No.
1.3.4. T chc cc cell trong mng CDMA
Cc cell trong mng di ng c minh ho theo kin trc a l nh hnh v
sau:
LA1
LA2
MSC
VLR
LA3
Vng PLMN
Vng MSC/VLR
LA
CELL
LA4
Cell
Hnh 1.6. Kin trc a l mng
Hnh 1.7. Phn vng phc v MSC thnh cc

vng nh v v cc cell
IV
MSC
MSC
VLR
III
VLR
MSC
MSC
VLR
VLR
II
PLMN
Hnh 1.8. Vng phc v MSC/VLR
T ba hnh v trn ta c mt s khi nim sau v cch t chc cell trong mng
di ng t ong:
+ Cell tng ng vi vng ph sng ca mt trm BTS, c nhn dng bi
con s nhn dng cell.
+ Vng nh v LA tng ng vi vng ph sng ca mt nhm cc cell do mt
MSC/VLR qun l, c nhn dng bi con s nhn dng vng nh v LAI.
+Mt s cc LA nm di s kim sot ca mt MSC/VLR gi l vng
MSC/VLR.
Trang 11

+ Vng PLMN l vng c phc v bi mt nh iu hnh mng.
Cell l n v nh nht ca mng, cc cell thng c dng hnh tam gic u,
hnh vung v hnh lc gic. Trong cell c mt i v tuyn gc BTS lin lc v
tuyn vi tt c cc my thu bao di ng MS. Mng thng tin di ng s ngi ta
thit k cc cell theo dng hnh lc gic u. Nu bn knh ca mi cell l R, kiu
lc gic u m bo din tch n v ln nht v din tch vng chng ln nhau nh
nht. Do vy, mt vng c nh c phn chia cell theo kiu lc gic u s c s
trm gc nh nht nhiu ca cc knh ln cn s gim. Ta c bng cc loi cell sau
(bng 1.1)
Bng 1.1. So snh cc loi cell
Cu trc
cell
Bn
knh
cell
Khong cch
cc BTS gia
cc cell ln cn
Din tch cell

n v
Tam gic
u
3 3R 2
=1.3R
4
Hnh
vung
2R
2R2
Lc gic
u
3R
3 3R 2
=2.6R
2
Din tch chng ln
3 2
R =3.67R2
2
2
4 ( 1) R =2.28R2
2
3 2
R =1.09R2
6
3
2
S cell
ln cn
cc i
3
4
6
1.4. So snh h thng CDMA vi h thng s dng TDMA

1.4.1. Cc phng php a truy nhp
a truy nhp l phn chia ti nguyn thng tin mt cch hp l m bo cho
nhiu ngi s dng chia s v s dng h thng vi hiu sut cao. Cc phng
php a truy nhp v tuyn c s dng rng ri trong mng thng tin di ng. Cc
phng php a truy nhp c xy dng trn c s phn chia ti nguyn v tuyn
cho cc ngun s dng khc nhau. H thng thng tin di ng s dng cc phng
php a truy nhp sau (hnh 1.8):
Trang 12
tn s
tn s
tn s
thi gian
thi gian
tthi gian
Hnh 1.9. Cc phng php a truy nhp
+ a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple

Access): phc v cc cuc gi theo cc tn s khc nhau. H thng FDMA, ngi
dng c cp pht mt knh trong tp hp c trt t cc knh trong di tn s.
+ a truy cp phn chia theo thi gian (Time Division Multiple Access TDMA): phc v cc cuc gi theo cc khe thi gian khc nhau. i vi h thng
TDMA mi thu bao c cp pht cho mt khe thi gian trong cu trc khung v
c dnh ring trong sut thi gian thoi.
+ a truy cp phn chia theo m (Code Division Multiple Access - CDMA):
phc v cc cuc gi theo cc chui m khc nhau. i vi h thng CDMA, tt c
ngi dng s s dng cng lc mt bng tn. Tn hiu truyn i s chim ton b
bng tn ca h thng. Tuy nhin, cc tn hiu ca mi ngi dng c phn bit
vi nhau bi cc chui m. Thng tin di ng CDMA s dng k thut tri ph cho
nn nhiu ngi s dng c th chim cng knh v tuyn ng thi tin hnh cc
cuc gi, m khng s gy nhiu ln nhau. Knh v tuyn CDMA c dng li mi
cell trong ton mng, v nhng knh ny cng c phn bit nhau nh m tri ph
gi ngu nhin PN.
1.4.2. So snh h thng CDMA v h thng s dng TDMA
T cu trc, cc c tnh CDMA v cc phng php a truy nhp ta rt ra
bng so snh gia h thng thng tin di ng CDMA v h thng thng tin di ng
s dng phng php a truy nhp TDMA. T ta thy nhng u im ca h
thng thng tin di ng CDMA hn cc h thng khc.
Trang 13

Bng 1.2. So snh gia mng thng tin di ng ng CDMA v mng GSM
c tnh
CDMA
GMS
1,23 MHz
200 kHz
-Hng ln: 824849 MHz

-Hng xung: 869894 MHz
-Hng ln: 890915 MHz

-Hng xung: 935960 MHz
Nhiu ngi s dng chung mt

knh
Mt ngi s dng mt khe thi

gian ca mt knh
Nhiu giao thoa
t b nh hng ca giao thoa

gia cc knh, nh hng giao
thoa ng knh
nh hng ca cc knh ln cn
Cng sut pht
Thp gim nhiu cho h thng
Pht cng sut ln khc phc

fading theo thi gian
iu khin cng
sut
Gim cng sut pht ca MS v

nh hng n dung lng
Khng lm thay i dung lng

ca h thng
Cht lng thoi
Tt hn
Thp hn
Dung lng
-iu khin dung lng linh hot

- Dung lng h thng ln
-Khng c gii hn r rng v s
ngi s dng trong mt cell
- iu khin dung lng km

linh hot
-Dung lng thp
- S ngi s dng trong mt
cell l c nh khi cc knh b
chim ht
Bo mt
C tnh bo mt cao hn nh m
tri ph
Tnh bao mt thng tin thp
Bng tn s dng
Di tn s
Knh s dng
1.5. Kt lun chng

Nhng khi nim trnh by trong chng ny lm r v cu trc chung v
cch t chc ca ca cc khi trong h thng. Vi cu trc mng nh vy, vic iu
hnh, khai thc v qun l cc thu bao s thun tin hn thng qua khi OMC. Cu
trc cell c phn chia ngy cng nh lm tng dung lng ca h thng, thun li
trong vic phn chia ti cho cc vng phc v, tit kim cng sut pht ca cc BTS
nng cao hiu qu ca h thng.
CDMA s dng k thut tri ph nn nhiu ngi s dng c th chim cng
knh v tuyn ng thi tin hnh cc cuc gi. Nhng ngi s dng ni trn c
phn bit ln nhau nh mt m c trng khng trng vi bt k ai. hiu r hn
v k thut tri ph s c trnh by trong chng 2.
Trang 14
1
Chng 2 K thut tri ph
Chng 2 K THUT TRI PH

2.1. Gii thiu chng
cc h thng thng tin thng thng, rng bng tn l vn quan tm
chnh v cc h thng ny c thit k s dng rng bng tn cng hp cng
tt. Tuy nhin, h thng thng tin tri ph, rng bng tn ca tn hiu c m
rng, thng ln gp trm ln trc khi pht. Khi ch c mt ngi s dng trong
bng tn SS (Spread Spectrum - Tri ph), s dng bng tn nh vy khng hiu qu.
Nhng mi trng nhiu ngi s dng, h c th s dng chung mt bng tn SS
v h thng tr nn s dng bng tn c hiu sut m vn duy tr c cc u im
ca tri ph. Trong chng ny s trnh by ba k thut tri ph chnh l: k thut
tri ph trc tip, k thut tri ph dch tn, k thut tri ph dch thi gian v cc h
thng tri ph trc tip (DS/SS).
2.2. Cc h thng tri ph

2.2.1. H thng tri ph trc tip (DS)
H thng DS/SS tri ph bng cch nhn tn hiu ngun vi tn hiu gi ngu
nhin c tc chip (Rc=1/Tc, Tc l thi gian ca mt chip) cao hn nhiu tc bit
(Rb=1/Tb, Tb l thi gian ca mt bit). h thng DS/SS nhiu ngi s dng cng
dng chung mt bng tn v pht tn hiu ca h ng thi. My thu s dng m gi
ngu nhin chnh xc ly tn hiu mong mun bng cch gii tri ph. y l h
thng c bit n nhiu nht trong cc h thng thng tin tri ph. Hnh 2.1 miu
t my pht DS/SS-BPSK:
B iu ch BPSK
b
b(t)c(t)
Tn hiu c s hai
b(t)
c(t)
Tn hiu PN c s hai
Tn hiu DS/SS-BPSK
Sng mang
Sng mang
Hnh 2.1. Tri ph trc tip (DS)
s(t ) = A b(t )c(

Trang 15

2.2.2. H thng dch tn (FH)
Trong cc h thng kiu nhy tn, m gi tp m c s dng iu khin
b tng hp tn s. Ti mi thi im nhy tn, b to m gi tp m a ra mt
on gm k chip m iu khin b tng hp tn, mi on k chip m ny c gi l
mt t tn s, di s iu khin ca t tn s ny b tng hp tn s s nhy sang
v hot ng tn s mi tng ng vi gi tr ca t tn s.
Ni mt cch chnh xc th iu ch FH l "s chuyn dch tn s ca nhiu
tn s c chn theo m". N gn ging nh FSK ngoi vic di chn lc tn s
tng ln. FSK n gin s dng 2 tn s v pht tn hiu l f1 khi c k hiu v f2 khi
khng c k hiu. Mt khc th FH c th s dng vi nghn tn s. Trong cc h
thng thc t th s chn lc ngu nhin trong 220 tn s c phn b c th c
chn nh s t hp m theo mi thng tin chuyn dch tn s. Trong FH khong dch
gia cc tn s v s lng cc tn s c th chn c c xc nh ph thuc vo
cc yu cu v tr i vi vic lp t cho mc ch c bit. Hnh 3.2 a ra s
khi ca truyn dn dch tn.
Tn s
fn
fn-1
fn-2
f3
f2
f1
Tc 2Tc
Hnh 2.2. Tri ph nhy tn (FH/SS)
2.2.3. H thng dch thi gian

Dch thi gian tng t nh iu ch xung. Ngha l, dy m ng/m b pht,
thi gian ng/m b pht c chuyn i thnh dng tn hiu gi ngu nhin theo
m. S khc nhau nh so vi h thng FH n gin l trong khi tn s truyn dn
bin i theo mi thi gian chip m trong h thng FH th s dch chuyn tn s ch
Trang 16
1

xy ra trong trng thi dch chuyn dy m trong h thng TH. Hnh 3.3 l s khi
ca h thng TH.
Do h thng TH c th b nh hng d dng bi giao thoa nn cn s dng h
thng t hp gia h thng ny vi h thng FH loi tr giao thoa c kh nng
gy nn suy gim ln i vi tn s n.
Khe thi gian pht (k bit)
Mt khung
2T
3T
t=T/M, M l s khe thi gian trong mt khung

Hnh 2.3. Tri ph nhy thi gian
2.3 Cc h thng DS/SS

H thng DS/SS t c tri ph bng cch nhn tn hiu ngun vi tn hiu
gi ngu nhin c tc chip (Rc=1/Tc, Tc l thi gian ca mt chip) cao hn nhiu
tc bit (Rb=1/Tb, Tb l thi gian ca mt bit). h thng DS/SS nhiu ngi s
dng cng dng chung mt bng tn v pht tn hiu ca h ng thi. My thu s
dng m gi ngu nhin chnh xc ly tn hiu mong mun bng cch gii tri ph.
y l h thng c bit n nhiu nht trong cc h thng thng tin tri ph.
Chng c dng tng i n gin v chng khng yu cu tnh n nh nhanh hoc
tc tng hp tn s.
2.3.1. Cc h thng DS/SS BPSK
2.3.1.1. My pht DS/SS BPSK
S khi my pht DS/SS BPSK v dng sng ca tn hiu khi tri ph trc
tip s dng iu ch BPSK.
Trang 17
1
B iu ch BPSK
b
b(t)c(t)
Tn hiu c s hai
b(t)
c(t)
Tn hiu DS/SS-BPSK
Sng mang
Tn hiu PN c s hai
Sng mang
b(t)
1
0
-1
2T
3T
2NTc
3NTc
s(t ) = A b(t )c
c(t)
1
0
Tc
NTc
-1
b(t)c(t)
1
0
Gi thit N=7, T=NTc

NTc
2NTc
3NTc
t
-1
s(t)
A
t
-A
Hnh 2.4. S khi v tn hiu ca my pht DS/SS-BPSK
Tn hiu b(t) c tri ph bng tn hiu PN c(t) bng cch nhn hai tn hiu
ny vi nhau. Tn hiu nhn c b(t)c(t) sau c iu ch cho sng mang s
dng BPSK, cho ta tn hiu DS/SSBPSK xc nh theo cng thc [1]:
b(t)=Ab(t)c(t)cos(2 fct+ )
(3.1)
Trong : A l bin , fc tn s v l pha ca sng mang

Trong rt nhiu ng dng mt bn tin bng mt chu k ca tn hiu PN, ngha l
T=NTc. Trong trng hp hnh 3.1 ta s dng N=7. Ta c th thy rng tch ca
b(t)c(t) cng l mt tn hiu c s hai c bin l 0 v 1 c cng tn s vi tn hiu
PN.
Trang 18

2.3.1.2. My thu DS/SS BPSK
S khi my thu v dng sng ca tn hiu DS/SS BPSK:
s(t ) A(t )c(t= )c [ 2 fc(t) 'b]++ n(to) s
B gii iu ch BPSK
w(t)=b(t-)Acos(2
b(t)
Tn hiu c s hai
Tn hiu DS/SS-BPSK
c(t-)
Acos[2
Tn hiu PN c s hai
Sng mang
Hnh 2.5. S khi my thu DS/SS BPSK
s(t )
A
0
-A
NTc
1
0
Tc
NTc
2NTc
3NTc
t
-1
c(t )
A
0
-A
b(t)
1
t
0
-1
w(t )
2T
3T
Hnh 2.6. Tn hiu ca my thu DS/SS-BPSK
Mc ch ca my thu l ly ra bn tin b(t) (tn hiu thu c gm tn c

hiu pht v tp m). Do tn ti tr truyn lan nn tn hiu thu c l [1]:
s(t- )=Ab(t- )c(t- )cos[2 fc(t- )+ ' ] + n(t)
(3.2)
Trong : n(t) l tp m ca knh v u vo my thu. m t li qu trnh

khi phc li bn tin ta gi thit khng c tp m. Trc ht tn hiu c gii tri
ph a t bng tn rng v bng tn hp sau gii iu ch nhn c tn
Trang 19

hiu bng gc. gii tri ph, tn hiu thu c nhn vi tn hiu (ng b) PN c(t ) c to ra my thu. Ta c [1]:
w(t)=Ab(t- )c2(t- )cos[2 fc(t- )+ ' ]=Ab(t- )cos[2 fc(t- )+ ' ]
(3.3)
'
V c2(t)= 1 trong = 2f c . Tn hiu nhn c l mt tn hiu bng
hp vi rng bng tn l 2/T. gii iu ch ta gi thit rng my thu bit c

pha v tn s fc v im khi u ca tng bit. Tn hiu w(t) thu c nhn vi tn
hiu sng mang ta c tn hiu gc b(t). Tn hiu PN ng vai tr nh mt m
bit trc my thu ch nh do n c th khi phc bn tin, cn cc my thu
khc nhn th thy mt tn hiu ngu nhin 1.
my thu c th khi phc bn tin th my thu phi ng b vi tn hiu thu
c. Qu trnh xc nh ny c gi l qu trnh ng b, thng c thc hin
hai bc l bt v bm. Qu trnh nhn c ti gi l qu trnh khi phc ng h
(nh thi- STR: Symbol Timing Recovery). Qu trnh nhn c ' cng nh fc l
qu trnh khi phc sng mang.
2.3.2. Cc h thng DS/SSQPSK
Ngoi iu ch BPSK ngi ta s dng cc kiu iu ch khc nh QPSK hay
MSK trong cc h thng SS.
2.3.2.1. My pht
S trn gm hai nhnh ng pha v mt nhnh vung gc .
Hnh 2.7a
Trang 20
Hnh 2.7b
Hnh 2.7. S khi (a) v cc dng sng (b) my pht DS/SS-QPSK
Tn hiu DS/SSQPSK c dng:

s (t ) = s1 (t ) + s 2 (t ) = A 2b(t )c1 (t ) sin( 2f c t + ) + A 2b(t )c 2 (t ) cos( 2f c t + )
s (t ) = 2 A cos[ 2f c t + + (t )]
(3.4)
c (t )b(t )
(t ) = tan 1 1
c
(
t
)
b
(
t
)
2
(t)= /4
nu c1(t)b(t)=1; c2(t)b(t)=1
(t)=3 /4
nu c1(t)b(t)=1; c2(t)b(t)= -1
Trang 21

(t)=5 /4
nu c1(t)b(t)= -1; c2(t)b(t)=-1
(t)=7 /4
nu c1(t)b(t)= -1; c2(t)b(t)= 1
Vy tn hiu s(t) c th nhn 4 trng thi khc nhau: + /4; +3 /4; +5

/4; +7 /4
2.3.2.2. My thu
w1(t)
u1(t)
sin( 2f c t + ' )
u(t)
c1 (t )
w2(t)
t i +T
(.) dt
zi
1 hay -1
ti
u2(t)
DS/SS-QPSK
2f c t + ' )
s (t Hnh
2.8.) S khi my thu h thngcos(
c 2 (pha
t v vung
) gc c tri ph c lp vi nhau bi c (t)
Cc thnh phn ng
1
v c2(t). Gi thit l thi gian tr, tn hiu vo s l (b qua tp m):

s (t ) = s1 (t ) + s 2 (t )
s (t ) = Ab(t )c1 (t ) sin( 2f c t + ' ) + Ab(t )c 2 (t ) cos( 2f c t + ' )
(3.5)
Trong ' = 2f c . Cc tn hiu trc b cng l:

u1 (t ) = Ab(t ) sin 2 (2f ct + ' ) Ab(t )c1 (t )c2 (t ) sin( 2f ct + ' ) cos( 2f ct + ' )
u1 (t ) =
(3.6)
A
A
b(t )[1 cos( 4f ct + 2 '] b(t )c1 (t )c2 (t ) sin( 4f ct + 2 ' )
2
2
u 2 (t ) = Ab(t ) cos 2 (2f c t + ' ) Ab(t )c1 (t )c 2 (t ) sin( 2f c t + ' ) cos( 2f c t + ' )
u 2 (t ) =
A
A
b(t )[1 + cos( 4f c t + 2 '] b(t )c1 (t )c 2 (t ) sin( 4f c t + 2 ' )
2
2
(3.7)
Tng cc tn hiu trn c ly tch phn trong khong thi gian mt bit. Kt
qu cho ta: zi= AT (nu bn tin tng ng bng 1) v tt c cc tn s 2fc c gi tr
tch phn bng 0. V th u ra b so snh l 1 (mc logic).
Hai tn hiu PN c th l hai tn hiu c lp hoc c th ly t mt tn hiu PN.
Trang 22

Cc h thng DS/SS c th c s dng cc cu hnh khc nhau. Cc h
thng trn c s dng pht mt tn hiu c tc bit l 1/T bit/s. PG v rng
bng tn b chim bi tn hiu DS/SSQPSK ph thuc vo cc tc chip ca c 1(t)
v c2(t). Ta cng c th s dng mt h thng DS/SSQPSK pht hai tn hiu s
1/T bit/s bng cch mi tn hiu iu ch mt nhnh. Mt dng khc c th s
dng mt h thng DS/SSQPSK pht mt tn hiu s c tc bit gp i 2/T
bit/s bng cch chia tn hiu s thnh hai tn hiu c tc bit 1/T bit/s v chng
iu ch mt trong hai nhnh.
Tn ti nhn t c trng cho hiu qu hat ng ca DS/SS QPSK nh
rng bng tn c s dng, PG tng v SNR.. Khi so snh DS/SSQPSK vi
DS/SSBPSK ta cn gi mt s thng s trn nh nhau c hai h thng v so snh
cc thng s khc. Chng hn mt tn hiu s c pht i trong h thng DS/SS
QPSK ch s dng rng bng tn bng mt na rng bng tn ca h thng
DS/SSBPSK khi c cng PG v SNR. Tuy nhin nu c hai h thng u s dng
bng tn nh nhau v PG bng nhau th h thng DS/SSQPSK c t s li thp hn.
Mt khc, mt h thng DS/SS c th pht gp hai ln s liu so vi h thng
DS/SSBPSK khi s dng cng rng bng tn v c cng PG v SNR.
2.3.3. So snh h thng DS/SS-BPSK v DS/SS-QPSK
u im ca h thng DS/SSQPSK c c nh tnh trc giao ca cc sng
mang sin[2 fct+ )] v cos[2 fct+ )] cc thnh phn ng pha v vung gc.
Nhc im ca h thng DS/SS-QPSK l phc tp hn h thng DS/SSBPSK. Ngoi ra nu cc sng mang s dng gii iu ch my thu khng thc
s trc giao th s xy ra xuyn m gia hai nhnh v s lm gim cht lng ca h
thng. DS/SS-QPSK c s dng trong h thng thng tin di ng IS-95 v h
thng nh v ton cu (GPS).
2.4. Kt lun chng

Mi loi h thng u c nhng u nhc im. Vic chn h thng no phi
da trn cc ng dng c th. H thng DS/SS gim nhiu giao thoa bng cch tri
Trang 23

rng n mt ph tn rng, h thng FH/SS mt thi im cho trc, nhng ngi
s dng pht cc tn s khc nhau v th c th trnh c nhiu giao thoa, h thng
TH/SS trnh nhiu giao thoa bng cch trnh khng nhiu hn mt ngi s dng
pht trong cng mt thi im. Trong thc t h thng DS/SS c cht lng tt hn
do s dng gii iu ch nht qun nhng gi thnh ca mch kha pha sng mang
t. Chng tip theo s trnh by v chuyn giao v iu khin cng sut trong
mng CDMA.
Trang 24
Chng 3 Chuyn giao v iu khin cng sut
Chng 3 CHUYN GIAO V IU KHIN CNG SUT

3.1. Gii thiu chng
Chng ny s trnh by hai phn: chuyn giao v iu khin cng sut. Phn
chuyn giao cp n cc vn : mc ch ca chuyn giao, trnh t chuyn giao
v cc loi chuyn giao. Phn iu khin cng sut tm hiu: mc ch ca iu khin
cong sut, chuyn giao vng kn v chuyn giao vng h. T rt ra nh hng ca
chuyn giao v iu khin cng sut n dung lng h thng CDMA.
3.2. Chuyn giao

Chuyn giao l th tc cn thit m bo thng tin c lin tc trong thi gian
kt ni. Khi thu bao chuyn ng t mt cell ny sang mt cell khc th kt ni vi
cell mi phi c thit lp v kt ni vi cell c phi c hy b.
3.2.1. Mc ch ca chuyn giao
L do c bn ca vic chuyn giao l kt ni v tuyn khng tha mn mt b
tiu chun nht nh v do UE hoc UTRAN s thc hin cc cng vic ci
thin kt ni . Khi thc hin cc kt ni chuyn mch gi, chuyn giao c thc
hin khi c UE v mng u thc hin truyn gi khng thnh cng. Cc iu kin
chuyn giao thng gp l: iu kin cht lng tn hiu, tnh cht di chuyn ca
thu bao, s phn b lu lng, bng tn
iu kin cht lng tn hiu l iu kin khi cht lng hay cng tn hiu
v tuyn b suy gim di mt ngng nht nh. Chuyn giao ph thuc vo cht
lng tn hiu c thc hin cho c hng ln ln hng xung ca ng truyn
dn v tuyn.
Chuyn giao do nguyn nhn lu lng xy ra khi dung lng lu lng ca
cell t ti mt gii hn ti a cho php hoc vt qu ngng gii hn . Khi
cc thu bao ngoi ra ca cell (c mt ti cao) s c chuyn giao sang cell
bn cnh (c mt ti thp).
Trang 25

S lng chuyn giao ph thuc vo tc di chuyn ca thu bao. Khi UE di
chuyn theo mt hng nht nh khng thay i, tc di chuyn ca UE cng cao
th cng c nhiu chuyn giao thc hin trong UTRAN.
Quyt nh thc hin chuyn giao thng thng c thc hin bi RNC ang
phc v thu bao , loi tr trng hp chuyn giao v l do lu lng. Chuyn
giao do nguyn nhn lu lng c thc hin bi trung tm chuyn mch di ng
(MSC).
3.2.2. Trnh t chuyn giao
Trnh t chuyn giao gm c ba pha nh trn hnh 3.1, bao gm: pha o lng,
Cng tn hiu
pha quyt nh v pha thc hin.
Gii hn chuyn giao

Tn hiu tng
Ngng trn
Ngng di
Tn hiu B
Tn hiu A
(1) (2) (3)
Hnh 3.1 Nguyn tc chung ca thut ton chuyn giao Thi gian
Cellv
A quan trng trong quCell
B chuyn giao v hai l do c
o lng l nhim
trnh
bn sau:
+ Mc tn hiu trn ng truyn dn v tuyn thay i rt ln ty thuc vo
fainh v tn hao ng truyn. Nhng thay i ny ph thuc vo mi trng trong
cell v tc di chuyn ca thu bao.
Trang 26

+ S lng cc bo co o lng qu nhiu s lm nh hng n ti h thng.
Pha quyt nh chuyn giao bao gm nh gi tng th v QoS ca kt ni so
snh n vi cc thuc tnh QoS yu cu v c lng t cc cell ln cn. Ty theo
kt qu so snh m ta c th quyt nh thc hin hay khng thc hin chuyn giao.
SRNC kim tra cc gi tr ca cc bo co o c kch hot mt b cc iu kin
chuyn giao. Nu cc iu kin ny b kch hot, RNC phc v s cho php thc hin
chuyn giao.
Cn c vo quyt nh chuyn giao, chuyn giao gm hai loi nh sau:
+ Chuyn giao quyt nh bi mng (NEHO).
+ Chuyn giao quyt nh bi thu bao di ng (MEHO).
Trong trng hp chuyn giao thc hin bi mng (NEHO), SRNC thc hin
quyt nh chuyn giao. Trong trng hp MEHO, UE thc hin quyt nh chuyn
giao. Trong trng hp kt hp c hai loi chuyn giao NEHO v MEHO, quyt nh
chuyn giao c thc hin bi s phi hp gia SRNC vi UE.
Ngay c trong trng hp chuyn giao MEHO, quyt nh cui cng v vic
thc hin chuyn giao l do SRNC. RNC c trch nhim qun l ti nguyn v tuyn
(RRM) ca ton b h thng.
Quyt nh chuyn giao da trn cc thng tin o c ca UE v BTS cng nh
cc iu kin thc hin thut ton chuyn giao. Nguyn tc chung thc hin thut
ton chuyn giao c th hin trn hnh 3.2. iu kin u l cc iu kin thc
hin quyt nh ca thut ton da trn mc tn hiu hoa tiu do UE thng bo.
Cc thut ng v cc tham s sau c s dng trong thut ton chuyn giao:
+ Ngng gii hn trn: l mc tn hiu ca kt ni t gi tr cc i cho php
tha mn mt cht lng dch v QoS yu cu.
Trang 27

+ Ngng gii hn di: l mc tn hiu ca kt ni t gi tr cc tiu cho
php tha mn mt cht lng dch v QoS yu cu. Do mc tn hiu ca ni kt
khng c nm di ngng .
+ Gii hn chuyn giao: l tham s c nh ngha trc c thit lp ti
im m cng tn hiu ca cell bn cnh (cell B) vt qu cng tn hiu ca
cell hin ti (cell A) mt lng nht nh.
+ Tp tch cc: l mt danh sch cc nhnh tn hiu (cc cell) m UE thc hin
kt ni ng thi ti mng truy nhp v tuyn (UTRAN).
Gi s thu bao UE trong cell A ang chuyn ng v pha cell B, tn hiu hoa
tiu ca cell A b suy gim n mc ngng gii hn di. Khi t ti mc ny, xut
hin cc bc chuyn giao theo cc bc sau y:
(1) Cng tn hiu A bng vi mc ngng gii hn di. Cn tn hiu B s
c RNC nhp vo tp tch cc. Khi UE s thu tn hiu tng hp ca hai kt ni
ng thi n UTRAN.
(2) Ti v tr ny, cht lng tn hiu B tt hn tn hiu A nn n c coi l
im khi u khi tnh ton gii hn chuyn giao.
(3) Cng tn hiu B bng hoc tt hn ngng gii hn di. Tn hiu A b
xa khi tp tch cc bi RNC.
Kch c ca tp tch cc c th thay i c v thng thng trong khong
t 1 n 3 tn hiu.
3.2.3 Cc loi chuyn giao
Ty theo hnh thc s dng trong cc c ch chuyn giao, c th phn chia
chuyn giao thnh cc nhm nh: chuyn giao cng, chuyn giao mm v chuyn
giao mm hn. Chuyn giao m bo thng tin c duy tr lin tc khi cc MS di
ng t cell ny sang cell khc hay gia cc di qut trong cng mt cell. Chuyn
giao phi ng v nhanh thng ti khng b ngt qung, khng b mt tn hiu khi
ang di chuyn.
Trang 28

3.2.3.1 Chuyn giao mm v mm hn
Chuyn giao mm v mm hn da nguyn tc kt ni ni trc khi ct
(Make before break).
- Chuyn giao mm hay chuyn giao gia cc cell l chuyn giao c thc
hin gia cc cell khc nhau, trong trm di ng bt u thng tin vi mt trm
gc mi m vn cha ct thng tin vi trm gc c. Chuyn giao mm ch c th
c thc hin khi c trm gc c ln trm gc mi u lm vic cng mt tn s.
MS thng tin vi 2 sector ca 2 cell khc nhau (chuyn giao 2 ng) hoc vi 3
sector ca 3 cell khc nhau (chuyn giao 3 ng).
- Chuyn giao mm hn l chuyn giao c thc hin khi UE chuyn giao gia
2 sector ca cng mt cell hoc chuyn giao gia 2 cell do cng mt BTS qun l.
y l loi chuyn giao trong tn hiu mi c thm vo hoc xa khi tp tch
cc, hoc thay th bi tn hiu mnh hn trong cc sector khc nhau ca cng BTS.
Trong trng hp chuyn giao mm hn, BTS pht trong mt sector nhng thu
t nhiu sector khc nhau. Khi c chuyn giao mm v chuyn giao mm hn c
thc hin ng thi, trng hp ny gi l chuyn giao mm - mm hn.
- Chuyn giao mm - mm hn: MS thng tin vi hai sector ca cng mt cell
v mt sector ca cell khc. Cc ti nguyn mng cn cho kiu chuyn giao ny gm
ti nguyn cho chuyn giao mm hai ng gia cell A v B cng vi ti nguyn cho
chuyn giao mm hn ti cell B.
3.2.3.2 Chuyn giao cng:
Chuyn giao cng c thc hin khi cn chuyn knh lu lng sang mt
knh tn s mi. Cc h thng thng tin di ng t ong FDMA v TDMA u ch s
dng phng thc chuyn giao ny.
Chuyn giao cng da trn nguyn tc ct trc khi ni (Break Before Make)
c th c chia thnh: chuyn giao cng cng tn s v chuyn giao cng khc tn
s. Trong qu trnh chuyn giao cng, kt ni c c gii phng trc khi thc hin
Trang 29

kt ni mi. Do vy, tn hiu b ngt trong khong thi gian chuyn giao. Tuy nhin,
thu bao khng c kh nng nhn bit c khong ngng . Trong trng hp
chuyn giao cng khc tn s, tn s sng mang ca knh truy cp v tuyn mi khc
so vi tn s sng mang hin ti.
Nhc im ca chuyn giao cng l c th xy ra rt cuc gi do cht lng
ca knh mi chuyn n tr nn qu xu trong khi knh c b ct.
3.3. iu khin cng sut trong CDMA

Trong CDMA, iu khin cng sut c thc hin cho c ng ln ln
ng xung. V c bn, iu khin cng sut ng xung c mc ch nhm ti
thiu nhiu n cc cell khc v b nhiu do cc cell khc gy ra cng nh nhm t
c mc SNR yu cu. Tuy nhin, iu khin cng sut cho ng xung khng
thc s cn thit nh iu khin cng sut cho ng ln. H thng CDMA s dng
cng sut ng xung nhm ci thin tnh nng h thng bng cch kim sot nhiu
t cc cell khc.
iu khin cng sut ng ln tc ng ln cc knh truy nhp v lu lng.
N c s dng thit lp ng truyn khi khi to cuc gi v phn ng ln cc
thng ging tn hao ng truyn ln. Mc ch chnh ca iu khin cng sut
ng ln nhm khc phc hiu ng xa-gn bng cch duy tr mc cng sut truyn
dn ca cc my di ng trong cell nh nhau ti my thu trm gc vi cng mt QoS.
Do vy vic iu khin cng sut ng ln l thc hin tinh chnh cng sut truyn
dn ca my di ng. H thng CDMA s dng hai phng php iu khin cng
sut khc nhau
+ iu khin cng sut vng h (OLPC).
+ iu khin cng sut (nhanh) vng kn (CLPC).
- iu khin cng sut vng trong.
- iu khin cng sut vng
ngoi.
BTS
RNC
UE
iu khin cng sut vng h

iu khin cng sut vng kn
iu khin cng sut (nhanh)
vng trong
iu khin cng sut vng ngoi
Trang 30
Hnh 3.2. Cc c ch iu khin cng sut ca CDMA.
3.3.1. iu khin cng sut vng h (OLPC)

Mt phng php iu khin cng sut l o s iu khuch (AGC-Automatic
Gain Control) my thu di ng. Trc khi pht, trm di ng gim st tng cng
sut thu c t trm gc. Cng sut o c cho thy tn hao ng truyn i vi
tng ngi s dng. Trm di ng iu chnh cng sut pht ca mnh t l nghch
vi tng cng sut m n thu c. C th phi iu chnh cng sut mt di ng
ln ti 80 dB. Phng php ny c gi l iu chnh cng sut vng h, phng
php ny trm gc khng tham gia vo cc th tc iu khin cng sut.
OLPC s dng ch yu iu khin cng sut cho ng ln. Trong qu trnh
iu khin cng sut, UE xc nh cng tn hiu truyn dn bng cch o c
mc cng sut thu ca tn hiu hoa tiu t BTS ng xung. Sau , UE iu
chnh mc cng sut truyn dn theo hng t l nghch vi mc cng sut tn hiu
hoa tiu thu c. Do vy, nu mc cng sut tn hiu hoa tiu cng ln th mc cng
sut pht ca UE (P_trx) cng nh.
Vic iu khin cng sut vng h l cn thit xc nh mc cng sut pht
ban u (khi khi to kt ni).
BTS
c tnh cng hoa tiu
UE
P_trx = 1/cng hoa tiu
Hnh 3.3. OLPC ng ln
Trang 31

3.3.2. iu khin cng sut vng kn (CLPC)
CLPC c s dng iu khin cng sut khi kt ni c thit lp. Mc
ch chnh l b nhng nh hng ca s bin i nhanh ca mc tn hiu v
tuyn. Do , chu k iu khin phi nhanh phn ng li s thay i nhanh ca
mc tn hiu v tuyn.
Trong CLPC, BTS iu khin UE tng hoc gim cng sut pht. Quyt nh
tng hoc gim cng sut ph thuc vo mc tn hiu thu SNR ti BTS. Khi BTS thu
tn hiu t UE, n so snh mc tn hiu thu vi mt mc ngng cho trc. Nu mc
tn hiu thu c vt qu mc ngng cho php, BTS s gi lnh iu khin cng
sut pht (TPC) ti UE gim mc cng sut pht ca UE. Nu mc tn hiu thu
c nh hn mc ngng, BTS s gi lnh iu khin n UE tng mc cng
sut pht.
Quyt nh
iu khin
cng sut BTS
Lnh TPC
UE
iu chnh
P_trx ca UE
theo lnh TPC
UE
Lnh TPC
iu chnh
P_trx ca UE
theo lnh TPC
TPC: Transmit Power Control: iu khin cng sut truyn dn.

Hnh 3.4. C ch iu khin cng sut CLPC.
Cc tham s c s dng nh gi cht lng cng sut thu nhm thc hin
quyt nh iu khin cng sut nh: SIR, t l li khung-FER, t l li bit BER. C
ch CLPC ni trn l c ch iu khin cng sut vng trong v c ch iu khin
cng sut nhanh nht trong h thng CDMA.
3.4. Kt lun chng

Trong thit k h thng CDMA ngi ta mong mun tng ln tt s lng
cc khch hng gi cng mt lc trong di thng xc nh. Khi cng sut pht ca
Trang 32

mi my di ng c iu khin bng cch n c th tip nhn trm gc vi t l tn
hiu/nhiu nh nht, dung lng h thng c tng ln rt cao. Nu cng sut pht
my di ng c nhn trm gc thp qu th khng th hy vng cht lng thoi
tt v t l li bit qu cao. V nu cng sut nhn c trm gc cao th c th thu
c cht lng thoi cao hn my di ng. Tuy nhin kt qu ca s tng nhiu
trn cc my di ng s dng cc knh chung dn ti cht lng thoi b gim xung
trong khi ton b cc thu bao khng b gim xung.
Trong chng ny trnh by nhng vn c bn ca th tc chuyn giao
mm v iu khin cng sut trong CDMA. iu khin cng sut nhanh, nghim
ngt cng nh chuyn giao mm-mm hn l nt quan trng nht ca trong h thng
thng tin di ng s dng cng ngh CDMA. Chuyn giao v iu khin cng sut
l hai yu t nh hng n dung lng trong qu trnh quy hoch mng CDMA.
Chng tip theo s phn tch v kho st cc yu t trong qu trnh tnh ton v quy
hoch mng CDMA.
Trang 33
Chng 4 Quy hoch mng CDMA
Chng 4 QUY HOCH MNG CDMA

4.1. Gii thiu chng
Chng ny s nu tng quan qu trnh tnh ton quy hoch mng v tuyn cho
h thng thng tin di ng CDMA bao gm: tnh suy hao cho php ca ng truyn,
nh kch c, tnh ton lu lng v vng ph sng, ti u gia lu lng v vng
ph sng. Trong qu tnh tnh ton ta phi bo m mng phi p ng cc yu cu
v cht lng, dung lng v vng ph. Vic tnh ton quy hoch dung lng v
vng ph phi c xem xt ng thi do dung lng v vng ph c quan h cht
ch vi nhau trong mng di ng. chng ny phn tch v kho st cc thng s nh
hng n qu trnh quy hoch m bo cc yu cu.
4.2. nh c mng
4.2.1. Qu trnh nh c mng
c im kt ni v
tuyn:
Tc d liu
Eb/No trung bnh
li chuyn giao
theo dB.
Khi
to gi
tr lu
lng
mi cell
(gi
thit ti
a)
Tnh ton qu ng truyn

Suy hao ng ti a ch o php
D tr
nhiu
Tnh bn knh cell
Bn knh cell ti a trong mi
loi vng
c im truyn dn:
cao anten.
c im suy hao vng
H s tng quan vng
D tr fading chun log
c tnh dung lng
c im dch v:
T l nghn
T l dun g lng (gi)
ti a trn trung bnh
Tnh h
s ti
Lu
lng ti
a mi
cell
Nu dung lng
qu thp
Cc tham s thit b:
Lp cng sut MS
nhy MS / BS
li anten
S side/tng lu lng h tr
trong mi loi vng
Nu tha mn yu cu nh khai thc

Yu c thit b
S lng thit b BS / truyn
dn / RNC
Hnh 5.5
Lc4.1.
qQu
u trnh
nh
c mng
v tuyn
W -CDMA.
Hnh
trnh
nh
c mng
CDMA
Hnh 4.1 trnh by qu trnh nh c mng thng tin di ng CDMA. y l pha

khi to ca qu trnh quy hoch mng, lin quan n vic nh gi cc phn t
mng v dung lng ca cc phn t ny. Mc ch ca nh c l a ra d tnh v
Trang 34

bn knh ca cell, s trm gc, v cc phn t mng khc da trn c s cc yu cu
ca nh khai thc cho mt vng mong mun, on chi ph u t cho d n. nh
c phi thc hin cc yu cu v vng ph, dung lng v cht lng phc v.Vic
tnh ton dung lng v vng ph phi c xem xt ng thi do dung lng v
vng ph c mi quan h cht ch vi nhau.
Trc tin, cn tnh qu nng lng ng truyn RLB c lng bn knh
ti a ca cell. RLB bao gm cc tham s nh: tng ch ca anten, suy hao cp, li
phn tp, d tr fading, d tr nhiu. u ra ca php tnh RLB s l suy hao ng
truyn ti a cho php, gi tr ny c s dng xc nh bn knh ti a ca cell
v do xc nh s cell yu cu
4.2.2. Phn tch qu nng lng ng truyn
4.2.2.1. Qu nng lng ng ln
D tr suy hao do can nhiu t l vi lng ti trong cell. Nu lng ti trong

cell ca h thng cng ln th lng d tr can nhiu yu cu cng ln v vng ph
sng ca cell cng nh.
Ta c cng thc tnh h s ti [2]: = 1
PN
Ptong
(4.1)
T s tn hiu trn tp m khi tnh n h s tch cc thoi:

Eb
N '0
Pi
S 1 GP
= G P
=
N i i i Ptong Pi
i
Pi =
(4.2)
1
Ptong
GP
1+
( E b / N ' 0 ) i i
Ta nh ngha h s ti kt ni i nh sau [2]:
(4.3)
Li =
Pi
=
Ptong
1
GP
1+
( E b / N ' 0 ) i i
(4.4)
Trang 35

Tng cng sut thu c ca cc thu bao my thu i nh sau[2]:
N
i =1
i =1
Ptong PN = (1 + ) Pi = (1 + ) Li Ptong
N
= (1 + ) Li = (1 + )
i =1
1+
1
G Pi
( Eb / N ' 0 ) i i
(4.5)
(4.6)
Nu N ngi s dng c tc bit thp (GP>>1), ta c th vit li gn ng

phng trnh trn: =
Eb / N '0
N (1 + )
GP
d tr can nhiu vi h s ti c xc nh theo cng thc [2] :

L=-10log(1- )
(4.7)
(4.8)
Hnh 4.2 l th biu din cc ng cong: ng h s ti ,ng d tr

nhiu v ng suy hao cho php theo s thu bao trong cell.
Hnh 4.2. nh hng ca h s ti n d tr suy hao ng truyn
T hnh v 4.2 ta thy, khi s thu bao s dng ng thi trong cell tng, h s
ti tng ng tng theo dn n d tr nhiu tng. Khi h s ti tng th suy hao cho
Trang 36

php ng truyn gim xung. Cc ng cong theo tc bit khc nhau l khc
nhau, ng vi tc bit 9600 bit/s ta thy ng h s ti v ng d tr nhiu nm
di so vi tc bit 14400 bit/s. iu ny c th c gii thch nh sau: cng mt
s lng ngi s dng, khi tc bit ln th lu lng tng s tng. Khi lu lng
ti my thu tng th nhiu ng knh s tng. Do m d tr nhiu ng truyn
tng theo dn n suy hao ng truyn gim.
Khi s ngi s dng t n mt gi tr nht nh (dung lng cc ) th h s
ti bng 1 v d tr nhiu t gi tr v cng, suy hao lc ny s cc tiu (bng 0) do
bn knh cell t cc tiu. Do vy, khi tnh ton bn knh theo ta phi xt n h
s ti ca cell c d tr nhiu thch. Phn tch h s ti l vn quan trng khi
tnh ton v n nh hng n bn knh cell v s cell trong tinh ton v vng ph.
4.2.2.2. Qu nng lng ng xung
ng xung c th nh gi ti trn c s thng lng bng cch s dng

tng cc tc bit c phn b thng qua h s ti nh sau [2]:
K
Trong :
R
i =1
(4.9)
Rmax
K l s kt ni ng xung gm c knh chung

Ri l tc bit ca ngi s dng th i
Rmax l thng lng cho php ca cell
Cng c th nh gi tc bit ca thu bao cng vi cc gi tr Eb/N0 nh sau

K
(E / N )
=
i Gb 0 i [(1 i ) + ]
[2]:
(4.10)
i =1
Trong :
Pi
GPi=B/Ri l li x l ca thu bao i

Ri tc bit ca thu bao i
l h s nhiu trung bnh
l h s trc giao trung bnh ca cell.
Trang 37

Hnh 4.3 biu din cc ng h s ti, ng d tr nhiu v ng suy
hao cho php ng xung.
Hnh 4.3. nh hng ca h s ti n d tr nhiu
Hnh 4.3 cho thy s ph thuc cu h s ti, d tr nhiu v suy hao php
vo s ngi s dng. Khi s ngi s dng tng ln, ng vi cc tc bit khc
nhau th s thay i ca ng h s ti, ng d tr nhiu v ng suy hao
cho php cng khc nhau. Kt qu hnh 4.3 cho thy, khi tc bit 9600 bit/s th
h s ti, d tr nhiu u thp hn khi tc bit 14400 bit/s, nhng suy hao cho
php li ln hn. Cng phc v mt s cc thu bao, tc bit cng ln th d tr
nhiu phi ln.
Nh vy, dung lng ng xung b gii bi ti, khi h s ti t cc i
bng 1 th d tr nhiu ln v cng.
Trang 38
4.3. Suy hao ng truyn

4.3.1. Suy hao ng truyn cc i
tnh tn hao cc i cho php ta s dng cng thc sau [2] :
La = Pm Pmin + Gb Lc Lb Lh
(4.11)
Trong :
W: tc chp
La : Tn hao ng truyn cho php.
N0 : Tp m nn ca BS.
Pm : Cng sut pht x hiu dng ca MS.
Lb : Tn hao c th
Pmin : Cng tn hiu ti thiu yu cu.
li x l:Gp = 10logW/R
Gb : H s khuch i ca Anten pht BS.
R : Tc bit (bps)
Lc : Tn hao cp Anten thu BS.
Fb : H s tp m my thu.
Eb/N0 : d tr cn thit ca anten pht BS.
Lct : d tr che ti
Lh : Tn hao truy nhp ta nh.
Cng ti thiu : Pmin = N0+Fb+10logR + Eb/N0 - logGp + Ldtn(dBm)
th hnh 4.4 c v t cng thc 4.11, vi cc thng s: N0=-174 dBm/Hz;
Lb=10 dB; Pm=36 dBm; Gp=128 (1228800/9600); Gp=8.533 (1228800/14400);
Lc=2.5 dB; Fb=5 dB; Eb/N0=6.8 dB; Lct=10.2 dB; Ldtn=3 dB (tng ng vi h s ti
50%); Gb=15 dBi.
Hnh 4.4 biu din suy hao cho php ca ng truyn theo cc thng s: Eb/N0
v cng sut bc x ca MS tng ng vi hai tc bit 9600 bit/s v 14400 bit/s.
Trang 39
Hnh 4.4. th tnh suy hao cho php ca ng truyn
Hnh 4.4 biu din cc ng suy hao theo cc tc bit khc nhau. Khi tc
bit 14400 bit/s th ng suy hao thp hn ng suy hao ng vi tc bit 9600
bit/s. ng suy hao cho php theo theo t s EbN0 gim khi Eb/N0 tng v ng
suy hao theo cng sut bc x tng khi m cng sut bc x tng. Khi E b/N0 tng,
ngha l BER gim, gim t l bit li yu cu ca my thu nh vy th cht lng ca
dch v tng ln v suy hoa cho php gim xung mi c th p ng c. Mun
suy hao cho php ca ng truyn tng th ta phi tng cng sut pht ca MS. Nh
vy, khi tnh ton suy hao cho php th n ph thuc vo nhiu thng s trong hai
thng s c phn tch hnh 4.4 l c th thay i trong khi mng hot ng. Ta
c th thay i cht lng ca dch v hoc cng sut pht ca MS t c suy
hao ng truyn cho php.
4.3.2. Cc m hnh truyn sng
Trong qu trinh quy hoch mng, cc m hnh truyn dn c s dng tnh
ton cng tn hiu ca mt my pht trong vng tnh ton. S truyn lan sng v
tuyn t my pht n my thu tnh ton khng n gin v nhiu tr ngi v chu
nh hng ca cc yu t mi trng tc ng. Trong iu kin s dng m hnh
thc nghim tnh ton suy hao ng truyn c hiu qu hn. Nhng m hnh ny
s dng cc tham s t do v cc h s hiu chnh khc nhau c th iu chnh bng
Trang 40

s liu o.Phn ny ta phn tch hai m hnh truyn sng: Hata-Okumura v
Walfisch-Ikegami p dng trong tnh ton bn knh cell.
4.3.2.1. M hnh Hata Okumura
Trong m hnh ny, ban u suy hao ng truyn c tnh bng cch tnh h
s hiu chnh anten cho cc vng th l hm ca khong cch gia trm gc, trm
di ng v tn s. Kt qu c iu chnh bng cc h s cho cao anten trm gc
v trm di ng .
Cc biu thc ton hc c s dng trong m hnh Hata-Okumura xc nh
tn hao trung bnh [6]:
Lp= 69,55+26,16.lgfc 13,28.lghb a(hm) + (44,9-6,55.lghb).lgR (dB)
(4.12)
Trong : fc : Tn s hot ng (MHz);

Lp : Tn hao cho php.
hb : cao anten trm gc (m);
R : Bn knh (km).
a(hm) : H s hiu chnh cho cao anten di ng (dB)
Di thng s s dng cho m hnh Hata l:150 f c 1500 MHz
+H s hiu chnh (hm) c tnh nh sau [6]:
- i vi thnh ph ln:
a(hm) =8,29.(lg1,54hm)2 - 1,1 (dB) vi fc 200MHz
(4.13)
a(hm) =3,2.(lg11,75hm)2 - 4,97 (dB) vi fc 400MHz
(4.14)
- i vi thnh ph nh v trung bnh :

a(hm) = (1,11.lgfc 0,7).hm (1,56.lgfc 0,8) (dB)
(4.15)
Nh vy bn knh c tnh :
Trang 41
lg R =
[L
69,55 26,26. lg f c + 13,28. lg hb + a ( hm )
(4.16)
44,9 6,55. lg hb
- Vng ngoi : Vi vng ngoi h s hiu chnh suy hao so vi vng thnh
f 2
lg
5
,
4
(dB)
ph l [6]: Lno = Lp - 2
28
(4.17)
- Vng nng thn: Vi vng nng thn h s hiu chnh suy hao so vi vng
thnh ph l[6]: Lnt = Lp 4,78.(lgfc)2 +18,33(lgfc) - 40,49 (dB)
(4.18)
Kho st phng trnh (4.16) vi cc s liu sau: tn s fc=880 (MHz), cao

anten trm gc hb=30 (m), cao trm di ng hm=1,5 (m). Hnh 4.5 biu din ng
suy hao theo bn knh c kho st theo m hnh truyn sng Hata-Okumura.
ng cong suy hao theo bn knh
Hnh 4.5. Suy hao ng truyn theo bn knh vi m hnh Hata.
Hnh 4.5 biu din bn ng cong suy hao ca bn vng: vng nng thn,
vng ngoi , vng thnh ph ln v vng thnh ph trung bnh v nh. Vng nng
thn c suy hao thp nht trong cc vng, ng vi bn knh 5 km th vng nng thn
Trang 42

suy hao 123 dB, vng thnh ph 151 dB. Suy hao ca mi vng ph thuc a hnh
mi trng truyn sng ca vng .
4.3.2.2. M hnh Walfsch Ikegami
M hnh ny c s dng nh gi tn hao ng truyn mi trng

thnh ph cho h thng thng tin di ng t ong. M hnh ny cha cc phn t : tn
hao khng gian t do, nhiu x mi nh, tn hao tn x v tn hao nhiu vt chn.
Sau y l m hnh cc tham s trong Walfisch-Ikegami.
Hng di chuyn
Sng ti
My di ng
hb
Ta nh
hr
w
b
Mt ng
hm
Anten trm di ng
Hnh 4.6. Cc tham s trong m hnh Walfisch-Ikegami
Tn hao cho php trong m hnh ny c tnh nh sau [6] :

Lcp = Lf + Lts + Lm
(4.19)
Vi tn hao khng gian t do c xc nh nh sau [6]:

L f = 32,4 + 20. lg R + 20. lg f c
(4.20)
Trong : fc : Tn s hot ng.

R : Bn knh cell.
Nhiu x mi nh ph v tn hao tn x c tnh [6]:
Trang 43

Lts = Lo + 20. lg hm + 10. lg f c 10. lg W 16,7
(4.21)
4 0,114( 55) dB,55 0 90 0

Trong : L0 =
9,646 dB,0 0 55 0
(4.22)
W : rng ph. : Gc n so vi trc ph

hr : cao nh. hm = hr hm (m)
hm : cao Anten trm di ng.
Tn hao vt chn[6] : Lms = Lbsh + k a + k d . lg R + k f . lg f c 9. lg b
(4.23)
Trong : b(m) l khong cch gia cc to nh dc theo ng truyn

18. lg 11 + hb , hb > hr
Lbsh =
, hb l cao anten BS
0, hb < hr
(4.24)
ka=54, hb>hr
ka = 54 0,8, hb >=hr v R>=500 m
(4.25)
ka=54-1,6 hbR , hb>=hr v R<500 m

15hb
, hb hr
18
hm
kd =
18, h < h
b
r
(4.26)
k f = 4 + 1,5 c 1 vi thnh ph ln
925
(4.27)
k f = 4 + 0,7 c 1 vi thnh ph trung bnh

925
(4.28)
Nh vy bn knh cell tnh theo m hnh Walf Ikegami l :

lg R =
Lcp Lo Lbsh + 10. lg W 20. lg hm k a 9. lg b ( 30 + k f ). lg f c 15,7
( 20 + k d )
(4.29)
T cng thc (4.29) tnh tn hao ng truyn t m hnh Walfisch-Ikegami

theo cc s liu sau: fc=880 (MHz), hm=1,5 (m), hb=30 (m), hr= 15(m), b= 25(m),
w=15 (m), =200. Hnh 4.7 biu din cc ng suy hao theo bn knh c kho st
theo m hnh Walfisch-Ikegami.
Trang 44

Suy hao ng truyn tng theo bn knh, khi bn knh tng th suy hao ng truyn
tng theo hm log(R). Trn hnh 4.7 l hai ng suy hao ca hai vng khc nhau: vng
thnh ph ln v vng thnh ph trung bnh. Suy hao ng truyn theo bn knh ca hai
vng ny gn nh bng nhau do h s hiu chnh khng c s thay i ln.
Hnh 4.7. Suy hao ng truyn theo bn knh vi m hnh Walfsch-Ikegami
T th hnh 4.6 v th hnh 4.7 ta thy suy hao ng truyn theo m hnh
Walfisch-Ikegami ln hn m hnh Hata v n c xt n nhiu tn x, nhiu vt
chn. Do khi tnh ton bn knh cell ta dng m hnh Walfisch-Ikegami tnh
suy hao.
4.4. Tnh ton dung lng

Trong thng tin di ng CDMA, cc thu bao c chia s cng ngun ti
nguyn giao din v tuyn nn khng th phn tch chng ring r. Cc thu bao
nh hng ln nhau nn cng sut pht buc phi thay i, s thay i ny li gy ra
cc thay i khc v vy ton b qu trnh d tnh phi c thc hin lp cho n
Trang 45

khi cng sut pht n nh. Ngoi cng sut pht, cc thng s khc nh tc bit
v cc kiu dch v c s dng cng ng vai tr quan trng trong vic tnh ton
dung lng.
4.4.1. Tnh dung lng cc
Trong h thng thng tin di ng, s ngi s dng cc i N, ta c t s tn
hiu trn tp m u vo my thu j nh sau [1]:
( SNR ) j
Pj
N
v P (1 + ) + WN
i =1
j i
(4.30)
Trong thnh phn th nht mu ni ln nhiu ca cc ngi s dng khc

trong cng cell cng nh n t cc cell khc, l h s nhiu t cell khc, vi l h
s tch cc ting, N0 l mt tp m nhit, W l rng bng tn. Bin i mu
trn ta c th vit [1]:
N '0 = I O + N O =
(1 + ) N
vi Pi + N O
W i =1
(4.31)
i j
Trong I0 l mt nhiu ca cc ngi s dng khc.

Gi s iu khin cng sut l tng (cng sut thu tt c cc ngi s dng
u nh nhau: Pj=Pi=P) v h s tch cc ting nh nhau cho tt c cc ngi s dng
(iu khin cng sut hon ho) ta c [1]:
Eb
P
= ( SNR ) i G p = G p
N 'O
WN O + ( N 1)vP(1 + )
(4.32)
Gii phng trnh (4.32) cho N ta c:

N =1+
Gp
Eb
v(1 + )
N 'O
WN O
Pv(1 + )
(4.33)
Phng trnh (4.32) t cc i khi b qua thnh phn th hai[1]:
Trang 46
N max = 1 +
Gp
Eb
v(1 + )
N 'O
(4.34)
T phng trnh (4.34), nu xt n cc nh hng khc nh: phn on cell,

tch cc ting, mc iu khin cng sut hon ho ta c s ngi s dng cc
i xc nh theo cng thc sau [1]:
N max = 1 +
Gp
Eb
v(1 + )
N 'O
(4.35)
Trong : l h s nhiu t cc cell khc, l li nh phn on cell,

l h s tch cc ting v l h s iu khin cng sut hon ho.
Kho st cng thc (4.35) vi cc thng s sau: Eb/N0=6,8 (dB),
Gp=1228800/9600=128 (R=9600 bit/s), Gp=85,33 (R=14400 bit/s), =1.33, =0.4,
=0.4 =2.5 (dB) (mi th ta cho mt thng s thay i cc thng s khc ly gi
tr nh cho). Hnh 4.8 biu din ng dung lng cc theo cc thng s: nhiu t
cc cell khc, t s Eb/(N0+I0), sai s iu khin cng sut, h s tch cc thoi.
Trang 47
Hnh 4.8. nh hng ca cc tham s n dung lng
Hnh 4.8 biu th ng dung lng ng vi cc tc bit R=9600 bit/s v

R=14400 bit/s ph thuc vo cc tham s. Tt c cc ng dung lng n u
gim khi cc thng s tng, c th nh sau:
+Dung lng cc hng ln cng ln nu tc d liu thoi cng thp: dung
lng cc ph thuc vo tc m ho thoi, l quan h t l nghch.
+Dung lng hng ln cng ln nu h thp yu cu v
Eb
: th chng
N0 + I0
t rng nu gi tr ny cng nh th cng phc v c nhiu ngi dng hn.

+Dung lng hng ln cng ln nu gim nh tch cc thoi: nu tch cc
thoi cng thp th nh b m ho thoi tc kh bin , m tc d liu thoi v
cng sut c th cng gim nh, tng ng gim thp can nhiu chung.
Trang 48

+Dung lng cc hng ln cng ln nu t l can nhiu ngoi cell cng gim,
do cng sut pht ca mi trm gc phi phi m bo cho cc MS ng thi
khng c pht qu ln gim nh hng n cc cell khc.
+Dung lng cc hng ln cng ln nu iu khin cng sut cng hon ho
4.4.2. Tnh dung lng h thng
tnh ton dung lng, ta s dng mt s nh ngha sau :
- n v lu lng Erlang : Mt n v lu lng Erlang l mt mch thng tin
hot ng trong mt gi.
- Cp phc v (GOS) : i lng biu th s % cuc gi khng thnh cng i
vi h thng tiu hao cn trong h thng i GOS l s % thu bao thc hin s gi
tr li.
- H thng thng tin hot ng theo kiu tiu hao : Gi thit v h thng m cc
thu bao khng h gi li khi cuc gi khng thnh cng.
- H thng thng tin hot ng theo kiu i: Gi thit v h thng m cc thu
bao s kin tr gi li cho n khi thnh cng.
Lu lng ca mt thu bao A c tnh theo cng thc sau [3]:
A=
nT
3600
(4.36)
Trong : A : Lu lng ca thu bao.

n : S trung bnh cc cuc gi trong mt gi.
T : Thi gian trung bnh ca mt cuc gi (s).
Theo s liu thng k i vi mng di ng th n = 1, T = 210s.
Lu lng Erlang cn cho mt thu bao c tnh nh sau [3]:
ECCH =
mt u
3600
(4.37)
Trang 49

Trong : m : S ln thu bao s dng knh iu khin.
tu : Thi gian s dng trung bnh ca thu bao
ng vi s knh iu khin l NCCH, tra bng ta s c tng dung lng Erlang
cn thit l Etot. Tng s thu bao c phc v c tnh nh sau [3]:
S total =
Etot
E CCH
(4.38)
phc v Stotal thu bao, ta tnh c tng lu lng Erlang cn thit theo cng
thc [3]:
C Erl =
S total
A
(4.39)
T gi tr CErl tra bng ta s tnh c tng s knh cn thit.

Vi nhng c th ca cng ngh CDMA, xy dng mt bi ton ti u
trong qu trnh nh c l rt kh do ph thuc vo nhiu tham s khc nhau, ngay c
thng tin d bo v nhu cu dung lng ch mang tnh tng i. Do vy, chng ta
ch xem xt bi ton gn ti u v y l mt qu trnh lp. bc lp, khi to h
s ti c gi thit l ti a 50% (gi tr ti a trn thc t), sau n s c gim
dn cn bng vi h s ti thc t.
4.5. Kt lun chng

Chng ny trnh by qu trnh quy hoch mng CDMA:Suy hao ng
truyn,nh c mng v tnh dung lng. Trong , phn tch c th v a ra s
khi qu trnh nh c, cng nh cc cng thc tnh ton, phn tch qu nng lng
ng truyn v tuyn, bn knh v din tch cell, quy hoch dung lng v vng
ph. Ngoi ra, cng cp n 2 m hnh truyn dn c bn c s dng rng
ri, l m hnh Hata-Okumura v Walfisch-Ikegami. Nhng m hnh thc nghim
ny l nhng phng tin c bn cho vic tnh ton suy hao ng truyn.
p dng phn l thuyt quy hoch mng CDMA trn tin hnh quy hoch
cho mt vng c th. Phn tnh ton thit k quy hoch mng CDMA mt vng s
c trnh by trong chng tip theo.
Trang 50
Chng 5 Tnh ton ti u s cell mng di ng CDMA
Chng 5 TNH TON TI U S CELL TRONG MNG DI

NG CDMA
5.1. Gii thiu chng
Trong chng ny s tnh s cell cho mt cho mt vng c quy hoch. Qu
trnh quy hoch gm cc bc sau: phn tch nhu cu v dung lng ca vng, tnh
suy hao cho php, tnh dung lng cc t xc nh bn knh theo suy hao v theo
dung lng . T kt qu xy dng thut ton ti u s cell gia dung lng v
vng ph xc nh li s cell.
5.2. Nhu cu v dung lng v vng ph

Vic quy hoch mng phi da trn nhu cu v lu lng. Nhu cu v lu
lng l bc u tin cn thc hin trong qu trnh quy hoch mng. Nhu cu v lu
lng c th thc hin trn c s xu th pht trin lu lng ca cc mng c
khai thc v da vo mt s yu t nh s pht trin kinh t x hi, thu nhp trung
bnh u ngi, mt thoi di ng ng v cc s liu khc ca th trng cn
phc v.
Ta khng th ch quy hoch mng cho cc d kin trc mt m cng cn quy
hoch mng cho cc d kin tng lai khi phi thng xuyn m rng mng.
Ngoi vic d phng cho tng lai cng cho php mng cung cp lu lng b sung
trong trng hp tng thu bao ln hn thit k hoc s thay i t bin ti mt thi
im nht nh
Gi s mt vng c nhu cu v lu lng nh sau:
Bng 5.1. Nhu cu v lu lng ca mt vng cn tnh ton
1
2
3
4
Tn
vng
A
B
C
D
S thu bao d
kin phc v
10000
5000
3200
1800
Din tch
km2
400
250
200
150
Phn loi mi
trng
Trung tm th
ngoi
Trung tm
ngoi
Trang 51

T nhu cu trn v dung lng v vng ph, xc nh s cell sao cho m bo
v dung lng v vng ph v cc yu cu v cht lng. Nhu cu v lu lng ch
l d on v lu lng trong mt khong thi gian, n c th thay i. Do , khi
tnh ton ta phi tnh vi h s ti khong 50% so vi nhu cu lu lng hin ti
m bo h thng hot ng tt khi lu lng tng ln.
5.3. Cc thng s ca h thng

Cht lng ca mt h thng CDMA l kt qu tnh ton ti u ca 3 c trng:
vng ph sng, cht lng dch v v dung lng phc v ca h thng, ba c trng
ny c quan h cht ch vi nhau. Ngi thit k h thng c nhim v tnh ton cn
bng cc c trng trn ti u trn vng quy hoch c th. Vic cn bng ny s
khc nhau cho tng khu vc khc nhau: vng trung tm th, vng th, vng
ngoi , vng nng thn,Sau y l bng cc thng s khi tnh ton:
Bng 5.2. Bng cc thng s khi tnh ton thit k h thng CDMA
Thng s
Gi tr
Thng s
Gi tr
Cp phc v GoS
2%
li chuyn giao mm(SHOF)
S cuc th trong gi bn(BHCA)
1,38
Cng sut pht MS (Pm)
36 dBm
T s Eb/N0 yu cu
6,8
H s khuch i anten (Gb)
15 dBi
H s tch cc thoi ( )
0,4
T s FER
H s nhiu t cc cell khc ( )
0,4
B rng di tn tri ph (W)
Tc d liu (R)
Thi gian trung bnh cuc gi
Tn s (f)
1,4
0,01
1,2288 MHz
9600 kbit/s
Phng sai iu khin cng sut
2,5 dB
65 s
Tng ch di qut ho (mi cell

gm 3 di qut)
2,4
880 MHz
Suy hao cp anten ca BTS (Lc)
2,5 dB
Tp m my thu (Fb)
5 dB
Tp m nn BTS (N0)
rng ng ph (w)
15 m
Khong cch gia cc to nh (b)
25 m
cao trung bnh gia cc to

nh (hr)
15 m
cao ca anten MS (hm)
1,5 m
cao trung bnh ca anten BTS

(hb)
30 m
Gc ti ca tia sng ( )
D tr che ti log chun (Lct)

Tn hao truy nhp to nh (Lb)
10,2 dB
10 dB
-174 dBm/Hz
200
Tn hao c th/nh hng (Lh)
2 dB
D tr nhiu (Ldtn)
3 dB
Trang 52

Bng 5.2 l cc thng s c khuyn nghi s dng khi tnh ton mng di
ng CDMA, vi cc thng s trn th mng p ng cht lng ca dch v: tc
bit: 9600 bit/s, t l li khung FER 0,01; t l bit li BER 10-3.
Khi tnh ton dung lng cc s dng phng trnh tnh dung lng cc s cho
php tnh gn ng dung lng ca h thng. Tuy nhin cc phng trnh ny khng
c tham s no k n kch thc cell, c ly gia cc cell.
gii quyt vn trn c hai m hnh thc nghim da trn d on tn hao
ng truyn nh trnh by trong chng 4 l m hnh Hata-Okumura v
Walfisch-Ikegami. Trong n ny s dng m hnh Walfisch-Ikegami cho tnh ton
bn knh cell v m hnh ny c tnh n nh hng ca cc thng s tn x, rng
ph,gy suy hao ng truyn
5.4. Cc bc tnh ton

tnh s cell cho tng khu vc ta da vo bng thng k cc thng s ca cc
khu vc. C hai phng n tnh s cell: da vo suy hao cc i cho php v s
dng cc m hnh suy hao tnh bn knh cell, din tch mt cell t xc nh s
cell da vo din tch; tnh s cell da vo kh nng dung lng ca cell v s lng
thu bao d kin phc v. Kt qu cui cng l s cell cc i trong hai phng n
trn.
5.4.1. Tnh s cell theo dung lng
5.4.1.1. Tnh dung lng cc
N max = 1 +
Gp
Eb
v(1 + )
N 'O
=1+
(1228800 / 9600 )
2,4
1,3
36
6,8 / 10
10
x 0,4(1 + 0,4) 3
Kt qu trn cho bit mi di qut ti a c 36 ngi s dng. Khi tnh ton

dung lng thc khng vt qu 75% dung lng cc, do mi di qut khi tnh
ton c th khng qu 27 ngi s dng ,tra bng Erlang B ng vi GoS=2% ng vi
19,256 Erlang.
Trang 53

5.4.1.2. Tnh h s ti v d tr nhiu
+ H s ti: =
Eb / N '0
6,8
K (1 + ) =
27 * 0,4 * (1 + 0,4) = 0,79
GP
1228800 / 9600
+ D tr nhiu : L=-10log(1- )= -10log(1-0,714) = 6.99 dB

5.4.1.3. Tnh s cell
+Tnh ton cho vng A:

-S thu bao: 10000
-Dung lng cn: BHCA/thu bao * S thu bao * Thi hn cuc gi/3600
= 1,38*10000*65/3600= 249,17 Erlang
-Dung lng k chuyn giao mm: Dung lng cn * h s chuyn giao mm
= 249,17*1,4 = 348,83 Erlang
-S di qut cn: (mi di qut 16,631 Erlang): 348,83/19,256 18 di qut
-S cell cn: (mi cell 3 di qut): 18/2,4=8 cell
Tnh ton tng t cho cc vng cn li ta c bng s cell cho tng vng sau:
Bng 5.3. Bng kt qu s cell cho tng vng tnh theo dung lng
Vng
A
B
C
D
Tng
BHCA/
thu
bao
1.38
1.38
1.38
1.38
S thu
bao
Dung
lng cn
Dung lng cn
SHOF
Erlang
10000
5000
3200
1800
20000
249.17
124.58
79.73
44.85
498.33
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
k c SHOF
Erlang
348.84
174.4
111.6
62.8
697.64
Dung
lng
cc
Erlang
19.256
19.256
19.256
19.256
S
di
qut
S
cell
18.12
9.06
5.8
3.26
36.24
8
4
2
1
15
Kt qu bng 5.3 cho thy m bo dung lng vng phc v cn 15 cell,

iu ny c ngha l ch mi m bo yu cu v dung lng m cha tnh n vng
ph sng..
5.4.2. Tnh s cell theo vng ph
5.4.2.1. Tnh suy hao cho php
+Suy hao cc i cho php

-Tp m nn:
NT = N0 + Nb = -174 + 5 = -169 dBm
Trang 54

-Cng ti thiu yu cu:
Pmin = NT + (Eb/N0)req + 10logR 10logW/R + Ldtn
= -162,2 + log9600 -10log(1228800/9600) +3
= -146,45 dBm
-Tn hao ng truyn cho php:
Lp = Pm Pmin + Gb Lc Lct Lh - Lb
= 36 + 146,45 + 15 2,5 10,2 2 10 = 166,75 dB
(1)
5.4.2.2. Tnh bn knh cell
Ta s dng m hnh Walfisch-Ikemagi

hm = hr hm = 15 1,5 = 13,5
hb = hb hr = 30 15 =15
L0 = -9.646 dB
Lbsh = -18log11 + hb = -3,75 dB
f
1 = 3,93
925
ka = 54; kd = 18 15( hb/ hm) = 1,33; kf = 4 + 1,5

-Suy hao khng gian t do: Lf =32,4 + 20logr + 20logf
=32,4 + 20logr + 20log880 = 91,29 + 20logr

-Nhiu x mi nh-ph v tn hao tn x:
Lrts = L0 +20log hm + 10logf 10logw 16,7
= -9,646+20log13,5+10log880 10log15 16,7 = 13,94

-Tn hao vt che chn: Lms = Lbsh + ka + kdlogr + kflogf 9logb
= -3,75 + 54 + 1,33logr + 3,93log880 9log25
= 49,24 + 1,33logr
(dB)
-Suy hao cho php:

Lp = Lf + Lrts + Lms = 91,29 + 20logr +13,94 + 49,24 + 1,33logr
= 154,47 + 21,33logr
T (1) v (2), ta c:
(2)
166,75 = 154,47 + 21,33logr

logr = 0,686
r =3,76 (km)
-Din tch mi cell: S= 2,6r2 =2,6*(3,76)2= 36,76 (km2)
Trang 55

5.4.2.3. Tnh s cell
Tnh s cell theo vng ph phi da vo din tch c th tng khu vc v bn

knh cell c tnh trn, ta c: s cell=din tch vng/din tch cell. T php tnh
ny ta c bng kt qu sau:
Bng 5.4. Bng kt qu tnh s cell theo vng ph
1
2
3
4
Tn
vng
A
B
C
D
Tng
Din tch
km2
400
250
200
150
1000
S cell
11
7
5
4
27
Kt qu bng 5.4 cho thy ph sng ton b vng phc v 1000 km2 ta cn
27 cell, nh vy so vi cch tnh theo dung lng th s cell ln hn rt nhiu v dung
lng d on kh thp (trung bnh 20 thu bao/km2).
5.4.3. Kt qu tnh s cell
Kt qu tnh s cell l ly kt qu ln nht t hai cch tnh trn. T kt qu
ny ta tnh li cc thng s: s thu bao ca mt cell, h s ti, d tr nhiu, bn knh
cell. Ta c bng kt qu sau:
Bng 5.5. Bng kt qu tnh s cell theo vng ph
Vng
A
B
C
D
Tng
Din tch
(km2)
400
250
200
150
1000
H s
ti
0.48
0.39
0.36
0.24
D tr
nhiu [dB]
2.84
2.15
1.94
1.19
Suy hao
(dB)
166.91
167.6
167.81
168.56
Bn knh
(km)
3,76
3,76
3,76
3,76
S
cell
11
7
5
4
27
Kt qu bng 5.5 cho thy s cell cn cho ton b vng phc v l 27 cell, m
bo c yu cu v dung lng v vng ph. Vi kt qu ny th dung lng c th
tng ln ln trong tng lai m h thng vn c kh nng phc v v h s ti cn rt
thp. Tuy nhin, iu ny lm lng ph trong u t gim s cell ta ti u theo
thut ton ti u gia vng ph v dung lng.
Trang 56
5.5. Ti u gia vng ph v dung lng

+ Thut ton ti u: khi thit k mng di ng CDMA phi m bo v cht
lng cc dch v, dung lng v vng ph. Trong qu trnh tnh ton ta gi thit
dung lng cc cell bng nhau nhng thc t th dung lng mi cell l khc nhau.
Mt khu vc c th c din tch ln hn din tch ca mt cell c tnh nhng dung
lng thp hn dung lng c tnh th lc ny ta phi iu chnh li bn knh ca
cell ny m bo v c dung lng v vng ph. Vic iu chnh ny da trn c
s phn tch h s ti ca mi cell iu chnh cc thng s ca cell .
xy dng mt bi ton ti u trong qu trnh nh c ph thuc vo nhiu
tham s khc nhau, ngay c thng tin d bo v nhu cu dung lng ch mang tnh
tng i. Do vy, chng ta ch xem xt bi ton gn ti u v y l mt qu trnh
lp h s ti. bc lp, khi to h s ti bt k, sau n s c gim dn
cn bng vi h s ti thc t, t ta c s thut ton ti u cell nh sau:
-Cc tham s thit b
-c im truyn dn
-Cc tham s thit b

-Dung lng vng ph
Phn tch
dung
lng
Phn tch
vng ph
Bn knh cell cc i
Din tch cell cc i
ng
Kt qu ca h
s ti
Tng
Nu
Sai
ng
Nu
Gim
Sai
Chp nhn bn knh cell
Xc nh s cell
S cell=max{s cell tnh theo dung
lng, s cell tnh theo vng ph}
Hnh 5.1 S thut ton ti u s cell gia dung lng v vng ph
Trang 57

+ Gii thch thut ton: ban u ta tnh s cell theo dung lng v vng ph vi
h s ti cho trc c = 0,5 (tng ng vi d tr nhiu l 3 dB), kt qu s
cell=max{s cell tnh theo dung lng, s cell tnh theo vng ph}. T kt qu s
cell, phn tch theo dung lng xc nh s thu bao trong mi cell t tnh li h
s ti t . So snh c v t , nu c khc t th tng hoc gim c v tnh li d tr
nhiu, suy hao cho php, bn knh cell, s cell theo vng ph cho n khi c = t th
kt thc.
+ Kt qu thut ton: sau khi tnh ton li s cell vi thut ton trn ta c kt
qu bng 5.6
Bng 5.6. Bng kt qu s cell ti u gia vng ph v dung lng
Vng
Din
tch
(km2)
A
B
C
D
Tng
400
250
200
150
1000
S
thu
bao
10000
5000
3200
1800
20000
H s ti
0.48
0.45
0.42
0.33
D tr
nhiu
[dB]
Suy
hao
(dB)
Bn
knh
(km)
2.84
2.52
1.08
1.67
166.91
167.67
167.95
168.08
3.8
3.93
4.19
4.31
S
cell
11
6
4
3
24
+ Kt lun: t kt qu bng 5.6 ta thy s cell sau khi ti u gim 3 cell so vi

khi cha ti u nhng vn m bo cc yu cu v dung lng v vng ph khi tnh
ton, tit kim c chi ph u t v kinh t hn khi a mng vo lp t. Vy
trong quy hoch mng di ng CDMA vn v tnh ton dung lng v vng ph
phi i lin vi nhau.
5.6. Kt lun chng

Chng 5 a ra cc bc tnh ton, thit k, nh c mng CDMA cho mt
vng vi tiu ch ti u ha v phng din vng ph sng v dung lng h thng
v tuyn. Trong phn tnh ton, u tin xc nh s cell theo dung lng v vng
ph. Sau dng thut ton ti u ti u ho s cell nhm m bo v dung
lng, vng ph v gim c chi ph lp t ban u.
Trang 58
Chng 6 Chng trnh tnh ton v kt qu m phng
Chng 6
CHNG TRNH TNH TON V KT QU

M PHNG
6.1. Gii thiu chng

Chng 6 a ra lu thut ton chng trnh chnh t lm c s vit
chng trnh m phng tnh ton cc thng s v suy hao ng truyn, bn knh
cell, dung lng cc, tnh s cell, ti u s cell v tnh cho mt vng nhp vo. T
lu thut ton thc hin tnh ton v hin th kt qu mt cch chnh xc v
trc quan phi chn ngn ng thch hp
Ngn ng m em chn vit chng trnh m phng l ngn ng lp trnh
hng i tng Visual Basic phin bn 6.0 bi v ngn ng ny c nhiu u im l
vi cng mt ng dng n c th tit kim thi gian v cng sc hn cc chng
trnh khc. Hn na, ngn ng ny cho ta thy c kt qu trc quan qua tng php
tnh, giao din d thit k, d dng chnh sa cc i tng c mt trong ng dng c
th trnh by y cc yu cu v chng trnh m phng ca n. V vy m em
chn Visual Basic 6.0 vit chng trnh m phng.
Chng ny s trnh by cc vn sau:
+Lu thut ton chng trnh
+Giao din v kt qu ca chng trnh m phng
Trang 59
6.2. Lu thut ton

6.2.1. Lu thut ton chng trnh chnh
Bt u
Kt thc
Nhp cc thng s:
+ Thng s truyn dn
+Thng s trm gc
+Thng s trm di ng
Tnh suy hao ng truyn

cho php i vi vng ph
In kt qu
Nhp cc thng s truyn sng
+Tnh bn knh cell

+Tnh din tch cell
In kt qu
Dng thut ton ti u xc

nh li bn knh ca cell
In kt qu
Tnh cc thng s trong cell:

-H s ti
-Suy hao cc i cell
-Xc nh bn knh cell
In kt qu
In kt qu
Nhp cc thng s h thng
Tnh dung lng cc
Tnh s cell:
-Theo dung lng
-Theo vng ph
In kt qu
Trang 60

6.2.2. Lu thut ton ti u
-Cc tham s thit b

-c im truyn dn
-Cc tham s thit b

-Dung lng vng ph
Phn tch
dung
lng
Phn tch
vng ph
Bn knh cell cc i
Din tch cell cc i
ng
Kt qu ca h
s ti
Tng
Nu
Sai
ng
Nu
Gim
Sai
Chp nhn bn knh cell
Xc nh s cell
S cell=max{s cell tnh theo dung

lng, s cell tnh theo vng ph}
Trang 61
6.3. Kt qu m phng
6.3.1. Giao din chnh
6.3.2. Giao din tnh suy hao cho php
Trang 62

6.3.3. Giao din tnh bn knh theo suy hao
6.3.4. Giao din tnh dung lng cc
Trang 63

6.3.5. Giao din tnh s cell
6.3.6 Giao din ti u cell
Trang 64

6.3.7. Giao din tnh cho mt vng bt k
6.4. Kt lun chng

Chng ny a ra thut ton chng trnh chnh v thut ton lp ti u
tnh s cell cho vng cn quy hoch. T hai thut ton dng Visual Basic 6.0 vit
chng trnh con tnh cc thng s: suy hao cho php, bn knh cell, dung lng cc,
tnh s cell, h s ti, d tr nhiu, lp ti u v thit k cc giao din cho ngi s
dng. Chng trnh tnh ton v a ra kt qu tnh c trong chng 5 v c th
tnh cho mt vng vi cc thng s bt k nhp vo.
Trang 65
Vi n ny, em i vo tm hiu cng ngh CDMA v thc hin phn tch

cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh quy hoch CDMA Phn vng ph: phn tch m
hnh truyn sng Hata v Walf p dng vo trong cc iu kin quy hoch c th,
phn tch h s ti ca ng truyn xc nh li bn knh cell trong tnh s cell v
y l thng s quan trng dng trong thut ton ti u s cell. Phn tch dung lng:
t nhu cu thc t phn tch dung lng tng vng xc nh dung lng cc i
cho mt cell, s cell cho mt vng. Cui cng l ti u li s cell sau khi phn tch
vng ph v phn tch dung lng i n la chn s cell cui cng cho mt vng
cn tnh ton.
n thc hin nghin cu v hon thnh c bn nhng vn l thuyt nh
sau:
- Tm hiu qu trnh pht trin ca cc h thng thng tin di ng, phn tch c
im, u nhc im ca h thng thng tin di dng CDMA.
- Nm bt c k thut tri ph ng dng trong mng di ng CDMA.
- Tm hiu v th tc chuyn giao mm v iu khin cng sut trong CDMA,
mt vn rt quan trng i vi h thng thng tin di ng.
-
Phn tch c nhng yu cu v nguyn tc thc hin quy hoch mng
CDMA ng vi c trng, cu trc a l tng vng c th, a ra cc cng thc tnh

ton dung lng, vng ph, s dng hai m hnh thc nghim c th Hata-Okumura
v Walfisch-Ikegami.
Hn ch ln nht ca ti l trong tnh ton thc t, thiu s liu v nhu cu
dung lng thc t ca mt vng c th v kt qu ti ch dng nh c mng s
b, ch tnh s cell. Khi mng a vo lp t v hot ng cn phn tch tng vng
c th: xc nh v tr, cc lung kt ni, cch vn hnh v ti u mng. y l hng
m ti s tip tc nghin cu sau ny.
Trang 66
Ti liu tham kho
Ti li u tham kh o
[1].PTS.Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, Thng tin di ng th h 3 (tp 1), Nh xut bn
bu in, 2001.
[2].PTS.Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, Thng tin di ng th h 3 (tp 2), Nh xut bn
bu in, 2001.
[3].V c Th, Tnh ton mng thng tin di ng s Cellular, Nh xut bn gio
dc, 2001.
[4]. PTS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, Thng tin di ng (tp 1), Nh xut bn khoa hc
v gio dc, H Ni 1997
[5]. PTS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, Thng tin di ng (tp 2), Nh xut bn khoa hc
v gio dc, H Ni 1997
[6]. PTS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, cdmaOne v cdma2000, Nh xut bn bu in,
H Ni - 1997
[7].TS.Trn Hng Qun-PGS.TS.Nguyn Bch Ln-Ks.L Xun Cng-Ks.Phm
Hng K, Thng tin di ng, Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut, H Ni 2001
[8].Lee, William C.Y, Mobile Cellular Telrcommunication Systems, McGraw-Hill,
New York, 1989.
[9].Clint Smith, P.E. Curt Gervelis, Cellular System Design and Optimization,
McGraw-Hill, New York, 1996.
[10].Tp ch bu chnh vin thng
Thng 12/2004
Thng 1/2005
Thng 2/2005
Thng 3/2005
Thng 4/2005
[10]. Cc Web Site tham kho :
http://www.ericsson.com.review.
www.danang.gov.com
www.gsmworld .com
www.cellular.com
home.intekom.com
www.cdg.org
www.umtsworld.com
www.ericson.com
www.nokia.com
Trang 67
Ph lc
Ph lc
BNG ERLANG B
N: S knh hay mch truyn dn cn cho lu lng mun truyn cp phc v
xc nh.
KNH
MCH
N
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
CP PHC V
0.002
0.005
0.008
0.010
0.002
0.065
0.249
0.535
0.900
1.325
1.798
2.311
2.855
3.427
4.022
4.637
5.270
5.919
6.582
7.258
7.946
8.644
9.351
10.068
10.793
11.525
12.265
13.011
13.763
14.522
15.285
16.054
16.828
17.606
18.389
19.176
19.966
20.761
21.559
22.361
23.166
23.974
24.785
25.599
26.416
27.235
28.057
28.882
29.708
0.005
0.105
0.349
0.701
1.132
1.622
2.157
2.730
3.333
3.961
4.610
5.279
5.964
6.663
7.376
8.100
8.834
9.578
10.331
11.092
11.860
12.635
13.416
14.204
14.997
15.795
16.598
17.406
18.218
19.034
19.854
20.678
21.505
22.336
23.169
24.006
24.846
25.689
26.534
27.382
28.232
29.085
29.940
30.797
31.656
0.008
0.135
0.418
0.810
1.281
1.809
2.382
2.990
3.627
4.289
4.971
5.671
6.386
7.115
7.857
8.609
9.371
10.143
10.922
11.709
12.503
13.303
14.110
14.922
15.739
16.561
17.387
18.218
19.053
19.891
20.734
21.580
22.429
23.281
24.136
24.994
25.854
26.718
27.583
28.451
29.322
30.194
31.069
31.946
32.824
0.010
0.153
0.455
0.869
1.361
1.909
2.501
3.128
3.783
4.461
5.160
5.876
6.607
7.352
8.108
8.875
9.652
10.437
12.230
12.031
12.838
13.651
14.470
15.295
16.125
16.959
17.797
18.640
19.487
20.337
21.193
22.048
22.909
23.772
24.638
25.507
26.378
27.252
28.129
29.007
29.888
30.771
31.656
32.543
33.432
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.050
0.100
0.015
0.020
0.190
0.222
0.535
0.602
0.992
1.092
1.524
1.657
2.112
2.276
2.742
2.935
3.405
3.627
4.095
4.345
4.807
5.084
5.539
5.842
6.287
6.615
7.049
7.402
7.824
8.200
8.610
9.010
9.406
9.828
10.211
10.656
11.024
11.491
11.845
12.339
12.672
13.182
13.506
14.036
14.345
14.896
15.190
15.761
16.040
16.631
16.894
17.505
17.753
18.383
18.616 19.265
19.482
20.150
20.352
21.039
21.226
21.932
22.103
22.827
22.983
23.725
23.866
24.626
24.751
25.529
25.640
26.435
26.530
27.343
27.424
28.254
28.319
29.166
29.217
30.081
30.116
30.997
31.018
31.916
31.922
32.836
32.827
33.758
33.735
34.682
34.644
35.607
0.026
0.254
0.661
1.180
1.772
2.417
3.102
3.817
4.558
5.320
6.099
6.894
7.701
8.520
9.349
10.188
11.034
11.888
12.748
13.615
14.487
15.364
16.246
17.133
18.024
18.918
19.817
20.719
21.623
22.531
23.442
24.356
25.272
26.191
27.112
28.035
28.960
29.887
30.816
31.747
32.680
33.615
34.551
35.488
36.428
0.031
0.282
0.715
1.259
1.875
2.543
3.250
3.987
4.748
5.529
6.328
7.141
7.967
8.803
9.650
10.505
11.368
12.238
13.115
13.997
14.885
15.778
16.675
17.577
18.483
19.392
20.305
21.221
22.140
23.062
23.987
24.914
25.844
26.776
27.711
28.647
29.585
30.526
31.468
32.412
33.357
34.305
35.253
36.203
37.155
0.053
0.381
0.899
1.525
2.218
2.960
3.738
4.543
5.370
6.216
7.076
7.950
8.835
9.730
10.633
11.544
12.461
13.385
14.315
15.249
16.189
17.132
18.080
19.031
19.985
20.943
21.904
22.867
23.833
24.802
25.773
26.746
27.721
28.698
29.677
30.657
31.640
32.624
33.609
34.596
35.584
36.574
37.565
38.557
39.550
0.111
0.595
1.271
2.045
2.881
3.758
4.666
5.597
6.546
7.511
8.487
9.474
10.470
11.473
12.484
13.500
14.522
15.548
16.579
17.613
18.651
19.692
20.737
21.784
22.833
23.885
24.939
25.995
27.053
28.113
29.174
30.237
31.301
32.367
33.434
34.503
35.572
36.643
37.715
38.787
39.861
40.936
42.011
43.088
44.165
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81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
30.538
31.369
32.203
33.039
33.876
34.716
35.558
36.401
37.247
38.094
38.942
30.793
40.645
41.498
42.353
43.210
44.068
44.927
45.788
46.650
47.513
48.378
49.243
50.110
50.979
51.848
52.718
53.590
54.463
55.337
56.211
57.087
57.964
58.842
59.720
60.600
61.480
62.362
63.244
64.127
65.011
65.896
66.782
67.669
68.556
69.444
70.333
71.222
72.113
73.004
73.895
74.788
75.681
76.575
77.469
32.517
33.381
34.246
35.113
35.982
36.852
37.724
38.598
39.474
40.351
41.229
42.109
42.990
43.873
44.757
45.642
46.528
47.416
48.305
49.195
50.086
50.978
51.872
52.766
53.662
54.558
55.455
56.354
57.253
58.153
59.054
59.956
60.859
61.763
62.668
63.573
64.479
65.386
66.294
67.202
68.111
69.021
69.932
70.843
71.755
72.668
73.581
74.495
75.410
76.325
77.241
78.157
79.074
79.992
80.910
33.705
34.587
35.471
36.357
37.245
38.134
39.024
39.916
40.810
41.705
42.601
43.499
44.398
45.298
46.199
47.102
48.005
48.910
49.816
50.723
51.631
52.540
53.450
54.361
55.273
56.186
57.099
58.014
58.929
59.846
60.763
61.681
62.600
63.519
64.439
65.360
66.282
67.204
68.128
69.051
69.976
70.901
71.827
72.753
73.680
74.608
75.536
76.465
77.394
78.324
79.255
80.186
81.117
82.050
82.982
34.322
35.215
36.109
37.004
37.901
38.800
39.700
40.602
41.505
42.409
43.315
44.222
45.130
46.039
46.950
47.861
48.774
49.688
50.603
51.518
52.435
53.353
54.272
55.191
56.112
57.033
57.956
58.879
59.803
60.728
61.653
62.579
63.506
64.434
65.363
66.292
67.222
68.152
69.084
70.016
70.948
71.881
72.815
73.749
74.684
75.620
76.556
77.493
78.430
79.368
80.306
81.245
82.184
83.124
84.064
35.554
36.466
37.380
38.296
39.212
40.130
41.050
41.971
42.893
43.816
44.740
45.666
46.593
47.521
48.449
49.379
50.310
51.242
52.175
53.109
54.043
54.979
55.915
56.852
57.790
58.729
59.669
60.609
61.550
62.492
63.434
64.378
65.322
66.266
67.211
68.157
69.104
70.051
70.998
71.947
72.896
73.845
74.795
75.745
76.696
77.648
78.600
79.553
80.506
81.459
82.413
83.368
84.323
85.278
86.234
36.534
37.462
38.392
39.323
40.255
41.189
42.124
43.060
43.997
44.936
45.875
46.816
47.758
48.700
49.644
50.589
51.534
52.481
53.428
54.376
55.325
56.275
57.226
58.177
59.129
60.082
61.036
61.990
62.945
63.900
64.857
65.814
66.771
67.729
68.688
69.647
70.607
71.568
72.529
73.490
74.452
75.415
76.378
77.342
78.306
79.271
80.236
81.201
82.167
83.133
84.100
85.068
86.035
87.003
87.972
37.368
38.310
39.254
40.198
41.144
42.091
43.040
43.989
44.940
45.891
46.844
47.797
48.752
49.707
50.664
51.621
52.579
53.538
54.498
55.459
56.420
57.383
58.346
59.309
60.274
61.239
62.204
63.171
64.138
65.105
66.073
67.042
68.012
68.982
69.952
70.923
71.895
72.867
73.839
74.813
75.786
76.760
77.735
78.710
79.685
80.661
81.638
82.614
83.592
84.569
85.547
86.526
87.504
88.484
89.463
38.108
39.062
40.018
40.975
41.933
42.892
43.852
44.813
45.776
46.739
47.703
48.669
49.635
50.602
51.570
52.539
53.508
54.478
55.450
56.421
57.394
58.367
59.341
60.316
61.291
62.267
63.244
64.221
65.199
66.177
67.156
68.136
69.116
70.096
71.077
72.059
73.041
74.024
75.007
75.990
76.974
77.959
78.944
79.929
80.915
81.901
82.888
83.875
84.862
85.850
86.838
87.826
88.815
89.804
90.794
40.545
41.540
42.537
43.534
44.533
45.533
46.533
47.534
48.536
49.539
50.543
51.548
52.553
53.559
54.566
55.573
56.581
57.590
58.599
56.609
60.619
61.630
62.642
63.654
64.667
65.680
66.694
67.708
68.723
69.738
70.753
71.769
72.786
73.803
74.820
75.838
76.856
77.874
78.893
79.912
80.932
81.952
82.972
83.993
85.014
86.035
87.057
88.079
89.101
90.123
91.146
92.169
93.193
94.216
95.240
45.243
46.322
47.401
48.481
49.562
50.644
51.726
52.808
53.891
54.975
56.059
57.144
58.229
59.315
60.401
61.488
62.575
63.663
64.750
65.839
66.927
68.016
69.106
70.196
71.286
72.376
73.467
74.558
75.649
76.741
77.833
78.925
80.018
81.110
82.203
83.297
84.390
85.484
86.578
87.672
88.767
89.861
90.956
92.051
93.146
94.242
95.338
96.434
97.530
98.626
99.722
100.819
101.916
103.013
104.110
Trang 69

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Li cam oan

Sinh vin thc hin

Nguyn Hng Vinh

Bng tra cu t vit tt

Chng1 TNG QUAN V MNG DI NG CDMA

1.1. Gii thiu chng..........................................................................................3

Chng 2 K THUT TRI PH

2.1. Gii thiu chng........................................................................................15

Chng 3 CHUYN GIAO V IU KHIN CNG SUT

Chng 4 QUY HOCH MNG CDMA

4.1. Gii thiu chng........................................................................................34

4.2.2. Phn tch qu nng lng ng truyn....................................................35

Chng 5 TNH TON TI U S CELL TRONG MNG DI NG

5.1. Gii thiu chng........................................................................................51

CHNG TRNH TNH TON V KT QU M

Kt lun v hng pht trin ti

Ti liu tham kho

Bng tra cu t vit tt

Bng tra cu t vit tt

H thng thng tin di ng th h 1

Trung tm nhn thc

Busy Hours Call Attemp

Code Division Multiple Access

a truy cp chia theo m

Tri ph chui trc tip

Equipment Identity Centre

a truy cp phn chia theo tn s

Home Location Register

Thanh ghi nh v thng tr

H thng thng tin di ng ton cu

Bng tra cu t vit tt

Interim Standard 95A

Tiu chun thng tin di ng TDMA

Multiple Access Interference

Nhiu a truy nhp

Operations and Maintenance

Nhiu gi ngu nhin

Cht lng dch v

Radio Link Budgets

Qu nng lng ng truyn

T s tn hiu trn nhiu

Time Division Multiple Access

a truy cp phn chia theo thi gian

Thit b ngi s dng

Visitor Location Register

Thanh ghi nh v thng tr

Nguyn Hng Vinh

Chng 1 Tng quan v mng CDMA

Chng1 TNG QUAN V MNG DI NG CDMA

1.2. Tng quan v h thng thng tin di ng

Hnh 1.1. H thng thng tin di ng t ong

Chng 1 Tng quan v mng CDMA

Chng 1 Tng quan v mng CDMA

1.3. H thng thng tin di ng CDMA

Hnh 1.3. Cu trc mng thng tin di ng s

Chng 1 Tng quan v mng CDMA

Chng 1 Tng quan v mng CDMA

Chng 1 Tng quan v mng CDMA

Hnh 1.4. Ph trong qu trnh pht v thu CDMA

1.3.3. Cc c tnh ca CDMA

Chng 1 Tng quan v mng CDMA

Chng 1 Tng quan v mng CDMA

Chuyn giao cng

Hnh 1.5. Chuyn giao mm v chuyn giao cng trong CDMA