ai Hoc Quoc Gia TP.

Ho Ch Minh
Trng ai Hoc S Pham Ky
Thuat

Cong Hoa Xa Hoi Chu

NghaViet Nam
oc Lap T Do hach Phuc

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-----oOo-----

KHOA IEN
BO MON IEN T

NHIEM VU LUAN VAN TOT NGHIEP

Ho va ten : PHAM VU TIENG
Nien khoa: 1995-2000
Nganh
: Ky Thuat ien ien T
1. au e luan van:
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2. C s ban au:
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3. Noi dung cac phan ly thuyet va tnh toan:
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4. Cac baf ve va o th:
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5. Can bo hng dan : NGUYEN VAN MANH
6. Ngay giao nhiem vu :..............................................
7. Ngay hoan thanh nhiem vu :................................

thangnam.
Can bo hn g dan
bo mon

NGUYEN VAN MANH

Thong qua bo mon

Ngay
Chu nhiem

NHAN XET CUA GIAO VIEN HNG DAN

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NHAN XET CUA GIAO VIEN DUYET

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Li Cam Ta
Em xin chan thanh cam n thay NGUYEN
VAN MANH a nhiet tnh hng dan va giup
e tap luan van nay hoan thanh ung
thi gian qui nh.
Em cung xin chan thanh cam n thay NGO
QUANG HA cung qu thay co thuoc Trung tam
Viet c a tao moi thuan li trong qua trnh
em thc hien e tai nay.
Sau cung em xin gi li cam n en cac
thay co va nhng ban be a giup va
ong gop y kien khi em thc hien luan van
nay.

LI NOI AU

Cung vi s tien bo cua khoa hoc va cong

nghe, cac thiet b ief - ien t c ng dung
ngay cang rong rai va mang lai hieu qua cao
trong hau het cac lnh vc kinh te, ky thuat cung
nh trong i song xa hoi.
Van e t ong hoa trong cong nghiep e
giam bt lao ong chan tay va nang cao nang
suat lao ong, la mot trong nhng e tai c
cac ban sinh vien, cac thay co nhng trng
ky thuat quan tam va nghien cu nhieu nhat.
Chnh v vay em c Khoa va Bo mon giao nhiem
vu thc hien e tai: MACH PLC VA CAM BIEN
TRONG BANG CHGUYEN cho luan van tot
nghiep cua mnh.
Noi dung tap luan van nay gom 4 chng:
- Chng I
-

: GII THIEU VE PLC

Chng II

: GII THIEU VE CAM BIEN

- Chng III : NG DUNG PLC VA CAM BIEN E

IEU
KHIEN DAY CHUYEN ONG HOP
- Chng IV : THI CONG MO HNH TH NGHIEM

Du rat co gang khi thc hien luan van nay,

nhng chac chan khong tranh khoi nhng thieu
sot, rat mong on nhan dc s ong gop y
kien t qu thay co va cac ban. Xin chan thanh
cam n.

Sinh vien
thc hien
PHAM VU
TIENG

MUC LUC
Trang
NHAN XET CUA GIAO VIEN HNG DAN
NHAN XET CUA GIAO VIEN DUYET
LI CAM TA
LI NOI AU
Chng I :Gii Thieu Ve PLC
I.1. S lc ve lch s phat trien
I.2. Cau hnh va nghien cu hoat ong cua mot PLC
I.2.1. Cau truc
I.2.2. Hoat ong cua mot PLC
I.3. Phan Loai PLC
I.3.1. Loai 1 : PLC sieu nho (Micro PLC).
I.3.2. Loai 2: PLC c nho (Small PLC).
I.3.3. Loai 3: PLC c trung bnh (Medium PLC).
I.3.4. Loai 4: PLC c ln (Large PLC).
I.3.5. Loai 5: PLC rat ln (Very large PLC).
I.4. So sanh PLC vi cac he thong ieu khien khac,
li ch cua viec s
dung PLC.
I.4.1. So sanh PLC vi cac he thong ieu khien
khac.
I.4.2 Li ch cua viec s dung PLC.
I.5. Mot vai lnh vc tieu bieu ng dung PLC.
I.6. Chng trnh phuc vu lenh cuaPLC.
I.6.1. Lenh LD (Load).
I.6.2. Lenh LDN (Load not).
I.6.3. Lenh A (And).
I.6.4. Lenh AN(And not).
I.6.5. Lenh O (OR).
I.6.6. Lenh OF (Or not).

I.6.7. Lenh = (Out).

I.6.8. Lenh MD (Mend).
Chng II: Gii Thieu Ve Cam Bien.
II.1. Quang lng t.
II.2. Cac linh ban dan nhay vi anh sang.
II.3. Gii thieu vai cam bien anh sang pho bien.
II.3.1. Quang tr.
II.3.2. Te bao quang ien va pin mat tri.
Chng III : ng Dung PLC Va Cam Bien e ieu Khien
Day Chuyen ong
Hop.
III.1. S o Cong Tac.
III.2. Liet ke Lenh.
III.3. Mo Ta Hoat ong.
Chng IV: Thi Cong Mo Hnh Th Nghiem.
KET LUAN.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO.
PHU LUC.

LIET KE HNH
trang

Hnh 1-1: s o khoi cua he thong ieu khien lap

trnh
Hnh 1-2: S o khoi tong quat cua PLC.
Hnh 1-3: mot vong quet cua PLC.
Hnh 1-4: Cach dung cac loai PLC.
Hnh 2-1: Ky hieu cua nhng cam bien anh sang.
Hnh 2-2: Day quang pho cua dao ong ien t.
Hnh 2-3: Hnh quat cau.
Hnh 2-4: Cam nhan quang pho cua mat ngi.
Hnh 2-5: Quy tac hnh vuong ngc.
Hnh 2-6: Quan he gia Luminous va Illuminance.
Hnh 2-7: Nhng chat ban dan quang nhay sang.
Hnh 2-8: cam nhan tng oi cua quang tr Cds.
Hnh 2-9: ac tuyen gia tr gii han cua quang tr
LDR03.
Hnh 2-10: Cau truc ien hnh va kch c cua quang
tr.
Hnh 2-11: Phan ap vi quang tr.
Hnh 2-12: Nguyen ly c ban cua te bao quang
ien va pin mat tri.
Hnh 2-13: ien ap m mach nh mot ham cua Ev.
Hnh 2-14: Dong ngan mach nh mot ham cua Ev.
Hnh 2-15: ac tuyen h mach, ngan mach va kch
thc cua te bao quang ien loai BPY11.
Hnh 2-16: ac tuyen h mach, ngan mach va kch
thc cua te bao quang ien loai BPY64.
Hnh 2-17: Cam nhan quang pho tng oi va ac
iem ch th Ish = f( ) cua te bao quang ien loai
BPY11 va BPY64.

Hnh 2-18: Cau truc cua pin mat tri khong nh

hnh.
Hnh 2-19: ien ap va dong ien tren n v dien
tch nh mot ham cua Ev.
Hnh 2-20: Anh hng cua nhiet o en ien ap
m mach va dong ngan mach tren n v dien
tch.
Hnh 4-1: S o cua mot bang chuyen.

CHNG I

GII THIEU VE PLC

I.1. S LC VE LCH S PHAT TRIEN :
Thiet b ieu khien lap trnh au tien (programmable
controller) a c nhng nha thiet ke cho ra i nam
1968 (Cong ty General Moto - My). Tuy nhien, he thong
nay con kha n gian va cong kenh, ngi s dung
gap nhieu kho khan trong viec van hanh he thong. V
vay cac nha thiet ke tng bc cai tien he thong
n gian, gon nhe, de van hanh, nhng viec lap trnh
cho he thong con kho khan, do luc nay khong co cac
thiet b lap trnh ngoai vi ho tr cho cong viec lap trnh.
e n gian hoa viec lap trnh, he thong ieu
khien lap trnh cam tay (programmable controller handle)
au tien c ra i vao nam 1969. ieu nay a tao
ra mot s phat trien that s cho ky thuat ieu khien
lap trnh. Trong giai oan nay cac he thong ieu khien
lap trnh (PLC) ch n gian nham thay the he thong
Relay va day noi trong he thong ieu khien co ien.
Qua qua trnh van hanh, cac nha thiet ke a tng
bc tao ra c mot tieu chuan mi cho he thong,
tieu chuan o la :Dang lap trnh dung gian o hnh
thang (The diagroom format). Trong nhng nam au thap
nien 1970, nhng he thong PLC con co them kha
nang van hanh vi nhng thuat toan ho tr
(arithmetic), van hanh vi cac d lieu cap nhat (data
manipulation). Do s phat trien cua loai man hnh dung
cho may tnh (Cathode Ray Tube: CRT), nen viec giao tiep
gia ngi ieu khien e lap trnh cho he thong cang
tr nen thuan tien hn.
S phat trien cua he thong phan cng va phan
mem t nam 1975cho en nay a lam cho he thong
PLC phat trien manh me hn vi cac chc nang m
rong: he thong ngo vao/ra co the tang len en 8.000
cong vao/ra, dung lng bo nh chng trnh tang len
hn 128.000 t bo nh (word of memory). Ngoai ra cac
nha thiet ke con tao ra ky thuat ket noi vi cac he
thong PLC rieng le thanh mot he thong PLC chung,

tang kha nang cua tng he thong rieng le. Toc o

x ly cua he thong c cai thien, chu ky quet (scan)
nhanh hn lam cho he thong PLC x ly tot vi nhng
chc nang phc tap so lng cong ra/vao ln.
Trong tng lai he thong PLC khong ch giao tiep vi
cac he thong khac thong qua CIM Computer Intergrated
Manufacturing) e ieu khien cac he thong: Robot,
Cad/Cam ngoai ra cac nha thiet ke con ang xay
dng cac loai PLC vi cac chc nang ieu khien
thong minh (intelligence) con goi la cac sieu PLC (super
PLCS) cho tng lai.
I.2. CAU TRUC VA NGHIEN CU HOAT ONG
CUA MOT PLC.
I.2.1. Cau truc:
Mot he thong ieu khien lap trnh c ban phai
gom co hai phan: khoi x ly trung tam (CPU: Central
Processing Unit : CPU) va he thong giao tiep vao/ra (I/0).
m
M
O
m
U
Central
M
T
M
P
Processing
M
U
T
M
Unit
S
S
M
M
M
M
M
M
Hnh 1.1 : S o khoi cua he thong ieu
khien lap
M
I
N
P
U
T

trnh
Khoi ieu khien trung tam (CPU) gom ba phan: bo
x ly, he thong bo nh va he thong nguon cung
cap. Hnh 1.2 mo ta ba phan cau thanh mot PLC.
Proces
sor

Memor
y

Powe
r
Suppl
Hnh 1.2 : yS o khoi tong quat cua CPU

I.2.2/. Hoat ong cua mot PLC.

Ve c ban hoat ong cua mot PLC cung kha n
gian. au tien, he thong cac cong vao/ra
(Input/Output) (con goi la cac Module xuat /nhap) dung
e a cac tn hieu t cac thiet b ngoai vi vao CPU
(nh cac sensor, cong tac, tn hieu t ong c ). Sau khi
nhan c tn hieu ngo vao th CPU se x ly va a
cac tn hieu ieu khien qua Module xuat ra cac thiet b
c ieu khien.
Trong suot qua trnh hoat ong, CPU oc hoac quet
(scan) d lieu hoac trang thai cua thiet b ngoai vi
thong qua ngo vao, sau o thc hien cac chng trnh
trong bo nh nh sau: mot bo em chng trnh se nhat
lenh t bo nh chng trnh a ra thanh ghi lenh e thi
hanh. Chng trnh dang STL (StatementList Dang lenh
liet ke) se c dch ra ngon ng may cat trong bo
nh chng trnh. Sau khi thc hien xong chng trnh, CPU
se gi hoac cap nhat (Update) tn hieu ti cac thiet
b, c thc hien thong qua module xuat. Mot chu ky
gom oc tn hieu ngo vao, thc hien chng trnh va
gi cap nhat tn hieu ngo ra c goi la mot chu ky
quet (Scanning).
Tren ay ch la mo ta hoat ong n gian cua
mot PLC, vi hoat ong nay se giup cho ngi thiet
ke nam c nguyen tac cua mot PLC. Nham cu the
hoa hoat ong cua mot PLC, s o hoat ong cua
mot PLC la mot vong quet (Scan) nh sau:

Update
Output

Read input
(oc ngo
vao)

(Cap nhat
ngo ra)

Program execution
(Thc hien chng
trnh)

Hnh 1.3 :Mot vong quet cua PLC.

Thc te khi PLC thc hien chng trnh (Program

execution) PLC khi cap nhat tn hieu ngo vao (ON'OFF),
cac tn hieu hien nay khong c truy xuat tc thi e
a ra (Update) ngo ra ma qua trnh cap nhat tn hieu
ngo ra (ON/OFF) phai theo hai bc: khi x ly thc
hien chng trnh, vi x ly se chuyen oi cac bc logic
tng ng ngo ra trong chng trnh noi (a c lap
trnh), cac bc logic nay se chuyen oi ON/OFF. Tuy
nhien luc nay cac tn hieu ngo ra that (tc tn hieu
c a ra tai modul out) van cha c a ra. Khi x ly
ket thuc chng trnh x ly, viec chuyen oi cac mc
logic (cua cac tiep iem) a hoan thanh th viec cap
nhat cac tn hieu ngo ra mi thc s tac ong len
ngo ra e ieu khien cac thiet b ngo ra.
Thng viec thc thi mot vong quet xay ra vi mot
thi gian rat ngan, mot vong quet n (single scan) co
thi gian thc hien mot vong quet t 1ms ti 100ms.
Viec thc hien mot chu ky quet dai hay ngan con phu
thuoc vao o dai cua chng trnh va ca mc o giao
tiep gia PLC vi cac thiet b ngoai vi (man hnh hien
th). Vi x ly co the oc c tn hieu ngo vao
ch khi nao tn hieu nay tac ong vi khoang thi gian
ln hn mot chu ky quet th vi x ly coi nh khong co
tn hieu nay. Tuy nhien trong thc te san xuat, thng
cac he thong chap hanh la cac he thong c kh nen
co toc o quet nh tren co the ap ng c cac
chc nang cua day chuyen san xuat. e khac phuc
thi gian quet dai, anh hng en chu trnh san xuat
cac nha thiet ke con thiet ke he thong PLC cap nhat
tc thi, cac he thong nay thng c ap dung cho
cac PLC ln co so lng I/O nhieu, truy cap va x ly
lng thong tin ln.
I.3 . Phan loai PLC.
au tien la kha nang va gia tr cung nh nhu
cau ve he thong se giup ngi s dung can nhng
loai PLC nao ma ho can. Nhu cau ve he thong c
xem nh la mot nhu cau u tien no giup ngi s dung
biet can loai PLC nao va ac trng cua tng loai e
de dang la chon.

Hnh 1.4 cho ta cac bac thang phan loai cac loai PLC
va viec s dung PLC cho phu hp vi cac he thong
thc te san xuat. Trgng hnh nay ta co the nhan thay
nhng vung chong len nhau, nhng vung nay ngi
s dung thng phai s dung cac loai PLC ac biet
nh: so lng cong vao/ra (I/O) co the s dung vung
co so I/O thap nhng lai co cac tnh nang ac biet
cua cac PLC vung co so lng I/O cao (v du: ngoai
cac cong vao ra tng t (Analog). Thng ngi s
dung cac loai PLC thuoc vung chong lan nham tang
tnh nang cua PLC ong thi lai giam thieu so lng I/O
khong can thiet.
Cac nha thiet ke phan PLC ra thanh cac loai sau:
I.3.1.Loai 1 : Micro PLC (PLC sieu nho).
Micro PLC thng c ng dung trong cac day
chuyen san xuat nho, cac ng dung trc tiep trong
tng thiet b n le (v du: ieu khien bang tai nho.
Cac PLC nay thng c lap trnh bang cac bo lap
trnh cam tay, mot vai micro PLC con co kha nang hoat
ong vi tn hieu I/O tng t (analog) (v du:viec ieu
khien nhiet o)& Cac tieu chuau cua mot Micro PLC
nh sau:
_ 32 ngo vao/ra.
_ S dung vi x ly 8 bit.
_ Thng dung thay the rle.
_ Bo nh co dung lng 1K.
_ Ngo vao/ra la tn hieu so.
_ Co timers va counters.
_ Thng c lap trnh bang cac bo lap trnh cam
tay.
I.3.2.Loai 2 : PLC c nho (Small PLC).
Small PLC thng c dung trong viec ieu khien
cac he thong nho (v du : ieu khien ong c, day

chuyen san xuat nho), chc nang cua cac PLC nay
thng c gii han trong viec thc hien chuoi cac
mc logic, ieu khien thay the rle. Cac tieu chuan cua
mot small PLC nh sau:
_ Co 128 ngo vao/ra (I/O).
_ Dung vi x ly 8 bit.
_ Thng dung e thay the cac role.
_ Dung bo nh 2K.
_ Lap trnh bang ngon ng dang hnh thang (ladder)
hoac liet ke.
_ Co timers/counters/thanh ghi dch (shift registers).
_ ong ho thi gian thc.
_ Thng c lap trnh bang bo lap trnh cam tay.
Chu y vung A trong s o hnh 1.4. ay dung PLC
nho vi cac chc nang tang cng cua PLC c ln
hn nh: Thc hien c cac thuat toan c ban, co the
noi mang, cong vao ra co the s dung tn hieu tng
t.

5
4
3
1

So
I/O

32
64 128 512 1024 2048 4096
8192

Hnh 1.4 : Cach dung cac loai PLC.

3.3. Loai 3 : PLC c trung bnh (Medium PLCS).
PLC trung bnh co hn 128 ng vao/ra, ieu khien
c cac tn hieu tng t, xuat nhap d lieu, ng
dung dc nhng thuat toan, thay oi c cac ac tnh
cua PLC nh vao hoat ong cua phan cng va phan
mem (nhat la phan mem) cac thong so cua PLC trung
bnh nh sau:
_ Co khoang 1024 ngo vao/ra (I/O).
_ Dung vi x ly 8 bit.
_ Thay the rle va ieu khien c tn hieu tng t.
_ Bo nh 4K, co the nang len 8K.
_ Tn hieu ngo vao ra la tng t hoac so.
_ Co cac lenh dang khoi va ngon ng lap trnh la
ngon ng cap cao.
_ Co timers/Counters/Shift Register.
_ Co kha nang x ly chng trnh con (qua lenh
JUMP).
_ Co cac lenh dang khoi va ngon ng lap trnh la
ngon ng cap cao.
_ Co timers/counters/Shift Register.
_ Co kha nang x ly chng trnh con ( qua lenh
JUMP).

_ Thc hien cac thuat toan (cong, tr, nhan,

chia).
_ Gii han d lieu vi bo lap trnh cam tay.
_ Co ng tn hieu ac biet module vao/ra.
_ Giao tiep vi cac thiet b khac qua cong RS232.
_ Co kha nang hoat ong vi mang.
_ Lap trnh qua CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) e de quan
sat.
Chu y ti vung B (hnh 1.4) PLC vung B thng
trc c dung do co nhieu bo nh hn, ieu khien
mang PID co kha nang thc hien nhng chuoi lenh
phan ln ve thuat toan hoac quan ly d lieu.
I.3.4. Loai 4: PLC c ln (large PLC).
Large PLC c s dung rong rai hn do co kha
nang hoat ong hu hieu, co the nhan d lieu, bao
nhng d lieu a nhan Phan mem cho thiet b ieu
khien cam tay c phat trien manh hn tao thuan li
cho ngi s dung. Tieu chuan PLC c ln: Ngoai cac
tieu chuan nh PLC c trung, PLC c ln con co them
cac tieu chuan sau:
_ Co 2048 cong vao/ra (I/O).
_ Dung vi x ly 8 bit hoac 16 bit.
_ Bo nh c ban co dung lng 12K, m rong len
c 32K.
_ Local va remote I/O.
_ ieu khien he thong role (MCR: Master Control Relay).
_ Chuoi lenh, cho phep ngat (Interrupts).
_ PID hoac lam viec vi he thong phan mem PID.
_ Hai hoac nhieu hn cong giao tiep RS 232.
_17 Noi mang.
_ D lieu ieu khien m rong, so sanh, chuyen oi
d lieu, chc nang giai thuat toan ma ieu khien
m rong (ma nh phan, hexa ).
_Co kha nang giao tiep gia may tnh va cac
module.

I.3.5 Loai : PLC rat ln (very large PLCs).

Very large PLC c dung trong cac ng dung oi hoi
s phc tap va chnh xat cao, ong thi dung lng
chng trnh ln. Ngoai ra PLC loai nay con co the giao
tiep I/O vi cac chc nang ac biet, tieu chuan PLC
loai nay ngoai cac chc nang nh PLC loai ln con co
them cac chc nang:
_ Co8192 cong vao/ra (I/O).
_ Dung vi x ly 16 bit hoac 32 bt.
_ Bo nh 64K, m rong len c 1M.
_ Thuat toan :+, -, *, /, bnh phng.
_ D lieu ieu khien m rong : Bang ma ASCII,
LIFO, FIFO.
I.4. SO SANH PLC VI CAC HE THONG IEU
KHIEN KHAC LI CH CUA VIEC S DUNG PLC.
4.1. Viec s dung PLC va cac he thong ieu
khien khac.
4.1.1. PLC vi he thong ieu khien bang rle.
Viec phat trien he thong ieu khien bang lap trnh
a dan thay the tng bc he thong ieu khien
bang role trong cac qua trnh san suat khi thiet ke mot
he thong ieu khien hien ai, ngi ky s phai can
fhac, la chon gia cac he thong ieu khien lap trnh
thng c s dung thay cho he thong ieu khien
bang r le do cac nguyen nhan sau:
_ Thay oi trnh t ieu khien mot cach linh ong.
_ Co o tin cay cao.
_ Khoan khong lap ac thiet b nho, khong chiem
dien tch.
_ Co kha nang a tn hieu ieu khien ngo ra
cao.
_ S chon la d lieu mot cach thuan li de dang.
_ Thay oi trnh t ieu khien mot cach thng
xuyen.

_ De dang thay oi oi vi cau hnh (he thong

may moc san xuat) trong tng lai khi co nhu cau m
rong san xuat.
ac trng cho he thong ieu khien chng trnh la
phu hp vi nhng nhu cau a neu tren, ong thi
ve mat kinh te va thi gian th he thong ieu khien
lap trnh cung vt troi hn he thong ieu khien co
ien (rle, contactor ). He thong ieu khien nay cung
phu hp vi s m rong he thong trong tng lai do
khong phai oi, bo he thong day ngi gia he thong
ieu khien va cac thiet b, ma ch n gian la thay
vi may tnh.
Cau truc gia may oi chng trnh cho phu hp
vi ieu kien san xuat mi.
4.1.2. PLC tnh vi PLC eu da tren bo x ly (CPU) e
x ly d lieu. Tuy nhien co mot vai cau truc quan
trong can phan biet e thay ro s khac biec gia
mot PLC va mot may tnh.
_ Khong nh mot may tnh PLC c thiet ke ac
biec e hoat ong trong moi trng cong nghiep. Mot
PLC co the c lap ac nhng ni co o nhieu
ien cao (Electrical noise), vung co t trng manh, co
cac chan ong c kh, nhiet o moi trng cao
_ ieu quan trong th hai o la: Mot PLC c thiet
ke vi phan cng va phan mem sao cho de lap ac
(oi vi phan cng), ong thi ve mot chng trnh
cung phai de dang e ngi s dung (ky s, ky
thuat vien) thao tac lap trnh mot cach nhanh chong,
thuan li (v du: lap trnh bang ngon ng hnh thang ).
4.1.3. PLC vi may tnh ca nhan (PC :Personal
Coomputers).
oi vi mot may tnh ca nhan (PC), ngi lap trnh
de nhan thay c s khac biec gia PC vi PLC, s
khac biet co the biet c nh sau:
May tnh chong co cac cong giao tiep tropic tiep
vi cac thiet b ieu khien, ong thi may tnh cung
hoat ong khong tot trong moi trng cong nghiep.
Ngon ng lap trnh tren may tnh khong phai dang
hnh thang, may tnh ngoai viec s dung cac phan
mem chuyen biec cho PLC, con phai thong qua viec s

dung cac phan mem khac lam cham i qua trnh giao
tiep vi cac thiet b c ieu khien.
Tuy nhien qua may tnh, PLC co the de dang ket
noi vi cac he thong khac, cung nh PLC co the s
dung bo nh (co dung lng rat ln) cua may tnh
lam bo nh cua PLC.
4.2. Li ch cua viec s dung PLC.
Cung vi s phat trien cua phan cng lan phan
mem, PLC ngay cang tang c cac tnh nang cung
nh li ch cua PLC trong hoat ong cong nghiep. Kch
thc cua PLC hien nay c thu nho lai e bo nh va
so lng I/O cang nhieu hn, cac ng dung cua PLC
cang manh hn giup ngi s dung giai quyet c
nhieu van e phc tap trong ieu khien he thong.
Li ch au tien cua PLC la he thong ieu khien
ch can lap ac mot lan (oi vi s o he thong,
cac ng noi day, cac tnh hieu ngo vao/ra ),
ma khong phai thay oi ket cau cua he thong sau
nay, giam c s ton kem khi phai thay oi lap at
khi oi th t ieu khien (oi vi he thong ieu
khien relay ) kha nang chuyen oi he ieu khien cao
hn (nh giao tiep gia cac PLC e truyen d lieu ieu
khien lan nhau), he thong c ieu khien linh hoat
hn.
Khong nh cac he thong cu, PLC co the de dang
lap ac do chiem mot khoang khong gian nho hn
nhng ieu khien nhanh, nhieu hn cac he thong khac.
ieu nay cang to ra thuan li hn oi vi cac he
thong ieu khien ln, phc tap, va qua trnh lap at
he thong PLC t ton thi gian hn cac he thong khac.
Cuoi cung la ngi s dung co the nhan biet
cac truc trac he thong cua PLC nh giao dien qua man
hnh may tnh (mot so PLC the he sau co kha nang
nhan biet cac hong hoc (trouble shoding) cua he
thong va bao cho ngi s dung), ieu nay lam cho
viec sa cha thuan li hn.
I.5. MOT VAI LNH VC TIEU BIEU NG DUNG
PLC.

Hien nay PLC a c ng dung thanh cong trong

nhieu lnh vt san xuat ca trong cong nghiep va dan
dung. T nhng ng dung e ieu khien cac he
thong n gian, ch co chc nang ong m (ON/OFF)
thong thng en cac ng dung cho cac lnh vc phc
tap, oi hoi tnh chnh xac cao, ng dung cac thuat
toan trong qua trnh san xuat. Cac lnh vc tieu bieu
ng dung PLC hien nay bao gom:
_ Hoa hoc va dau kh: nh ap suat (dau), bm
dau, ieu khien he thong ong dan, can ong
trong nghanh hoa
_ Che tao may va san xuat: T ong hoa trong
che tao may, can ong, qua trnh lap ac may,
ieu khien nhiet o lo kim loai
_ Bot giay, giay, x ly giay. ieu khien may
bam, qua trnh u boat, qua trnh cang, gia nhiet
_ Thuy tinh va phim anh: qua trnh ong goi, thou
nghiem vat lieu, can ong, cac khau hoan tat san
pham, o cat giay .
_ Thc pham, ru bia, thuoc la: em san pham,
kiem tra san pham, kiem soat qua trnh san xuat,
bm (bia, nc trai cay ) can ong, ong goi,
hoa tron
_ Kim loai: ieu khien qua trnh can, cuon (thep), qui
trnh san xuat, kiem tra chat lng.
_ Nang lng: ieu khien nguyen lieu (cho qua trnh
ot, x ly trong cac turbin ) cac tram can hoat
ong tuau t khai thac vat lieu mot cach t ong
(than, go, dau mo).
I.6. CHNG TRNH PHUC VU LENH CUA PLC :
Nhiem vu cua chng trnh phuc vu cac lenh cua
PLC bao gom: chuyen cac lenh nhap vao t ban phm
thanh cac ma Hexa, cac ma nay se tng ng vi
mot lenh cua vi x ly. Khi truy suat cac ma Hexa, vi
x ly se dch cac ma nay va thc hien ung cac
lenh tng ng vi oan ma oc c.Ngoai nhiem vu
chuyen cac lenh thanh ma Hexa, chng trnh con cho
phep xac nh ung a ch cua cac toan t nhap

vao. Cac a ch nay a c nh trc vi cac byte

a ch ngo vao la 20H. Cac byte nay co a ch cua
tng bit nh sau:
Output
22H

Input
20H

1
7

1
6

1
5

1
4

1
3

1
2

1
1

1
0

0
7

0
6

0
5

0
4

0
3

0
2

0
1

0
0

a ch bit 1 thuoc byte 20H

Cac bit a ch tren tng byte se lu gi trang thai
cua tng ngo vao/ra, nhiem vu cua chng trnh phuc
vu gi ung trang thai cua ngo vao/ra.
V du : Lenh LD I 1
Lenh nay co chc nang tai trang thai cua ngo
vao I1 en mot bit trung gian. Neu trang thai cua ngo
vao I1 ang mc cao, th trang thai cua bit co a ch
01 (thuoc byte 20H ) cung se c a en mc logic1.
Vay nhiem vu cua chng trnh phuc vu lenh la: Trang
thai cua bt co a ch 01H vao mot bit nh trung gian
e x ly, lenh dung cho vi x ly e thc hien cong
tac tren la:
MOV
C , 01H
Va ma may la
A2H
01H
Chng trnh phuc vu lenh LD co nhiem vu chuyen
oan ma nay vao RAM, khi x ly oc en oan ma
tren th vi x ly se thc hien ung cac thao tac gi
trang thai cua o nh co a ch 01H vao C.
Trong oan ma cua chng trnh phuc vu th A2H la
ma co nh, tuy nhien 01H la ma thay oi tuy thuoc
a ch ngo vao. e giaa quyet van e nay th khi
nhap ban phm, ma cua phm gia tr toan t (t 0
en 9) c lu vao mot byte nh co a ch 42H tren

vung RAM noi (ma cua phm nhan cung chnh la gia
tr so Hexa).
V du : Phm so 0 co ma la 00H
Phm so 1 co ma la 01H
Vay chng trnh phuc vu lenh LD, muon gi ung
trang thai cua ngo vao co a ch c nh san th
ch can oc trang thai tai byte 42H, luc nay byte 42H
se cha a ch chng trnh nay cua cac ngo vao/ra
can truy xuat. Cac chng trnh phuc vu cho cac lenh
cua PLC.
I.6.1. Lenh LD (LOAD).
LOAD : Lenh dung e tai trang thai cua mot tiep
iem thng h vao mot o nh (bit C) trung gian.
Cac tn hieu tac ong (Input): cac tiep iem ngo
vao/ra, cac tiep iem tac ong cua CTU, TON.
Cac tn hieu ngo ra: Trang thai cua bit trung gian (bit
C ).
ay la mot thu tuc (Procedure ) co tac dung
chuyen trang thai cua tiep iem co a c` 42H c
an nh trc vao bit nh trung gian.
S dung tiep bit C la bit nh trung gian.
a ch ( Address ) : 42H
LD

# A2H

DPRT

A
A

Address

DPRT
Ma lenh
MOV

A, #A2H

MOVX
INC

@DPRT, A

DPRT

MOV
MOVX

A, Address
@DPRT, A

I.6.2. Lenh LDN (load not).

LOAD NOT : Lenh dung e tai trang thai cua mot
tiep iem thng kn vao mot o nh (bit C) trung gian.
Cac tn hieu tac ong (Input): cac tiep iem ngo
vao/ra, cac tiep iem tac ong cua CTU, TON.
Cac tn hieu gi ra (Output): Trang thai cua bit trung
gian (bit C)
ay la mot thu tuc (Procedure), co tac dung
chuyen trang thai cua tiep iem co a ch (Address)
c an nh trc vao bit nh trung gian. Luc nay bit
trung gian c thay oi trang thai.
S dung tropic tiep bit C la bit nh trung gian.
a ch (Address): 42H

LDN
A
DPTR

#B2
A

Tang
A
DPTR
Tang
A
DPTR

Address
A
DPTR
# A2
A

DPTR

Tang

DPTR

Address

DPTR

Ma lenh:
MOV

,#B2H

MOVX

DPTR, A

INC

TR

MOV

A,(Address)

MOVX
INC

@DPTR
DPTR

MOV

A, #A2H

MOVX

@DPTR, A

INC

DPTR

MOV
MOVX

A, (Address )
@DPTR, A

I.6.3. Lenh A (AND) :

AND: Lenh nay lay trang thai trong bit trung gian
(bit C) e thc hien phep AND vi trang thai cua mot
tiep iem thng h. Ket qua cua phep AND c
gi tr lai bit trung gian.
Input: Cac tiep iem ngo vao, ngo ra, cac tiep
iem tac ong cua CTU, TON.
Output: Trang thai cua bit trung gian.
ay la mot ham ( Function ), co tac dung AND
trang thai cua tiep iem co a ch (Address ) c an
nh vi trang thai cua bit trung gian.
a ch (Address ) : 42H

ADN

# B2

DPTR
Tang
A
DPTR

A
DPTR
Address
A

Ma lenh :
MOV

A, #82H

MOVX

@DPTR, A

INC

DPTR

MOV

A, (Address )

MOVX

DPTR, A

3.4. Lenh AND NOT (AN).

AND NOT:Lenh nay lay trang thai trong bit trung
gian (bit C) e thc hien phep AND vi trang thai cua
mot tiep iem thngkn. Ket qua cua phep AND NOT
c gi tr lai bit trung gian.
Input: Cac tiep iem ngo vao, ngo ra, cac tiep
iem tac ong cua CTU, TON.
Output: Trang thai cua bit trung gian.
ay la mot ham ( Function), co tac dung AND
trang thai c nghch ao (AND NOT) cua tiep iem
co a ch (Address) xac nh vi trang thai cua bit
trung gian.
S dung rc tiep bit C lam bit trung gian.
a ch (Address) : 42H

AND
NOT

A
DPTR

# B0H
A

Tang
A
DPTR

DPTR
Address
A

Ma lenh :
MOV

A, #B0H

MOVX

@DPTR, A

INC

DPTR

MOV

A, (Address )

MOVX

@DPTR, A

3.5. Lenh OR (O).

OR:Lenh nay lay trang thai trong bit trung gian (bit
C) e thc hien phep OR vi trang thai cua mgt tiep
iem thng h. Ket qua cua phep OR c gi tr
lai bit trung gian.
Input: Cac tiep iem ngo vao, ngo ra, cac tiep
iem tac ong cua CTU, TON.
Output: Trang thai cua bit nh trung gian.
ay la mot ham ( Function ), co tac dung OR
trang thai cua tiep iem co a ch (Address ) xat nh
vi trang thai cua bit trung gian.
S dung trc tiep bit C lam bit trung gian.
a ch (Address ) : 42H

OR

A
DPTR

# 72H
A

Tang
A
DPTR

DPTR
Address
A

Ma lenh :
MOV

A, #72H

MOVX

@DPTR, A

INC

DPTR

MOV

A, (Address )

MOVX

@DPTR, A

3.6. Lenh OR NOT (ON).

OR NOT:Lenh nay lay trang thai trong bit trung gian
(bit C ) e thc hien phep OR NOTvi trang thai cua
mot tiep iem thng ong. Ket qua cua phep OR
c gi tr lai bit trung gian.
Input: Cac tiep iem ngo vao, ngo ra, cac tiep
iem tac ong cua CTU, TON.
Output: Trang thai cua bat nh trung gian.
ay la mot ham ( Function ), co tac dung OR NOT
trang thai cua tiep iem co a ch (Address ) xat nh
vi trang thai cua bit trung gian.
S dung trc tiep bit C lam bit trung gian.
a ch (Address ) : 421H
OR NOT
A
DPTR

# A0H
A

Tang
A
DPTR

DPTR
Address
A

Ma lenh :
MOV

A, #A0H

MOVX

@DPTR, A

INC

DPTR

MOV

A, (Address )

MOVX

@DPTR, A

3.7. Lenh OUT (=).

OUT:Lenh nay dung e tai trang thai cua o
nh trung gian en mot bit nh co a ch (Address )
nh san.
Input: Trang thai trong o nh trung gian
Output: Cac tiep iem ngo ra, cac trang thai cua
lenh dung e SET va RESET.
ay la mot thu tuc (Procedure) co tac dung
chuyen trang thai cua bit nh trung gian (bit C), hoac
dung tac ong en cac trang thai SET hoac RESET.
Chu yeu tac ong en trang thai ngo ra (Cong
ra : Output) cua PLC.
a ch (Address ) : 42H
OUT

A
DPTR
Tang
A

# 92H
A
DPTR
#10H

OR Address

DPTR

0A

Ma lenh :
MOV

A, #92H

MOVX

@DPTR, A

INC

DPTR

MOV

A, #10H

ORL

A, Address

MOVX

@DPTR, A

3.8. Lenh MEND MD).

Chc nang: Lenh dung e ket thuc che o
lap trnh ong thi chuyen PLC sang trang thai ch e
thc hien chng rnh. Trai ch ch ket thuc khi co phm
nhan RUN, khi nhan phm RUN PLC se chuyen sang che
o thc hien chng trnh.
MEND

DPTR

#22H

Goi chng trnh quet phm

So nhanh A = 1AH

CALL chng trnh PLC

Ma lenh:
MOV

DPTR, #22H

LAP :

LCALL PHIM

CJNE
LCALL

A, 1A, LAP
PLC

Ghi chu : Goi PLC ( LCALL PLC) co chc nang

thc hien chng trnh con (chng trnh PLC) tren RAM (ay
chnh la giai oan thc hien chng trnh PLC Program
Execution cua PLC).

CHNG II : GII THIEU VE CAM BIEN ANH

SANG
Cam bien anh sang tren c s vat lieu ban dan
gom quang tr, pin mat tri, diod quang va trasitor quang.
Vi cac linh kien nay, neu anh sang chieu roi lam
tang tnh dan ien vat lieu ban dan, va tac ong
nay oc ng dung theo nhieu cach khac nhau.
Quang tr, diod quang, transitor quang la linh kien thu
ong. Trong khi pin mat tri th sinh dong ien khi nhan
tia sang, nen no la linh kien loai tch cc

Hnh 2-1 :ky hieu cua nhng cam bien anh sang

II.1. Quang lng t:

e co the hieu c tnh chat cua chat ban dan
trong ng dung quang hoc, va co s so sanh gia cac
linh kien, ta can lam quen vi quang lng t va cac
moi lien he ve tnh chat vat ly cua chung. Tuy nhien
trong thc hanh th chang can thiet lam. Trong nhieu
trng hp ng dung, ieu chu yeu co tnh thiet thc
la th nghiem linh kien ban dan quang trong ieu kien
thch hp.
Anh sang la dao ong ien t, thng goi la "bc
xa song ien t". Mat tri la nguon sang thien nhien
ln nhat. en ien co tim, en ne ong, en LED la
nhng nguon sang nhan tao, do nang lng ien chuyen
hoa thanh nang lng anh sang, hay con goi la nang
lng bc xa bang nhieu cach khac nhau. Anh sang
trong thay c la loai anh sang thch hp vi mat
ngi, ch la phan nho trong giai pho rat rong cua
song ien t. Pho nay co tan so t rat thap tng
ng tan so ien cong nghiep en tan so cao co
the phat ra vu tru. V s phat song ien t, giong nh
toc o anh sang, khoang 300.000 km/s, do o co s lien
he gia tan so f va o dai song cua dao ong ien
t nh sau:
=

c 3 10 8
=
f
f

Hnh ve trang sau la pho cua dao ong ien t c

the hien bang o dai song. n v o dai thng
dung la micron (1 m = 1 x 10-6 m)

Hnh 2-2 :Day quang pho cua dao ong ien t

Tia o, va tia tm cung c phan loai la bc xa
song anh sang, nhng la anh sang khong nhn thay
bang mat thng cua ngi c. Ta thay mau anh
sang phu thuoc o dai song.
Tia o (IR) co o dai t 780 nm en 106 nm, song
anh sang nay co the thay c di dang anh sang
mau o toi, song nay giap can di cua song dai vo
tuyen (LW)
Tia cc tm (UV) co o dai t 10nm en 380nm,
song anh sang nay co the thay c di dang anh
sang mau tm tham, song nay giap can tren cua song
co o dai ngan hn va co mau nh cau vong.
Nguon sang t nhien, hay nhan tao la tong hp
nhieu dao ong ien t noi khac i co nhieu o dai
song khac nhau, qua lang knh ta thay c pho anh
sang nay. Nguon sang nhan tao cho phep ta dch
chuyen phan ln cac bc xa nay theo y, bang cac vat
lieu, va cac tnh chat vat ly, chang han nguon sang
chu yeu ch sinh ra tia o, tm hay vang.
Nang lng bc xa:

Qe

n v

Ws

La nang lng bc xa c phat ra bi nguon

sang tren mot n v thi gian, c xem la cong

suat bc xa hay thong lng bc xa. No co ky

hieu va n v Watt (W).
e n v

Cong suat bc xa:

Neu nang lng bc xa co nh, ta dung cong

thc sau:
e =

Cong suat bc xa:

Qe
t

n v quan trong khac la cng o bc xa I e .

ai lng nay co c t cong suat bc xa cua
nguon sang tren mot goc lap phng n v
ay cung nh U hoac I, la ai lng vat ly, khong
phai la ien tr

Hnh 2-3 :hnh quat cau

n v c ban da tren mat cau 1m 2 , ban knh
1m. Neu nuon sang eu cho ca vung th:
Cng o bc xa dc tnh:
Cng o buc xa: I e =

n v la W/sr
ai lng bc xa: Qe, e va Ie ch ap dung mot
cach tong quat, nhng cung e ap dung vi chat ban
dan quang, ac biet oi vi anh sang khong nhn thay
c, thng la nguon anh sang hong ngoai.
Trong vung anh sang nhn thay c, mat ngi
cam nhan o nhay anh sang khac nhau oi vi nhng
mau sac khac nhau.
o nhay cua mat ngi theo bc song anh sang
c ve hnh di.
Theo s o hnh ve o nhay cc ai cua mat la
bang chieu dai cua bc song = 555 nm. Tng ng

vi anh sang mau xanh dng hoac mau vang. o nhay

cua mat tai = 555 nm ng vi gia tr bang 1 nh trong
hnh tren. oi vi bc song ngan hoac dai hn th o
nhay cua mat giam va tien ve gia tr 0.

Hnh 2-4 : cam nhan quang pho cua mat ngi

Trong vung anh sang nhn thay c. Ta dung ai
lng bc xa va n v khac. Chung phai phan anh
dc ap ng cua mat, ai lng vat ly Qv c s
dung thay cho Qe. n v cua ai lng anh sang la
lumensecond (dms).
ai lng anh sang
Qv. [lms]
Thong lng anh sang v vi n v lumen (lm ) la
phan anh sang cua toan bo nang lng phat xa e.
Thong lng anh sang
v [lm ].
Xet v du : Mot bong en day toc 40w/220v cung
cap mot thong lng anh sang 400 - 450 lumens. Mot
en huynh quang 40w/220v xap x 2000 en 3000 lumens,
tuy thuoc vao tng loai. Thong lng anh sang c
phat ra bang diode phat quang.
Thong lng anh sang
v = Qv / t.
Thong thng s cam nhan o nhay anh sang cua
mat, thay v cng o phat xa [w / sr ]. ai lng cng
o anh sang xuat phat t luc c s dung.
Cng o anh sang
Iv =v / [ lm / sr ].
n v lumen cho moi steradian th xem nh mot candela
(cd).
Cng o anh sang
Iv [ lm /sr = cd ].
Thong so ky thuat va ban chat cua diode phat
quang, anh sang cua no phat ra nam trong vung nhn
thay c. Cac ai lng Qv , v va Iv c a ra bi v
ngi ta can tnh toan bo cam nhan anh sang cua
mat. Trong trng hp diode quang lam viec trong vung
hong ngoai, mat khac, cac ai lng Qe, e va Ie c

s dung. Cac ai lng quang dan ch ap dung oi vi

linh kien phat quang. Linh kien ban dan nhay vi anh
sang mat khac ch phan ng vi anh sang khac
thng. o chieu sang hoac o choi E c trnh bay
cu the nh mot thong so ky thuat cua ai lng anh
sang. ay ngi ta noi len s khac nhau cua o
chieu sang Ee trong vung anh sang khong nhn thay
c va o choi Ev trong vung nhn thay c.
o chieu sang Ee la t le cua nang lng phat xa
trong vung no tac ong.
o chieu sang Ee = e / A [ w / m2 ] (oi vi vung
anh sang khong thay c).
o choi Ev la t le cua thong lng anh sang
trong vung no tac ong, do o:
o choi Ev = v/A [lm /m 2 ] ( oi vi vung anh sang
nhn thay c).
n v lumen moi m 2 la mot lux (n v anh sang ).
o choi Ev = v /A (lx ).
Moi quan he gia thong lng anh sang va o
choi c mo ta trong hnh sau:
r=2
r
Nguo
n
bc
xa
Ee1
Ev1

Ee2=1/4E
e1

Ev2=1/4E
v1

Hnh 2-5 :Qui tac hnh vuong ngc

Nguon
sang

1m

1 lumen

1 Lux

Hnh 2-6 :Quan he gia luminous flux va alluminance

Anh sang mat tri cung cap o choi en 100000
lux nhng mat trang ch cung cap 0.1 lux. Anh sang cua
mot can ho va xng, o choi la 150 lux cho moi
phong va 1000 lux cho nhng ni lam viec tot.
Viec thay oi dien tch cung rat quan trong. ieu
nay khang nh o chieu sang hoac o choi cua be
mat la thay oi t le dien tch cua khoang cach be
mat va nguon sang. Moi quan he nay c the hien
trong hnh tren. Mo ta nh mot cong thc toan hoc, do
o c ap dung nh sau:
Ee=

Ie
r2

Hoac Ev =

n v la
Iv
r2

W / sr
m2

n v la

cd
m2

Vi mot vai linh kien ban dan nhay vi anh sang

lam viec trong vung nhn thay c o nhay quang pho
trong ban rong tham ch cac tia hong ngoai khong c
cam nhan bi mat thng tao ra s thay oi truyen dan
VD nh ca o chieu sang Ee , va o choi Ev c trnh
bay vi ac tnh cua no.
II.2. Cac linh kien ban dan nhay vi anh sang:

ien tr quang, diode quang, transistor quang, te bao

quang ien va pin mat tri la nhng linh kien ban dan
nhay vi anh sang.
Mac du cac linh kien ban dan nhay vi anh sang
co cau truc va chc nang cua chung khac nhau nhieu,
nhng che o hoat ong cua chung da tren cung hieu
ng vat ly. o la hieu ng quang ien.

Moi chat ban dan co tnh truyen dan do cach pha

tap chat tuy thuoc vao nhiet o moi trng, khi nhiet
o tang th tnh truyen dan cung tang theo, v nhiet
lng cang ln khien phan t cang di chuyen nhieu,
pha v lien ket tinh the tao ra nhieu am ien t di
chuyen t do. Hieu ng nay khong ch xay ra oi vi
nhiet nang, ma cung con co tac dung nh vay oi vi
quang nang. Lng ien tch c giai phong bi s gia
tang anh sang khi chieu vao.

Hnh 2-7 : Nhung chat ban dan quang nhay sang

I.3 . Gii thieu vai cam bien anh sang pho bien:

II.3.1.Quang tr :
Quang tr luon la vat lieu a tinh the.V khong ton
tai moi noi p-n nen dong ien i qua khong phu thuoc
vao ien tr. Quang tr co the dung vi ien ap AC
va DC. Anh sang roi len quang tr phong thch cac am
ien t hoa tr t mang tinh the cua chat ban dan va
khien chung di chuyen nh nhng am ien t t do va
khien cho o dan ien. ien tr cua quang tr giam khi
nang lng anh sang tang.
Cadmium Sutphide(CdS) va Cadmium Selenium(CdSe) la
cac vat lieu ban dan c s dung e che tao quang
tr bi v no rat nhay vi pho cua anh sang nhn
thay c. o nhay quang pho thuoc vung tia o
(infrared) cua quang tr c lam t sulfure ch (PbS) va
indium antimoine (InSb). Tuy nhien, nhng quang tr nay,
a chang con c s dung nhieu.
Hnh di ay cho thay moi lien he cua o nhay
cua quang tr loai Cadmium Sulphide so vi mat ngi.
o th cho thay ca vung quang pho ni ma quang tr co
o nhay tng oi cao. Ngoai ra o th con cho biet o
nhay trung bnh cua mat chung ta.

Hnh 2-8 : Cam nhan tng oi cua quang tr

Gia tr ac tnh quan trong cua quang tr la ien
tr toi Ro va ien tr sang Rill. ac tnh nay thng
c cho trong tai lieu kem theo, da tren o choi Ev
=100 lx. ien tr sang o choi Ev =1000 lx c ghi
vi ky hieu R1000 trong tai lieu.

ien tr toi:
Ro la gia tr cua ien tr sau 1
phut sau khi chan toan bo o sang roi len no, Ro > 10
M
ien tr sang: Rill la gia tr cua ien tr tai Ev
=100lx hoac Ev=1000lx. Rill = 500 en 50 k tuy thuoc
vao loai quang tr.
Th du, ac tnh cua quang tr loai LDR 03 (Valvo) c
cho hnh di cung vi cac thong so chnh .Nham muc
ch hieu thau ao vung lam viec mot cach de dang
hn, he toa o logarit c chon e dien ta bien thien
nay. Nhng hay nh ng ac tnh tuy tuyen tnh nhng
khong dien ta moi tng quan tuyen tnh gia cng o
sang Ev va ien tr R.

Hnh 2-9 :ac tuyen gia tr gii han cua quang tr loai
LDR 03
ng ac tnh, nhng gia tr gii han, va nhng
gia tr tieu bieu cua quang tr LDR 03.
Nhng quang tr cung loai cung co the thay oi
thong so chut t. Ta co the nhn thay o th cua
loai LDR 03 co ien tr sang R100 = 1k. Con ien tr
toi c cac nha san xuat qui dnh gia tr R0
M. V ac tnh ien ap lam viec thap, quang tr LDR
ket hp vi transistor chu yeu c dung trong thiet
o lng va kiem tra.
Cau tao c ban va kch thc thiet ke cua LRD
c ve nh di ay.

10
03
b
03

Hnh 2-10 :Cau truc ien hnh va kch c cua quang

tr
Hnh sin cua day ien tr hnh tren co the nhn thay
t ben ngoai
Khi s dung quang tr. Chung ta phai biet rang ien
tr bien oi theo nang lng anh sang theo quan tnh,
ngha la co tnh chat tre. Quan tnh nay trc tien phu
thuoc vao iem lam viec va ke en la cng o
choi thay oi.Tuy tng loai, sau khi nang lng anh
sang c loai bo, khoang 20 giay en 30 phut th ien
tr toi cua quang tr at en gia tr R0 >1 M. Hien
tng quan tnh do s di chuyen t do cua cac hat mang
ien khi c chieu sang can phai tai ket hp, ngha la
no can phai quay ve moi lien ket chat che trong li
tinh the. Do tnh chat quan tnh ta thay quang tr khong
hoan toan tot cho cac ng dung can o ac cac thay
oi nhanh.
Th du:
Hay tnh sao cho cau phan ap hnh ben can co Uout
khoang 9 V khi EV = 30 lx va Uout khoang 3 V khi EV = 500
lx.
Tnh cho trng hp EV = 30 lx:
I (30) =

U out ( 30 )
Rill

R ser ( 30 ) =

9V
= 3mA
3 10 3

U s U out ( 30 )
I ser ( 30 )

12V 9V
= 1K
3 10 3 A

Hnh 2-11 : Phan ap vi linh kien quang tr

Tnh cho trng hp E v = 500lx :

I ( 500 ) =

U out (500 )
Rill 500

3V
= 15mA
200

R ser ( 500 ) =

U S U out (500 )

I ser 500
chon R ser = 820

12V 3V
= 600
15 10 3 A

Kiem tra lai ieu kien ien ap:

US
12V
Rill 30 =
3 10 3 = 9.4V
3
R ser + Rill 30
820 + 3 10
US
12V
=
Rill 500 =
= 2.4V
R ser + Rill 500
820 + 200

U out (30 ) =
U out ( 500 )

Kiem tra lai ieu kien cong suat:

oi vi quang tr:
US
12V
= 9.4V
= 30mW
R ser + Rill 30
820 + 3 10 3
US
12V

= 2.4V
= 27 mW
R ser + Rill 500
820 + 200

P( 30 ) = U out ( 30 )
P( 500 ) = U out ( 500 )

oi vi ien tr noi tiep:

US
12V
= 2.6V
= 8.2mW
R ser + Rill 30
820 + 3 10 3
US
12V
= (U S U out ( 500 ) )
= 9.6V
= 113mW
R ser + Rill 500
820 + 200

P( 30 ) = (U S U out (30 ) )
P( 500 )

II.3.2.Te bao quang ien va pin mat tri:

Nguyen l c ban:
Khi c chieu sang, te bao quang ien va pin mat
tri tao ra mot dong ien co o ln tuy thuoc vao
anh sang. V vay chung cung c xem nh chat ban
dan quang tch cc. Ca hai loai tren eu lam viec vi
cung mot nguyen l c ban va co cong nghe cau tao
tng t nhau.
Trong te bao quang ien va pin mat tri, vat lieu
ban dan bao gom mot vung dan loai n va mot vung
dan loai p. Giong het nh diode ban dan, mot ien ap
khuech tan c tao ra vung chuyen taep, o la ket
qua cua qua trnh khuech tan. ien ap nay ngan can
s di chuyen sau cua ien t vao vung p va cua lo
trong vao vung n. Tai vung trong rat mong nay hau
nh khong co s di chuyen cua cac hat mang ien. Neu
nang lng bc xa di dang anh sang ap vao vung
trong nay th cac chuoi tinh the se b pha v, tao ra
hien tng cung cap nang lng, ong thi cac cap hat
mang ien t do c sinh ra. Di tac dung cua ien
trng gay ra bi ien ap khuech tan tren vung trong,
cac ien t t do di chuyen vao vung n va cac lo
trong t do se di chuyen vao vung p. V the mot lng
ien tch d tha xuat hien trong vung n va vung p,
bang cach o lp n tr thanh cc am va lp p tr
thanh cc dng cua mot nguon ien. Qua trnh nay
c the hien di dang s o gian hoa hnh di
ay.

Hnh 2-12: Nguyen l c ban cua te bao quang ien va

pin mat tri

Neu te bao quang ien c noi vi tai th se co

mot dong ien chay qua ien tr tai, dong nay c
ieu khien bi ien ap sinh ra do anh sang. V du ien
hnh n gian hat cua mot te bao quang ien la mot
ien quang ke (dung cu o anh sang), trong o co mot
cuon day dong rat nhay c dung lam ien tr tai.
o lech cua cuon day la gia tr o cua anh sang. Hnh
sau ay trnh bay cau truc c ban cua mot te bao
quang ien loai Silic theo ky thuat planar.

Hnh 2-13 :Cau truc c ban cua te bao quang ien loai
silic
Vi cau truc trong hnh di ay, moi noi pn nam
ngay di be mat e anh sang ti co hieu qua cang
manh cang tot. Pin mat tri cung co cau tao tng t ,
tuy nhien no c thiet ke vi dien tch ln hn te bao
quang ien.
Cac tnh chat va gia tr cua te bao quang ien:
ac tnh ien ap mach h Uoc phu thuoc vao cng
o sang EV co the ap dung cho moi te bao quang ien
loai Silic, no c mo ta hnh sau ay. Moi quan he
nay ch ra ac tnh mach h cua te bao quang ien.

Hnh 2-14 :ien ap m mach nh mot ham cua Ev

Neu vi mot te bao quang ien, cng o sang

tang t EV = 0 lx, luc au ien ap mach h tang theo
tng oi nhanh ti iem co cng o sang EV = 100 lx.
Neu cng o sang tiep tuc tang cao hn, o tang cua
UOC cham lai va trong te bao quang ien loai Silic, no co
xu hng tien ti gia tr gii han UOC 500 mV cng
o sang cc ai. V vay UOCMax luon thap hn ien ap
khuech tan cua mot moi noi pn.
Tnh chat logarit cua ac tnh mach h tng t cho
moi te bao quang ien. Ngoai ra ien ap mach h ch
phu thuoc vao nhiet o va thuoc tnh cua vat lieu.
Kch thc vung nhay sang cua te bao quang ien
khong anh hng ti o ln ien ap mach h sinh ra.
ac tnh dong ngan mach cung quan trong trong cac
ng dung thc te. No ch ra s phu thuoc cua dong
ngan mach Ish vao cng o sang EV va c trnh bay
hnh di ay.
Hnh 2-15 : Dong ngan mach nh mot ham cua Ev

Co mot moi quan he gan nh tuyen tnh gia dong

ngan mach Ish va cng o sang EV cac te bao
quang ien. V vay Ish tang gan nh tuyen tnh vi EV.
Ngoai ra con co mot moi quan he tuyen tnh khac gia
tr tuyet oi cua Ish va kch thc cua vung nhay sang
A cua te bao quang ien. V du nh cac ac tnh ng
vi cac vung nhay sang co A = 0.09 cm2, A = 0.3 cm2, A =
0.6 cm2, A = 1.8 cm2 c ve hnh trang trc.
o nhay sang S( dong ap ng) co the c tnh
t o doc cua ac tuyen dong ngan mach. No thng
c tnh theo n v nA/lx.
I

sh
o nhay sang : S = E
V

n v la

nA
lx

Dien tch vung nhay sang cang ln th dong ngan

mach Ish va o nhay sang S cang cao. Loai BPY 11 va BPY
64 doc chon lam cac v du ien hnh cua te bao quang
ien.

Hnh 2-16 :at tuyen m mach, ngan mach va kch thc

cua te
bao quang ien loai BPY 11

Hnh ve tren trnh bay ac tnh UL = f(EV) va Ish =

f(EV) cua kieu BPY 11 c ve tren cung mot o th.
Vi cac ac tnh Ish, s phan loai nhom cung c cho
vi SIV 47 nA/lx, SV 56 nA/lx.
Hnh sau trnh bay ac tnh cua kieu BPY64. Ta thay
rang vi S 230nA/lx, te bao quang ien nay co o
nhay sang gan gap oi kieu BPY11.

Hnh 2-17 : ac tuyen m mach va ngan mach va kch

thc cua te bao quang ien loai BPY64
ien ap mach h va dong ngan mach cua te bao
quang ien cho biet s phu thuoc nhiet o ma c cho
trong so tay la he so nhiet o. V du TC(UC) -2.6 mV/K va
TC(Ish) +12%/K ng vi kieu BPY 11 va BPY 64.
o nhay pho va ac tnh nh hng cung rat quan
trong trong cac ng dung thc te cua te bao quang
ien. o nhay pho tng oi c cho hnh di ay
oi vi kieu BPY 11 va BPY 64. ay, nh vi hau het
cac te bao quang ien khac, gia tr cc ai la
850nm, ngha la trong dai hong ngoai.
Moi quan he gia hng bc xa va dong ngan
mach Ish co the oc xac nh t ac tnh ch hng
hnh di ay. Anh sang cham vao te bao quang ien
vi goc cang phang th dong ngan mach cang nho, vi
cung mot o sang.

Hnh 2-18: Cam nhan quang pho tng oi va ac tuyen

ch th ISh=f( ) cua te bao quang ien loai BPY11 va
BPY64
Te bao quang ien chuyen oi nang lng anh
sang thanh nang lng ien. Neu s dung s chuyen
oi nay trong thc te, ta phai noi mot ien tr tai R L
vao te bao quang ien. Nang lng ln nhat co the
lay t nguon ap khi RL = Ri, ngha la nang lng tng
ng hien co.
ien tr trong Ri cua te bao quang ien co the
c xac nh t ac tnh mach h va ac tnh dong
ngan mach theo cong thc:
Ri =

Ul
vi Ev=const
I Sh

V du, nh co the thay t hai ac tuyen cua te

bao quang ien BPY 64, ien tr trong khong phai la
hang so ma la mot ham cua o sang EV. V vay vi
kieu te bao quang ien c e cap th: R i 13k EV =
100lx, Ri 3.3k 500lx va Ri 1.8k 1000lx. V vay
ien tr trong cua te bao quang ien giam khi o sang
tang.
Te bao quang ien c ng dung chu yeu e o
o sang. Se la mot ieu thuan li neu co moi quan
he that tuyen tnh gia lng anh sang va lng ien
sinh ra. ieu nay co the at c phan ln neu te bao
quang ien hoat ong vi dong tng ng cua ien tr
tai, ngha la neu RL nho hn nhieu so vi Ri. Khi RL << Ri,
thc te se xay ra hien tng gan nh ngan mach. Moi
quan he tuyen tnh muon co gia dong quang ien va
o sang khi o se at c, ke ca vi o sang ln.
ac tnh va cac tr so ac tnh cua pin mat tri:
Te bao quang ien co be mat nhay sang ln ngay
nay c goi la pin mat tri. Tuy nhien s chuyen tiep
trong loai nay la lu chat. Trong khi te bao quang ien
c s dung chu yeu vao cac cong viec o lng th
ng dung chnh cua pin mat tri la chuyen oi nang
lng anh sang mat tri thanh nanh lng ien. Van
e nang lng tng ng toi a cua ien tr tai co
the vo cung quan trong trong viec at c hieu suat
cang cao cang tot. Ngay ca khi s dung ca mot ai lo
co the co th hieu suat cua pin mat tri 15-18% la
qua thap.
Noi theo ngon ng ky thuat, pin mat tri c cau
tao theo cung mot nguyen l vi te bao quang ien nen
no cung lam viec theo cung mot nguyen l nh nhau. e
giam gia thanh, qua trnh phat trien tap trung vao loai
pin mat tri s dung Silicon khong nh hnh.
e co c hieu suat cao hn,ngi ta noi nhieu pif
lai vi nhau e chuyen oi anh sang song ngan
mat tren va anh sang song dai mat di cua pin.
Tuy nhien ieu han che la vat lieu e san xuat cac
pin mat ri tinh the Silicon khong nh hnh de b lao
hoa.

Hnh 2-19 mo ta cau truc cua pin mat tri tinh the
long

Hnh 2-20 di ay trnh bay quan he gia dong ngan

mach tren mot n v dien tch va ien ap mach h
ng vi cac o sang khac nhau.

Hnh 2-21 Trnh bay s phu thuoc vao nhiet o .

Nhng module mat tri co cau truc n tinh the

c san xuat trong cong nghiep vi dien tch hoat ong
0.4m2 se tao ra ien ap mach h la 18V, co the nap cho
pin 12V vi dong 3A. Ban au pin mat tri co dang thanh
tron nhng ngay nay no c che tao theo hnh ch nhat.
Cac kch c thongthng cua chung la:
Chieu Dai X Chieu Rong Dien Tch
mm
mm
cm2
100
50
25
20
50
25
20
10

100
100
100
100
50
50
50
50

100
50
25
20
25
12.5
10
5

So lieu ien hnh c cho nh sau:

Vat lieu c ban: Silicon a tinh the( khong ket tinh, hay
khong nh hnh)

ien tr rieng:
1-5W
Be day cua pin:
200-500mm
ien ap mach hUOC :
560mV
Dong ngan mach Ish: 25mA/cm2
Cong suat ra cc ai: 10.5mW/cm2
Pin mat tri thng co mau xanh dng, tuy vao
che o phu. ieu nay nham lam giam he so phan xa
cua be mat Silicon.
ien ap cua mot module mat tri co the c lam
tang len bang cach noi nhieu pin mat tri thanh
chuoi, viec ket noi song song se lam tang dong ien
sinh ra.
Moi ve tinh c phong i xa eu co cac module pin
mat tri c m rong e cung cap nang lng cho
chung. Hien gi nang lng cung cap cho knh thien van
vu tru ang c phat trien: no co tren 500 ngan tam
pin mat tri trai tren mot dien tch 52m2.
Pin mat tri ang c s dung nhieu, lam nguon
cung cap nang lng cho cac phao tieu vo tuyen, hai
ang, cac tram phat song truyen thanh truyen hnh( ve
tinh), cac may phat khan cap...V cac he thong nay
phai hoat ong ca trong vung toi trong vu tru nen phai
s dung bnh ac qui e tch trc nang lng vi pin
mat tri.

CHNG III

NG DUNG PLC VA CAM BIEN E IEU

KHIEN DAY CHUYEN ONG HOP
III.1. S o cong tac :

M0.1
K1
S

I0.
0

M1.0 K1

I1.
0

SM0.
1

M0.1

M0.1 K1
S

I0.1

M0.1 K1
R

4
M0.2

SM0.1

M0.1
6

Q0.0

M0.1

I0.3

M0.2 K1
P

M0.2 K1
R

I0-1
7
M0-3

SM0-1

M0.2

Q0.
1

CTU
CO
U
CU

I0.2
9

K10 PV

M0.3

1
0
1
1

M0.2

I0.1

R
C0

M0.3 K1
S
K1
M0.3 1
R

M0.1

SM0.1

1
2

MEND

III.2. Liet ke lenh :

NETWORK1
0
LD
2
S
NETWORK2
9
LDN
11 0
13 R
NETWORK3
20 LD
22 S
NETWORK4
29 LDN
31 0
33 0
35 R
NETWORK5
42 LD
44 =
NETWORK6
46 LD
48 A
50 EU
51 S
NETWORK7
58 LDN
60 0
62 0
64 R
NETWORK8
71 LD
73 =
NETWORK9
75 LD
77 LD
79 CTU
NETWORK10
85 LD
87 A
89 S

I0.0
M1.0

K1

I0.1
SM0.1
M1.0

K1

M1.0
M0.1

K1

I0.1
M0.2
SM0.1
M0.1

K1

M0.1
Q0.0
M0.1
I0.3
M0.2

K1

I0.1
M0.3
SM0.1
M0.2

K1

I0.2
Q0.1
I0.2
M0.3
C0

K10

M0.2
C0
M0.3

K1

NETWORK11
96 LDN
I0.1
98 0
M0.1
100 0
SM0.1
102 R
M0.3
NETWORK12
109 MEND

Mo ta cac toan hang :

I0.0 : Nut khi ong Start .
I0.0 : Nut dng Stop .
I0.2 : Cam bien so lng .
I0.3 : Cam bien thung .
Q0.0: ong c cua bang chuyen thung .
Q0.1: ong c cua bang chuyen tao .
III.3. Mo ta hoat ong:
Khi an nut khi ong (Start) th bang chuyen thung
van hanh. e khi cam bien nhan biet co thung ti th
bang Chuyen dng lai va bang chuyen tao bat au
hoat ong e cho tao vao thung. Luc nay cam bien
au vao bo em se em, khi em u mi qua tao
th bang chuyen, va bang chuyen thung tiep tuc van
hanh. Bo em c dat lai va qua trnh van hanh c
lap lai cho en khi an nut dng (Stop).

CHNG IV
THI CONG MO HNH
Sau khi viet chng trnh va kiem tra, em thay chng
trnh a chay tot nen em a tien hanh thi cong mo hnh
th nghiem.
Trnh t tien hanh nh sau:

Chuan b vat t thiet b.


Tien hanh ket noi i day e hoan thanh
mo hnh th nghiem.

KET LUAN

Tuy thi gian co han hep, nhng c s hng dan

tan tnh cua thay Nguyen Van Manh cung vi s co
gang cua ban than, em a hoan thanh luan van tot
nghiep cua mnh ung theo thi gian qui nh.
Sau khi hoan thanh tap luan van nay, em cung a
tm hieu va nam vng hn kien thc ve PLC, ve cam
bien anh sang va ng dung thc te cua chung.
Vi thi gian co han, hn na e tai lai c lam
oc lap bi mot sinh vien nen kho tranh khoi nhng
thieu sot trong qua trnh thi cong mo hnh va hoan tat
e tai.
Thong qua e tai nay, ta thay PLC c ng dung
rat rong rai va a dang trong rat nhieu lnh vc san
xuat.
Cuoi cung, mot lan na em xin gi li cam n en
tat ca cac Thay, Co cua trng ai Hoc S Pham Ky
Thuat a day do va cung cap cho em nhieu kien thc
qu bau trong qua trnh em theo hoc tai trng.
TP.Ho Ch Minh ngay 23/02/2000.
Sinh vien thc hien.
Pham Vu Tieng.

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

1. Ky Thuat ieu Khien Lap Trnh (SPS-PLC) Ngo Quang
Ha, Tran Van Trong _ Trng ai Hoc S Pham Ky
Thuat.
2. Hng Dan S Dung Simatic Step 7-Micro/Dos _ Trng
ai Hoc S Pham Ky Thuat.
3. T ong Hoa Vi S7-200 _ NXB Nong Nghiep Ha Noi.
4. Linh Kien Quang ien T Dng Minh Tr _NXB Khoa Hoc
Ky Thuat.
5. Electronics Couser II Componets And Basic Circuits In MicroElectronics .